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Key economic and environmental trade-offs in energy system optimization for Direct Air Capture operations in Kenya

Borbath, Zoltan
(2024)

Files

Borbath_88101800_2024.pdf
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Details

Supervisors
Contino, Francesco ; Limpens, Gauthier
Faculty
Ecole polytechnique de Louvain
Degree label
Master [120] : ingénieur civil mécanicien, à finalité spécialisée
Abstract
Direct Air Capture (DAC) is one of the possible solutions within the portfolio of strategies to combat climate change. This master’s thesis presents an in-depth study of optimizing DAC operations and energy systems, focusing on the cost analysis and environmental impacts of DAC systems. Specifically, we investigated solid direct air capture using temperature vacuum swinging adsorption in the Naivasha region of Kenya. This work is done in partnership with Sirona Technologies, a Belgian company that builds DAC machines. The study investigates the cost implications and carbon footprint of DAC processes using a modified version of the EnergyScope Typical Days model to optimize the energy system and DAC operations. Various scenarios were evaluated in the study. These scenarios included different solar irradiance levels throughout the year and varying adsorption times. The goal was to determine the best energy mix, the most effective DAC operational strategies, and the ideal size for the off-grid energy system. Key findings indicate that continuously operating the DAC system is essential to amortize its high capital expenditure. For the chosen location, the optimal energy mix was determined based on availability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact. This mix includes solar-generated electricity through photovoltaic panels, stored in batteries, and geothermal energy for heat. Additionally, thermal storage is used to manage the geothermal baseload. These insights provide valuable guidance for the deployment of DAC systems in warm climates.