UDK 005 ISSN 0354-8635 Broj 61, Godina XVI Decembar 2011.	UDC 005 ISSN 1820-0222 Number 61, Year XVI December 2011.	1.66364
Izdaje Fakultet organizacionih nauka - Beograd Za izdavača: ~~~ Dr Milan Martić Glavni i odgovorni urednik Dr Aleksandar Marković Urednik unutrašnje rubrike Dr Ondrej Jaško Urednik inostrane rubrike Dr Jovan Filipović Redakcioni odbor: dr Cedomir Nestorović, ESSEC Business School, Paris, France dr Dejan Petrović, FON, Beograd dr Jasmina ]etković, Ekonomski fakultet, Podgorica, Crna Gora dr Jasmina Omerbegović Bijelović, FON, Beograd dr Sonja Petrović Lazarević, Department of Management, Monash University, Australia dr Milan Martić, FON, Beograd dr Goran Putnik, Univerzity of Minho, Portugal dr Mirjana Drakulić, FON, Beograd dr Miroslav Svatoš, Faculty of Economics, Chesh Republic dr Milija Suknović, FON, Beograd dr Dobrivoje Mihailović, FON, Beograd dr Robert Leskovar, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Kranj, Slovenija dr Siniša Nešković, FON, Beograd dr Roberto Biloslavo, Faculty for Management, Koper, Slovenija dr Vesna Milićević, FON, Beograd dr Stanka Setnikar Cankar, Faculty of Administration, Ljubljana, Slovenia dr Vinka Filipović, FON, Beograd dr Peter A. Delisle, Austin College dr Peter Bielik, Faculty of Economics and Management, Slovak Republic dr Milica Bulajić, FON, Beograd dr Vesna Bogojević Arsić, FON, Beograd dr Sladjana Barjaktarović Rakočević, FON, Beograd Časopis se redovno referiše u publikacijama: ~~~ DEST- Department of Education, Science and Training of Australia Ulrich Periodicals Tehnički urednik Milivoje Radenković Andrej Novović Adresa Redakcije Beograd, Jove Ilića 154 Tel/fax 011/3950-835 E-mail: manage¿fon.bg.ac.rs http://management.fon.bg.ac.rs Časopis izlazi četiri puta godišnje ili po potrebi @iro račun:	Publisher Faculty of Organizational Sciences - Belgrade Dean Milan Martić, Ph.D. Editor in Chief Aleksandar Marković, Ph.D. Editor of Internal Department Ondrej Jaško, Ph.D. Editor of International Department Jovan Filipović, Ph.D. Editorial Board: Čedomir Nestorović, PhD, ESSEC Business School, Paris, France Dejan Petović, Ph.D., Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Jasmina ]etković, PhD, Faculty of Economics, Podgorica, Montenegro Jasmina Omerbegović Bijelović, Ph.D., Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade dr Sonja Petrović-Lazarević, Ph.D., Department of Management, Monash University, Australia Milan Martić, Ph.D., Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Goran Putnik, PhD, Univerzity of Minho, Portugal Mirjana Drakulić, Ph.D., Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Miroslav Svatoš, Faculty of Economics, Chesh Milija Suknović, Ph.D., Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Dobrivoje Mihailović, Ph.D., Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Robert Leskovar, PhD, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Kranj, Slovenia Siniša Nešković, PhD, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Roberto Biloslavo, PhD, Faculty for Management, Koper, Slovenia Vesna Milićević, PhD, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Stanka Setnikar Cankar, PhD, Faculty of Administration, Ljubljana, Slovenia Vinka Filipović, PhD, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Peter A. Delisle, Phd, Austin College Peter Bielik, Ph.D., Faculty of Economics and Management, Slovak Republic Milica Bulajić, PhD, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Vesna Bogojević Arsić, Ph.D, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Sladjana Barjaktarović Rakočević, PhD, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Management is being regularly reviewed in DEST DEST - Department of Education, Science and Training of Australia Ulrich Periodicals Technical Editor Milivoje Radenković Andrej Novović Address Belgrade, Jove Ilića 154 Tel./fax.	0.419021
840-1344666-69 [tampa Sigra Star, Beograd CIP Katalogizacija u publikaciji Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd ISSN 1820-0222 = Management (Srpsko izd.) COBISS.	381 11 3950 835 E-mail: manage¿fon.bg.ac.rs http://management.fon.bg.ac.rs/ Journal is published quarterly Printed by Sigra Star, Belgrade CIP Katalogizacija u publikaciji Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd ISSN 1820-0222 = Management (Engl.	1.57112
SR-ID 112265484 SADR@AJ Korporativno upravljanje u bankama u Srbiji Sladjana Barjaktarović Rakočević, Sladjana Benković, Snežana Knežević Strukturni i kohezioni fond-projekti regionalnog razvoja Evropske unije Dragana Kragulj, Miloš Parežanin Primena i ograničenja racio analize finansijskih izveštaja u poslovnom odlučivanju Snežana Knežević, Sladjana Barjaktarović Rakočević, Draginja \urić Analiza postojećeg stambenog fonda i tekuće stambene izgradnje sa osvrtom na tržište nekretnina u Crnoj Gori Jasmina ]etković, Snežana Rutešić, Miloš Knežević Računovodstveni sistem informisanja za planiranje i kontrolu u bankama Draginja \urić, Snežana Knežević, Sladjana Barjaktarović Rakočević Ranjivost projekta: stanje i predlozi za razvijanje budućih okvira delovanja Sanja Jovičić, Franck Marle, Jean-Claude Bocquet, Marija Janković, Ludovic-Alexandre Vidal Strategije redukcije troškova u doba krize Tanja Milić Dinamika rasta i problemi razvoja malih i srednjih preduzeća Ivan Stefanović, Dragan Milošević Strategijski koncept upravljanja i tržišno restrukturiranje kao odgovor na nove izazove u uslovima svetske finansijske krize Ivana Domazet, Ivan Stošić, Jovan Zubović Optimizacija troškova korišćenja elektronskih pristupnih kanala sistema REP i HP Mihailo Jovanović, Siniša Rankov Vrednovanje rezultata neprofitnih organizacija Milka Ivanović, Zorana Antić Održiva potrošnja vode u 21. veku Marko Barišić. ~~~ Andrea Toth, Sanja \urić Regrutovanje i izbor studenata-volontera: višekriterijumska metodologija Violeta Cvetkoska, Biljana Sekulovska-Gaber, Marijana Sekulovska Uticaj ekonomske krize na preduzetništvo u kulturi Milica Kočović Korporativno upravljanje u bankama u Srbiji UDK: ~~~ 005.51:334.72.021(497.11) ; 005.334:336.71(497.11) Slađana Barjaktarović Rakočević1, Slađana Benković2, Snežana Knežević3 1,2,3 Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka E-mail: sladjana¿fon.rs Pitanje korporativnog upravljanja u bankama sa posebnom pažnjom je ponovo pokrenuto nakon što je izbila finansijska kriza 2007. godine.	ed.) ~~~ COBISS.SR-ID 112265484 Copyright © 2004 by Faculty of Organizational Sciences CONTENTS Corporate Governance in Serbian Banks Sladjana Barjaktarović Rakočević, Sladjana Benković, Snežana Knežević Structural and Cohesion Fund Projects of Regional Development European Union Dragana Kragulj, Miloš Parežanin Implementation and Restraints of Ratio Analysis of Financial Reports in Financial Decision Making Snežana Knežević, Sladjana Barjaktarović Rakočević, Draginja \urić Analysis of Existing Housing Fund and Current Housing Constriction with Focus on real Estate Market in Montenegro Jasmina ]etković, Snežana Rutešić, Miloš Knežević Accounting Information System in Banking Planning and Control Draginja \urić, Snežana Knežević, Sladjana Barjaktarović Rakočević Project Vulnerability: State of the Art and Propositions for Future Framework Development Sanja Jovičić, Franck Marle, Jean-Claude Bocquet, Marija Janković, Ludovic-Alexandre Vidal Cost Reduction in the Time of Crisis Tanja Milić Growth Dynamics and Development Problems of Small and Medium Enterprises Ivan Stefanović, Dragan Milošević Strategic Management Concept and Market Restructuring as a Response to new Challenges of the World Financial Crisis Ivana Domazet, Ivan Stošić, Jovan Zubović Cost Optimization of the REM and HP System Electronic Access Channels Mihailo Jovanović, Siniša Rankov Evaluation of Results of Nonprofit Organizations Milka Ivanović, Zorana Antić Sustainable Water Use in 21st Century Marko Barišić, Andrea Toth, Sanja \urić Recruitment and Selection of Student Volunteers: a Multicriteria Methodology Violeta Cvetkoska, Biljana Sekulovska-Gaber, Marijana Sekulovska Effects of Economic Crisis on Entrepreneurship in Culture Milica Kočović Corporate Governance in Serbian Banks UDC: 005.51:334.72.021(497.11) ; 005.334:336.71(497.11) Slađana Barjaktarović Rakočević1, Slađana Benković2, Snežana Knežević3 1,2,3University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences E-mail: sladjana¿fon.rs The question of corporate governance in banks was initiated again after the financial crisis in 2007 occurred.	0.236162
Neki autori smatraju da se jedan deo uzroka nastanka krize može naći upravo u neadekvatnom korporativnom upravljanju.	Some authors find that one cause could be found in an inadequate corporate governance.	1.17838
Sprovode se ozbiljne analize ovog pitanja kako bi se videlo da li su i gde su napravljeni propusti u domenu korporativnog upravljanja u bankama i drugim finansijskim institucijama.	According to this, robust analyses are performed in order to find whethes and where the errors were made in corporate governance of banks and other financial institutions.	0.926419
Rad se posebno bavi karakteristikama regulatornog okvira za primenu koroparativnog upravljanj u srpskim bankama i ukazuje na nedostatke i potencijalne probleme. 1.	The paper especially focuses upon the characteristics of the regulatory framework for the implementation of corporate governance in Serbian banks and point out the shortcomings and potential problems in that process. ~~~ 1.	0.345151
Uvod Bankarska industrija ima posebnu funkciju u održavanju stabilnosti i integriteta finansijskog sistema na svetskom nivou.	Introduction The banking industry has a specific function in maintaining the stability and integrity of the financial system on the world level.	1.85609
To su kompleksne institucije koje obavljaju poslove van granica jedne zemlja i nude usluge koje su mnogo više od tradicionalnog komercijalnog bankarstva.	These are complex institutions that do business beyond the borders of one country and offer services that are far beyond the traditional commercial banking.	1.21304
Banke se razlikuju od nefinansijskih korporacija zbog svoje javne svrhe koju imaju i pozicije institucije poverenja koju imaju u društvu.	Banks differ from non-financial institutions by the public funstion they perform and the position of institutions of trust they enjoy in the society.	1.13714
Značaj korporativnog upravljanja u finansijskim institucijama, a samim tim i u bankama, posebno je povećan nakon što je izbila finansijska kriza 2007. godine.	The significance of corporate governance in financial institutions, and accordingly, in banking, has especially gained in importance upon the beginning of the financial crisis in 2007.	1.13214
Šta više, neki autori idu doliko daleko da smatraju da je loše korporativno upravljenje u bankama bitan uzrok nastanka ove krize.	Furthermore, ceratin authors go as far as to maintain that the cause of the crisis is an inadequate corporate governance.	0.98516
Iako je u poslednjih desetak godina donet veliki broj principa i pravila korporativnog upravljanja ipak njegova primena nije uspela da utiče na nosioce korporativnog upravljanja u finansijskim insitucijama da se spreči kriza Š23Ë.	A large number of principles and regulations in the field of corporate governance has been adopted in recent years, nevertheless, their implementation could not make the corporate governance officials prevent the crisis Š23Ë.	1.0834
Kada jedan broj banaka i drugih finansijskih institucija zapadne u probleme ili propadne u vreme krize jasno se postavlja pitanje da li je korporativno upravljanje u tim institucijama bilo adekvatno.	When a number of banks and other financial institutions suffer problems or go out of business during the crisis, then the question of whether the corporate governance in these institutions was adequate is fully justified.	1.23792
I analitičari i regulatori i dalje sprovode ozbiljne analize ovog pitanja kako bi se videlo da li su i gde tačno napravljeni propusti u domenu korporativnog upravljanja u bankama i drugim finansijskim institucijama.	Analysts and regulators are still conducting in-depth analyses of this issue to find out whether and where errors were made in the corporate governance domain in banks and other financial institutions.	0.838081
Vrlo je bitno dalje razmatrati kako problemi korporativnog upravljanja mogu biti rešavani kako bi sprečili ili ublažili neke buduće finansijske krize.	It is very important to pursue the analysis into how the corporate governance problems can be solved in order that some future financial crises should be prevented or mitigated.	1.22121
Takođe, trebalo bi tražiti nove pravce istraživanja i eventualne reforme korporativnog upravljanja u post-kriznom periodu. između uprave kompanije, upravnog odbora, akcionara i drugih zainteresovanih strana Š20Ë.	Similarly, new directions in research should be sought for as well as possible reforms of corporate governance in the post-crisis period. ~~~ An adequate corporate governance is undoubtedly of paramount importance for both companies and banks.	0.517026
Pridržavanje principa dobrog korporativnog upravljanja bitno doprinosi povećanju poverenja investitora i samim tim njihovih odluka vezanih za investiranje.	Corporate governance entails a set of relations between the company management, the board of managers, the shareholders and other stakeholders Š20Ë. Observing the the principles of adequate corporate governance significantly contributes to the increase in the investors trust and consequently to their decisions as to investments.	1.0925
Korporativno upravljanje u bankama se, shodno opštim principima korporativnog upravljanja, odnosi na način na koji se upravlja poslovanjem banke i vrši kontrola tog poslovanja.	Corporate governance in banks, according to the general principles of corporate governance means the manner in which banking business is governed and controled.	1.01115
To podrazumeva postavljanje odgovarajućeg skupa ciljeva koji se žele postići ali i načina za ostvarivanje tih ciljeva i praćenje nivoa ostvarenja ciljeva.	It includes establishing a respective set of goals to be achieved, however, also the methods to achieve these goals and the methods of monitoring the extent to which they are achieved.	0.917642
U skladu sa tim, upravljanje rizicima, kao sastavni i neodvojiti deo bankarskog poslovanja i upravljanja bankom, čini značaj element korporativnog upravljanja.	Accordingly, risk management, as an integral part of banking business and bank governance is an important component of corporate governance.	1.10796
Svaki bitan učesnik u korporativnom upravljanju bankom je odgovoran za određeno područje upravljanja rizicima.	Every important participant in corporate governance of the bank is responsible for a certain domain of risk management.	0.894059
Ključni učesnici korporativnog upravljanja u bankama jesu akcionari, izvršni odbor, upravni odbor, unutrašnja i spoljašnja revizija, regulatori, šira javnost itd.	The key participants of corporate governance in banks are shareholders, executive board, board of managing directors, internal and external audit, regulators, broad public, etc.	1.00429
Š8Ë. ~~~ Za zemlje u razvoju kakva je Srbija, korporativno upravljenje u bankama je od posebnog značaja.	Š8Ë. Corporate governance in banks is especially important for developing countries such as Serbia.	0.296629
Time se postiže stabilnost bankarskog sistema ali i vraća i održava poverenje deponenata i ostalih stejholdera.	It helps achieve the stability of the banking system and also restore and retain the trust of depositors and other stakeholders.	1.15535
U narednom poglavlju rada, nakon pregleda literature, ukazuje se na specifičnosti korporativnog upravljanja u bankama, sa aspekta regulatornih institucija ali i u svetlu finansijske krize i njenog uticaja na dato pitanje.	In the following chapter, upon a survey of literature, specific features of corporate governance are highlighted both from the point of view of regulatory institutions and in the light of financial crisis and its effects on the problem.	1.22662
Nakon toga se pristupa analizi korporativnog upravljanja u srpskim bankama i ističu se ključni elementi i problemi u tom procesu. 2.	Then follows the analysis of corporate governance in the Serbian banks and the key elements and problems in the process are discussed.	0.979187
Pregled literature Nema sumnje da je dobro korporativno upravljanje od suštinskog značaja i za preduzeća ali i za banke.	2.	-0.6
Korporativno upravljanje obuhvata skup odnosa Kada je reč o korporativnom upravljanju na tržištima u razvoju Ananchotikul i Eichengreen (2009) su istraživali kvalitet korporativnog upravljanja na tim tržištima.	Literature survey The quality of corporate governance on developing markets have been a topic of a research conducted by Ananchotikul and Eichengreen (2009).	0.803676
Istraživanje je pokazalo da postoji značajno poboljšanje u velikom broju zemalja u poslednjih desetak godina.	The research has shown that there has been a significant progress in a large number of countries in the last decade or so.	1.79394
Poboljšanja su se najčešće dogodila u zemljama sa stabilnom vladom, onda tamo gde su strani investitori bili spremni da lobiraju za reforme i gde su druge zemlje u regionu sprovodile slične reforme i uticale jedna na drugu.	The improvements are most often recorded in the countries whose government is steady, followed by the countries in which foreign investors were ready to lobby in favour of reforms and where other countries in the region conducted similar reforms and influenced one another.	1.26569
Istraživanje je pokazalo da je razvoj korporativnog upravljanja doneo značajne koristi u pogledu dubine i likvidnosti finansijskog tržišta.	The research has also shown that the development of corporate governance has brought considerable benefit in terms of the depth and solvency of the financial market.	1.2143
Problem korporativnog upravljanja se ogleda kroz agencijski problem, odnosno principl - agent problem između akcionara i menadžera.	The problem of corporate governance is reflected in the agency problem, that is, the principle agent problem between shareholders and managers.	1.78475
Levin (2003) smatra da je agencijski problem više izražen kod banaka nego u ne-finansijskom sektoru zbog toga što što je pojava informacione asimetrije veća u bankarskom sektoru.	Levin (2003) believes that the agency problem is more evident in banks in comparison with the non-financial sector, due to information assymetry being higher in the banking sector.	1.36364
Sam agencijski problem se razlikuje u zavisnosti od vlasničke strukture banke.	The agency problem itself differs in dependence of the ownership structure of the bank.	1.52857
U slučaju disperzovanog vlasništva, agencijski problem se javlja između menadžmenta i manjinskih akcionara, dok se u slučaju koncentrisanog vlasništva on javlja između većinskog i manjinskih akcionara.	In case of dispersive ownership, the agency problem arises between the management and the minority shareholders, whereas in case of concentrated ownership it is present between the majority and the minority shareholders.	1.403
Prema Köhler (2010) takvo stanje implicira da bi regulacija vezana za korporativno upravljanje trebalo da bude prilagođena specifičnoj vlasničkoj strukturi banka, a ne prema harmonizaciji nacionalnih regulativa.	According to Köhler (2010), such a situation implies that the regulations related to corporate governance should be adjusted to the specific ownership structure of the bank, rather than to the harmonization of national regulations.	0.819925
Sullivan i Spong (2007) u svom radu analiziraju koliko je preuzimanje rizika u poslovanju banke zavisno od menadžmenta banke i vlasničke strukture i od ličnih finansijskih karakteristika menadžera i vlasnika banke.	In their work, Sullivan and Spong (2007) analyse the extent to which risk taking in banking is dependant of the bank management and the ownership structure, as well as the managers and bank owners personal traits.	1.31449
Pre svega je istraživan uticaj koji vlasnički interesi menadžera, kontrola od strane većinskih akcionara i stepen do koga menadžeri i većinski vlasnici imaju koncentrisano vlasništvo u banci imaju na stepen rizičnog ponašanja banke.	They primarily explored the effect that the ownership interests of the manager, the control by the majority shareholders and the extent to which managers and majority owners have a concentrated ownership in the bank affect the extent of the banks risky behaviour.	1.16378
Zaključak do koga su došli jeste da kada je imovina menadžera ili vlasnika značajno koncentrisana u toj banci, varijacije u prinosu su manje.	The conclusion they have drawn is that when the effects of the manager or owner is highly concentrated in a certain bank, variations in returns are smaller.	0.783065
Posebno, banke kod kojih ključni igrači imaju značajan deo svoje imovine pod rizikom najčešće posluju na siguran i stabilan način.	Especially, the banks in which the key players have a significant portion of their money under risk, do business in a safe and stable manner.	1.29746
Problem vlasništva u okviru korprativnog upravljanja u bankama je zanimljiv za mnoge istraživače.	The ownership problem in terms of corporate governance in banks is interesting for a large number of researchers.	1.13018
Sprovedena su istraživanja u pogledu toga kako tip vlasništva utiče na korporativno upravljanje, upravljanje rizicima i performanse banke i da li je vlasnička struktura ključna determinanta korporativnog upravljanja (Tandelilin i ostali, 2007).	Much research has been conducted as to the manner in which the type of ownership affects corporate governance, risk management and banks performance and whether the ownership structure is an essential de terminant of corporate governance (Tandelilin et al., 2007).	1.1995
Njihove anlize su pokazale da vlanička struktura nema suštinski značaj za korporativno upravljanje.	The analyses have revealed that the ownership structure is not essentially important for corporate governance.	0.494505
Da bi adekvatno sproveli principe korporativnog upravljanja, menadžeri u bankama bi trebalo da budu obazrivi prema međusobnim odnosima između korpo rativnog upravljanja, upravljanja rizicima i performansi banke Š4Ë.	In order that they should implement the corporate governance principles adequately, bank managers should be cautious about the relationships between corporate governance, risk management and bank performance Š4Ë.	1.63525
Istraživanje pomenutih autora je pokazalo da banke koje imaju praksu dobrog korporativnog upravljanja imaju veću mogućnost poboljšanja performansi i smanjenja rizika.	The research conducted by the above mentioned authors has shown that the banks that pursue the practice of good corporate governance have a better opportunity to improve performance and reduce risk.	1.35515
Kada je reč o strukturi vlasništva u bankama, Caprio i ostali (2007) su istraživali vlasništvo 244 banke u 44 zemlje.	As regards the ownership structure in banks, Caprio et al. (2007) conducted a research into the ownership of 244 banks in 44 countries.	2.98225
Sem u nekoliko zemlja koje imaju veoma jake zakone o zaštiti akcionara, banke nemaju u principu široko rasprostranjeno vlasništvo.	With the exception of a number of countries in which the laws on shareholder protection are extremely strict, banks generally do not have a wide spread ownership.	0.99569
Od 44 zemlje u uzorku, 21 zemlja nema široko rasprostranjeno vlasništvo u bankama među deset najvećih banaka.	Out of 44 countries in the sample, 21 countries do not have a wide spread ownership in banks among ten largest banks.	3.46357
Najčešće su banke u vlasništvu porodica ili države.	Banks are most frequently family or state owned.	0.57619
Istraživanja ovih autora su pokazala da je struktura vlasništva bitan mehanizam za upravljanje bankom.	The research conducted by these authors has shown that the ownership structure is an important mechanism in bank management.	1.45109
Autori Staikouras i ostali (2007) u svom radu su istraživali odnos između dva bitna faktora korporativnog upravljanja: veličine upravnog odbora i odnosa nezavisnih članova tog odbora sa jedne strane i performansi banke sa druge strane.	In their work, Staikouras et al. (2007) explored the relationship between two vital factors of corporate governance: the size of the board of managing directors and the relations between the independent members of the board, on one hand, and the bank performance, on the other.	1.34256
Istraživanje je sprovedeno na uzorku od 58 velikih evropskih banaka u periodu 2002-2004 godine.	The reesarch was conducted on a sample of 58 large European banks in the 2002 2004 period.	1.464
Njihovi rezultati su pokazali da je profitabilnost banaka negativno korelisana sa veličinom upravnog odbora banke, dok je sastav upravnog odbora u većini slučajeva bez značaja za profitabilnost banke.	The findings have proved that the profitability of the banks is negatively correlated with the size of the boards of directors of the banks, while the composition of the board is in a majority of cases of no importance for the bank profitbility.	0.876869
Kada je reč o upravnim odborima, postoji razlika u načinu funkcionisanja i ulozi koju imaju jednostepeni i dvostepeni upravni odbori, mada do sada u praksi nije uočena značajna prednost jednog ili drugog modela (Nikolić i Erić, 2011).	Talking about boards of managing directors, there is a difference in the manner of work and in the role of the single-stage and the two-stage boards of directors, however, no significant advantage of either model has so far been identified (Nikolić and Erić, 2011).	1.13915
U istraživanju koju su sproveli Beltratti i Stulz (2009) razmatran je uticaj na performanse banke u periodu finansijske krize i zašto su neke banke bolje prošle u tim uslovima.	The research carried out by Beltratti and Stultz (2009) analyses the effect on the bank performance as well as the reasons certain banks fared better in such conditions.	0.79836
Iako su performanse banke u periodu jul 2007. - decembar 2008. godine bile najgore još od perioda Velike Depresije, postojale su značajne razlike u prinosima na akcije velikih banaka u tom periodu.	Although the bank performance in the July 2007 December 2008 period was poorest since the times of the Great Depression, there were significant differences in the return on shares of large banks in that period.	2.2858
Analiza je pokazala da su banke koje su imale upravni odbor koji je bio blizak sa akcionarima imale loše performanse u periodu krize.	The analysis has shown that the banks whose board of directors had closer relations with shareholders had poor performance in the period of crisis.	1.01814
Banke koje su poslovale u zemljama koje su imale strožije zahteve za kapitalom i gde je regulator bio nezavisniji poslovale su bolje.	The banks that were doing business in the countries where requirements concerning capital were stricter and where the rgulator was more autonomous in his work had better performance.	1.10252
Dalje, velike banke koje su imale više osnovnog kapitala i više se finansirale iz depozita na kraju 2006. godine, imale su značajno veće prinose u toku krize. 3.	Besides, large banks with more equity capital and more largely financed out of the deposits in 2006, earned significantly higher returns during the crisis. ~~~ 3.	0.47781
Korporativno upravljanje u bankarstvu Proces koporativnog upravljanja u bankama ima kompleksan okvir.	Corporate governance in banking The process of corporate governance in banks has a complex framework.	1.67439
Zbog funkcionalnih razlika koje postoje između banka i drugih korporacija, banke su podložne strožijoj prudencijalnoj regulaciji kapitala i rizika.	Due to functional differences between banks and other corporations, banks are subject to a stricter prudential regulation of capital and risk.	1.17561
Dalje se te razlike odražavaju i na praksu korporativnog upravljanja koja postoji u bankama Š13Ë.	These differences are further reflected upon the corporate governance practice in banks Š13Ë.	0.932143
Sa aspekta bankarske industrije, deo korporativnog upravljanja u bankama, između ostalog, obuhvata i način na koji upravni odbor i viši menadžment upravljaju poslovanjem banke.	From the banking industry point of view, one part of corporate governance includes, among other things, the method in which the board of directors and the upperlevel management manage the banking business.	1.10772
Pri tom se misli na postavljanje ciljeva i strategije banke za dostizanje tih ciljeva, određivanje tolerancije prema rizku za banku, upravljanje bankom na dnevnom nivou, zaštitu interesa deponenata, ispunjavanje obaveza prema akcionarima, ali i vođenje računa o interesima ostalih stejkholdera u bankama.	This refers to goal setting and strategy formulation for the banks to achieve these goals, defining the tolerance to risk for the bank, managing the bank on a daily basis, protection of depositors interests, meeting their obligations to shareholders, however, paying attention to the interests of other stakeholders in the banks, too.	0.840229
Sve korporativne aktivnosti moraju biti u skladu sa sigurnim i kvalitetnim načinom poslovanja banke što je usaglašeno sa zakonskim i regulatornim okvirima.	All corporate activities have to be in accord with a safe and steady manner in which the bank operates, which is in harmony with the prudential and regulatory framework.	1.20435
Zbog značaja koji korporativno upravljanje ima za ostvarivanje bankarskh ciljeva i upravljanje rizicima u bankama, Bazelski komitet za superviziju banka, pri Međunarodnoj banci za poravnanja, je 1999. godine doneo Vodič za unapređenje korporativnog upravljanja u bankarskim organizacijama.	Due to the importance corporate governance has in achieving the banking goals and risk management in banks, the Basel Committe on Banking Supervision, with the Bank for International Settlements, adopted in 1999 the Principles for Enhancing Corporate Governance in banking organizations.	1.31422
Taj dokument je dodatno modifikovan 2006. godine, a u sebi uključuje i principe korporativnog upravljanja koje je donela Organizacije za ekonomski razvoj i saradnju (OECD) 2004. godine.	The document was additionally modified in 2006, and also includes the principles of corporate governance adopted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in 2004.	1.074
Konačno, u 2010. godini, pod uticajem krize donete je još jedna izmena ovih preporuka, a sve u cilju promovisanja dobrog korporativnog upravljanja u banakama.	Finally, under the impact of the crisis, these recommendations were modified once again in 2010, in order to promote a quality corporate governance in banks.	1.37104
Dakle, dokument Komiteta u Bazelu nema snagu i nema pretenziju regulatornog okvira već predstavlja smernice i preporuke.	The document adopted by the Basel Committee, therefore, is void and does not pretend to be a regulatory framework, but presents guidelines and recommendations.	0.878931
Preporuke Bazelskog komiteta ističu značaj uloge upravnog odbora, sa posebnim akcentom na ulozi nezavisnih direktora i višeg menadžementa u bankama.	The Basel Committee Recommendations highlight the importance of the role of the board of directors, especially the role of autonomous directors and the upperlevel management in banks.	1.10341
Dalje, obraća se posebna pažnja na ulogu unutrašnje i spoljašnje revizije, na funkciju unutrašnje kontrole, na transparentnost upravljanja, na ulogu supervizora u promovisanju i procenjivanju kvaliteta korporativnog upravljanja Š2Ë.	In addition, special attention is paid to the role of internal and external audit, to the function of internal control, to transparency in management, to the role of the supervisor in promoting and assessment of the quality of corporate management Š2Ë.	1.29575
Bitne elemente zdravog korporativnog upravljanja u bankama čine Š8Ë: ~~~ Dobro postavljena korporativna strategija; Jasna podela odgovornosti, odlučivanja i ovlašćenja koja odgovaraju datom nivo rizičnosti poslovanja u banci; Jaka funkcija upravljanja finansijskim rizicima; Poštovanje određenih korporativnih vrednosti, pravila poslovanja i kodeksa ponašanja; Uključivanje finansijskih i menadžerskih podsticaja upravnom i izvršnom odboru i zaposlenima, a koji se sastoje od naknada, unapređenja i kazni; Transparentnost i odgovarajući protok informacija i interno i ka široj javnosti.	Important elements of an adequate corporate governance in banks are the following Š8Ë: Well established corporate strategy; Clear delegation of responsibilities, decision making and authority appropriate to the given level of business risk in the bank; Powerful function of financial risk management; Respect for certain corporate values, rules of business doing and behaviour code; Introduction of financial and managerial incentives to the board of managing directors and to employees, in the form of compensation, promotion and penalties; Transparency and an adequate information flow both internally and towards broader public.	0.347034
Da bi se dobro postavila korporativna strategija u današnjem kompleksnom okruženju od menadžmenta banke se zahteva da ima razvijen sistem strategijski orijentisanog upravljačkog računovodstva kao podršku strateškom planiranju rasta i razvoja banke, odnosno strateškom odlučivanju.	In order that corporate strategy be well established in the todays complex environment, the management is required to have a developed system of strategically oriented management accounting as support to strategic planning of bank growth and development, i.e., to strategic decision making.	1.2928
Računovodstveni sistem za upravljanje u konkurentnom okruženju mora da podržava strategiju banke, što nije moguće ukoliko ne sadrži elemente upravljačkog računovodstva strategijske orijentacije.	The management accounting system in a competitive environment has to support the bank strategy, which is not possible if it does not include the elements of strategically oriented management accounting.	1.28793
Akcenat je na dobroj vezi izmedju upravljačkog računovodstva i strategije banke Š9Ë.	The stress is on a good relationship between the management accounting and the bank strategy Š9Ë.	1.65769
Razlike koje postoje između banaka kao finansijskih institucija i preduzeća sigurno značajno utiču i na razlike u pogledu korporativnog upravljanju među njima.	The differences among banks as financial institutions and corporations certainly have a significant effect upon the differences in view of corporate governance among them.	1.33306
Te razlike se prvenstveno odnose na sledeće aspekte poslovanja Š13Ë: ~~~ Banke imaju funkciju kreiranja likvidnosti koja potiče od neusklađenosti rokova između dve strane bilansa stanja banaka.	These differences primarilly refer to the following aspects of business Š13Ë: Banks have the function of creating solvency that results from liquidity gap between the two sides of the bank balance sheet.	0.527678
Sama suština bankarskog poslovanja jeste da banke dobrovoljno prihvataju neusklađenost koja postoji u ročnoj strukturi između njihove aktive i pasive.	The essence of banking is that banks willingly accept the gap that exists in the time structure between their assets and liabilities.	1.09608
Kao posledica toga, samo postojanje banaka ključno zavisi od neometanog konstantnog pristupa sredstvima, bilo da su u pitanju depoziti, kratkoročno finansiranje na međubankarskom tržištu, finansiranje na tržištu hartija od vrednosti ili finansiranje od strane centalne banke kao poslednjeg utočišta izvora sredstava.	As a consequence, the very existence of banks essentially depends on an immediate and constant access to assets, whether these are deposits, shortterm financing on inter-bank market, financing on the security market, or financing by the central bank as the ultimate source of finances.	1.17549
Upravo se ta izražena potreba banka za likvidnošću jasno pokazala u vreme finansijske krize kada su svi mogući izvori sredstva presušili u isto vreme za sve banke, pa su Centralne banke morale da intervenišu da bi sprečile kolaps bankarskog sistema u tim zemljama.	It is this urgent need of banks for solvency that was clearly visible in the period of financial crisis when all possible sources of finances dried up at the same time and for all banks, so Central banks had to intervene to prevent the collapse of the banking system in those countries.	1.11036
Otuda je za regulatore jedna od bitnih lekcija koja je naučena iz finansijske krize da traže zahtevniju prudencijalnu regulaciju koja se odnosi na rizik likvidnosti u bankama i upravljanje njime; Banke su institucije koje imaju visok stepen leveridža, odnosno njihova struktura kapitala se značajno razlikuje od preduzeća jer se one u veoma velikom procentu finansiraju iz duga; Dalje, sami bilansi stanja banaka su mnogo manje eksplicitni i jasni na prvi pogled nego što su to bilansi preduzeća iz drugih delatnosti; Banke su veoma povezane među sobom jer značajan ili veliki deo svog poslovanja banke obavl jaju sa drugim bankama.	Hence an important lesson the regulators had to learn from the financial crisis is to require a stricter prudential regulation related to solvency risk in banks and management of that risk; Banks are institutions with a high level of leverage, that is, their capital structure differs significantly from that of corporations, since they are largely financed from debts; The bank balance sheets themselves are far less explicit and clear at first sight in comparison with the balance sheets of the companies in other industries; Banks are closely related one to another, due to the fact that they do a large portion of their business with other banks.	1.25945
Samim tim, njihovi direktni konkurentni su ujedno i važni partneri u poslu.	Hence their direct rivals are simultaneously their important partners in business.	0.768182
Povezanost banaka se ogleda pre svega na međubankarskom tržištu novca, vanberzanskom tržištu izvedenih hartija od vrednosti i na deviznom tržištu.	The connections among banks are primarily seen in the interbank money market, over-the-counter market of derivatives and in the foreign exchange market.	1.15032
Zbog takve situacije, bankarski sektor je veoma podložan domino efektu jer se problemi u jednoj banci vrlo brzo prenose ka drugim bankama u sistemu, a i šire; Zbog neusklađenosti rokova aktive i obaveza banke mogu da budu podložne povlačenju kreditora, bilo da su u pitanju deponenti, investitori u kreditne hartije od vrednosti ili druge banke.	Due to such a situation, the banking sector is highly subject to the domino effect, since problems in one bank are promptly spread to other banks in the system, and even broader; Due to the liquidity gap between assets and liabilities, banks may be endangered by the withdrawal of creditors, regardless of whether they are depositors, investors into credit securities, or other banks.	1.23802
U slučaju obimnijeg povlačenja sredstva likvidna sredstva banke vrlo brzo mogu biti iscrpena.	In case large sums are withdrawn, the liquid assets of the bank can very fast be drained.	1.33089
Smatra se da čak i solventna banka može propasti ukoliko dođe do kolektivnog, paničnog povlačenja kreditora banke; Zbog svega prethodno nabrojenog, banke su, mnogo više nego druga preduzeća, regulisane i kontrolisane institucije.	Even a solvent bank can go out of business in case of collective, panicky withdrawal of its creditors; Due to all above listed, banks are, much more than other corporations, controlled and regulated institutions.	1.07485
Regulacija se pre svega odnosi na veličinu rizika koje banke mogu da preuzmu, ali i izloženost banke prema jednom licu ili više povezanih lica itd.	Regulation primarily refers to the amount of risk banks can take, but also to the banks exposure to one entity or a group of related entities, etc.	1.32617
Kriza je istakla značaj jakog korporativnog upravljanja u bankama.	The crisis underlined the importance of a strong corporate governance in banks.	1.155
U tom smislu je i data izjava predsedavajućeg Komiteta u Bazelu i predsednika Netherlands banke Nout Wellink-a koji je rekao: ~~~ Pažljiva primena principa korporativnog upravljanja od strane banaka, zajedno sa strogom kontrolom i praćenjem od strane regulatora može osigurati sigunost i kvalitet banaka isto kao i stabilnost finansijskog sistema.	It is in this sense that the chairman of the Basel Committee and the president of the Netherlands bank Not Wellink commented: A careful implementation of corporate governance by banks, together with a strict control and monitoring by the governor can ensure the safety and quality of banks as well as the stability of the financial system.	0.429275
Bazelski komitet za superviziju banaka je uvrdio određene probleme koji su se pokazali u periodu izbijanja finansijske krize i doneo vodič za unapređenje pricipa korporativnog upravljanja u bankama.	The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision stated certain problems that arose in the period of the beginning of the financial crisis and adopted the principle for enhancing corporate governance in banks.	1.33276
Principi tog novog unapređenog korporativnog upravljanja, kojih inače ima četrnaest, odnose se pre svega na ulogu upravnog odbora banke, kvalifikacije članova i sastav upravnog odbora, značaj nezavisnih članova odbora, značaj adekvatnog i nezavisnog upravljanja rizicima, sistem kompenzacija u banci Š3Ë.	The principles of this new, improved corporate governance, fourteen in total, refer primarily to the role of the board of managing directors, the qualifications of the members and the composition of the board of directors, the importance of the independent members of the board, the importance of an adequate risk management, the compensation system in the bank, etc. ~~~ Š3Ë.	0.565729
Uloga upravnog odbora je ključna u pogledu ukupnog poslovanja banke, upravljanja rizicima, opšteg organizovanja i upravljanja bankom.	The role of the board of directors is essential in view of the overall banking business, risk management, overall organization and bank management.	0.451667
Upravi odbor odobrava i nadgleda primenu strategije upravljanja rizicima uzimajući u obzir dugoročni interes i sigurnost banke.	The board of directors adopts and monitors the risk management strategy taking into account the long-term interest and the safety of the bank.	1.44825
Dalje, upravni odbor vodi računa o primeni principa korporativnog upravljanja u bankama isto kao i korporativnim vrednostima i pravilima ponašanja u instituciji.	Furthermore, it is in charge of the implementation of the corporate governance principle in banks, as well as of corporate values and rules of behaviour in the institutions.	1.33509
Pored toga, upravni odbor ima dužnost da nadgleda rad višeg menadžmenta u banci i usaglašenost njihovog ra da sa opštom strategijom poslovanja.	In addition, the responsibility of the board of managing directors is to supervise the work of the upperlevel management in the bank and coordinate their work with the general strategy of business doing.	1.24035
Prilikom izvršavanja svojih dužnosti upravni odbor mora voditi računa o interesima akcionara, depozitora i drugih značajnih stejkholdera u banci.	In performing these duties, the board of managing direcors has to take care about the interests of shareholders, depositors and other important stakeholders in the bank.	0.870455
Što se tiče kvalifikacija upravnog odbora, on mora imati odgovarajuće znanje i iskustvo koje je relevantno za poslovne aktivnosti banke.	As to the qualifications of the board of managing directors members, they must have an adequate knowledge and experience relevant for the banks business activities.	1.10756
Upravni odbor mora jasno razumeti ulogu koju ima u korporativnom upravljanju bankom.	The board of managing directors has to clearly understand the role it plays in the corporate governance of the bank.	1.12578
Pored toga, članovi upravnog odbora moraju raspolagati određenim kompetencijama i ličnim kvalitetima za poziciju koju zauzimaju.	In addition, the members of the board must have certain competencies and personal qualities required for the office they hold.	0.804412
Upravni odbor takođe mora da definiše praksu korporativnog upravljanja za svoj rad i da vodi računa da se ti principi slede i povremeno, prema potrebi, unapređuju.	The board of managers also has to define the corporate governance practice for their own work and take care that these principles are observed, and, if necessary, improved.	0.849262
Dalje, praksa dobrog korporativnog upravljanja podrazumeva da se u upravnom odboru banke nađu i nezavisni kandidati koji imaju potrebno znanje, kvalifikaciju i reputaciju za obavljanje definisanih poslova, ali koji će izdvojiti vreme i uložiti napor prema svojim zaduženjima.	Furthermore, the practice of an adequate corporate governance means that the bord of managing directors also includes independent candidates that have a required knowledge, qualifications and reputation to perform the defined duties, but who will also devote their time and make efforts towards accomplishing their tasks.	1.1811
Praksa dobrog korporativnog upravljanja u bankama podrazumeva da se identifikacija, kontrola i upravljanje rizicima vrši konstantno na nivou cele banke i na novou pojedinačne poslovne jedinice.	The practice of an adequate corporate governance in banks means that the identification, control and risk management are performed permanently, both on the level of the bank and on the level of an individual business unit.	1.04795
Banka bi trebalo da ima nezavisnu funkciju za upravljanje rizicima (u vidu izvršnog direktora za upravljanje rizicima (Chief Risk Officer) ili slično) koja će imati dovoljno autoriteta, nezavisnosti, resursa i pristupa upravnom odboru.	The bank should have an independent risk management fuction (in the person of the Chief Risk Officer, etc. ) with enough authority, autonomy, resources and access to the board of managing directors.	0.775812
Jedinica za upravljanje rizicima i unutrašnja kontrola moraju uvek biti u toku sa promenama rizičnog profila banke ali i sa novinama na polju eksternih izvora rizika.	The risk management unit and internal control have to be informed at all times about the change in the risk profile of the bank, but also with the novel developments in the field of external risk sources.	1.02569
Efikasno upravljanje rizicima zahteva snažnu internu komunikaciju u okviru cele banke i kroz izveštavanje upravnom odboru i višem menadžmentu.	An efficient risk management requires a powerful internal communication throughout the bank and through reporting to the board of directors and the upper-level management.	1.30349
Poslednja, ali ne manje bitna stavka korporativnog upravljanja se odnosi na sistem i strukturu kompenzacija, a posebno usklađivanje kompenzacija zaposlenih sa rizicima koji se preuzimaju.	The last, but not the laest item of corporate governance refers to the system and structure of compensations, and especially coordination of compensations to those working on the risks taken.	1.10401
Principi korporativnog upravljanja koje je doneo Bazelski komitet upućuju na dokument koji je sačinio Finansijski forum za stabilnost Principi dobre prakse kompenzacije u pogledu preporuka za definisanje adekvatnog sistema kompenzacija u bankama Š7Ë.	The principles of corporate governance adopted by the Basel Committee refer to the document adopted by the Financial Stability Forum, Principles of good compensation practice as regards recommendations for defining an adequate compensation system in banks Š7Ë.	1.26521
Osnovna ideja sadržana u ovim principima jeste da se kreira osnova za efektivno upravljanje kompenzacijama, da se one usklade sa rizicima koji se preuzimaju, da se efektivno vrši kontrola od strane supervizora i da sami stejkholderi učestvuju u sistemima kompenzacije.	The basic idea included in these principles is to create a basis for an effective compensation management, and that these are harmonized with the risks taken, that an effective control is performed by the supervisor and that stakeholders themselves participate in compensation systems.	1.23706
Smatra se da je praksa kompenzacija u velikim finansijskim organizacijama umnogome doprinela nastanku krize 2007. godine.	The compensation practice in large financial organizations is believed to have significantly contributed to the 2007 crisis.	2.94145
Naime, visoki kratkoročni profiti su vodili do veoma velikih bonusa zaposlenima a da se nisu sagledali dugoročni rizici koji su nastali.	Namely, the high short-term profits resulted in ample bonuses to the employees, without any attention being paid to the longterm risks that emerged.	0.96165
Ideja donetih principa jeste da se smanje podsticiji za preuzimanje velikog rizika koji mogu proisticati iz kompenzacionih šema.	The ides of the adopted principles is to reduce incentives for taking high risks that may result from compensation schemes.	0.908722
Ranije je nedovoljna pažnja ka preuzetim rizicima dovodila do izuzetno velikih bonusa u finansijskoj industriji, a upravni odbori nisu videli vezu između kompenzacionih šema i upravljanja rizikom u finansijskim institucijama Š7Ë.	Insufficient attention paid in the past period to the risks taken used to result in exceptionally high bonuses in financial industry, and the boards of managing directors failed to identify the link between compensation schemes and risk management in financial institutions Š7Ë.	1.28003
Navedeni principi kažu da kompenzacija mora biti usklađena sa svim vrstama rizika koji se preuzimaju, da upravni odbor mora aktivno da nadgleda kreiranje i funkcionisanje sistema kompenzacija, kao i da vrši kontrolu i usklađivanje.	The listed principles say that compensation has to be harmonized with all types of risk taken, that the board of managing directors has to actively monitor the creation and functioning of the compensation systems, to control and harmonize them.	0.808374
Kompenzacija za svakog zaposlenog u firmi mora da bude usklađena sa rizikom koji taj zaposleni preuzima u ime institucije. ništvu domaćih privatnih lica.	Compensation for each employee in the firm has to be in harmony with the risk this employee takes on behalf of the institution.	0.592925
U bankama koje su u vlasništvu stranih akcionara nalazi se 76% dobiti bankarskog sektora Srbije, 73%, ukupne aktive kao i 71% ukupnog kapitala i broja zaposlenih.		-0.3
Neto aktiva banaka na kraju drugog tromesečja 2011. godine iznosi 2.476 milijardi dinara ili oko 24 milijarde evra, dok je ukupan kapital bankarskog sektora Srbije za isti period 520 milijardi dinara ili nešto više od 5 milijardi eura Š16Ë.		-0.3
Većina najznačajnijih kategorija poslovanja kao što su depoziti, krediti, kapital, ukupna aktiva, prihod itd. pripada grupi od oko deset najvećih banaka dok su ostale male banke koje imaju skromno učešće u pomenutim kategorijama.		-0.3
Bazelske principe korporativnog upravljanja nacionalni regulatori uključuju u zakonske i druge regulatorne propise trudeći se da banke imaju snažan sistem korporativnog upravljanja koji će osigurati postizanje i održavanje poverenja u bankarski sistem.	National governors include the Basel principles of corporate governance into the legislation and other regulatory acts in order that banks have a powerful system of corporate governance that would ensure and maintain trust of clients in banking institutions.	1.29324
Korporativno upravljanje je važno i za funkcionisanje samog bankarskog sistema ali i ekonomije kao celine.	Corporate governance is important for the banking system operations itself, but also for the economy as a whole.	1.60612
Regulatori bi trebalo da redovno ocenjuju korporativno upravljanje u bankama.	The regulators should evaluate corporate governance in the banks on a regular basis.	1.10079
U toku finansijske krize koja je započela 2007. godine isplivali su i problemi u korporativnom upravljanju u bankama.	The financial crisis that began in 2007 also brought into light the problems in corporate governance in banks.	2.80078
Novi standard adekvatnosti kapitala, oličen u vidu Bazel III standarda, zahteva mnogo strožija pravila regulisanja banaka, kojima je cilj da povećaju sposobnost banaka da se odupru budućim finansijskim krizama.	The new standard of capital adequacy, defined in the Basel III standards, requires considerably stricter rules of bank regulation, with an aim to improve the bank capability of resistance to the future financial crises.	0.8
Između ostalog jedan od ciljeva mera koje su sadržane u oviru Bazel III standarda odnosi se upravo na poboljšanje korporativnog upravljanja u bankama. 4.	One of the objectives of the measures stipulated in the Basel III standards refers to the very improvement of corporate governance in banks. ~~~ 4.	0.424085
Karakteristike bankarskog sektora Srbije Na kraju drugog tromesečja 2011. godine, bankarski sektor Srbije čine 33 banke, ali se relativno brzo očekuje smanjenje tog broja za jednu banku nakon što se proces spajanja dve banke privede kraju.	Characteristics of the banking sector in Serbia At the end of the second quarter of 2011, the banking sector in Serbia includes 33 banks, however, it is expected that the number will be reduced by one bank after the merging process of two banks has been completed.	1.3397
Iako je u poslednje dve godine prisutna tendencija smanjenja broja zaposlenih u bankarskom sektoru Srbije, ovaj sektor u okviru delatnosti finansijskog posredovanja ima najviše zaposlenih, skoro 30.000 ljudi.	Despite the tendency of reducing the number of em ployees in the banking sector of Serbia, this sector has the largest number of employees in the financial mediation industry, 30,000 people.	1.29349
Vlasnička struktura banaka u Srbiji je takva da je 21 banka u vlasništvu stranih lica, a 12 banaka je u vlasništvu domaćih lica.	The ownership structure of the banks in Serbia is such that 21 benks are in the ownership of foreign entities, while 12 banks are owned by national entities.	2.99595
Vlasnici banaka koji su strana lica dolaze iz 11 različitih zemalja (Austrija, Grčka, Francuska, Italija, Slovenija, Belgija, Rusija, SAD, Kipar, Nemačka i Mađarska).	The foreign entities owners of the banks come from 11 different countries (Austria, Greece, France, Italy, Slovenia, Belgium, Russia, the USA, Cyprus, Germany, and Hungary).	2.42299
Od banaka koje imaju domaće vlasnike 8 je u vlasništvu države kao većinskog ili najvećeg pojedinačnog akcionara, a 4 banke su u vlas Privreda Srbije je veoma bankocentrična jer se preduzeća najviše finansiraju iz bankarskih kredita.	Out of the banks owned by national entities, 8 are owned by the state as a majority owner or the largest individual shareholder, while 4 banks are owned by national private persons. ~~~ 76% of profits of the Serbian banking sector is in the banks owned by foreign shareholders, as well as 73% of total assets and 71% of total capital and the number of employees.	0.898916
	The net assets of the banks at the end of the second quarter of 2011 amounts to RSD 2,476 billion or around ¡ 24 billion, while the total capital of the banking sector of Serbia for the same period is RSD 520 billion or slightly more than ¡ 5 billion Š6Ë.	-0.3
	A majority of the most important business categories such as deposits, credits, capital, total assets, earnings, etc. belong to a group of about ten largest banks, while the other, small banks have a modest share in the mentioned categories.	-0.3
Ova činjenica se može lako sagledati iz podatka da u ukupnoj bilansnoj sumi finansijskog sektora Srbije banke učestvuju sa oko 91,8%, a dalje slede osiguravajuće kompanije 4,2%, davaoci finansijskog lizinga 3,6%, dobrovoljni penzioni fondovi 0,36% i investicioni fondovi 0,04% (izvedeni podaci iz Š11Ë i Š15Ë).	Serbian economy is rather bankocentric, due to companies being generally financed from banking loans. ~~~ This fact is clearly evident from the fact that the share of banks in the overall balance sheet sum of the financial sector of Serbia amounts to around 91.8%, the share of financial leasing creditors amounts to 3.6%, the pension funds have a share of 0.04% (data comprised from Š11Ë and Š15Ë).	0.309083
Najznačajnija stavka u strukturi aktive banaka jesu odobreni krediti koji su na nivou od 63,8% od ukupne aktive za ceo bankarski sektor i iznose 1.505 milijardi dinara ili približno 15 milijardi eura.	The most important item in the structure of assets in the banks are granted loans on the level of 63.8% of total assets for the entire banking sector and amount to RSD 1,505 or approximately ¡ 15 billion.	2.38558
Od ukupnog iznosa odobrenih kredita 55% čine krediti odobreni privredi, a 30% krediti odobreni stanovništvu.	Out of the overall granted credits, 55% are loans granted to economic entities, whereas 33% are credits granted to citizens.	0.834665
Učešće plasmana u hartije od vrednosti na nivou celog bankarskog sistema je nešto manje od 7% ukupne aktive Š16Ë.	The share of placements in the securities on the level of the entire banking system is slightly less than 7% of total assets Š16Ë.	1.62647
Što se tiče valutne strukture aktive ona je prvenstveno deviznog karaktera 63%, od čega je 84% u eurima, 8% je u švajcarskim francima i 8% u ostalim valutama.	As to the currency structure of assets, it is predominantly in foreign currency 63%, of which 84% is in euros, 8% in Swiss francs, and 8% in other currency.	1.3182
Kada je reč o ročnoj strukturi, aktiva bankarskog sektora Srbije je u najvećem delu kratkoročna, a preovladavaju sredstva po viđenju u iznosu od 33% od ukupne aktive.	As regards the time structure of assets of the Serbian banking sector, it is mainly short-term, the prevailing being the demand deposits, 33% of the total assets.	0.601721
Aktiva čija je ročnost do godinu dana učestvuje u iznosu od 21%, a preko godinu dana sa učešćem od 45%.	The assets with the time of one year have a share of 21%, and the share of the assets with the time of over one year amounts to 45%.	0.825275
Od ukupnih kredita koji su odobreni 55% čine krediti koji su odobreni privrednim preduzećima, dok je stanovništvu odobreno 30% ukupnih kredita.	Out of the total amount of loans grant ed, 55% are those granted to industrial companies, while retail credits amount to 30% of total credits.	0.96165
Problematični krediti za drugo tromesečje 2011. godine iznose 18,6% ukupnih kredita i u blagom su porastu u odnosu na ranije periode Š16Ë.	The problem bearing credits for the second quarter of 2011 amount to 18.6% of the total credit sum and are slightly rising compared to previous periods Š16Ë.	2.22701
Sa druge strane ukupan kapital čini 21% ukupne pasive.	On the other hand, the total capital makes 21% of total assets.	2.36875
Pokazatelj adekvatnosti kapitala bankarskog sektora Srbije na kraju drugog tromesečja 2011. godine iznosi 19,7%.	The indicator of adequacy of capital of the banking sector of Serbia at the end of the second quarter of 2011is 19.7%.	1.09082
Ovaj pokazatelj je u Srbiji od strane regulatora postavljen na viši nivo od Bazelskih 8% i iznosi minimum 12%.	In Serbia, this indicator is set to a higher level by the governor, in comparison with the Basel 8% and amounts to minimum 12%.	1.46489
U ročnoj strukturi pasive izvori sredstava sa dospećem preko 1 godine čine 39% ukupne pasive.	In the time structure of liabilities, the sources of assets with the maturity longer than one year make 39% of total liabilities.	1.14352
I na strani pasive preovladava njen devizni karakter u iznosu od 63%.	Liabilities are also predominantly in the foreign currency, 63%.	0.889474
Od ukupnih depozita 56% dolazi od strane stanovništva, a zatim slede depoziti preduzeća sa učešćem od 24% Š16Ë.	Out of total deposits, 56% come from retail sources, followed by the deposits of companies, 24% Š16Ë.	1.08561
U prvih šest meseci 2011. godine, bankarski sektor Srbije je bio profitabilan pa je dobit pre oporezivanja iznosila 17,8 milijardi dinara ili 176 miliona eura.	In the first six months of 2011, the banking sector in Serbia was profitable, so the earnings before taxes amounted to RSD 17.8 billion or ¡ 176 million.	1.54814
Preko 70% bankarskog sektora Srbije je poslovalo sa dobitkom, odnosno od ukupnog broja banaka u Srbiji njih 9 je u datom periodu poslovalo sa gubitkom.	Over 70% of the Serbian banking sector recorded business profits, which means that 9 banks out of the total number in Serbia recorded losses.	2.55731
Za 2010. godinu prinos na aktivu za ceo bankarski sektor Srbije je iznosio 1,1%, dok je prinos na kapital 5,4%.	The returns on assets in 2010 for the entire banking sector of Serbia amounted to 1.1%, with returns on capital amounting to 5.4%.	2.81982
U drugom tromesečju 2011. godine situacije je poboljšana pa je prinos na aktivu za bankarski sektor Srbije 1,4%, dok je prinos na kapital 7% Š16Ë. 5.	In the second quarter of 2011, the situation improved, so the returns on assets for the Serbian banking sector are 1.4%, while returns on capital amount to 7% Š16Ë. 5.	1.16098
Korporativno upravljanje u bankama u Srbiji S obzirom na strogu regulativu, i domaću ali i preporuke i smernice mađunarodnih institucija, za očekivati je da je korporativno upravljanje u bankama u Srbiji na višem nivou nego što je to slučaj sa korporativnim upravljanjem u srpskim preduzećima.	Corporate governance in banks in Serbia As regards strict regulations, both national and the recommendations and guidelines of the international institutions, it is to be expected that the corporate governance in banks in Serbia is on a higher level than corporate governance in Serbian companies.	1.47037
Jedan od razloga može biti u tome što je veći deo bankarskog sektora Srbije, tj. 63% u vlasništvu stranih lica koja prvenstveno dolaze iz razvijenih zapodnoevropskih zemalja.	One reason may be in that the majority of the banking sector in Serbia, 63%, is in the ownership of foreign entities that predominantly come from developed West European countries.	1.58374
Moglo bi se reći da je u tim zemljama korporativno upravljanje na višem nivou nego u Srbiji, pa je u tom delu srpski bankarski sektor profitirao jer su strani akcionari doneli sa sobom i principe korporativnog upravljanja.	Corporate governance in these countries appears to be on a higher level in comparison with Serbia, hence the Serbian banking sector profitted in this part as foreign shareholders brought the principles of corporate governance with them.	1.4145
Za učešće u kapitalu u srpskim bankama koje je veće od 5% potrebna je saglasnost Narodne banke Srbije.	For a share in the capital of Serbian banks larger than 5%, the approval of the National Bank of Serbia is required.	0.911579
Gledano prema tom kriterijumu, sa izuzetkom jedne banke, sve ostale banke u Srbiji imaju maksimalno do tri akcionara koje imaju vlasničko učešće veće od 5%.	In view of this criterion, with the exception of one bank, all the banks in Serbia have a maximum of three shareholders with the ownership share higher that 5% each.	1.22089
Deset banaka u Srbiji, ili 30%, je u rukama jednog, i to stranog, vlasnika, sve ostale imaju manjinske akcionare.	Ten banks in Serbia, or 30%, are owned by one foreign owner, all the others have minority shareholders.	1.37423
Od ukupnog broja banaka njih 16 ili 49% ima većinske akcionare sa preko 50% učešća u kapitalu, šest banaka ima akcionare koji imaju manje od 50% vlasničkog učešća, a jedna banka nema ni jednog akcionara koji ima učešće veće od 5%.	Out of the total number of banks, 16, or 49%, have majority shareholders with over 50% share in the capital, six banks have shareholders with less than 50% of ownership share, while one bank has no shareholders with a share larger than 5%.	1.43377
Skoro polovina banaka u Srbiji ima do tri akcionara ukupno.	Almost one half of the banks in Serbia have up to three shareholders in total.	1.30856
U bankama koje su u vlasništvu domaćih pravnih i fizičkih lica vlasnička struktura je razuđenija u odnosu na banke koje su u vlasništvu stranih akcionara.	In banks owned by national legal or physical entities the strudture is more indented compared to the banks in foreign ownership.	0.904754
U prvih deset najvećih banaka prema veličini ukupne aktive sve su banke u vlasništvu stranih akcionara, a samo je jedna među njima banka sa domaćim vlasnikom i to konkretno u većinskom državnom vlasništvu.	The top ten largest banks on the basis of the amount of assets are owned by foreign shareholders, with the exception of one among them that is a bank with a national owner, concretely in a majority ownership of the state.	1.18235
Ono što je posebno značajno kada se razmatra korporativno upravljanje u bankarstvu jesu regulatorna pravila koja vrlo često u sebi sadrže određene elemente koje doprinose dobrom korporativnom upravljanju.	What is especially important when corporate governance in banking is taken into consideration is the regulation that often includes certain elements that contribute to an adequate corporate governance.	1.21732
Kako su banke privatne institucije sa javnom svrhom, njima se posebno poklanja velika pažnja u pogledu regulacije.	Since banks are private institutions with a public purpose, they are paid special attention as regards regulations.	0.966667
Regulatorni okvir za banke u Srbiji jeste Zakon o bankama koji je donešen 2005. godine, a dopunjen 2010. godine.	The regulatory framework for the banks in Serbia is the Law on Banks and Banking adopted in 2005 and amended in 2010.	1.49687
Ovaj Zakon je usklađen sa propisima Evropske unije i usaglašen sa Bazel standardima.	This Law is harmonized with the European Union regulations as well as with the Basel standards.	1.34743
Pored tog osnovnog zakona Narodna banka Srbije, kao regulator i suprevizor bankarskog sektora Srbije donela je niz propisa koji postavljaju osnovu za adekvatno upravljanje bankama ali i za lakšu kontrolu od strane suprevizora.	In addition to this basic law, the National Bank of Serbia, as a regualtor and supervisor of the banking sector in Serbia, adopted a number of regulations that set the basis for an adequate management of banks, as well as for an easier control by the supervisor.	1.50315
Svi propisi koji se tiču bankarskog sektora Srbije sadrže u sebi osnovne elemente dobrog korporativnog upravljanja banaka koji su sadržani i u preporukama Bazelskog Komiteta za jačanje korporativnog upravljanja u bankama ali i u Bazel standardima.	All the regulations concerning the banking sector in Serbia include the fundamentals of good corporate governance in banks, part of the Recommendations of the Basel Committee for enhancing governance and also of the Basel standards.	1.02286
Međutim, trebalo bi ukazati na neke specifičnosti korporativnog upravljanja u bankama u Srbiji.	Some specific features of corporative govenance of banks in Serbia deserve to be paid more attention to.	0.718106
Prema zakonu banke u Srbiji se osnivaju kao akcionarska društva i mogu ih osnovati domaća i strana pravna i fizička lica.	According to the provisions of the Law, banks in Serbia are established as public liability companies by either national or foreign legal or physical entities.	0.893247
Prilikom samog osnivanja banke Narodnoj banci se moraju dostaviti podaci o osnivačima banke, iznosu njihovih uloga i broju, vrsti i nominalnom iznosu akcija koje stiču, a moraju se dostaviti i podaci o svim licima koja će imati učešće u banci i o osnovu za to učešće, kao i navesti imena predloženih članova upravnog i izvršnog odbora banke i podatke o njihovoj kvalifikaciji, iskustvu i poslovnoj reputaciji.	In the establishment process, the National Bank of Serbia has to be submitted the data on the founders of the bank, the amounts of their deposits in the bank and the number, type and nominal amount of shares acquired, and also on all the persons that will have their shares in the bank and on the basis for these shares, as well as the names of the proposed candidates for the board of managing directors and the executive board of the bank, data on their qualifications, experience and business reputation.	1.05387
Ukoliko predloženi član upravnog ili izvršnog odbora banke nema odgovarajuće kvalifikacije ili iskustvo, odnosno dobru poslovnu reputaciju ili lice koje bi steklo učešće u banci ne ispunjava uslove za to sticanje Narodna banka Srbije može da odbije osnivanje banke.	In case the qualifications or experience of a proposed member of the board of directors or the executive board is not satisfactory, or in case his reputation does not satisfy the requirements, or in case a person to acquire a share in the bank does not satisfy the conditions for that acquisition, the National Bank of Serbia may reject the claim for set ting up the bank.	1.63475
Dakle, regulativa sprečava pojavu moralnog hazarda i u startu daje šansu dobrom korporativnom upravljanju u bankama.	Regulations, therefore, prevent the moral hazard and from the very beginning give opportunity to an adequate corporate governance in banks.	0.956844
Osim toga, ista situacija važi i ukoliko predloženi program aktivnosti banke, plan poslovne politike i procedure za upravljanje rizicima i za unutrašnju kontrolu nisu odgovarajući Š25Ë.	Besides, the situation is the same in case the proposed programme of activities of the bank, the business policy plan, the risk management procedures and internal control procedures are inadequate Š25Ë.	1.50785
Zakonom banke je precizno definisana organizacija banke kao i način upravljanja bankom.	The Law on banks and banking clearly defines the bank organization as well as the method of its governance.	0.946154
Ono što može da bude potencijalni problem ili nedostak ovog zakona jeste to što zakon naglašava da se akcionarima koji imaju 1% ili više akcija s pravom glasa ne može onemogućiti neposredno vršenje prava glasa.	What can be a potential problem or a flaw of this law is that the law provides that shareholders with 1% or more voting shares, shall not be prevented from exercising their right to direct voting.	1.25741
Postavlja se pitanja šta se dešava sa akcionarima koji imaju manje od jednog procenta vlasništva u banci da li to znači da oni imaju niža prava jer zakon implicira da im se može onemogućiti da iskoriste svoje pravo glasa?	The question is what happens with shareholders whose share in the ownership is below one percent wherther it means that they do not have equal rights, since the law provides that they can be prevented from exercising their right to vote.	1.11401
Zakon precizira da su organi upravljanja bankom upravni i izvršni odbor banke.	The law stipulates that the management bodies in the bank are the board of managing directors and the executive board of the bank.	1.27993
Oni su dužni da preduzimaju mere radi sprečavanja nezakonitih ili neprimerenih radnji i uticaja, koji su štetni ili nisu u najboljem interesu banke i njenih akcionara i koje vrše lica koja imaju znatno ili kontrolno učešće u toj banci.	It is their obligation to undertake any actions necessary to prevent illegal or inappropriate actions or influences that are either harmful or are not in the best interests of the bank and its shareholders and performed by persons whose share in the bank is considerable or is even a control share.	1.13561
Dalje je zakonom precizno definisan sastav kao i uslovi imenovanja i delokrug rada kako upravnog tako i nadzornog odbora.	The law further clearly defines the composition as well as the criteria of appointing and the scope of activities of both the board of managing directors and the executive board.	0.617308
Prema slovu zakona, Upravni odbor banke mora imati najmanje pet članova, uključujući i predsednika banke.	According to the law, the Board of managing directors has no fewer than five members, including the president of the bank.	0.837237
Narodna banka Srbije propisuje uslove i kvalifikacije koje mora posedovati lice da bi bilo izabrano za člana odbora.	The National Bank of Serbia provides the criteria/terms and the qualifications a person has to meet to be elected a member of the board.	0.73507
U svakom slučaju, najmanje tri člana upravnog odbora banke moraju imati odgovarajuće iskustvo iz oblasti finansija.	In any case, at least three members of the board of managing directors are required to have an adequate experience in the financial area.	1.50356
Zakonom je propisano da najmanje jedna trećina članova upravnog odbora banke moraju biti lica nezavisna od banke, dakle, koja nemaju direktno ili indirektno vlasništvo ni u banci ni u članu bankarske grupe u kojoj je ta banka.	The law stipulates that at least one third of the members of the board of managing directors of the bank have to be persons independent from the bank, namely, persons with neither direct nor indirect ownership in either the bank or the member of the banking group to which the respective bank belongs.	1.32065
Što se tiče izvršnog odbora banke njega čine najmanje dva člana, uključujući i predsednika koji predstavlja i zastupa banku.	As regards the executive board of the bank, this includes no fewer than two members, including the president who represents the bank.	1.04735
On ne može samostalno da donosi poslovne odluke, već je po zakonu dužan da obezbedi potpis jednog člana izvršnog odbora.	The president is not autonomous in making business decisions; according to the law, he is required to ensure a signature of one member of the executive board.	0.798531
Kao i članovi upravnog odbora tako i članovi izvršnog odbora banke moraju imati dobru poslovnu reputaciju i odgovarajuće kvalifikacije, koje propisuje Narodna banka Srbije.	Similarly to the members of the board of managing directors, the members of the executive board of the bank are expected to have a good business reputation and qualifications required by the National Bank of Serbia.	1.3274
Doprinos korporativnom upravljanju u bankama ogleda se i zakonskoj odredbi da banka mora da obrazuje odbor za praćenje poslovanja banke (odbor za reviziju), kreditni odbor i odbor za upravljanje aktivom i pasivom.	The contribution in the corporate governance in banks is reflected in the provision of the law that the banks obligation is to form a board for monitoring the business performance of the bank (the auditing board), the credit board and the board for asset and liability management.	1.21685
Takođe, članovi odbora banke su dužni da obezbede sistem unutrašnjih kontrola, funkciju kontrole usklađenosti poslovanja banke funkcija unutrašnje revizije.	Also, it is the obligation of the members of the board of the bank to establish a system of internal controls, the function of control of the coordination in banking as well as the internal auditing function.	1.74207
Ovakve odredbe u domaćem zakonu se poklapaju sa preporukama Bazel komiteta za jačanje koporativnog upravljanja u bankama. i Što se tiče vlasništva u banci, za svako sticanje vlasništva u iznosu većem od 5%, bilo da je reč o direktnom ili indirektnom vlasništvu, mora da se dobije saglasnost Narodne banke Srbije.	Such provisions in the national law coincide with the Basel Committee recommendations for enhancing governance in the banks. ~~~ As regards ownership in the bank larger than 5%, regardless of whether it is a direct or indirect ownership, it has to be approved of by the National Bank of Serbia.	0.310982
Regulatorni okvir u Srbiji podrazumeva da će supervizor, to jest Narodna banka Srbije, vršiti kontrolu nad bonitetom i zakonitošću poslovanja banaka.	The regulatory framework in Serbia provides that the supervisor, i.e., the National Bank of Serbia, will supervise the banks financial standing and the statutory operations of the bank in accordance with the law.	1.28569
Ono što međutim nije primenjeno to je redovna kontrola samog korporativnog upravljanja od strane supervizora, koju predviđaju preporuke Bazel Komiteta.	What, however, is not implemented, is a regular control of the corporate governance itself by the supervisor, otherwise recommended by the Basel Committee.	0.724094
Prema Zakonu u bankama Š25Ë u okviru delokruga rada upravnog odbora banke je i usvajanje politike zarada i ostalih primanja zaposlenih u banci.	According to the Law on banks and banking Š25Ë, the policy of salaries and other compensations in the bank is also within the scope of responibilities of the board of managing directors.	0.842742
Međutim, kako je to pitanje kome se nije posvećivala posebna pažnja Narodna baka Sebija je posebnom Odlukom o upravljanju rizicima u bankama kao jednu od novina uvela i obavezu usvajanja adekvatne politike zarada i drugih primanja zaposlenih, uključujući i naknade upravnim odborima. ~~~ Smatra se da je ova politika adekvatna ako je zasnovana na sprovođenju poslovne politike i strategije banke, kao i strategije i politika za upravljanje rizicima, i ako podstiče razumno i oprezno preuzimanje rizika Š17Ë.	As this is the issue that was not paid due attention to, in its special Decision on banking risks management, the National Bank of Serbia provided the obligation of adopting an adequate policy of earnings and other compensations to the employees, including compensations to the members of the boards of managing directors. this policy is considered to be adequate on condition it is based on the implementation of the business and the strategic policies of the bank, as well as the strategy and the policies in risk management, and on condition it enhances a reasonable and cautious risk taking Š17Ë.	0.466554
Značajan deo korporativnog upravljanja u bankama jeste i vođenje računa o interesima stejkholdera.	A significant portion of corporate governance in banks is taking care of the stakeholders interests.	0.718227
Jedan deo Zakona o bankama u Srbiji je posvećen deponentima, kao značajnim stejkholderima u banci, i zaštiti njihovih interesa.	One section of the Law on banks in Serbia is devoted to depositors as significant stakeholders in the bank and to the protection of their interests.	1.1708
Ipak, očigledno u praksi to nije funkcionisalo na pravi način i banke u okviru svog korporativnog upravljanja nisu vodile dovoljno računa o interesima stejkholdera.	It is obvious, however, that it did not function adequately and that banks did not take due care of their stakeholders interest in the scope of their corporate governance.	0.537917
To je zakonski sada bolje regulisano jer je u 2011. godine donet Zakon o zaštiti korisnika finansijskih usluga, koji je mnogo detaljnije i preciznije definisao odnos između banke i korisnika njenih usluiga kao stejholdera.	This issue is today better regulated by law, as the Law on the Consumer Protection was adopted in 2011, in which the relationship between the bank and the consumers of its services and stakeholders is defined in a more detailed and precise manner.	1.13527
Posebna pažnja regulatornog okvira se poklanja upravljanju rizicima u bankama.	Special attention in the regulatory framework is paid to risk management in banks.	1.11818
Pored toga što su u samom zakonu date osnovne smernice i obaveze koje banke imaju u cilju adekvatnog upravljanja rizicima, Narodna banka je donela i niz propisa koji se tiču detaljnijeg pristupa upravljanju pojedinim vrstama rizika.	The Law provides the basic guidelines and obligations of the banks in view of an ad equate risk management, however, the National Bank of Serbia adopted a number of regulations as regards a more detailed approach to managing certain risks.	0.784986
I kod samog osnivanja banke potrebno je Narodnoj banci Srbije dostaviti proceduru za upravljanje rizicima koja se, ukoliko je adekvatna, prihvata od strane regulatora.	As early as the moment a bank is established, it is necessary that it should submit to the National Bank of Serbia as detailed a risk management procedure as possible; if adequate, this procedure is accepted by the regulator.	0.811034
Sva regulativa koja se tiče upravljanja rizicima je u skladu sa Bazelskim principima i preporukama.	All the regulations concerning risk management are consistent with the Basel principles and recommendations.	0.668966
U skladu sa tim, banke u Srbiji su dužne da identifikuju, mere i procenjuju rizike kojima su izložene u svom poslovanju i da upravljaju tim rizicima.	In accordance with that, the banks in Serbia are obliged to identify, measure, and assess risks they are exposed to in their operations and to manage those risks.	1.05652
Samim tim moraju da obrazuju posebnu organizacionu jedinicu u čijem je delokrugu upravljanje rizicima.		-0.3
Takva zakonska odredba jeste u skladu sa vodičem Bazelskog komiteta za unapređenje korporativnog upravljanja u bankama.	Such a law regulation is consistent with the Basel Committee Principles for enhancing corporate governance in banks.	0.988061
Upravljanje rizicima usklađuje se s veličinom i organizacionom strukturom banke, obimom njene aktivnosti i vrstama poslova koje banka obavlja.	Risk management is adjusted to the banks size and its organizational structure, the scope of its activity and the types of business operations it is engaged in.	0.431102
U Srbiji je uvođenje Bazel II standarda započeto 2007. godine.	The implementation of the Basel II standards in Serbia commenced in 2007.	1.35341
Iako je puna primena trebalo da počne 2011. godine do toga nije došlo jer jedan broj banaka nije bio spreman za nove zahteve.	The full implementation was to begin in 2011, however, it did not, due to a number of banks not being ready to meet new requirements.	1.03868
Puna primena Bazel II standarda u Srbiji je odložena za 31.12. 2011. godine uz probni period izveštavanja u skladu sa novim regulatornim okvirom od septembra 2011. godine.	The full implementation of the Basel II standards in Serbia was postponed until 31st December 2011 with a trial period in reporting in accordance with the new regulatory framework of September 2011.	1.33089
Bazel standardi su uvedeni u domaću praksu u skladu sa karakteristikama koje su svojstvene domaćem bankarskom sis temu.	The Basel standards were introduced into the national practice in accordance with the characteristics of the national banking system.	1.05805
Osnovni ciljevi uvođenja Bazel II standarda u Srbiji su dalje jačanje stabilnosti bankarskog sektora i finansijskog sistema; unapređenje procesa upravljanja rizicima u bankama i procesa supervizije zasnovanog na rizicima; jačanje transparentnosti i tržišne discipline; usklađivanje sa uslovima poslovanja na međunarodnom finansijskom tržištu; harmonizacija sa propisima Evropske unije - Direktivama EU 48/2006 i 49/2006; stvaranje jače veze između kapitalnih zahteva i izloženosti rizicima na nivou banke Š18Ë.	The basic goals in implementing the Basel II standards in Serbia are still the strengthening the stability of the banking sector and the financial system; improving the risk management processes in banks as well as improving the riskbased supervision processes; improving the transparency and market discipline; harmonization with the business conditions on the internanional financial market; harmonization with the European Union regulations the EU Directives 48/2006 and 49/2006; creating a stronger link between capital requirements and risk exposure on the bank level Š18Ë.	1.30512
Bitno je naglasiti da je Narodna banka Srbije u nekoliko navrata sprovela stres testove koji bi blagovremeno ukazali na postojanje nekih slabosti i potrebe za preventivnim dokapitalizacijama pod pretpostavkom izuzetno pesimističkih makroekonomskih scenarija.	It is important to stress that the National Bank of Serbia has conducted several stress tests to timely identify the possible weaknesses and needs for a preventive recapitalization in case of any extremely pessimistic macroeconomic scenarios.	1.24174
Testovi su pokazali da je bankarski sektor Srbije veoma otporan na spoljne šokove s obzirom na pre svega visoku preventivnu kapitalizovanost, zahvaljujući prudencijalnim restriktivnim merama Narodne banke Srbije u periodu kreditne ekspanzije 20042008. godine Š14Ë.	The tests have shown that the banking sector in Serbia is rather resistant to external shocks, due to primarily high preventive capitalization, and owing to prudential restrictive measures of the National Bank of Serbia in the credit expansion period in 2004-2008 Š14Ë.	1.29481
Zaista, zahvaljujući, možda i preteranoj restriktivnoj monetarnoj politici Narodne banke Srbije, bankarski sektor Srbije je, sa svoje strane, dosta dobro podneo nalet ekonomske krize iz 2008 godine. 6.	Indeed, due to perhaps excessive restrictive monetary policy of the National Bank of Serbia, the banking sector in Serbia was not really impaired by the attack of the 2008 economic crisis. ~~~ 6.	0.758881
Zaključak U velikom broju zemalja banke su glavne finansijske institucije koje obezbeđuju efikasno prikupljanje i usmeravanje slobodnih novčanih sredstava, odnosno transferišu štednju u investicije.	Conclusion Banks are the major institutions that ensure an efficient raising and orientation/allocation of free money resources, that is, transfer savings into investments, in a large number of countries.	1.25322
Zbog značaja koje imaju bankama se poklanja posebna pažnja i u regulatornom okviru.	Due to the importance they enjoy, banks are paid special attention to in the regulatory framework.	0.902317
Bankarstvo spada u jednu od najregulisanijih industrija.	Banking is one of the most strictly regulated industries.	0.294
Zbog značaja koje imaju za celokupnu ekonomiju, dodatna pažnja se posvećuje pitanju adekvatnog upravljanja u bankama.	Due to the importance they have for the entire economy, additional attention is paid to the issue of adequate governance of banks.	1.17103
Vrlo bitan element celokupnog procesa upravljanja bankom jeste i primena principa korporativnog upravljanja.	A very important constituent of the overall bank management process is the implementation of the corporate governance principles.	1.10766
S obzirom da su banke privatne institucije sa javnom svrhom, sigurno je da ima specifičnosti u odnosu na korporativno upravljanje u preduzećima.	Corporate governance in banks, consistent to the general principles of corporate governance, refers to the manner in which banking is governed and controlled.	0.665114
Korporativno upravljanje u bankama se, shodno opštim principima korporativnog upravljanja, odnosi na način na koji se upravlja poslovanjem banke i vrši kontrola tog poslovanja.	This entails setting an appropriate group of goals to be achieved as well as methods to achive them and monitor the extent to which they are achieved.	0.2232
To podrazumeva postavljanje odgovarajućeh skupa ciljeva koji se žele postići ali i načina za ostvarivanje tih ciljeva i praćenje nivoa ostvarenja ciljeva. i korporativno upravljanje u bankama Neadekvano korporativno upravljanje može dovesti do ozbiljnih problema u radu banke.	An inadequate corporate governance may result inro serious problems in the work of the bank.	0.228323
Pošto je bankarsko tržište veoma povezano, domino efektom gubitak jedne banke bi mogao da utiče na druge banke u sistemu, na sistem osiguranje depozita, na sistem plaćanja, a samim tim bi to dovelo i do velikih troškova za sve učesnike.	As the banking market is rather a close-knit market, the domino effect can turn the loss of one bank into losses of other banks in the system, of the deposit insurance system, the system of payments, and consequently, into excessive costs for all the participants.	0.935122
Sličan scenario se i desio sa krizom koja je počela sredinom 2007. godine.	The similar scenario was seen with the crisis that began in the middle of 2007.	0.938242
Sve to utiče na poverenje u finansijski i bankarski sistem, a koje se ne bi smelo tako lako ispustiti.	All these affect the trust into the financial and banking systems, which should not be abandoned so light-heartedly.	0.724847
Dobrom korporativnom upravljanju u bankama se poklanja velika pažnja.	Adequate corporate governance in banks is paid a lot of attention to.	0.879661
Bazel komitet za superviziju banka je nekoliko puta, poslednji put 2010, izdao vodič za Unapređenje korporativnog upravljanja u bankama koji predstavalja smernicu za banke i regulatore u pogledu primene prakse dobrog korporativnog upravljanja.	Several times, and the last time was in 2010, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision issued the Principles for enhancing corporate governance in banks to serve as guideline for both banks and regulators as regrds the implementation of an adequate corporate governance practice.	0.969434
Kroz zakonski okvir i dodatne propise od strane Narodne banke Srbije, preporuke Bazel Komiteta za unapređenje korporativnog upravljanja su uključene u odgovarajuća dokumenta.	Through the regulatory framework and additional regulations adopted by the National Bank of Serbia, the recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision for enhancing corporate governance in banks are included into the respective documents.	1.30192
Samim tim napravljena je dobra osnova za razvoj adekvatnog korporativnog upravljanja u bankama.	Thus a strong basis was created for the development of an adequate corporate governance in Serbian banks.	1.35
Ono što bi trebalo promeniti, odnosno uvesti jeste stalna kontrola i unapređenje korporativnog upravljanja u srpskim bankama.		-0.3
Za sada ni jednom sveobuhvatno nije kontrolisana primena principa korporativnog upravljanja u bankarskom sektoru Srbije.	No comprehensive control of the implementation of corporate governance principle in the banking sector of Serbia has been conducted so far.	0.826051
U okviru korporativnog upravljanja u srpskim bankama ono što bi trebalo dodatno pojasniti tiče se manjinskih akcionara koji imaju manje od jednog procenta vlasništva u banci.	What should be additionally clarified in the corporate governance in Serbian banks concerns minority shareholders with less than one percent ownership in the bank.	1.23447
Postavlja se pitanje da li oni imaju niža prava od ostalih akcionara jer zakon implicira da im se može onemogućiti da iskoriste svoje pravo glasa.	The question is, are their rights inferior to the rights of other shareholders as the law implies that they may be prevented from exercising their right to vote?	0.970879
Veoma je bitno za celokupan proces korporativnog upravljanja u bankama da se obrati osebna pažnje na sistem kompenzacija i naknada upravnim odborima i da u skladu sa novousvojenim odlukama politika zarada i drugih primanja bude adekvatno sprovođena u skladu sa principima korporativnog upravljanja.	It is very important for the entire process of corporate governance in banks that special attention is devoted to the system of compensations and pay to the boards of directors and that, in consistence with the newly-adopted decisions, the policy of pay and other compensations be adequately implemented in consistence with the corporate governance principles.	0.994402
Trebalo bi takođe očekivati da će novi Zakon o zaštiti korisnika finansijskih usluga podići korporativno upravljanje na viši nivo u bankama u Srbiji što se tiče zaštite interesa stejholdera.	It is also to be expected that the new Law on Consumer Protection will raise corporate governance in the banks of Serbia to a higher level, as regards the protection of stakeholders interests Corporate governance is not a rounded and closed process; on the contrary, it is permanently amended and improved.	1.15174
Korporativno upravljanje je proces koji nije zatvoren već naprotiv stalno se nadograđuje i unapređuje.	This process is presently under way in a large number of higher developed markets.	0.601429
Taj proces se upravo sada dešava i na mnogo razvijenim tržištima, a posebno je bitno konstantno raditi na procesu korporativnog upravljanja u zemlji u razvoju kao što je naša.	It is especially important that the process of corporate governance is permanently worked on in a developing country such as this country is.	1.0925
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22, No. 2, pp. 783-827, 2009.	Š4Ë Bebchuk L. A, Cohen A, Ferrell A, What Matters in Corporate Governance?, Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 783-827, 2009.	0.874286
Š5Ë Beltratti A, Stulz M. R, Why Did Some Banks Perform Better during the Credit Crisis?	Š5Ë Beltratti A, Stulz M. R, Why Did Some Banks Perform Better during the Credit Crisis?	3.12353
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Š11Ë Komisija za hartije od vrednosti Republike Srbije, Izveštaj o radu Komisije za hartije od vrednosti Republike Srbije i kretanjima na organizovanom tržištu hartija od vrednosti u Republici u periodu: januar decembar 2010. godine, www.sec.gov.rs Š12Ë Levine, R, The corporate governance of banks:	Š8Ë Greunning H, Brajovic Bratanovic S, Analiza i up ravljanje bankovni rizicima, Mate, Zagreb, 2006 Š9Ë Knežević S, Barjaktarović Rakočević S, \urić D, Upravljačko računovodstvo u funkciji sticanja konkurentske prednosti i bankarski kontroling, Management- časopis za i praksu menadžmenta, vol. 16, br. 59, pp. 5-13, 2011. teoriju Š10Ë Köhler M, Ownership structure, regulation and the market for corporate control in the EU banking sector, European Journal of Law and Economics, DOI 10.1007/s10657-010-9174-y.	0.286055
A concise discussion of concepts and evidence, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3404.	Š11Ë Komisija za hartije od vrednosti Republike Srbije, Izveštaj o radu Komisije za hartije od vrednosti Republike Srbije i kretanjima na organizovanom tržištu hartija od vrednosti u Republici u periodu: januar decembar 2010. godine, www.sec.gov.rs Š12Ë Levine, R, The corporate governance of banks: A concise discussion of concepts and evidence, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3404. ~~~ 2003.	0.841071
2003. Š13Ë Mülbert P. O, Corporate Governance of Banks after the Financial Crisis - Theory, Evidence, Reforms, European Corporate government institute, Working Paper N°.	Š13Ë Mülbert P. O, Corporate Governance of Banks after the Financial Crisis - Theory, Evidence, Reforms, European Corporate government institute, Working Paper N°.151/2010, 2010.	2.56212
	Š14Ë Narodna banka Srbije, Izveštaj o stanju u finansi jskom sistemu, 2010.	-0.3
	Š15Ë Narodna banka Srbije, Godišnji izveštaj o poslo vanju i rezultatima rada, 2010.	-0.3
	Š16Ë Narodna banka Srbije, Izveštaj za II tromesečje 2011. godine, www.nbs.rs Š17Ë Narodna banka Srbije, Odluka o upravljanju rizici ma banke, 2011.	-0.3
2010.	Š18Ë Narodna banka Srbije, www.nbs.rs, 2011.	-0.6
Š14Ë Narodna banka Srbije, Izveštaj o stanju u finansi jskom sistemu, 2010. Š15Ë Narodna banka Srbije, Godišnji izveštaj o poslo vanju i rezultatima rada, 2010. Š16Ë Narodna banka Srbije, Izveštaj za II tromesečje 2011. godine, www.nbs.rs Š17Ë Narodna banka Srbije, Odluka o upravljanju rizici ma banke, 2011. Š18Ë Narodna banka Srbije, www.nbs.rs, 2011. Š19Ë Nikolić J, Erić J, Uloga i vrste upravnih odbora u korporativnom upravljanju, Management časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta, vol. 16, br. 60, str. 69-75, 2011.	Š19Ë Nikolić J, Erić J, Uloga i vrste upravnih odbora u korporativnom upravljanju, Management časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta, vol. 16, br. 60, str.	1.32286
Š20Ë OECD Principles of Corporate Governance, 2004. Š21Ë Staikouras P. K, Staikouras C. K, Agoraki M.	69-75, 2011. ~~~ Š20Ë OECD Principles of Corporate Governance, 2004.	0.803125
-E. ~~~ K, The effect of board size and composition on European bank performance, European Journal of Law and Economics, 23:127, DOI 10.1007/s10657-007-9001-2, 2007.	Š21Ë Staikouras P. K, Staikouras C. K, Agoraki M.-E. K, The effect of board size and composition on European bank performance, European Journal of Law and Economics, 23:127, DOI 10.1007/s10657-007-9001-2, 2007.	1.25398
Š22Ë Sullivan R. J, Spong K. R, Manager wealth concentration, ownership structure, and risk in commercial banks, Journal of Financial Intermediation, No. 16 pp. 229248, 2007. Š23Ë Sun W, Stewart J, Pollard D, Corporate Governance and the Global Financial Crisis:	Š22Ë Sullivan R. J, Spong K. R, Manager wealth concentration, ownership structure, and risk in commercial banks, Financial Intermediation, No. 16 pp. 229248, 2007. ~~~ Journal of Š23Ë Sun W, Stewart J, Pollard D, Corporate Governance and the Global Financial Crisis: International Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, 2011.	1.29084
International Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, 2011. Š24Ë Tandelilin E, Kaaro H, Mahadwartha P. A, Supriyatna, Corporate Governance, Risk Management and Bank Performance:	Š24Ë Tandelilin E, Kaaro H, Mahadwartha P. A, Supriyatna, Corporate Governance, Risk Management and Bank Performance: Does Type of Ownership Matter?, EADN WORKING PAPER No. 34, 2007.	2.25275
Does Type of Ownership Matter?, EADN WORKING PAPER No. 34, 2007. Š25Ë Zakon o bankama Službeni glasnik RS br. 107/05 i Zakon o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o bankama Službeni glasnik RS br. 91/10.	Š25Ë Zakon o bankama Službeni glasnik RS br. 107/05 i Zakon o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o bankama Službeni glasnik RS br. 91/10.	1.28036
Strukturni i kohezioni fond projekti regionalnog razvoja EU UDK: ~~~ 332.1:336.1.07(4-672EU) ; 339.92(4-672EU) Dragana Kragulj, Miloš Parežanin Fakultet organizacionih nauka, Univerzitet u Beogradu kragulj.dragana¿fon.bg.ac.rs Regionalna politika Evropske unije pruža okvir za finansiranje širokog spektra projekata i investicija sa ciljem podsticanja privrednog rasta u zemljama članicama EU i njihovim regionima.	Structural and Cohesion Funds-projects of Regional Development of EU UDC: 332.1:336.1.07(4-672EU) ; 339.92(4-672EU) Dragana Kragulj, Miloš Parežanin Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade kragulj.dragana¿fon.bg.ac.rs The regional policy of the European Union provides a framework for financing a wide range of projects and investments with the aim of enhancing economic growth in the EU member states and their regions.	0.641083
Tri glavna cilja regionalne politike su: konvergencija, regionalna konkurentnost i zapošljavanje i evropska teritorijalna saradnja.	The three main objectives of the EUs regional policy are: convergence, regional competitiveness and employment, and the European territorial cooperation.	1.19716
Regionalna politika se realizuje kroz tri fonda.	Regional policy is implemented through three funds.	1.77907
To su: ~~~ Evropski regionalni razvojni fond (ERDF), Evropski socijalni fond (ESF ) i Kohezioni fond. 1.	These are the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Cohesion Fund. 1.	0.37037
Uvod Iako Unija konstantno napreduje na planu ekonomske integracije, problemi vezani za postojanje regionalnih dispariteta nisu se bitno promenili.	Introduction The Union makes constant advances in economic integrations, nevertheless, the problems related to regional disparities have not changed significantly.	0.865385
Najbogatija zemlja Luksemburg je oko sedam puta bogatija od najsiromašnijih zemalja EU, tj. od Rumunije i Bugarske.	The richest country, Luxembourg, is about seven times as rich as the poorest countries in the European Union, Romania and Bulgaria.	1.10066
Ovo je posebno uočljivo u nivou društvenog proizvoda i nezaposlenosti u pojedinim regionima EU.	This is especially evident in the levels of the social product and uneployment in certan EU regions.	1.1
Razlike na nivou makroekonomskih pokazatelja između država članica jesu velike, ali se može tvrditi da unutar pojedinih država članica postoje još veći dispariteti u ekonomskoj razvijenosti pojedinih regiona.	The differences among the member states on the level of macroeconomic indicators are certainly big, however, it can be asserted that the disparities in the economic development within certain member states are even bigger.	1.02414
Posle proširenja EU ovaj jaz se povećao tako da su ove razlike znatno uvećane u EU-27 u odnosu na EU-15.	This gap has even spread upon the enlargement of the EU so that these differences have become even more dramatic in the EU-27 in comparison with the EU-15.	0.879454
Regionalna politika Evropske unije je najvažniji instrument za postizanje tzv. kohezije i podrazumeva prilagođavanje novim kretanjima, kao i restrukturiranja velikih razmera (razvoj infrastrukture, smanjivanje nezaposlenosti, podsticanje industrije i svih oblika delatnosti) kako bi se poboljšala konkurentnost lokalne privrede i time ublažile nejednakosti u razvoju regiona Evropske unije.	The regional policy of the European Union is the most important tool used to achieve the so-called cohesion and it means adjustment to new trends and massive restructurings (the development of infrastructure, reduction of unemployment, incentives to industry and all forms of activities) in order to improve the competitiveness of a local economy and thus mitigate the inequalities in the development of the European Union regions.	1.34703
Ova politika se sprovodi novčanim sredstvima iz zajedničkog budžeta Evropske unije kroz strukturne fondove i Kohezioni fond i na nju se troši trećina ukupnog budžeta Unije.	This policy is conducted by financial resources allocated from the European Union budget, through structural funds and the Cohesian fund and consumes one third of the Union budget.	0.966667
Zajednička regionalna politika EU nema nameru da zameni nacionalnu regionalnu politiku država članica jer države članice moraju da reše probleme nerazvijenosti svojih regiona razvojem infrastrukture i privlačenjem investicija koje treba da povećaju zaposlenost u njihovim nerazvijenim regionima.	The EU common regional policy is not meant to replace national regional policies of the member states since member states have to solve the problems of underdevelopement of their regions by developing infrastructure and attracting investments intended to increase employment in their underdeveloped regions.	0.928183
Prilikom koncipiranja nacionalne regionalne politike, države članice EU slobodne su u izgradnji modela domaće regionalne politike i izboru instrumenata, institucija i mera. 2.	In conceiving their national regional policies, the member states of the EU are free to build the national regional policy model and select the instruments, institutions and measures. ~~~ 2.	0.3125
	Structural funds and the cohesion fund Structural funds and the Cohesion fund are part of the European Union regional policy.	-0.3
Strukturni fondovi i kohezioni fond siromašnijih država članica i regiona EU, te da promovišu ekonomsku, socijalnu i teritorijalnu koheziju.	They are meant to reduce the gap in the development between the richer and the poorer EU member states and regions and to promote economic, social and territorial cohesion.	1.00748
U finansijskoj perspektivi 2007 2013. godine, vrednost ovih fondova je 348 milijardi evra, što predstavlja 35% ukupnog budžeta EU i druga je budžetska stavka po veličini.	In the financial perspective for the 2007-2013 period, the value of these resources amounts to 348 billion euros, which makes 35% of the total EU budget and is the second largest item in the budget.	2.71444
Status strukturnog fonda u finansijskoj perspektivi 2007 2013. godine imaju Evropski regionalni razvojni fond (European Regional Development Fund - ERDF) i Evropski socijalni fond (European Social Fund - ESF).	The status of a structural fund in the 2007-2013 financial perspective was granted to the European Regional Development Fund ERDF, and the European Social Fund ESF.	1.21
Do 2007. godine status strukturnog fonda imali su i Finansijski instrument za upravljanje ribarstvom (Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance - FIFG) i Evropski fond za rukovođenje i garancije u poljoprivredi (European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund EAGGF).	Until 2007, this status was also enjoyed by the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance FIFG and the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund EAGGF.	1.28849
ERDF je osnovan 1975. godine, a njegov cilj je jačanje ekonomske i socijalne kohezije kroz smanjivanje razlika u razvijenosti među regionima unutar Evropske unije.	The ERDF was established in 1975, and was meant to aid strengthening the economic and social cohesion through diminishing the differences in the development levels among the regions within the European Union.	1.30657
Fond pruža podršku korisnicima kroz ulaganja u kompanije (posebno mala i srednja preduzeća), ulaganja u infrastrukturu (istraživanje i inovacije, telekomunikacije, energija i transport), te kroz finansijske instrumente (fondovi za lokalni razvoj) i mere tehničke podrške.	The fund supports its users through investments into companies (especially small and medium-sized enterprises), investments into infrastructure (research and innovations, telecommunications, energy and transport), and through financial instruments (funds for local development) and the technical support measures.	1.42486
ESF je uspostavljen 1958. godine, a njime se finansiraju mere za povećanje zaposlenosti u državama članicama i regionima EU, naročito u onim manje razvijenim.	The ESP was founded in 1958, to finance measures to increase employment in the EU member states and regions, especially in less developed ones.	1.21289
Sredstva fonda usmeravaju se u prilagođavanje radnika i kompanija, planiranje i širenje inovativnih organizacija rada, olakšavanje pristupa zapošljavanju i tržištu rada, socijalnu uključivost i nediskriminaciju na tržištu rada, jačanje ljudskog kapitala, te razvoju institucionalnih kapaciteta i povećanju efikasnosti javne uprave na državnom, regionalnom i lokalnom nivou.	The fund resources are allocated to employees and companies adjustments, planning and expanding innovative work organizations, facilitating access to employment and labour market, socail inclusion and non-discrimination in the labour market, stregthening of human capital and development of institutional capacities and improving efficiency of the public administration at the state, regional, as well as local levels.	0.598914
Strukturni fondovi i Kohezioni fond čine deo regionalne politike Evropske unije.	The Cohesion fund, established in 1993, is meant to support the economy of solidarity in the EU.	0.5125
Ovi fondovi imaju za cilj da smanje jaz u razvoju između bogatijih i Kohezioni fond, uspostavljen 1993. godine, ima za cilj pomoć ekonomskoj solidarnosti u EU.		-0.3
Korisnice sredstava iz fonda su države članice čiji GDP iznosi manje od 90% proseka EU.	The beneficiaries of this fund are the member states whose GDP is less than 90% of the EU average.	1.40942
Fond pruža finansijsku pomoć projektima u oblastima kao što su zaštita životne sredine i razvoj transportne infrastrukture.	The fund grants financial aid to projects in the fields such as environmental protection and the development of transportation infrastructure.	1.2708
Do petog kruga proširenja EU, države korisnice fonda bile su: ~~~ Grčka, Irska, Portugalija i [panija.	Until the fifth round of enlargement, the beneficiaries of this fund were Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain.	-0.00833333
Nakon šestog kruga proširenja (2005/2007.godine) korisnice fonda su: ~~~ Bugarska, Češka, Estonija, Grčka, Kipar, Letonija, Litvanija, Mađarska, Malta, Poljska, Portugalija, Slovačka, Slovenija i Rumunija.	After the sixth round of enlargement (years 2005/2007), the following states are the beneficiaries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Romania.	0.0762897
U finansijskoj perspektivi 2007 2013. godine putem strukturnih i Kohezionog fonda sredstva se usmeravaju u skladu s tri nova cilja regionalne politike: cilj 1 - konvergencija/približavanje (ERDF, ESF i Kohezioni Fond), cilj 2 regionalna konkurentnost i zapošljavanje (ERDF i ESF) i cilj 3 - teritorijalna saradnja (ERDF).	In the 2007-2013 financial perspective, financial means from the structural funds and the Cohesion funs are allocated in accordance with the three new goals of the regional policy: goal 1 convergence/coming together (ERDF, ESF and the Cohesion Fund; goal 2 regional competitiveness and employment (ERDF and ESF); and goal 3 territorial cooperation (ERDF).	1.39694
Š1Ë Konvergencija označava nastojanje da se promovišu uslovi za povećanje rasta i faktori koji vode ka stvarnoj konvergenciji najslabije razvijenih zemalja članica i regiona.	Š1Ë Convergence means efforts in promoting the conditions for improving growth and factors leading to the real convergence of the poorest developed member states and reagions.	1.0102
Među 27 zemalja članica Evropske unije ovaj cilj se odnosi na 84 regiona u 18 zemalja članica.	Among the 27 member countries, this goal is set for 84 regions in 18 member states.	3.24348
Ukupan broj stanovnika u ovim regionima je 154 miliona (31% EU27), a GDP po glavi stanovnika je niži od 75% proseka Zajednice.	The total number of population in these regions is 154 millions (31% of the EU27), and per capita GDP is lower than the 75% the average in the Union.	3.25794
Ovim ciljem je takođe obuhvaćeno, u fazi postepenog povlačenja, još 16 regiona sa ukupno 16,4 miliona stanovnika i sa GDP-om malo iznad definisanog praga, zbog statističkog efekta nastalog uvećanjem Evropske unije.	This goal also includes, and this is in a gradual withdrowal phase, 16 more regions with the total population of 16.4 million and an GDP slightly higher than the defined treshhold, due to the statistical effect resulting from the enlargement of the European Union.	2.03256
Suma koja je na raspolaganju za ostvarenje cilja konvergencije je 282,8 milijardi evra, što predstavlja 81,5% ukupnih sredstava namenjenih regionalnoj politici.	The sum available to achieve the convergence goal amounts to 282.8 billion euros, which makes 81.5% of the total means to be allocated to regional policies.	0.822727
Regionalna konkurentnost i zapošljavanje doprinose jačanju konkurentnosti, atraktivnosti i zapošljavanju na dva načina.	Regional competitiveness and employment contribute to boosting competition, attractiveness and employment in two ways.	1.35445
Prvo, razvojni programi pomažu regionima da predvide i promovišu ekonomske promene kroz inovacije i promociju društva znanja, preduzetništva i zaštite životne i poboljšanje njihove dostupnosti.	First, development programmes help regions predict and promote economic changes through innovations and promotion of the knowledge society, entrepreneurship and environmental protection as well as make them more readily available.	1.1807
Drugo, više kvalitetnijih poslova biće podržano prilagođavanjem radne snage i investiranjem u ljudske resurse.	Second, more quality jobs will be supported by adjusting the labour force and investing into human resources.	1.07447
Kriterijume za dobijanje pomoći namenjene ostvarenju ovog cilja ispunjava 168 regiona, sa ukupno 314 miliona stanovnika.	The criteria for grants meant for the achievement of this goal are met by 168 regions with a total of 314 million inhabitants.	2.76487
Za ostvarenje cilja regionalna konkurentnost i zapošljavanje namenjeno je ukupno 55 milijardi evra. sredine Evropska teritorijalna saradnja namenjena je jačanju prekogranične saradnje kroz zajedničke lokalne i regionalne inicijative, zatim jačanju transnacionalne saradnje usmerene na integrisani teritorijalni razvoj, kao i jačanju interregionalne saradnje i razmeni iskustava.	A total of ¡55 billion is allocated for the purposes of achieving the goal of regional competitiveness. ~~~ The European territorial collaboration is meant to strengthen the crossboundary collaboration through common local and regional initiatives, to strengthen the transnational cooperation oriented to an integrated ter ritorial development, as well as to promote interregional collaboration and exchange of experiences.	0.221441
Populacija koja živi u pograničnim regionima broji 181,7 miliona stanovnika (37,5% ukupnog broja stanovnika EU).	The population living in border regions amounts to 181.7 million (37.5% of the total EU population).	1.37267
Ukupno 8,7 milijardi evra (2,44% ukupnog iznosa) koji su namenjeni ostvarenju ovog cilja raspoređeni su na sledeći način: ~~~ 6,44 milijardi evra za prekogranične programe, 1,83 milijardi evra za transnacionalne programe i 445 miliona evra za interregionalnu saradnju.	The total of ¡ 8.7 billion (2.44% of the total amount) meant for the purposes of achieving this goal are distributed in the following way: ¡ 6.44 billion for cross-border programmes, ¡ 1.83 billion for transnational programmes, and ¡ 445 million for interregional collaboration.	0.989286
Ostvarivanjem ova tri osnovna cilja uz korišćenje sredstava iz strukturnih fondova i Kohezionog fonda, kroz projekte i programe, primenjuje se regionalna politika EU. 3.	The regional policy of the EU is implemented in achieving these three basic goals employing the financial resources from structural funds and the Cohesion Fund through projects and programmes. ~~~ 3.	0.523893
Institucionalni okvir sprovođenja regionalne politike Veliki broj organa je uključen u postupak donošenja odluka i sprovođenja regionalne politike.	Institutional framework of regional policy implementation There is a large number of bodies included in the decision-making procedure and the regional policy implementation.	1.36749
Zakonodavna nadležnost je poverena Savetu EU i Evropskom parlamentu koji donose odluke u postupku davanja saglasnosti.	The legislative authority is assigned to the Council of the EU and the European Parliament and they make decisions during a consent granting procedure.	0.231429
U okviru Evropskog parlamenta Odbor za regionalni razvoj je nadležan za sva pitanja koja su u delokrugu ove politike.	The Regional Development Agency of the European Union has competence over any issues within this policy.	0.616275
Pravo predlaganja propisa u ovoj oblasti je u isključivoj nadležnosti Evropske komisije, u okviru koje značajno mesto pripada Generalnom direktoratu za regionalnu politiku.	The right to propose new laws in this area is an exclusive authority of the European Commission, where an important position is the position of the Director General for regional policy.	0.796104
Prilikom izrade predloga Komisija konsultuje države članice.	In preparing its proposition, the Commission consults the member states.	0.638158
U donošenju odluka u ovoj oblasti veliki značaj ima ?omitet regiona koga Savet i Komisija konsultuju i to u slučajevima koje predviđa ovaj ugovor i u svim drugim slučajevima kada jedan od ova dva organa to oceni potrebnim, a posebno u vezi sa pitanjima prekogranične saradnje.	Very important in decision making in this area is the Regional Comittee whom the Concil and the Commission consult in cases stipulated by this contarct and also in any other cases when one of the two bodies finds it necessary, and especially as regards the issues of cross border collaboration.	1.24736
Svaka država članica je dužna da izradi Nacionalni strateški referentni okvir (National Strategic Reference Framework NSRF).	Each member state is obliged to devise its National Strategic Reference Framework NSRF.	1.43571
Njime svaka država članica definiše nacionalnu strategiju u ovoj oblasti i predlaže sve operativne programe koje želi da sprovede na svojoj teritoriji.	In it, each of them define their national strategies in this field and propose all the operations programmes they desire to conduct on their territories.	0.677458
Kako bi znatno olakšala ovaj proces, Evropska komisija je pripremila Strateške smernice o koheziji, kako bi se ciljevi projekata uskladili sa prioritetima Evropske unije i dao podsticaj razvoju preduzetništva inovacija, ekonomije zasnovane na znanju i kreiranju što većeg broja kvalitetnijih poslova.	In order to facilitate this process, the European Commission has prepared the Strategic Guidelines on Cohesion, for the purpose of adjusting the project goals to the European Union priorities and of inciting the development of entrepreneurship and innovations, knowledge-based economy and creating as many as possible quality jobs.	0.778571
Za države i regione obuhvaćene ciljem konvergencije postoji obaveza da 60% troškova mora da se alocira na prioritete koji proističu iz strategije Evropske unije za rast i zapošljavanje.	The states and regions included in this convergence goals are obliged to allocate 60% expenditures to the priorities arising from the European Union growth and employment strategy.	0.925438
Za države i regione obuhvaćene ciljem konkurentnosti i zapošljavanja taj procenat iznosi 75%.	In case of the states and regions included in the competitiveness and employment goals this percentage amounts to 75%.	1.31496
Evropska komisija je usvojila oko 450 operativnih programa za period 20072013. godine.	The European commission adopted about 450 operations programmes for the 20072013 period.	0.984413
U programiranju i upravljanju operativnim programima učestvuju ekonomski i socijalni partneri, kao i organizacije civilnog sektora.	Both social and economic partners, as well as civil sector organizations participate in these operational programmes programming and management.	0.983001
Na nivou operativnog programa države članice su u obavezi da definišu određene iznose i kofinansiranja.	On the level of the operations programme, the member states are obliged to define certain amounts of co-financing.	0.849734
Komisija potom donosi odluku kojom odobrava određene operativne programe.	Then the Commission makes a decision which operations programmes they will approve of.	0.864179
Ona je takođe zadužena da u toku primene programa vrši nadzor nad sprovođenjem aktivnosti programa.	In the course of the programme implementation its task is also to supervise the programme activities carried out.	0.651667
Države članice imaju obavezu da nakon završetka programa dostave izveštaje Komisiji koja na osnovu svih prikupljenih izveštaja podnosi, svake tri godine, izveštaj Evropskom parlamentu, Savetu, Komitetu za ekonomska i socijalna pitanja i Komitetu regiona o ostvarenom napretku u postizanju ekonomske i socijalne kohezije i o načinu na koji su sredstva predviđena u ovom članu tome doprinela.	Upon the completion of the programme, the member states are obliged to submit reports to the Commission, and it is on the basis of these reports that the Commission reports to the European Parliament, the Council, the Committe for Economic and Social affairs and the Regional Committee on the progress achieved in gaining economic and social cohesion as well as on the manner in which the resources stipulated in this article contributed to it.	0.960732
Izveštaj, u slučaju potrebe, prate odgovarajući predlozi.	If necessary, the report is accompanied by appropriate propositions Š2Ë.	0.615
Š2Ë Pre pristupanja Evropskoj uniji zemlja kandidat je u obavezi da utvrdi odgovarajuće statističke prostorne jedinice prema klasifikaciji koju primenjuje Evropska unija.	Before it accesses the European Union, the candidate state is obliged to define appropriate statistical territorial units following the classification implemented by the European Union.	0.806155
Klasifikacija statističkih regiona utvrđuje se prema NUTS metodologiji (franc. ~~~ Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques NUTS), propisanoj u Uredbi (EZ-a) br. 1059/2003 Evropskog parlamenta i Saveta o donošenju zajedničke klasifikacije teritorijalnih jedinica za statistiku.	The classification of statistical regions is performed following the NUTS methodology (French: Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques NUTS), stipulated in the Union Decree No. 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and the council on adopting the common classification of territorial units for statistic purposes.	0.580541
Nakon pristupanja Evropskoj uniji, statistička klasifikacija se službeno prihvata kao NUTS regioni nove zemlje članice te, u skladu sa pomenutom uredbom, države članice ne mogu menjati postojeću klasifikaciju sledeće tri godine.	On accessing the European Union, the statistical classification is officially recognized as NUTS regions of a new member state and, in accordance with the above quoted regulation, member states are not allowed to change the existing classification over the next three year period.	1.28319
Sadašnja klasifikacija na teritoriji svake zemlje članice utvrđuje tri osnovna nivoa, NUTS I, NUTS II i NUTS III.	The present classification on the territory of each member state specifies three basic levels, NUTS I, NUTS II, and NUTS III.	1.70305
Svaka teritorijalna jedinica NUTS klasifikacije ima specifični kod i naziv, pa teritorijalne jedinice na istom nivou u jednoj državi ne mogu biti označene istim nazivom.	Each territorial unit in the NUTS classification has a specific code and title, hence the territorial units on the same level in one country cannot be assigned the same title.	1.33438
Prvi kriterijum od kog se polazi prilikom utvrđivanja NUTS klasifikacije jesu postojeće administrativne jedinice.	The starting criterion in establishing the NUTS classification are the existing administrative units.	0.899524
Ukoliko za određeni NUTS nivo ne postoje odgovarajuće administrativne jedinice, tada se NUTS nivo konstituiše spajanjem potrebnog broja manjih teritorijalnih jedinica, pri čemu se uzimaju u obzir i drugi relevantni kriterijumi kao što su geografske, i istorijske geopolitičke prilike, kulturne i prirodne okolnosti.	In case there are no appropriate administrative units for a certain NUTS level, the NUTS level constitutes by joining a required number of smaller territorial units, also taking into account other relevant criteria such as geographical, socio-economical, historical and geopolitical circumstances, cultural and natural conditions.	1.17886
Š3Ë socijalno-ekonomske, Tabela 1 - NUTS klasifikacija regiona Dakle, NUTS regioni su statističko-ekonomski regioni koji predstavljaju osnovu za planiranje i sprovođenje politike regionalnog razvoja Evropske unije i NUTS klasifikacija u potpunosti podržava celovitost jedne države.	Š3Ë Table 1 NUTS classification of regions NUTS regions are therefore the statistical-economic regions that make the basis for the European Union regional development policy planning and implementation and the NUTS classification absolutely supports the totality of a state.	1.53117
Na osnovu podataka koji se prikupljaju na ovom nivou omogućava se zadovoljavanje opštih i zajedničkih potreba stanovništva jednog regiona, bilo da se radi o izgradnji puteva, obrazovnih ili zdravstvenih ustanova, institucija kulture i svega onoga što se tiče napretka regiona i poboljšanja kvaliteta života građana.	On the basis of the data collected on this level it is possible to satisfy the general and common needs of the population of one region, whether it is the construction of roads, the educational or health care institutions, cultural institutions and anything dealing with the progress of a region and the improvement in the quality of life of the citizens.	1.26225
Na ovaj način se omogućava regionu da može zadovoljavati svoje opšte potrebe, ali usklađene sa opštim interesima iskazanim na državnom nivou. 4.	It is in this manner that the region is in a position to satisfy its general needs, however, adjusted to the ovarall interests expressed on the state level.	1.0803
Analiza troškova i koristi projekata Dok su države članice odgovorne za prethodnu procenu, Komisija EU treba da razmotri kvalitet pomenute procene kako bi prihvatila da sufinansira predloženi projekat i kako bi odredila stopu sufinansiranja.	4. ~~~ Cost-benefit analysis of the project While the member states are responsible for the previous assessment, the task of the EU Commission is to analyse the quality of the mentioned assessment in order that it should accept to co-finance the proposed project and determine the co-financing rate.	0.403924
Regulativa kohezione politike EU zahteva analizu troškova i koristi (Cost-Benefit Analysis - CBA) za sve glavne projekte koji se finansiraju iz fondova.	The regulations of the cohesive policy of the EU requres the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to be conducted for all the major projects financed by the funds.	0.684381
Da bi se obezbedio ujednačen kvalitet predloga projekata Evropska komisija je publikovala svojesvrstan vodič za analizu troškova i koristi investicionih projekata koji se finansiraju iz ovih fondova.	In order that a uniform quality of the project propositions be ensured, the European Commission has published specific guidelines for the cost-benefit analysis of investment projects financed by these funds.	1.04661
Dokument na osnovu koga se vrši ocena projekta strukturira se u šest delova: ~~~ 1) Analiza konteksta i ciljeva; 2) Identifikacija projekta; 3) Izvodljivost i analiza opcija; 4) Finansijska analiza; 5) Ekonomska analiza; 6) Procena rizika.	The document on the basis of which the project evaluation is carried out is structured into six parts: 1) Context and goal analysis; 2) Project identification; 3) Feasibility and option analysis; 4) Financial analysis; 5) Economic analysis; 6) Risk assessment.	0.365217
Š4Ë Na slici 1. se može videti da u slučaju finansijske isplativosti projekta, EU ne pruža finansijsku pomoć, kao i da je od presudnog značaja za prihvatanje projekata za finansiranje iz fondova EU ekonomska analiza, te ćemo joj posvetiti posebnu pažnju u radu.	Š4Ë Figure 1 shows that in case of the financial profitability of the project, the EU does not provide financial aid. ~~~ It also shows that economic analysis is of predominant importance for project acceptance, hence it will be paid special attention to in this paper.	0.118009
Slika 1 Analiza troškova i koristi investicionih projekata logični korak Prvi je kvalitativno razmatranje društveno-ekonomskog konteksta i ciljeva koji se očekuju da budu direktno ili indirektno ostvareni.	Figure 1 Cost-benefit analysis of investment projects The first logical step is a qualitative analysis of the socio-economic context and goals that are expected to be directly or indirectly achieved.	1.13434
U ovom delu se razmatra povezanost ciljeva projekta i proriteta operativnog programa i konzistentnost sa EU fondovima.	It is in this part that the connectedness of the project goals and the operations programme priorities and consistency with the EU funds are observed.	0.896764
Jasno i potpuno definisanje socijalnoekonomskih ciljeva neophodno je kako bi se utvrdio uticaj projekta.	A clear and full definition of socioeconomic goals is necessary to define the project impact.	0.855
Međutim, često je teško predvideti sve uticaje datog projekta.	It is, however, often difficult to predict all the effects of a given project.	2.05862
Promene u dobrobiti takođe imaju mnoštvo sastavnih delova.	The changes in the benefits also have a large number of constituent parts.	1.25
Dok procena socijalnih koristi od svakog projekta zavisi od ciljeva ekonomske politike partnera koji u njemu učestvuju, osnovno sredstvo iz perspektive Komisije jeste logička povezanost projekta sa glavnim ciljevima fondova koji su u pitanju.	While the assessment of social benefits from each project depends on the goals of the economic policy of the partners participants in the project, the basic means from the Commissions perspective is the logical connectedness of the project with the major goals of the funds involved.	1.29036
Pored glavnih ciljeva pojedinačnih fondova, projekat mora da bude u skladu sa zakonima EU u određenom sektoru pomoći, naročito za transport i zaštitu životne sredine i po pitanju odredbi koje se odnose na konkurenciju.	In addition to the major goals of individual funds, the project has to be consistent with the EU laws in the respective support sector, especially in case of transportation and environmental protection and in view of the regulations concerning competition.	1.20223
Identifikovanje znači da je projekat samodovoljna jedinica analize, odnosno da nijedan značajni deo projeketa nije izvan obuhvata analize; indirektni i povezani efekti su adekvano obuhvaćeni (npr. promene u korišćenju drugih transportnih modela) i njihovi troškovi i koristi će se uzeti u obzir.	Identifying means that the project is a self-sufficient unit of analysis, i.e., that no significant part of the project is out of the scope of the analysis; indirect and related effects are adequately covered (e.g., changes in the use of other transportation models) and their costs and benefits will be taken into account.	1.12576
Kao deo pomoći, strukturni fondovi moraju da finansiraju rashode velikih projekata, tj. onih: a) koji uključuju ekonomski nedeljive serije radova koji imaju određenu tehničku funkciju, kao i jasno identifikovane ciljeve i b) čija je ukupna cena uzeta u obzir prilikom određivanja doprinosa fondova koji nadmašuju 50 miliona evra.	As part of support, structural funds are obliged to finance the expenditures of larger projects, i.e.: a) those that include economically inseparable series of works that in turn have a certain technical function, as well as clearly identified goals and b) those whose total price is taken into consideration in defining the contribution of the funds exceeding ¡ 50 million.	2.04758
U slučaju Kohezionog fonda projekti, uključujući i grupe srodnih projekata, moraju biti dovoljno velike srazmere kako bi imali značajan uticaj na polju zaštite životne sredine infrastrukturnim mrežama transevropskog transporta.	In case of the Cohesion fund, the projects including the groups of similar projects too, have to be of big enough a proportion so that they may have a significant effect either in the field of environmental protection or in the infrastructure networks of the transeuropean transport.	1.35507
U svakom slučaju, ukupna cena projekta ili grupa projekta u principu ne bi smela da bude manja od 10 miliona evra.	In any case, the total price of the project or a group of projects should, by a rule, not be lower than ¡ 10 million.	2.75139
Projekti ili grupe projekata koje koštaju manje od ovog iznosa mogu ipak da dobiju odobrenje u opravdanim slučajevima.	The projects or groups of projects that cost less than this amount can still be approved of in justified cases.	1.21188
Identifikacija projekata koji zahtevaju bolju procenu može u izvesnim slučajevima da dovede do toga da se od država članica zahteva da ponovo razmotre određene podprojekte kao jedan veliki projekat i da obezbede naknadne informacije sa tim u vezi, poput analize troškova i koristi.	The identification of projects that need a better assessment may in certain cases result in the member states being required to re-consider certain subprojects as one large project and provide additional information in this respect, such as the cost-benefit analysis.	1.30212
Š5Ë ili u Izvodljivost se ne odnosi samo na inženjerske aspekte, već u mnogo slučajeva ona takođe podrazumeva i aspekte marketinga, menadžmenta, analize primene itd.	Š5Ë Feasibility does not refer only to engineering aspects; in many cases it also includes the aspects of marketing, management, implementation analysis, etc.	1.02842
Često možemo da usvojimo različite projektne opcije kako bismo postigli socijalno-ekonomski cilj.	Different project options are often adopted so that a socio-economic objective is achieved.	0.2625
Predlagač bi trebalo da obezbedi dokaze koji potvrđuju da je njegov izbor projekta najbolja mogućnost od svih izvodljivih opcija.	The proponent should provide evidence to prove that his/her choice of the project is the best of all the feasible options.	1.16505
U određenim slučajevima, projekat se može smatrati izvodljivim sa tačke gledišta analize troškova i koristi, ali i lošijim u odnosu na druge alternativne opcije.	In certain cases, the project may be considered feasible from the point of view of the cost-benefit analysis, however, less favourable compared to other alternative options.	1.01384
Tipična anlaliza izvodljivosti treba da ustanovi da li je: a) lokalno okruženje povojno za projekat (tj. da nema ili institucionalnih barijera), b) da će tražnja za uslugama biti adekvatna (dugoročno predviđanje), c) da je odgovarujuća tehnologija raspoloživa, d) da je stepen korišćenja infrastrukture odgovarujući ili da fabrike nemaju neiskorišćenih kapaciteta, e) da će personalne veštine i menadžment biti raspoloživi, f) vremenske rokove i realizaciju, g) aspekte zaštite životne sredine i sl. fizičkih, društvenih 5.	A typical feasibility analysis is to assert whether: a) local environment is adequate for the project (i.e., there are no physical, social, or institutional barriers); b) the demand for services will be adequate (long-term predictions); c) the appropriate technology is available; d) the degree of infrastructure exploitation is adequate, or the factories do not have any unemployed capacities; e) personal skills and management will be available; f) time horizons and realization; g) environmental protection aspects, etc. ~~~ 5.	0.353709
Finansijska analiza Osnovni cilj finansijske analize je da se na osnovu predviđenog neto toka gotovine projekta izračunaju indikatori neto prinosa.	Financial analysis The primary goal of the financial analysis is to calculate the indicators of net returns on the basis of the predicted net cash flow of the project.	1.27939
Sastoji se iz serije međusobno povezanih obračuna i trebalo bi da obuhvati sledeće elemente: ~~~ 1) vremenski okvir projekta, 2) ukupne troškove i prihode, koji proizlaze iz projekta, 3) prilagođavanje prema inflaciji, 4) preostalu vrednost investicije, 5) finansijsku održivost projekta, 6) utvrđivanje glavnih indikatora performansi i 7) utvrđivanje stope sufinansiranja.	It consists of a series of interrelated calculations and is expected to include the following components: 1) time horizon of the project; 2) total costs and returns from the project; 3) adjustment to inflation; 4) the remaining value of the investment; 5) financial sustainability of the project; 6) defining the major performance indicators; and 7) defining the rate of co-financing.	0.536156
Š6Ë Vremenski horizont se može definisati kao maksimalni broj godina za koje je moguće izvršiti predviđanja.	Š6Ë The time horizon can be defined as a maximum number of years for which it is possible to make predictions.	1.51271
Predviđanje budućnosti može se definisti kao period koji odgovara korisnom veku projekta i dovoljno je dug da uključi sve uticaje u srednjem, odnosno dugom roku.	Predicting the future can be described as a period corresponding to the utility cycle of the product and is long enough to include all impacts in the medium term or a long term.	1.33001
Iako je vremenski horizont projekta često neodređen, uobičajena pretpostavka je da postoji trenutak u vremenu u kome se sva sredstva i obaveze likvidiraju simultano.	Although the project time horizon is often undefined, it is usually assumed that there is a moment in time when all the assets and liabilities are simultaneously liquidated.	1.25795
Izbor dužine vremenskog horizonta može imati veliki uticaj na rezultate procesa evaulacije i stopu sufinansiranja od strane EU.	The choice of the time horizon length can have a significant impact upon the process evaluation results and the co-financing rate provided by the EU.	1.21286
Za većinu infrastrukturnih objekata vremenski horizont je 20 godina, dok je za proizvodne investicije to 10 godina.	The time horizon for a majority of projects is 20 years, whereas for production investments it is up to 10 years.	1.11099
Svaki predlog projekta mora da opravda specifični vremenski horizont.	Each project proposition has to justify a specific time horizon.	0.8625
Podaci o ceni projekta dobijaju se obračunavanjem ukupnih troškova investicije (zemljište, zgrade, licence, patenti i sl.) i troškova eksploatacije (radna snaga, sirovine, snabdevanje energijom).	The data on the price of the project are obtained by calculating the total investment costs (land, licences, patents, etc.) and the exploitation costs (labour force, raw materials, energy supply).	1.36393
Međunarodna metodologija finansijske analize projekata koja se zasniva na novčanom toku predlaže sprovođenje finansijske analize i obračunavanje rentabilnosti investicije pomoću ukupnih troškova investicije, do kojih se dolazi prilikom podnošenja prijave (drugim rečima, nikakvi troškovi koji nastanu pre toga neće određivati FRR kao ni ostale indikatore). ~~~ Š7ËBez obzira na to, u određenim slučajevima, Komisija može da dozvoli da određeni troškovi, do kojih dođe u okviru ukupnih troškova pre podnošenja prijave, budu takođe uključeni.	The international methodology of the financial analysis of the projects based on the money flow proposes that the financial analysis and the investment profitability should be conducted using the total investment costs which are reported on submitting the application (in other words, no costs incurred after will determine either FRR or other indicators).Š7Ë Nevertheless, in certain cases the Commission may allow that certain costs incurred within the total costs prior to submitting the application, be also included.	0.432361
Određeni projekti mogu da proizvedu sopstveni prihod od prodaje robe i usluga.	Certain projects may earn their own income from the sales of products and services.	1.21438
Ovaj prihod će se utvrđivati predviđanjem količina obezbeđenih usluga i relativnim cenama.	This income will be determined by predicting the quantities of provided services and by relative prices.	0.974661
U nekim slučajevima (npr, kod pruga ili akvadukta) investitor ne mora ujedno da bude i organ koji rukovodi infrastrukturom, i u tom slučaju će pomenuti organ plaćati tarifu (ili sličnu naknadu) investitoru.	In certain cases (e.g., in case of railways or aqueducts) the investor need not simultaneously be the body that manages infrastructure, and in such a case the mentioned body will pay the tariff (or a similar compensation) to the investor.	1.1776
U ovu tarifu ne moraju da ulaze svi troškovi, što doprinosi stvaranju praznine u finansiranju.	This tariff need not include all costs, which in turn contributes to creating a gap in financing.	1.04634
Prihodi koje treba razmotriti u finansijskoj analizi su obično oni koje dobija vlasnik infrastrukture.	The incomes that should be taken into consideration in the financial analysis are generally those going to the infrastructure owner.	0.824176
Međutim, zavisno od slučaja do slučaja, Komisija može da zahteva usaglašavanje finansijske analize za obe ugovorne strane.	However, depending on the case, the Commission may require that the financial analysis is reconciled for both contracting parties.	0.630655
U analizama projekta obično se koriste stalne cene, odnosno, cene koje su prilagođene inflaciji i fiksirane u baznoj godini.	The project analyses generally use fixed prices. ~~~ i.e., the prices reconciled to inflation and fixed in the base year.	0.10509
Ako se međutim, očekuju promene relativnih odnosa cena - na primer kada se očekuje da će regulatorno telo dozvoliti da tarife rastu u skladu sa stopom inflacije umanjenom za rast produktivnosti, a da će cene inputa (npr. energenata) rasti po višoj stopi, tada se u obračunu koriste tekuće cene.	If, however, the change in the relative relations of prices are expected for example, when the regulatory body is expected to allow for the tariffs to rise in accordance with the inflation rate reduced for the productivity growth, and when the input (e.g., energy substances) prices are expected to rise by a higher rate, then the current prices are used in calculations.	1.01412
Ako se u obračunu koriste stalne cene tada se koristi realna (r) diskontna stopa, a kada se koriste tekuće cene koristi se nominalna diskontna stopa (n): gde je i stopa inflacije.	In case fixed prices are used in calculations, a real (r) discount rate is used; when current prices are used, the nominal discount rate is used (n): where i is the inflation rate.	1.32521
Š8Ë (1+n) = (1+r)*(1+i), (1) Među stavkama prihoda u konačnoj godini koja se razmatra, postoji preostala vrednost investicije (npr. neotplaćeni dug, neotplaćena sredstva kao što su zgrade i postrojenja itd.) Preostala vrednost će se razmatrati jedino ukoliko rezultira stvarnim prilivom za investitora.	Š8Ë (1+n) = (1+r)*(1+i), (1) Among the income items in the final year under consideration there is the remaining investment value (e.g., undischarged debt, undischarged assets such as premises and plants, etc.). ~~~ The remaining value will be analysed only if it results into real returns for the investor.	0.474143
Preostala vrednost se može izračunati na dva načina: a) razmatranjem preostale tržišne vrednosti fiksnog kapitala, i to tako kao da ga treba prodati na kraju vremenskog okvira koji se razmatra i b) kroz preostalu vrednost ukupne aktive i pasive.	The remaining value is calculated in two ways: a) analysing the remaining market value of the fixed assets, in such a way as if they should be sold at the end of the time horizon under consideration and b) through the remaining value of the total assets and liabilities.	1.48592
Diskontovana vrednost svakog budućeg neto prihoda nakon vremenskog okvira bi trebalo da bude uključena u preostalu vrednost.	The discount value of each future net income after the time horizon should be included into the remaining value.	0.91614
Drugim rečima, preostala vrednost je vrednost koju treba otplatiti.	In other words, the remaining value is the value that should be repaid.	1.495
Projekat je finansijski održiv kada nije izložen riziku da ostane bez novca (gotovine) u budućnosti.	A project is financially sustainable when it is not exposed to risk of running out of money (cash) in the future.	1.41167
Od suštinskog značaja za finansijsku održivost projekta je usklađenost novčanih priliva i odliva u različitim periodima vremena.	Cricially important for the financial sustainability of the project is the compatibility between the money inflows and outflows in different time periods.	0.928852
Finanasijka održivost se postiže ukoliko je kumulativni neto novčani tok veći od nule u svakoj godini trajanja projekta.	Financial sustainabiity is achieved if a cumulative net cash flow is more than zero in each year of the project cycle.	0.588517
Indikatori performansi koji se upotrebljavaju za finansijsku analizu su finansijska interna stopa rentabilnosti (eng. FNPV) i finansijska neto sadašnja vrednost projekta (eng. FRR).	The performance indicators used in the financial analy sis are the financial net present value (FNPV) and the financial rentability rate (FRR).	0.729056
Oba pokazatelja se izračunavaju i za investiciju i za kapital.	Both indicators are calculated for both the investments and the capital.	0.529091
Kako bi se diskontovali finansijski tokovi na trenutne i kako bi se obračunala neto sadašnja vrednost mora se definisati odgovarajuća diskontna stopa.	To discount the financial flows into present ones and to calculate the net present value it is necessary that an appropriate discount rate be calculated first.	0.686793
Ključni princip je oportunitetni trošak kapitala.	The key principle is the opportunity cost of capital.	1.15062
Da bi projekat dobio podršku evopskih fondova njegova FNPV treba da bude negativna, a FRR niža od primenjene diskontne stope.	To get the support from the European funds, the project and its FNPV has to be negative, and the FRR has to be lower than the discount rate applied.	0.981258
Empirijska istraživanja pokazuju da projekti iz oblasti industrije, telekomunikacije i sl. najčešće imaju pozitivne vrednosti indikatora finansijskog prinosa na investicije, dok projekti iz oblasti zaštite životne sredine, vodosnabdevanja, transporta i sl. najčešće imaju negativne vrednosti ovih indikatora.	Empirical resarch show that projects from the fields of industry, telecommunications, etc. are most frequently characterised by positive values of the indicator of financial return on investment, whereas the values of these indicators in the projects in the fields of environmental protection, water supply, transportation etc., are most frequently negative.	1.29653
Kada finansijska analiza pokaže da investicija nije rentabilna sa finansijske tačke gledišta, potrebno je odrediti stopu sufinansiranja koju bi trebala da pokrije EU iz svojih fondova ili pak iz drugih izvora.	When the financial analysis shows that an investment is not profitable from the financial point of view, it is necessary to determine the cofinancing rate that the EU is expected to cover from its funds or from other sources.	1.2293
Naravno, pre toga, projekat mora da prođe i ekonomsku analizu i da pokaže da društvo ima koristi od datog projekta.	Naturally, the project must first be subject to economic analysis and prove that it earns a benefit for the society.	0.579592
Strukturni fondovi pokrivaju maksimum od 75% ukupne prihvatljive cene i, kao opšte pravilo, najmanje 50% prihvatljivog javnog rashoda u slučaju mera koje se sprovode u regionima obuhvaćenim ciljem postizanja konvergencije.	Structural funds cover a maximum of 75% of the total allowable, and, as a general rule, at least 50% of allowable public expenditures in case measures are applied in the regions included in the goal of achieving convergence.	1.5437
Ukoliko su regioni smešteni u državi članici koju pokriva Kohezioni fond, doprinos EU može da poraste, u izuzetnim i propisno opravdanim slučajevima, (a) najviše do 80% ukupne prihvatljive cene i najviše do 85% ukupne prihvatljive cene za najudaljenije regione; (b) najviše do 50% ukupne prihvatljive cene i, kao opšte pravilo, najmanje 25% prihvatljivog javnog rashoda u slučaju mera koje se sprovode u oblastima obuhvaćenim ciljevima regionalne konkurentnosti i zapošljavanja i teritorijalne saradnje.	In case the regions are part of the member state covered by the Cohesion fund, the EU contribution may grow, in specific and and legally justified cases, (a) to a maximum 80% of the total allowable costs and to a maximum of 85% of the total allowable costs for most distant regions; (b) to a maximum 50% of total allowable costs, and, as a general rule, at least 25% of allowable public expenditures in case the measures are applied in the regions included in the goals of regional competitiveness and territorial cooperation.	1.44449
Š9Ë 6.	Š9Ë 6.	2.3
Ekonomska analiza projekata Ekonomskom analizom projekata procenjuje se njihov doprinos ekonomskom napretku regiona ili zemlje.	Economic analysis of the project The economic analysis of the project serves to assess its contribution to the economic progress of a region or a country.	1.19539
Suprotno tome, finansijskom analizom utvrđuje se doprinos projekta blagostanju vlasnika infrastrukure.	On the contrary, the financial analysis is applied to determine the projects contribution to the welfare of the infrastructure owner.	0.482979
Ključni koncept u ekonomskoj analizi su obračunske cene u senci koje se zasnivaju na društvenim oportunitetnim troškovima, umesto na tekućim, tržišnim cenama.	The key concept in the economic analysis are the accounting (shaddow) prices based on the social opportunity costs instead on current, market prices.	0.651461
Ekonomska analiza treba da sadrži sledeće elemente: ~~~ 1) fiskalne korekcije, 2) monetarizaciju netržišnih uticaja i uključivanje eksternalija, 3) konverziju tržišnih u obračunske cene i 4) izračunavanje indikatora ekonomskih performansi.	The economic analysis should include the following elements: 1) fiscal corrections; 2) monetization of market effects and externalities; 3) conversion of market into accounting prices and 4) calculations of an economic performance indicator.	0.254441
Pojedini elementi finansijske analize su čisti transferi koji nemaju ekonomski značaj, pa je neophodno izvršiti korekcije fiskalnih efekata.	Certain elements of the financial analysis are pure transfers with no economic importance, therefore it is necessary that corrections of fiscal effects be made.	0.905595
Novčana pomoć investitoru od strane vlade je čist transfer, koji ne stvara vrednost, već predstavlja isključivo korist samo za investitora.	The financial support to the investor from the part of the govenment is a pure transfer which does not create any value but is a benefit to the investor only.	0.719048
Da bi se korigovala ova odstupanja neophodno je primeniti sledeća opšta pravila: Sve cene inputa i outputa treba da budu neto, bez PDV i ostalih indirektnih poreza - porezi koje plaćaju potrošači projekta, vlasnik projekta plaća poreskoj adminstraciji, a poreska administracija vraća te poreze potrošačima u formi javnih izdataka.	To correct such deviations it is necessary that the following general rules should be applied: All input prices should be net, without VAT and other indirect taxes taxes paid by the project customers are then paid by the project owner to tax administration and the tax administration in turn returns these taxes to the customers in the form of public expenditures.	1.24664
Cene inputa, uključujući zarade, treba da sadrže sve direktne poreze - zaposleni dobijaju neto zarade, porezi idu vladi koja ih transferiše zaposlenim, penzionerima, njihovim porodicama i sl.	The input prices, including earnings, should include all direct taxes employees get net earnings, the taxes go to the government that transfers them to the employees, the retired, their families, etc.	1.26252
Pomoć dobijena od javnih entiteta su transferna plaćanja i zato treba da se izostave iz prihoda prilikom ekonomske analize.	The resources (support) obtained from public entities are transfer payments, hence they should be left out of the incomes in the economic analysis.	1
Uprkos opštim pravilima, u nekim slučajevima transferna plaćanja i indirektni porezi se uključuju u obračun efekata eksternalija.	Regardless of the general rules, the transfer payments and indirect taxes are in certain cases included into the calculations of project externalities.	0.936415
Tipični primeri su porezi na cene energije koji treba da odvrate eksternalije vezane za životnu sredinu.	Typical examples are taxes to energy prices that are meant to discourage environment-related externalities.	0.890217
U ovom slučaju, kao i u sličnim slučajevima, uključivanje ovih poreza u troškove projekta može biti opravdano, ali prilikom ocene treba izbegavati dvostruko računanje (npr. uključivanje kako oporezivanja energije tako i procene spoljnih troškova životne sredine u procenu).	In this case, as well as in similar cases, including these taxes into the project costs may be justified, however, double counting should be avoided in evaluation (e.g., including both energy taxes and the assessment of external environmental costs into evaluation).	1.42741
Drugi korak u ekonomskoj analizi je da se uključe i izračunaju uticaji koji su društveno relevantni, ali za koje ne postoje tržišne vrednosti.	The next step in the economic analysis is to include and calculate socially relevant effects for which no market value exists.	0.65582
Potrebno je proveriti da li su takvi efekti identifikovani, kvantifikovani i da li im je određena realna novčana vrednost.	It is necessary to check whether such effects are identified, quantified and whether they are assigned real money value.	0.58835
Odgovarajući konverzioni faktor može, pored finansijskih, obuhvatiti i netržišne koristi koje stvara projekat.	An appropriate conversion factor can, in addition to the financial, include non-market benefits the project creates.	1.1542
Ako konverzioni faktor nije utvrđen ili projekat nema prihode, koriste se alternativni pristupi.	In case a conversion factor is not defined or in case the project does not earn income, alternative approaches are used.	1.3191
Najčešći metod je spremnost da se plati.	The most frequent method is willingness to pay.	1.02632
Može se proceniti indirektno, posmatranjem kupca na sličnom tržištu ili direktno ispitivanjem njegovih stavova.	It can be estimated indirectly, by observing the customer in a similar market, or directly, by learning what his attitudes are.	0.885437
Za neke outpute, kod kojih nije moguće utvrditi spremnost kupaca da ih plate, mogu se koristiti dugoročni marginalni troškovi.	In case of certain outputs for which it is not possible to identify the customers willingness to pay for them, long-term marginal costs can be applied.	0.859821
U empirijskim ocenama najčešće je spremnost da se plati veća od dugoročnih marginalnih troškova.	In empirical assessments, the willingness to pay is most frequently higher than long-term marginal costs.	1.49333
Eksternalije se ne mogu uvek dobro izraziti sa spremnošću kupaca da plate dobra, dugoročnim marginalnim troškovima ili konverzionim faktorom zasnovanom na cenama na granici.	Externalities are not always possible to express adequately by the customers willingness to pay for the goods, by long-term marginal costs or a conversion factor based on prices on border.	1.01032
Zato se nekad eksternalije moraju proceniti posebno.	Hence it is sometimes necessary that externalities be assessed separately.	0.178723
Trenutne cene koje se javljaju iz nesavršenih tržišta i politika formiranja cena javnog sektora, najčešće ne oslikavaju oportunitetni trošak inputa.	The ruling prices arising from imperfect markets and the public sector policies in forming prices mos frequently do not reflect the opportunity cost of the input.	1.15495
U većini slučajeva, to može biti važno za procenu projekata, pa tako finansijski podaci mogu da pruže pogrešnu sliku o značaju projekta.	In most cases this can be important in the project evaluation, hence financial data may offer a wrong picture of the project importance.	0.931304
Do odstupanja tržišnih cena od društvenih oportunitetnih troškova dolazi obično u manje razvijenim zemljama, ali i u razvijenim zemljama (npr. besplatno zemljište, cene električne energije ispod dugoročnih marginalnih troškova, neekonomske cene vode i sl.).	The deviation of market prices from socially opportunity costs may be present in less developed countries, however, also in developed countries (e.g., free land, electric energy prices below long-term marginal costs, non-economic prices of water, etc.).	1.22231
Kad god na neke inpute troškove utiču velika cenovna iskrivljenja, predlagač projekta treba da razmotri to pitanje u proceni projekta i da koristi obračunske cene koje mogu bolje da oslikavaju društvene oportunitetne resursa.	Whenever significant price deviations affect certain inputs, the proponer of the project should take this issue into consideration in the course of project evaluation and use accounting prices that can better illustrate the socially opportunity costs of resources.	1.0504
U investicionim projektima vezanim za infrastukturu kritični input je radna snaga.	The critical input in infrastructure-related investment projects is labour force.	1.11407
U praksi često dolazi do distorzije zarada zbog nasavršenosti tržišta radne snage, drugih makroekonomskih neravnoteža, visoke stope nezaposlenosti i sl.	Distorsions in earnings are frequent in practice due to an imperfect labour force market, other macroeconomic impabances, high unemployment rate etc.	1.13637
Predlagač projekta, u takvim slučajevima treba da pribegne korekciji nominalnih zarada i da koristi obračunske zarade (zarade u senci).	In such cases, the project proponent should resort to correction of nominal pays and use accounting earnings (shadow sallaries).	0.422973
Zarade u senci su osetljive na regionalne razlike, jer je rad manje mobilan faktor od kapitala.	Shadow sallaries are sensitive to regional differences, since labour is a less mobile factor in comparison to capital.	0.928105
U ekonomiji koju karakteriše visoka nezaposlenost, oportunitetni trošak radne snage koji se koristi u projektu može biti manji od stvarnih stopa plata.	In an economy characterised by high unemployment, the opportunity cost of labour force used in the project may be lower than the real sallary rates.	1.32188
Dodatno zaposlenje je, najpre socijalni trošak.	Additional employment is primarily a social expenditure.	0.680844
To je korišćenje resursa radne snage od strane projekta koji tako postaju nedostupni za alternativne društvene svrhe.	This is the engagement of labour force resource by the project which thus becomes unavailable for alternative social purposes.	0.955238
Relevantna korist je dodatni prihod dobijen stvaranjem poslova i to se uzima u obzir u vrednovanju direktnog i indirektnog neto autputa koji rezultira iz projekta.	A relevant benefit is an additional income earned by creating jobs and this is taken into account in evaluating the direct and indirect net outputs resulting from the project.	1.20593
Zbog toga je važno proceniti uticaj projekta u sledećim situacijama: ~~~ Neophodno je da se provere gubici zapošljavanja u drugim sektorima kao posledica projekta: bruto koristi od zaposlenosti mogu da precene neto uticaj.	Hence it is important that the project effect should be assessed in the following cases: It is necessary to check the losses of employment in other sectors as a result of the project: gross benefits from employment may overestimate the net effect.	0.331012
Ponekad se za projekat kaže da održava poslove koji bi u suprotnom bili izgubljeni.	The project is sometimes said to maintain the jobs that would otherwise be lost.	0.877941
To može biti relevantno za renoviranje i modernizaciju postojećih fabrika.	This may be relevant for renovation or modernization of the existing factories.	0.841043
Ovu vrstu argumenta treba podržati analizom strukture troškova i konkurentnosti sa i bez projekta .	This type of the argument should be supported by an analysis of cost structure and competitiveness with and without the project.	0.978409
Neki ciljevi strukturnih fondova okrenuti su konkretnim ciljevima zaposlenosti (npr. mladi, dugo nezaposleni) i može biti važno da se razmotre različiti uticaji po ciljnim grupama.	Certain goals of structural funds are oriented to concrete employment goals (e.g., the young, those long unemployed) and it can be important that different effects per target groups should be taken into consideration.	1.17433
U pojedinim slučajevima, kada ne postoji potpuna konvertabilnost valute, parametar za analizu je obračunski devizini kurs, kao ekonomska cena strane valute. [to se obračunski kurs više razlikuje od zvaničnog deviznog kursa veća je verovatnoća depresijacije ili apresijacije, što može značajno uticati na performanse projekta.	In certain cases, in cases of no absolute currency convertibility, the parametre in the analysis is the conversion currency rate as an economic price of foreign currency. ~~~ The more the currency rate differs from the official exchange rate, the higher the likelihood of depreciation or appreciation, which may affect the project performance significantly.	0.262226
U opštem slučaju najbolje je koristiti standardni konverzioni faktor (eng. SCF) jer on odražava iste distorzije kao i obračunski devizni kurs, a pri tom se može koristiti sa drugim specifičnim (za pojedine sektore) konverzionim faktorom.	Generally, it is best to use a Standard Conversion Factor (SCF) since it reflects the same distorsions as the conversion currency rate, and besides, it can be used together with other specific (for certain sectors) conversion factor(s).	1.03657
Vrednost SCF se procenjuje na osnovu vrednosti izvoza i uvoza po obrascu: ~~~ SCF=(M+X) / ((M + Tm) + (X - Tx)), (2) gde je M- uvoz, X izvoz, Tm- uvozne dažbine i Tx izvozne dažbine.	The SCF value is assessed on the basis of the export and import values, using the following equation: SCF=(M+X) / ((M + Tm) + (X - Tx)), (2) where M = imports, X = exports, Tm = import payments, and Tx = export payments.	0.460882
Prilikom određivanja konverzionih faktora mora se voditi računa kako na društvene troškove utiču odstupanja tržišnih cena od 1) marginalnih troškova za međunarodno nerazmenjiva dobra, kao što su npr. lokalne transportne usluge i 2) cena na granici za međunarodno razmenjiva dobra, kao što su npr. industrijski proizvodi.	In defining conversion factors attention should be paid to how social expenditures are affected by the deviations of market prices from 1) marginal costs for internationally non-exchangeable goods, e.g. local transport services and 2) the price on border for internationally exchangeable goods, e.g., industrial products.	0.876165
Ključni empirijski faktor za odluku da li cene na granici treba uzeti u obzir jesu razlike u cenama u zemlji (po regionima, po različitim kategorijama kupaca i sl.).	The key empirical factor for the decision whether the prices on border should be taken into account are the differences in prices in the country (per regions, per different customer categories, etc.).	1.27278
Za nerazmenjiva dobra koristi se standardni konverzioni faktor ili specifični konverzioni faktor, utvrđen na osnovu dugoročnih marginalnih troškova ili spemnosti kupaca da plate dobra.	In case of non-excahngeable goods, a standard conversion factor or a specific conversion factor are aplied, determined on the basis of long-term marginal costs or customer willingness to pay for the goods.	1.36373
Š10Ë Nakon korekcije cenovnog iskrivljenja moguće je računati ekonomsku internu stopu rentabilnosti (eng. ERR), ekonomsku neto sadašnju vrednost (eng. ENPV) i koeficijent odnosa troškova i koristi.	Š10Ë Upon the correction of price deviation it is possible to calculate the economic internal rentability rate (ERR), economic net present value (ENPV) and the cost-benefit coefficient.	0.712963
Da bi dobili ove indikatore ekonomskih perfomansi projekta neophodno je utvrditi diskontnu stopu, a u ekonomskoj analizi to je socijalna diskontna stopa.	To obtain these indicators of economic performances of a project it is neccesary to determine the discount rate, and in the economic analysis it is the social discount rate.	0.792416
Ona pokušava da oslika socijalno stanovište o tome kako buduće koristi i troškove treba vrednovati naspram sadašnjih.	It reflects the social standing on how the future benefits and costs should be assessed as related to the present ones.	0.779
Literatura i međunarodna praksa daju veliki niz različitih pristupa za tumačenje i biranje vrednosti socijalne diskontne stope koja se treba usvojiti.	Literature and international practice offer a succession of different approaches to the interpretation and selection of the value of the social discount rate to be adopted.	0.677748
Međutim, evropska diskontna stopa od 5% može da ima različita opravdanja i može da predstavlja standardni reper za projekte koje sufinansira EU.	The European discount rate of 5%, however, can be justified in different ways and can be a standard landmark for the EU funded projects.	1.1762
Razlika između ERR i FRR je u tome što prva koristi obračunske cene ili oportunitetni trošak roba i usluga umesto nesavršenih tržišnih cena i obuhvata u što većoj meri sve socijalne i ekološke eksternalije.	The difference between the ERR and FRR is in that the former applies accounting prices or the opportunity costs of goods and services instead of imperfect market prices and includes all the social and environmental externalities as broadly as possible.	1.10823
Zato što se sada eksternalije i cene u senci uzimaju u obzir, većina projekata sa malim ili negativnim FRR će imati pozitivan ERR.	Due to the fact that now externalities and shadow prices are taken into account, a majority of projects with low or negative FRR will have a positive ERR.	1.63214
Svaki projekat sa ERR manjim od 5% ili negativnom ENPV nakon aktualizacije sa diskontnom stopom od 5% treba pažljivo proceniti pa čak i odbiti.	Upon an actualization with a 5% discount rate, every project with an ERR lower than 5% or with a negative ENPV should be carefully evaluated and even rejected.	1.47561
Isto važi i za koeficijent odnosa troškova i koristi manji od 1. U nekim izuzetnim slučajevima negativna ENPV se može prihvatiti ako postoje važne nemonetizovane koristi, ali njih treba detaljno predstaviti jer će takav projekat imati samo marginalni doprinos ciljevima politike regionalnog razvoja EU.	The same applies to the cost-benefit coefficient lower than 1. ~~~ In certain exceptional cases, a negative ENPV can be accepted in case of important monmonetized benefits, however, these should be presented in detail because such a project will make only a margin al contribution to the goals of the EU regional development policy.	0.483239
U svakom slučaju, izveštaj o proceni treba da navodi na ubedljiv način, kroz strukturalnu argumentaciju potkrepljenu odgovarajućim podacima, da socijalne koristi prevazilaze socijalne troškove.	In any case, the report on assessment should confirm, conclusively and with structural argumentation supported by adequate data, that social benefits exceed social expenditures.	0.739355
Š11Ë 7.	Š11Ë 7.	2.3
Procena rizika Ocena rizika se sastoji u utvrđivanju verovatnoće sa kojom će projekat ostvarivati zadovoljavajuće rezultate.	Risk assessment Risk assessment means defining the likelihood with which a project will achieve satisfactory results.	0.973844
Preporučena procedura za procenu rizika zasniva se na: analizi osetljivosti, kao prvom koraku, koja predstavlja uticaj koji imaju pretpostavljene promene u promenljivama koje određuju troškove i koristi projekta; drugi korak predstavlja studija raspodela verovatnoće za odabrane promenljive, kao i računanje očekivane vrednosti indikatora performansi projekta.	A recommended risk assessment procedure is based on: Sensitivity analysis, as the first step, which means the effect of the anticipated changes in variables determining the costs and benefits of a project; The second step is a study of likelihood distribution for selected variables as well as calculations of anticipated value of the project performance indicator.	1.13625
Svrha analize osetljivosti jeste odabir kritičnih promenljivih i parametara modela, odnosno onih čije varijacije, pozitivne ili negativne, u poređenju sa vrednošću korišćenom kao najbolja procena u baznom slučaju, imaju najveći uticaj na internu stopu prinosa i neto sadašnju vrednost projekta, odnosno uzrokuju najznačajnije promene u ovim parametrima.	The purpose of the sensitivity analysis is to select critical variables and model parametres, i.e., those whose variations, whether positive or negative, have a most significant effect upon the internal returns rate and the net present value of the project and cause the most important changes in these parametres, in comparison with the value used as the best estimate in the basic case.	1.29248
Kriterijumi koje bi trebalo usvojiti prilikom izbora kritičnih promenljivih variraju u zavisnosti od određenog projekta, te moraju biti precizno procenjene od slučaja do slučaja.	The criteria that should be adopted in the selection of critical variables vary depending on the project, hence they have to be accurately assessed from one case to another.	0.991233
Kombinovano razmatranje pojedinih optimističkih i pesimističkih vrednosti grupe promenljivih može biti korisno pri prikazivanju različitih scenarija u okviru određenih hipoteza.	A combined analysis of certain optimistic and pessimistic values of a group of variables can be useful in presenting different scenarios within certain hypotheses.	1.25106
U cilju definisanja optimističkih i pesimističkih scenarija, neophodno je za svaku kritičnu promenljivu izabrati ekstremne vrednosti unutar opsega definisanog raspodelom verovatnoće.	To define optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, it is necessary that extreme values within the scope defined in the likelihood distribution should be selected for each critical variable.	0.970638
Zatim se pokazatelji performansi projekta izračunavaju za svaku hipotezu.	Then the performance indicators are calculated for each hypothesis.	1.165
Nakon što su kritične promenljive određene, a kako bi se sprovela analiza rizika, neophodno je svakoj od njih dodeliti raspodelu verovatnoće, koja je utvrđena preciznim opsegom vrednosti oko najbolje procene, korišćene u baznom slučaju, a u cilju izračunavanja indeksa procene.	When the critical variables are defined, and for the purpose of risk analysis, it is necessary that each of them be allocated a likelihood distribution defined by a precise scope of value around the best assessment used in the basic case and calculate the assessment index.	0.860475
Povećanjem složenosti modela analize troškova i koristi, čak i za nekolicinu promenljivih, broj kombinacija će ubrzo postati previše visok za direktan postupak.	With an increase in the complexity of the cost-benefit analysis, even for a few variables, the number of combinations will soon become too high for a direct procedure.	1.20241
Imajući gore navedeno u vidu, moguće je za investicione projekte koristiti metod Monte Carlo, koji se može primeniti upotrebom odgovarajućeg softvera za računanje.	Having in mind the above stated, it is possible to use the Monte Carlo method for investment projects, implementing an appropriate software for calculations.	1.27333
Ovaj metod se sastoji od ponavljanja nasumične ekstrakcije skupa vrednosti za kritične promenljive, u okviru odgovarajuće definisanih intervala, i od izračunavanja indeksa performansi za specifični projekat.	This method consists of repeating a random extraction of a set of values for critical variables, within respectively defined intervals and then calculating the performance index for a specific project.	0.940655
Š12Ë 8.	Š12Ë 8.	2.3
Efekti regionalne politike EU Efekte regionalne politike Evropske unije je, po prirodi stvari, teško evaluirati iz prostog razloga što je regionalnu politiku veoma teško izolovati od drugih izvora privrednog rasta i odrediti koji nivo razvoja bi privreda dostigla da nije bilo intervencije kroz instrumente regionalne politike.	Effects of the EU regional policy Effects of the EU regional policy are, as a rule, diffcult to evaluate for the simple reason that reagional policy is not easy to separate from other sources of economic growth and, also, the level of development the economy would reach had there not been interventions through the regional policy instruments cannot be easily determined.	1.42061
Kako period sprovođenja regionalne politike u periodu 2007-2013. godine još nije završen, efekti regionalne politike se mogu posmatrati samo za prethodni period.	Since the period of the regional policy implementation in the 2007-2013 period has not yet been completed, the effects of regional policy can be viewed only for the previous period.	1.45516
Prema istraživanju Evropske komisije za budžetski period od 2000. do 2006. godine, na svaki evro utrošen kroz zajedničku kohezionu politiku u regionima koji koriste sredstva u okviru cilja konvergencija, dodatno se izdvaja u proseku još 0,9 evra investicija iz drugih izvora.	According to the EU research for the 2000-2006 budgetary period, an additional 0.9 euro of investments from other sources is allocated per each euro spent in the implementation of common cohesion policy in the regions using the funds from the convergency goal.	0.985649
Takođe, u regionima koji koriste sredstva u okviru cilja konkurentnost regiona i zapošljavanje na svaki evro investiran kroz kohezionu politiku Evropske unije izdavaja se u proseku još dodatna 3 evra investicija.	Also, in the regions using the funds allocated for the regional competitiveness and employment goals, additonal 3 euros of investments are allocated per each euro invested through the EU cohesive policy.	1.96681
Programi u okviru konkurentnosti regona i zapošljavanja imali su izuzetan značaj za stvaranje novih radnih mesta.	The programmes within the regional competitiveness and employment were of paramount importance for the creation of new jobs.	1.33803
Za šest država u kojima je sprovedena procena, ocenjuje se da je formirano više od 450 000 novih radnih mesta.	Estimates are that more that 450 000 new jobs have been created in the six countries in which the evaluation was conducted.	2.84617
U ovom periodu veliki broj malih i srednjih preduzeća koristio je pomoć fondova Evropske unije.	A large number of small and medium-sized enterprises have in this period received financial resources from the European Union funds.	1.50536
Samo španski program podrške malim i srednjim preduzećima omogućio je finansijsku podršku, savete i obuku za 227 000 malih i srednjih preduzeća (oko 28% od ukupnog broja).	The Spanis programme of support to small and medium enterprises alone provided financial support, advice and training for 227 000 small and medium-sized enterprises (around 28% of the total number).	2.51447
Evaluacijom Štajermark programa u Austriji utvrđeno je da su 75% projekata u vezi sa razvojem biznisa sprovela mala i srednja preduzeća, što je bilo znatno više nego što je očekivano.	The evaluation of the Staiermatk programme in Austria proved that 75% of business development related projects were conducted by small and medium-sized enterprises, much more than expected.	0.939153
U Velikoj Britaniji je oko 250 000 malih i srednjih preduzeća bilo podržano različitim merama u regionima ove zemlje. razvoju Efikasan saobraćajni sistem je ključni faktor regionalne konkurentnosti i razvoja.	In Great Britain, around 250 000 small and mediumsized enterprises were supported through various measures in this countrys regions. ~~~ An efficient transportation system is a key factor of regional competitiveness and development.	1.2587
Ova oblast je jedna od ključnih sfera kohezione politike.	This area is one of the key domains of the cohesion policy.	0.887755
Tokom perioda od 2000. do 2006. godine značajna sredstva su utrošena na putni saobraćaj (47% ukupnih sredstava namenjenih saobraćaja), odnosno na železnički saobraćaj (31% ukupnih sredstava).	During the 2000-2006 period, significant funds were spent for road transport (47% of the total funds allocated for the development of transportation) and railway transport (31% of total funds).	0.952209
Investicije u aerodrome takođe su doprinele da se smanje problemi sa pristupom nekim regionima, naročito onim najudaljenijim.	Investments into airports also helped reduce the problems to reach certain regions, especially the most distant ones.	0.937255
Evaluacioni izveštaj o ulaganjima u saobraćajnu infrastrukturu u regionima obuhvaćenim programom konvergencije ukazuju da je izgrađena infrastruktura unapredila povezanost između regiona i drugih nacionalnih centara i snizila vreme putovanja, u proseku, za 20 do 50%.	The evaluation report on investments into transport infrastructure in the regions included into the convergence programme point that the built infrastructure improved the connections between the regions and other national centres and reduce the time for travelling by 20-50% on average.	1.03996
Pored toga, zabeležen je i značajan efekat na nivo zaposlenosti usled sprovođenja javnih radova.	Besides, a significant effect upon the employment level was recorded, due to conducting massive relief works.	1.07241
Š13Ë Direktan uticaj investicija u saobraćaj ogleda se i u većoj zaposlenosti, pre svega, u sektoru građevinarstva.	Š13Ë The direct effect of investments upon transportation is also observed in the rise of employment, primarily in the construction sector.	0.918095
Pored toga, povećava se potražnja za građevinskim materijalom i upotrebom mašina.	Furthermore, the demand for building material and machinery increases.	0.538095
Nesumnjivo da su ovi efekti kratkoročnog karaktera i traju tokom izvođenja radova.	These effects are evidently short-term and last during the works.	1.02871
Dugoročni efekti određene investicije zavise od postojećih ili dodatnih investicija u određeni region, karakteristika radne snage, razvijenosti preduzetništva i sl.	The long-term effects of an investment depend on the existing of additional investments into a certain region, on labour force characteristics, development level of entrepreneurship, etc.	1.27616
Sa druge strane, mora se zabeležiti da se u određenoj meri može prigovoriti nedovoljnom održavanju određenih deonica, pre svega, u železničkom i drumskom saobraćaju, neusklađenosti nacionalnih prioriteta sa prioritetima na nivou EU (uprkos preporukama, samo pet velikih država ima razvijenu mrežu brzih železnica), neiskorišćenosti određenih potencijala, kao što je Dunav i neiskorišćenosti potencijalnih izvora finansiranja, u vidu javno-privatnog partnerstva (samo je nekoliko većih projekata realizovano u ovom obliku).	On the other hand, it must be recorded that the flaws are sometimes inappropriate maintainance of certain stretches of, primarily, railway and road transportstion, incompatibility of national priorities with the EU priorities (despite recommendations, only five large countries have a developed network of fast railways), insufficient employment of certain potentials, such as the Danube, as well as insufficient engagement of certain financing sources, such as the public-private partnership (only a small number of larger projects have been completed using this form).	0.89859
Koheziona politika znatno je doprinela zaštiti životne sredine kao osnovnom preduslovu za održivi razvoj i bolji kvalitet života, kao i sprovođenju zakonodavstva u oblasti životne sredine.	The cohesion policy has significantly contributed to environmental protection as a basic precondition of sustainable development and a better quality of living, as well as to enforcing the legislature in the field of environment.	1.14124
Oko 13% sredstava utrošeno je na projekte ulaganja u snabdevanje vodom, zaštitu voda, preradu otpada, održive izvore energije, zaštitu od buke i zagađenosti vaduha.	Around 13% of funds was spent on the water supply, water protection, waste recycling, sustainable energy sources, protection from noise and air pollution investment projects.	0.651837
Najviše rezultata postignuto je u oblasti snabdevanja vodom.	Best results have been achieved in the domain of water supply.	0.955346
Š14Ë Regionalna politika Evropske unije nije donela samo investicione projekte, već i strateški pristup razvoju saobraćajne infrastrukture i zaštiti životne sredine.	Š14Ë The European Union regional policy has not brought only investment projects; it ha salso brought a strategic approach to the development of transportation infrastructure and environmental protection.	1.06524
S tim u vezi, omogućeno je usaglašavanje principa životne sredine sa ciljevima i merama ostalih sektorskih politika.	It helped harmonize environmental principles with the goals and measures of other sector policies.	1.03721
Iako je realizovano usaglašavanje, puna integracija nije ostvarena.	This harmonization has been achieved; however, full integration has not yet.	0.60914
Isto tako, strogim pravilima i standardima životne sredine omogućeno je da su projekti koji se finansiraju pogodni po životnu sredinu, projektovani tako da funkcionišu u saglasnosti sa važećim pravnim okvirom u oblasti životne sredine, i da se, tokom njihove realizacije, kontroliše uticaj na okruženje. 9.	Similarly, strict environmental standards and rules ensured that the financed projects are environmentally-friendly, designed to work consistent to the ruling legal framework in the environmental domain and that their effects on environment are controlled in the course of their execution. ~~~ 9.	0.319268
Zaključak Postojanje zajedničke regionalne politike na nadnacionalnom nivou opravdano je činjenicom da se razlike u nivou razvoja regiona Evropske unije mogu efikasno ispraviti jedino zahvaljujući zajedničkim naporima država članica.	Conclusion The existence of common regional policy on a supranational level is justified by the fact that the differences in the development levels of the regions can be corrected efficiently only employing the mutual efforts of all the member states.	1.6
Ekonomske i socijalne razlike među državama članicama, koje se najčešće ogledaju u disproporcijama u nivou društvenog proizvoda i nivou nezaposlenosti, podstakle su kreatore politika da razviju zajedničku regionalnu politiku pored postojećih nacionalnih regionalnih politika.	Economic and social differences among the member states that are most often reflected in disproportions in the level of the social product and in unemployment, urged the policy creators to develop a common regional policy, along the existing national regional policies.	1.21416
Značaj nadnacionalne regionalne politike ogleda se u tome da se jedino na nivou Evropske unije mogu skupiti neophodna i dovoljna sredstva za razvoj manje razvijenih regiona i na taj način smanjiti visoka cena koju bi morale da plate pojedine države članice.	The importance of the supranational regional policy is reflected in the fact that it is only on the European Union level that necessary and sufficient re sources can be collected for the purpose of developing less developed regions and thus reducing the high price certain member states would otherwise be forced to pay.	1.09363
Važno je istaknuti i ulogu regionalne politike kao efikasnog mehanizma koordinacije između zemalja članica.	It is also important to stress the role of regional policy as an efficient coordination mechanism between the member states.	1.27551
Naime, nedostatak saradnje između država članica dovodi do negativne konkurencije i neželjenih efekata pojedinih mera koje se jednostrano sprovode od strane nekih država članica.	Namely, the lack of collaboration among the member states results in a negative competition and the undesired effects of certain measures that are unilaterallly enforced by certain member states.	1.24889
Nekoordinirano sprovođenje nacionalnih politika stvara mogućnost pojave nelojalne konkurencije, čime se smanjuju poz itivni efekti za sve članice, a samim tim smanjuju se i koristi od procesa evropske integracije.	An uncoordinated enforcement of national policies may result in unloyal competition, thus reducing the positive effects for all the member states, and consequently the benefits of the European integration process.	0.891892
Institucionalni okvir zemlje predlagača projekta mora biti takav da pruža dovoljno dobro etablirane institucije koje raspolažu stručnim kadrovima na odgovarajućim prostornim nivoima, koje će proceniti razvojne potrebe i istaći prioritete koje treba pretočiti u izvodljive predloge projekata za podršku razvoju, kao i implementirati projekte i programe razvoja koji bi mogli biti finansirani iz sredstava strukturnih i Kohezionog fonda.	The institutional framework of the state project proponent must be such that it offers well established institutions that have at their disposal the professoonals on respective regional levels, that will assess the development needs and stress the priorities to be translated into feasible project propositions for the support to development as well as implement the development projects and programmes that can be financed by the structural and the Cohesion funds.	1.2083
Jasno definisane procedure za korišćenje sredstava iz ovih fondova omogućavaju lakšu pripremu projekata i bolji monitoring nad ostvarenjem ciljeva projekta.	Clearly defined procedures for employing the means from these funds ensure an easier implementation of the project and a better monitoring of project goals achievement.	1.29366
Predlagači projekta treba da uz predlog projekta dostave i analizu troškova i koristi od projekta.	The project proponents are expected to supplement their project proposition with a cost-benefit analysis of the project.	0.800431
Evropska komisija je za ove potrebe objavila vodič za sprovođenje ove analize (Guide to CBA of investment projects).	It is for these purposes that the European Commission published a Guide to CBA of investment projects.	1.08161
Analiza troškova i koristi investicionih projekata obuhvata: ~~~ 1) analizu konteksta i ciljeva; 2) identifikaciju projekta; 3) izvodljivost i analizu opcija; 4) finansijsku analizu; 5) ekonomsku analizu; 6) procenu rizika.	The cost-benefit analysis of investment projects encludes the following: 1) context and goal analysis; 2) project identification; 3) feasibility and option analysis; 4) financial analysis; 5) economic analysis; 6) risk assessment.	0.648913
Posebna pažnja se posvećuje ekonomskoj analizi projekta, jer ona treba da pokaže da li je društvu bolje sa ovim projektom ili bez njega.	Special attention is paid to the economic analysis of the project since it is to show whether the society is better off with this project or without it.	1.03235
Predlagač projekta mora biti upoznat i sa NUTS klasifikacijom regiona i Nacionalnim referentnim strateškim okvirom, kako bi znao koja vrsta investicije odgovara datom regionu.	The project proponent also has to be acquainted with the NUTS classification of regions and the National referent strategic framework in order that he should know which type of investment is appropriate for a given region.	1.07613
Evropska komisija je globalizaciju, demografske promene, klimatske promene, sigurne i obnovljive izvore energije izazove za evropske regione u narednom periodu.	The European Commission identified globalization, demographic changes, safe and renewable energy sources as major challenges for European regions in the period to come.	1.28944
U skladu sa tim, već se vodi debata o tome kako uključiti ove izazove u regionalnu politiku za naredni period od 2014. do 2020. godine.	Accordingly, there is already a debate on how these challenges can be incorporated into the regional policy for the following period, from 2014 till 2020.	0.832186
Ovo je izuzetno važno i za Srbiju, jer se očekuje da Srbija do 2020. godine postane članica Evropske unije.	This is of special importance for Serbia too, because Serbia is expected to become a member of the European Union by 2020.	0.870968
S tim u vezi, prioriteti i pravila korišćenja sredstava koja se sada definišu, važiće i za Srbiju.	Consequently, the priorities and the rules to be defined for structural funds will apply to Serbia too.	0.633333
Praktično, prioriteti i pravila koja budu definisana za strukturne fondove u novom finansijskom ciklusu odraziće se i na IPA sredstva.	Practically, the priorities and the rules defined for structural funds will be reflected in the IPA resources as well.	0.849505
	At the moment, the efforts of the Republic of Serbia have to be oriented towards establishing the structures for employing the IPA resources and the preparation of projects to ensure an easier use of the IPA resources and later the structural funds and the Cohesion fund.	-0.3
	REFERENCES Š1Ë European Union regional polisy http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/thefunds/cohesion/index_en.cfm, polednji pristup, jun 2011.	-0.3
Pored toga, tokom ovih pregovora odrediće se i buduća alokacija IPA sredstava.	Š2Ë Mirić O., Regionalna politika evropske unije kao motor ekonomskog razvoja, Evropski pokret, Beograd 2009.	0.175714
U ovom trenutku napori R. Srbije moraju biti usmereni na uspostavljanje struktura za korišćenje IPA sredstava i pripremu projekata koji će omogućiti lakše korišćenje IPA sredstava i kasnije strukturnih fondova i Kohezionog fonda. identifikovala kao glavne LITERATURA Š1Ë European Union regional polisy http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/thefunds/cohesion/index_en.cfm, polednji pristup, jun 2011. Š2Ë Mirić O., Regionalna politika evropske unije kao motor ekonomskog razvoja, Evropski pokret, Beograd 2009. Š3Ë Council Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of 26 May 2003 on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS).	Š3Ë Council Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of 26 May 2003 on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS). ~~~ Š4Ë Kirkpatrick, C.,Weiss, J., Cost Benefit Analysis and Project Appraisal in Developing Countries, Elgar, Cheltennan, 1996.	0.838281
Š4Ë Kirkpatrick, C.,Weiss, J., Cost Benefit Analysis and Project Appraisal in Developing Countries, Elgar, Cheltennan, 1996. Š5Ë Council Regulation (EC) No 1083/2006 of 11 July 2006 laying down general provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the Cohesion Fund and repealing Regulation (EC) No1260/1999. Š6Ë European Commission, Financial and economic analysis of development projects, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1997. Š7Ë Benković, S., Potencijali projektnog finansiranja projekata, Management 49-50, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, Beograd, decembar 2008. Š8Ë Pohl, G., Mihaljek, D., Uncertainty and the dis crepancy between rate of return estimates at project appraisal and project completion, World Bank, Washington D.C.,1991. Š9Ë Council Regulation (EC) No 1084/2006 of 11 July 2006 establishing a Cohesion Fund and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1164/94 Š10Ë Kohli, K.N., Economic analysis of investment projects:	Š5Ë Council Regulation (EC) No 1083/2006 of 11 July 2006 laying down general provisions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the Cohesion Fund and repealing Regulation (EC) No1260/1999. ~~~ Š6Ë European Commission, Financial and economic analysis of development projects, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1997. ~~~ Š7Ë Benković, S., Potentials of project financing proj ects, Management, 49-50, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade, 2008. ~~~ Š8Ë Pohl, G., Mihaljek, D., Uncertainty and the dis crepancy between rate of return estimates at project appraisal and project completion, World Bank, Washington D.C.,1991.	0.406613
A practical approach, University Press for the Asian Development Bank, Oxford, 1993. Š11Ë Florio, M., The economic rate of return of infra structures and regional policy in the European Union, in Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 1997. Š12Ë European Commission, Guide to COST-BENE FIT ANALYSIS of investment projects, Brussels, 2008. Š13Ë European Commission, The Growth and Jobs Strategy and the Reform of European cohesion policy - Fourth progress report on cohesion COM page 281 final, Brussels, 2006. Š14Ë European Commission, Fifth progress report on economic and social cohesion:	Š9Ë Council Regulation (EC) No 1084/2006 of 11 July 2006 establishing a Cohesion Fund and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1164/94 Š10Ë Kohli, K.N., Economic analysis of investment projects: A practical approach, University Press for the Asian Development Bank, Oxford, 1993. ~~~ Š11Ë Florio, M., The economic rate of return of infra structures and regional policy in the European Union, in Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 1997. ~~~ Š12Ë European Commission, Guide to COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS of investment projects, Brussels, 2008. ~~~ Š13Ë European Commission, The Growth and Jobs Strategy and the Reform of European cohesion policy - Fourth progress report on cohesion COM page 281 final, Brussels, 2006.	0.33901
Growing regions, growing Europe, COM page 371, Brussels, 2008. ~~~ Primena i ograničenja racio analize finansijskih izveštaja u poslovnom odlučivanju UDK:	Š14Ë European Commission, Fifth progress report on economic and social cohesion: Growing regions, growing Europe, COM page 371, Brussels, 2008.	1.00364
657.14/. ~~~ ; 005.52:005.33 Snežana Knežević¹, Slađana Barjaktarović Rakočević², Draginja \urić³ ¹Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu ²Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu ³Banca Intesa knezevic.snezana¿fon.bg.ac.rs Finansijska racija se koriste za poređenje finansijskih performansi kompanija tokom perioda i poređenje između kompanija , sa fokusom na sličnosti, razlike i trendove.	Implementation and Restraints of Ratio Analysis of Financial Reports in Financial Decision Making UDC: 657.14/.17(047.32) ; 005.52:005.33 Snežana Knežević¹, Slađana Barjaktarović Rakočević², Draginja \urić³ ¹Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade ² Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade ³Banca Intesa knezevic.snezana¿fon.bg.ac.rs Financial ratios are used to compare the financial performance of companies during the period and comparisons between companies, focusing on similarities, differences and trends.	0.665565
Koriste je menadžeri, finansijski analitičari, procenitelji, regulatorna tela, investitori, poverioci i drugi.	They are used by managers, financial analysts, appraisers, regulators, investors, creditors and others.	0.72893
Racio analiza kao menadžerska tehnika ima veoma široku primenu, ali i ograničenja, zbog kojih treba pažljivo tumačiti dobijene reuzultate, koji bi trebalo da posluže kao osnov za ocenjivanje finansijskih performansi i odlučivanje. 1.	As a managerial technique, the ratio analysis has a very wide application, but also certain restraints, hence the results obtained should be interpreted carefully, in order that they should serve as a basis for evaluating financial performance and decision making.	1.24619
Uvod Trajni izazov sa kojim se suočavaju menadžeri, konsultanti i finansijski analitičari je kako da se uskladi funkcionalna aktivnost i disciplina jedna sa drugom i istovremeno daˆ podrška korporativnoj strategiji.	1. ~~~ Introduction A permanent challenge facing managers, consultants and financial analysts is how to harmonize the functional activity and discipline and at the same time, provide support to corporate strategy.	0.339106
Danas su prisutne značajne evolutivne promene koje idu u pravcu stvaranja savremenije kompanije usklađene sa promenama koje izaziva globalizacija tržišta, internacionalizacija biznisa, razvoj informacionih tehnologija i posebno konkurentan privredni ambijent.	Significant evolutionary changes towards creating a more modern company, in line with the changes caused by the market globalization, internationalization of business, the development of information technologies and especially a competitive economic environment characterise the present period.	0.946781
Neprekidne interakcije sa zbivanjima kako spolja tako i unutar kompanije, razlog su neophodnosti analize kvaliteta finansijskog izveštavanja.	Continual interactions with the events both within and without the company are the major reason that an anlysis of the quality of financial reporting is necessary.	0.93832
Menadžment poslovnog entiteta je osnovni nosilac zakonske odgovornosti za istinito i objektivno prikazivanje finansijske pozicije, rezultata poslovanja i promena u finansijskoj poziciji poslovnog subjekta o kome se izveštava. 2.	The management of the business entity is legally responsible for a valid and objective reporting of the financial position, the business results and the changes in the financial position of the business entity that is being reported about. ~~~ 2.	0.3
Upravljačko računovodstvo i odlučivanje Računovodstveni sistem je ključni deo informacionog sistema kompanije.	Management accounting and decision making The accounting system is a vital component of the companys information system.	0.530769
Osnovni cilj računovodstva predstavlja obezbeđivanje informacija korisnih za donošenje odluka.	The major goal of accounting is to provide information useful in decision making.	1.03675
U tom smislu od upravljačkih računovođa se očekuje da identifikuju zahteve korisnika finansijskih informacija sa jedne strane i tipove odluka sa druge strane Š1ËŠ2Ë. ~~~ Finansijski izveštaji su naime, dizajnirani za opšte potrebe odnosno nisu specificirani za jednu ciljnu grupu korisnika.	Hence accountants are expected to identify the requirements of the users of financial information, on one hand, and the types of decisions, on the other Š1ËŠ2Ë. Financial reports are actually designed for general use, that is, they are not specific of one target group of users.	0.513576
Proces odlučivanja uopšteno čine sledeći koraci: ~~~ 1.	The decision-making process generally consists of the following steps: 1.	0.176786
Identifikovanje različitih alternativa za date tipove odluka; 2.	Identifying different alternatives for given types of decisions; 2.	1.29492
Objedinjavanje neophodnih podataka za različite alternative; 3.	Integrating necessary data for different alterna tives; 3.	1.75962
Analiza i određivanje posledica svake alterantive; 4.	Analysis and anticipation of the consequences of each alternative, 4.	0.601531
Izbor alternative koja pokazuje i dovodi do ost varenja željenih ciljeva; 5.	Selection of the alternative that points to and helps achieve the desired goals; 5.	0.743628
Implementacija odabranih alternativa; 6. U određeno vreme evuluacija rezultata poslovnih odluka u odnosu na standardne ili druge željene rezultate.	Implementation of selected alternatives; 6. ~~~ Evaluation of the results of the business decisions against standards or other desired results in regular intevals.	0.285333
Instrumenti menadžerskog odlučivanja jesu: ~~~ 1.	The tools of managerial decision making are the following: 1.	-0.0228261
Alternativno poslovno odlučivanje; 2.	Alternative business decision making; 2.	0.891667
Fleksibilno budžetiranje i analiza varijanse; 3.	Flexible budgeting and variant analysis; 3.	0.682418
Budžetiranje kapitala; 4.	Capital budgeting; 4.	0.975
Inkrementalna analiza; 5.	Incremental analysis; 5.	1.03696
Analiza odnosa između troškova, obima i profita; 6.	Analysis of relations among costs, scope and prof its; 6.	1.28723
Analiza prinosa na investicije, kvantitativna analiza; 7.	Analysis of returns on investments, quantitative analysis; 7.	1.03269
Analiza ponašanja (kretanja) troškova; 8.	Analysis of cost flows; 8.	0.578261
Sigurnost akcija - statističko testiranje i dr. Finansijska analiza inkorporira sledeće segmente : ~~~ 1.	Safety of shares statistical testing, etc. ~~~ Financial analysis incorporates the following segments: 1.	0.310613
Osnovne finansijske izveštaje; 2.	Basic financial reports; 2.	0.816
Strategijske i taktičke odluke; 3.	Strategic and tactical decisions; 3.	0.790625
Tehnike upravljačkog računovodstva; 4.	Management accounting techniques; 4.	0.864706
Informacije za odlučivanje. 3.	Information required in decision making.	0.817241
Finansijsko izveštavanje Finansijski izveštaji predstavljaju sliku finansijskog stanja i ostvarenih finansijskih rezultata jednog ekonomskog entiteta.	3. ~~~ Financial reporting Financial reports present the picture of the financial standing and the financial results achieved by an economic entity.	0.355488
U našoj zemlji, godišnji obračun za srednja i velika preduzeća uključuje: - bilans stanja; - bilans uspeha; - izveštaj o tokovima gotovine; - izveštaj o promenama na kapitalu; - napomene uz finansijske izveštaje; - statistički aneks Š12Ë.	In this country, the annual settlement for small and large companies includes: balance sheet; income statement; cash flow report; report on capital turns; notes accompanying financial reports; statistical annex Š12Ë.	1.0363
Uobičajena struktura izveštaja za potrebe finansijske analize predstavljena je na sledeći način:	A general structure of the report for the needs of financial analysis is presented as follows: 1.	0.73227
1. ~~~ Prihodi od prodaje 2.	Revenues from sales; 2.	0.284211
Korekcija (promena) vrednosti zaliha 3.	Correction (change) in the value of stocks; 3.	1.26667
Ostali prihodi 4.	Other incomes; 4.	1.05
Rashodi direktnog materijala i robe 5.	Expenditure of direct materials and goods; 5.	1.53277
Bruto margina (Gross margin/Dobit I) 1±2+3-4 6.	Gross margin/Profits I 1±2+ 4; 6.	0.598571
Drugi poslovni rashodi 7.	Other business expenditures; 7.	0.821739
Dobit pre kamate, poreza, depresijacije i amortizacije (EBITDA-Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization *Dobit II) 5 6 8.	Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA *Profits II) 56 8.	1.73311
Depresijacija i Amortizacija 9.	Depreciation and amortization; 9.	0.87931
Dobit pre kamate i poreza (EBIT-Earnings be fore interest and taxes *Dobit III) 7 8 10.	Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT *Profits III) 78 10.	1.55043
Finansijski prihodi 11.	Financial revenues 11.	1.03571
Finansijski rashodi 12.	Financial expenditures 12.	1.00909
Neposlovni/vanredni prihodi 13.	Non-operating/special revenues 13.	1.02
Neposlovni/vanredni rashodi 14.	Non-operating/special expenses 14.	1.02
Neposlovni i ostali rezultati 9 + 10 11 + 12 13 15.	Non-operating and other results 9 + 10 11 + 12 13 15.	4.20844
Dobitak pre oporezivanja (EBT-Earnings before tax) 13 14 16.	Earnings before tax (EBT) 13 14 16.	5.32
Usklađivanja računovodstvene dobiti prema na cionalnoj poreskoj regulativi 15 ±16 17.	Allignments of accounting profits against nation al tax regulations 15±16 17.	0.506522
Porez (10%) - 10% od iznosa pozicije 16 18.	Taxes (10%) 10% of the amount of position 16 18.	4.46667
Dobitak nakon oporezivanja (EAT- Earnings af ter tax) 16 17 Dobitak pre oporezivanja se smatra računovodstvenim dobitkom iz koga se plaća porez na dobit, ali je neophodno da se on koriguje prema odredbama Zakona o porezu na dobit, nakon čega postaje validna osnova za obračun poreza na dobit.	Earnings after tax (EAT) 16 17 Earnings before tax are viewed as accounting profits from which income tax is paid, however, it is necessary that they be corrected in accordance with the Law on income taxes, after which they become a valid basis for income tax calculation.	1.6446
Za utvrđivanje oporezive dobiti priznaju se rashodi u iznosima utvrđenim bilansom uspeha, u skladu sa MRS i propisima kojima se uređuje računovodstvo, osim rashoda za koje je ovim zakonom propisan drugi način utvrđivanja Š5Ë. ~~~ Iz neto dobiti isplaćuju se dividende ili dobici, dok se deo zadržava u komapniji kao neraspoređena dobit.	To establish a taxable income, expenses are acknowledged in the amounts defined in the income statement, in accordance with the MRS and the regulations in the area of accounting, with the exception of expenses for which the law provides another method of regulation Š5Ë. Dividends or earnings are paid out of the net profits, while one portion is retained in the company as retained earnings.	0.39893
U izveštaju o ukupnom rezultatu perioda primenom metode ukupnih troškova trebalo bi iskazati sledeće pozicije: ~~~ Prihode i rashode iz tekuće aktivnosti; Prihode i rashode koji tangiraju kapital neposredno po osnovi nastanka; Ukupan rezultat datog perioda; Dobit koja pripada većinskim vlasnicima; Dobit koja pripada manjinskim vlasnicima; Zaradu po akciji; Druge važne informacije.	The report on the overall results for applying the total expence method is to disclose the following positions: Earnings and expences from current activities; Earnings and expenses affecting capital directly up on creation; Overall results over the given period; Profits pertaining to majority owners; Profits pertaining to minority owners; Earnings per share; Other important information.	0.20181
Menadžer mora da obraća pažnju na protok novca naj manje isto toliko, kao i na dobitak.	The manager has to pay attention to cash flow as much as to profits.	0.592857
Naime, dobitak nije jednak protoku novca, odnosno činjenica da kompanija posluje sa dobitkom, ne obezbeđuje da će protok novca u njoj biti dovoljan da se održi solventnost.	Namely, profits are not equal to cash flow, that is, the facts that the company earns profits does not ensure that the cash flow within it will be enough to maintain solvency.	0.609015
Izveštaj o gotovinskim tokovima je finansijski izveštaj koji pokazuje odakle gotovina dolazi (gotovinski prilivi) i za šta se upotrebljava (gotovinski odlivi) za određeni računovodstveni period, kao i to, kakva je bila promena bilansa gotovine u toku tog perioda kakvo je kretanje neto novčanog toka.	The report on cash flows is a financial report that shows where the cash comes from (cash inflows) and how it is employed (cash outflows) for a given period, as well as what the cash balance turn was during the period the net cash flow.	0.789637
Predstavlja osnovni izvor informacija koji se upotrebljava za donošenje operativnih odluka u vezi sa upravljanjem gotovinskim tokovima, za kontrolu finansijske solventnosti kompanije, kao i za interpretaciju razlika između finansijskih rezultata i promena u iznosima gotovine.	It is the major source of information used in operational decision making concerning cash flow management, financial solvency control, as well as in interpreting the discrepancies between the financial results and the changes in cash amounts.	1.07997
Analiza finansijskih izveštaja fokusirana je primarno na podatke date u eksternim izveštajima uključujući i dodatne.	The analysis of financial reports is primarily focused upon the data presented in external reports, including additional ones.	1.04159
Informacije koje daje menadžement kompanije.		-0.3
Analiza treba da identifikuje glavne promene ili ključne tačke u trendovima, iznosima i vezama između finansijskih izveštaja koji su uglavnom zbir detaljnih finansijskih informacija.	The task of the analysis is to identify the major turns or key points in trends, amounts and relations between financial reports which are predominantly a sum of detailed financial information.	1.26
Analiza finansijskih izveštaja je metod evaluacije određen prošlim, tekućim i projektovanim performansama kompanije.	The analysis of financial reports is an evaluation method determined by the companys past, current and projected performance.	1.15714
Menadžment kompanije određuje: koje će metode računovodstva primenjivati; koje će informacije prikazati u napomenama uz finansijske izveštaje; koje će računovodstvene procene izvršiti; koji će događaji ili transakcije biti priznati; druge bitne informacije.	The company management decides: Which accounting methods will be implemented; Which information will be presented in the notes following financial reports; Which accounting assessments will be conducted; Which events or transactions will be acknowl edged; Other important information.	1.46921
Količina i kvalitet napomena deo su menadžerskih odluka kompanije u smislu: koje događaje je odabrao da prikaže kao značajne; koliko će napomena prikazati o nekoj bilansnoj poziciji u odnosu na zahteve MRS/MSFI odnosno koliki će biti stepen detaljnosti napomena; uslovljene obaveze (čvrsto ugovorene ili buduće obaveze); finansijske prognoze - Management Disscussion and Analysis.	The quantity and quality of notes are part of managerial decisions of the company concerning: The events they chose to present as important; The number of notes that will be presented in a balance position as regards the MRS/MSFI requirements, i.e., to which extent the report will go in view of details; Conditioned liabilities (contracted or future liabili ties); Financial forecasts Management Discussion and Analysis.	1.22669
Implementacija međunarodnih standarda finansijskog izveštavanja povećavaju kvalitet i uporedivost finansijskih izveštaja; otuda promoviše konzistentnost i pouzdanost u finansijskom izveštavanju i olakšava kompanijama međunarodno prikupljanje kapitala.	The implementation of international standards of financial reporting improves the quality and comparability of financial reports; hence it promotes the consistency and reliability in financial reporting and makes it easier for the companies to raise capital at international market.	1.09625
IFRS (IAS) standardi Š7ËŠ8Ë predstavljaju globalni model za stan dardizovanje finansijskih izveštaja, odnosno njima se usklađuju različiti računovodstveni pristupi, metode i napomene radi ujednačavanja aktuelne računovodstvene prakse i prema zahtevima globalnog finansijskog tržišta, kao i specifičnostima nacionalnih zakondavstava, posebno u domenu harmonizacije poreskih sistema, a u funkciji obezbeđenja preduslova za pozitivne tokove privrednog razvoja.	The IFRS (IAS) standards Š7ËŠ8Ë present a global model of financial reports standardization. ~~~ They serve to co ordinate different accounting aproaches, methods and notes in order to bring into accord the current accounting practice and the requirements of the global financial market, as well as specificalities in national legislatures, especially in the domain of tax systems harmonization, in the function ensuring the preconditions for the positive flow of economic development.	0.354545
Računovodstvene politike predstavljaju jedan od instrumenata za realizaciju poslovne politike.	The accounting policies are tools for business policy execution.	0.442105
Odabrane računovodstvene politike utiču na pozicije bilansa stanja i pozicije bilansa uspeha, te na kvalitet finansijskih izveštaja i usaglašene su sa zahtevima Međunarodnih standarda finansijskog izveštavanja (MSFI).	The selected accounting policies affect the balance sheet positions and, accordingly, the quality of financial reports and they are harmonized with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).	0.802006
Neophodno je jednom prihvaćenu računovodstvenu politiku dosledno primenjivati, a odstupanje u smislu promene toleriše se u slučajevima kada to zahteva zakonska regulativa ili telo koje donosi računovodstvene standarde, kao i u slučaju da bi promena dovela do realnijeg iskazivanja pozicija.	It is necessary that, once adopted, the accounting policy be implemented consistently, and any deviations in the sense of change be tolerated in cases stipulated by law or by the body that administers the accounting standards, as well as in case the change would result in a more realictic presentation of positions.	1.24192
Kompanije koje obezbeđuju opširno računovodstveno obelodanjivaje teže da budu veće, imaju veći potencijal za rast i koriste više pozajmljenog nego sopstvenog kapitala za finansiranje njihovih poslovnih operacija.	The companies that provide a detailed accounting disclosure tend to be larger, have a higher growth potential and use more loaned than own capital to finance their business operations.	0.979299
Opširna računovodstvena objavljivanja mogu takođe da umanje svaku neizvestnost vezanu za računovodstvene prakse kompanija i donošenje finansijkih odluka, te olakšaju širenje kompanija i povećanje potencijala rasta.	Detailed accounting disclosures can also reduce any uncertainty related to the accounting practices of the companies and financial decision making, and thus facilitate the expansion of companies and improve their growth potential.	0.741414
Obezbeđivanje računovodstvenog obelodanjivanja teži da smanji ukupni nivo rizika kompanija i time obezbedi kompanijama da na lakši način prikupe neophodni kapital na berzima na kojima se trguje akcijama i dužničkim hartijama od vrednosti. 4.	The function of accounting disclosure is to reduce the overall risk of the companies and consequently make it easier for them to raise the required capital in exchange markets which trade in shares and debt securities. ~~~ 4.	0.191945
Primena finansijske racio analize kao menadžerske tehnike interpretacija raspoloživih Analiza finansijskih informacija ili finansijska analiza je analitička informacija sadržanih prvenstveno u bilansu stanja i bilansu uspeha kompanija, kao i specijalno sastavljenim izveštajima o finansijskim tokovima.	Financial ratio analysis as management technique The analysis of financial information or the financial analysis means an analytical interpretation of available information contained primarily in the company bal ance sheet and income statement, as well as in specially created reports on financial flows.	1.53745
Na osnovu ovih informacija stiče se uvid u postojeću finansijsku poziciju kompanije.	This information allows for an insight into the current financial position of the company.	0.984413
Uvid u finansijsku poziciju kompaniju predstavlja osnovu za donošenje niza različitih odluka, kao što su npr. odluka o dodeli kredita kompaniji koja za koju se finasijska situacija analizira i ocenjuje, odobravanje emisije hartija od vrednosti kompanija, eventualnoj potrebi proširenja poslovne aktivnosti kompanije i anagažovanja dodatnih sredstava iz dostupnih izvora i sl.	The insight into the financial position of the company is in turn the basis for making a host of different decisions, e.g., the decision on granting a loan to the company whose financial standing is analysed and assessed, aproval of issuing of securities of the companies, a possible need of the company to extend its business activities and engagement of additional funds from available sources, etc.	1.21764
Racio analiza se zasniva na izučavanju različitih odnosa između logički povezanih bilansnih stavki uključujući i druge značajne informacije Š9Ë.	The ratio analysis is based on the study of various relations between logically related balance sheet items, including other information Š9Ë.	1.17097
Naziv racio potiče od engleske reči ratio koji u prevodu znači odnos tako da racio brojevi u finansijskoj analizi predstavljaju odnos između dve funkcionalno povezane bilansne pozicije.	The title ratio is an English word and means relation, therefore the ratio figures in the financial analysis show a relationship between two functionally related balance sheet positions.	1.14964
Osnovna svrha racio brojeva je da omoguće ocenu finansijskog stanja kompanije, kao i trend promene finansijskog stanja kompanije.	The basic purpose of ratio figures is to ensure the assessment of the company financial standing, as well as the trend towards the change in the financial standing of the company.	1.15263
Racio analiza zasnovana je na DuPont modelu (DuPont Model autora F. Donaldson Brown) Ilustracija br.1.	The ratio analysis is based on the DuPont model (Du Pont Model, devised by F. Donaldson Brown) Illustration no.1.	1.4014
Najčešće korišćena ilustracija o relacijama između činilaca rentabiliteta i ukupnih ulaganja, jeste, upravo ovaj model.	This model is actually the most frequently used model to illustrate the relations between profitability factors and ovaerall investments.	0.656416
Zahtevana finansijska informacija može da ima više formi ali uključuje uobičajena poređenja kao što su: poređenja iste stavke za kompaniju tokom niza godina, poređenje najznačajnijih odnosa u okviru iste godine ili poređenja poslovanja nekoliko kompanija koje posluju u istoj industrijskoj grani (koje su uporedive).	The required financial information may be presented in a number of forms, however, it includes the usual comparisons such as: comparisons of the same item for the company over a period of several years, comparison of the most important relationships within the same year, or comparisons of several companies that do business in the same industry (those that are comparable).	1.39953
Faktor Obrt imovine Profitabilnost Opterećenje kamatom Leverage Efikasnost oporezivanja Naziv racija Likvidnost Neto radni kapital Racio tekuće likvidnosti Brzi racio likvidnosti Pregled racija dat je u sledećoj ilustraciji: ~~~ Obračun Prihodi/Prosečna imovina Dobit pre kamate i poreza/Prihodi Dobit pre kamate i poreza - Rashodi od kamate)/Dobit pre kamate i poreza Prosečna imovina/Prosečan kapital Poreski rashodi/(Dobit pre kamate i poreza - Rashodi od kamata) Definicija Obrtna imovina - Kratkoročne obaveze Obrtna imovina/Kratkoročne obaveze Gotovina + Utržive hartije od vrednosti + Potraživanja/Kratkoročne obaveze Faktor Obračun Gotovinski racio Stopa opterećenosti gotovine Gotovina/Kratkoročne obaveze Obrtna imovina/Prosečni dnevni operativni rashodi Solventnost Racio zaduženosti Racio odnosa duga i kapitala Racio zarade kamate (u broju puta) Racio gotovinskog pokrića Slobodan novčani tok Profitabilnost Bruto profitna marža Profitna marža Povrat na ukupnu imovinu Povrat na kapital Tržišna vrednost Zarada po akciji Odnos cene i zarade Tržišno dodata vrednost Dividendni prinos na akcije Racio isplate dividendi dividende Obrt imovine Obrt potraživanja kraju perioda)/2 Prosečan period Obrt zaliha izveštajnog perioda/2 Prosečna starost zaliha Obrt ukupnih sredstava Poslovni rizik Koeficijet varijacije operativnog dobitka Koeficijent volatinosti prodaje Stepen operativnog Leverage a Ukupne obaveze/Ukupna sredstva Ukupne obaveze/Akcijski kapital Dobitak pre kamate i poreza/Rashodi od kamate Dobitak pre kamate , poreza i amortizacije (deprecijacije)/Kamate Gotovina iz poslovanja - Gotovina upotrebljena za plaćanje fiksne imovine - - Gotovinske dividende Bruto profit/Neto prihodi Neto dobitak/Neto prihodi Neto dobitak/Prosečna ukupna imovina Zarada raspoloživa vlasnicima običnih akcija/Prosečan akcijski kapital* *(Akcijski kapital na početku izveštajnog perioda + + Akcijski kapital na kraju izveštajnog perioda)/2 (Neto dobitak - Preferencijalne dividende)/Proglašene obične akcije** **Ponderisani prosečni broj običnih akcija Tržišna cena po akciji/Zarada po akciji Tržišna vrednost firminih akcija - Sopstveni kapital distribuiran od akcionara Dividende po akciji/Tržišna cena po akciji Dividende za obične akcije/Neto dobitak - Preferencijalne Neto prodaja na kredit/Prosečna potraživanja od kupaca* *(Potraživanja na početku izveštajnog perioda + Potraživanja na 365 dana/Obrt potraživanja Neto prodaja /Prosečne zalihe** **Zalihe na početku izveštajnog perioda + zalihe na kraju 365 dana/Obrt zaliha Neto prihodi/Prosečna ukupna sredstva*** ***(Ukupna sredstva na početku izveštajnog perioda + + Ukupna sredstva na kraju izveštajnog perioda)/2 Standardna devijacija dobitka pre kamate i poreza/Prosek dobitka pre kamate i poreza Standardna devijacija prodaje/Prosek prodaje Procenat promene dobitka pre kamate i poreza/ Procenat prodaje Analiza finansijskih izveštaja omogućava čitanje finansijskih izveštaja širokoj grupi korisnika.	The review of the ratio is presented in the following illustration: Factor Account Property turnover Profitability Interest rate burden Leverage Efficiency in taxing Name of ratio Solvency/Liquidity Net working capital Current solvency ratio Quick solvency ratio Cash ratio Cash burden rate Earnings/average property Earnings before interest and taxes/earnings Earnings before interest and taxes Expenses from interest/short -term liabilities Average income/average capital Tax expenses (Earnings before taxes Expenses from interest) Definition Current assets Short-term liabilities Current assets/Short -term liabilities Cash+Marketable securities+receivables/Short -term liabilities Cash/Short-term liabilities Current assets/Average daily operations expenses Factor Account Solvency Indebtedness ratio Debt-capital relation ratio Earnings on interest ratio (number of times) Cash coverage ratio Free cash flow Profitability Gross profit margins Profit margins Returns on total assets Returns on capital Aggregate liabilities/Aggregate assets Aggregate liabilities/Equity capital Earnings before interest and taxes/Expenses from interest Earnings before interest, taxes and amortization (depreciation)/Interests Cash dividends Gross profits/Net income Net profits/N et earnings Net profits/Average total assets Earnings available to owners of common stocks/Average equity capital* *(Equity capital at the beginning of reporting period+Equity capital at the end of the reporting period)/2 Market value Earnings per share Cost and earning ratio Market added value Divident returns on shares Dividend payment ratio Turnover of property Liability turnover Average period Stocks turnover Average age of stocks Total assets turnover Business risk Operational earnings variant coefficient Sales volatility coefficient Operational leverage level (Net profit Preferential dividends)/ Declared common shares ** **Weighted average number of common shares Market price per share/Earnings per share Market price of firms shares Own capital distributed by shareholders Dividends per share/Market price per share Dividends on common shares/Net profit Preferential dividends Net sales on credit/Average receivables from customers* *(Receivables at the beginning of reporting period+Receivables at the end of reporting period)/2 365 days/Receivables turnover Net sales/Average stocks** **Stocks at the beginning of reporting period+ Stocks at the end of reporting period/2 365 days/Stocks turnover Net earnings/Average total assets*** ***(Total assets at the beginning of reporting period+Total assets at the end of reporting period)/2 Standard deviation of earnings before interest and taxes/average earnings before interest and taxes Standard deviation of sales/Average sales Percentage of chan ge in earnings before interest and taxes/Percentage of sales The analysis of financial reports allows for reading financial reports to a large group of users.	0.320351
Finansijski izveštaji imaju primaran značaj za menadžersku ocenu rezultata kompanije.	Financial reports are of primary importance for managerial assessment of the company results.	1.11068
Racio analiza pomaže u: ~~~ Evaluaciji performansi; Analizi sredine; Prikazivanju veze između aktivnosti i performansi; Poredjenju (Benchmnarking) sa prethodnim peri odom kompanije; Poredjenju (Benchmarking) sa industrijom (pros ekom, liderom u grani); U primenu Altman Z-score testa kojim se testira moguće bankrotstvo kompanije; Predviđanje održivog stepena rasta kompanije; Predviđanje budućih vrednosti i rasta zarade; Predviđanje obrta.	Forecasting the sustainable growth of the company; forecasting the future values and growth of earnings; Turnover forecasting.	0.063964
U postupku finansijske analize često se primenjuju racio brojevi kod modela koji je poznat pod nazivom Altman-ov Z-score test, koji je 1968.godine razvio Edward Altman za procenu mogućnosti pojave bankrotstva.	The Ratio analysis is useful in: Evaluation of performance; Environment analysis; Disclosure of the relation between activities and performance; Benchmarking with the companys previous period Benchmarking with the industry (average, leader in the branch) Implementation of Altman Z-score test to test a likelihood of the company bankruptcy; Often implemented in the procedure of financial analysis are the ratio figures with the model known as Altman Z-score test, developed in 1968 by Edward Altman for bancruptcy predictability.	0.916975
Dobijeni rezultat ovog testa poredi se sa unapred postavljenim standardom koji ocenjuje stanje u kojem se preduzeće nalazi.	The obtained results of this test are compared to the already set standards and assess the condition the company is at the moment.	0.455117
Altman-ov Z-score test ima i određene nedostatke u tom smislu što nije u mogućnosti da apstrahuje računovodstvene greške, a potom i što zanemaruje pokazatelje iz novcanog toka, jer ne treba zanemariti činjenicu da se tokovi rentabiliteta i tokovi novca često ne podudaraju.	The Altman Z-score test, however, has certain weaknesses in that it cannot abstract accounting errors, and also in that it neglects the cash flow indicators, since the fact that profitiability flows and cash flows do not always coincide should not be neglected.	0.900758
Ovaj test bi trebalo koristiti kao dopunu finansijske analize i veoma ga oprezno treba tumačiti.	This test should be implemented as a supplement to the financial analysis and interpreted with ultimate caution.	1.19107
Za procenu uspešnosti ili neuspešnosti može se koristiti još i Argentijev model prognoziranja neuspeha.	Another model that can be used in success or failure assessment is the Arghentie model of failure forcast.	1.28333
U Hrvatskoj se koristi BEX indeks kao pokazatelj poslovne uspešnosti.	In Croatia, a BEX index is used as the business success indicator Š13Ë. 5.	1.65396
Š13Ë 5. ~~~ Kvalitet finansijskih informacija i ograničenja u primeni racio analize Finansijsko izveštavanje doprinosi podizanju transparentnosti procesa na tržištu kapitala, zaštiti interesa investitora i povećanju sigurnosti u procesu donošenja odluka Š10ËŠ11Ë.	Quality of financial information and restraints in the ratio analysis implementation Financial reporting contributes to raising transparency of the capital market processes, of investors interests protection, and to raising the safety level in the decision-making process. ~~~ Š10Ë Š11Ë.	0.348085
Kao takvo, ono ima veoma važnu ulogu u procesima ublažavanja informacione asimetrije i održavanja stabilnosti finansijskog sistema.	As such, it plays a highly important role in the processes of mitigating information assymetry and maintenance of the financial system stability.	1.28487
S druge strane, kompleksnost poslovnih transakcija, neophodnost postojanja računovodstvenih opcija, neetičko ponašanje učesnika u procesu izveštavanja i sl. imaju za posledicu da, neretko, u praksi informacije u finansijskim izveštajima odstupaju od ekonomske realnosti.	On the other hand, the complexity of business transactions, the need for the presence of accounting options, an unethical conduct of of the participants in the reporting process etc., result in information in financial reporting often being far from economic reality.	1.24822
Moguće posledice takvog izveštavanja po kompaniju, investitore, finansijska tržišta i računovodstvenu profesiju nalažu veoma ozbiljno bavljenje ovim problemima i na institucionalnom nivou, u smislu obezbeđenja potrebnog kvaliteta, ali i na nivou pronalaženja načina za što pouzdaniju analizu kvaliteta pojedinačnih finansijskih izveštaja.	The possible consequences of such reporting for the company, investors, financial markets and the accounting profession require that these issues be paid utmost attention both at the institutional level, in terms of supplying a desired quality, and on the level of finding a means for as reliable analysis of the quality of individual financial reports as possible.	0.941889
Za ocenu kvaliteta finansijskih izveštaja neophodno je prepoznavanje informacionih rizika a to podrazumeva širok spektar računovodstvenih znanja, poznavanje specifičnosti privrednih oblasti, grupacija, grana identifikovanje poslovnih situacija koje pogoduju kreativnom izveštavanju i posedovanje visokih analitičkih sposobnosti, koje nadilaze zahteve standardne tradicionalne analize finansijskih izveštaja. i pojedinačnih kompanija, Verodostojnost prikazanih podataka od velikog je značaja, kako za interne, tako i za eksterne korisnike finansijskih izveštaja.	The assessment of the quality of financial reports requires the ability to identify information risks and this entails a broad range of accounting knowledge, the knowledge of specific features of different industries, groups, branches and individual companies, identification of business situations suitable for creative reporting as well as high analytical capability that even exceedes the requirements of the standard traditional analysis of financial reports. ~~~ The credibility of reported facts is of great importance for both internal and external users of financial reports.	0.381102
Implementacija međunarodnih standarda finansijskog izveštavanja povećava kvalitet i uporedivost finansijskih izveštaja; otuda promoviše konzistentnost i pouzdanost u finansijskom izveštavanju i olakšava kompanijama međunarodno prikupljanje kapitala.	The implementation of international financial reporting standards improves the quality and comparability of financial reports; hence it promotes consistency and reliability in financial reporting and makes it easier for companies to raise capital on an international level.	1.10256
Jedan od važnih faktora za povećanje kredibiliteta računovodstvenih informacija u finansijskim izvestajima je obavljanje revizije.	An important factor in improving the credibility of accounting information in financial reports is auditing.	1.15855
Revizija predstavlja postupak nezavisnog ispitivanja finansijskih izveštaja koji se odnose na jedan poslovni subjekt dobitno orijentisan, kako bi se formiralo mišljenje o tome.	Auditing is a procedure of independent control of financial reports concerning one business entity profit oriented, to form an opinion on it.	0.862918
Nekada je postojala Velika petorka, odnosno pet revizorskih kuća, a među najuspešnijim bila je revizorska kuća Arthur Andersen.	Once there were the Big Five, i.e., five auditing firms, and among the most successful was the Arthur Andersen firm.	0.721643
Međutim, iako je ta kuća imala najbolju reputaciju u okviru velike petorke, njen ugled je skroz narušen aferom već poznatom u vezi sa svetskim energetskim gigantom kompanijom Enron za čije je računovodstvo odnosno reviziju bila zadužena revizorska kuća Arthur Andersen.	The firm was most highly reputed among the big five, nevertheless, its reputation was damaged by the well known affair concerning the world energy supply giant Enron whose accounting, i.e., auditing was entrusted to the Arthur Andersen firm.	0.557936
Dok je 1997. godine Enron beležio pad profita od 75%, računovodstveni izveštaji su izuzetno dobra finansijska slika te kompanije Š3ËŠ6Ë.	While Enron was recording a fall in profits of 75% in 1997, the accounting reports drew a highly favourable picture of the company Š3ËŠ6Ë.	1.57321
Ogroman gubitak koje je Enron imao, prezentovani su u nečitkim fusnotama koje je retko ko uočavao.	The enormous losses Enron suffered were presented in illegible footnotes hardly anybody noticed.	0.725042
Uz Enron je stradala revizorska kuća Arthur Andersen, jer je zbog verifikacije lažnih računa i prikrivanja dokaza trajno izgubila pravo da se bavi revizorskim poslovima u Americi i dobila ogromne novčane kazne.	The fall of Enron resulted into the fall of the Arthur Andersen auditing firm too, because they lost the licence to practice auditing on permanent basis and had to pay enormous fines for having verified false accounts and covered up evidence.	0.541749
Afera sa Enron-om, prosto je narušila reputaciju korporativne Amerike, te je logično iza toga usvojen novi zakon Sarbanes Oxley Act i to već 2002. godine.	The affair with Enron simply damaged the reputation of corporate America and it logically resulted in a new law Sarabanes Oxley Act, as promptly as 2002.	0.865295
Za preduzeća koja nisu obveznici revizije kvalitet računovodstvenih informacija zavisiće od odgovornosti menadžmenta i profesionalne odgovornosti lica u račun ovodstvenoj službi koja je zadužena za vođenje psolovnih knjiga i formiranje godišnjeg obračuna.	In the companies that are not subject to auditing, the quality of accounting information will depend on the management responsibility and the professional responsibility of the employees in the accounting department in charge of business bookkeeping and creating annual reports.	1.1118
Pored navedenih, ograničenja su još i sledeća: ~~~ Ograničenja u primeni finansijske racio analize: ~~~ Industrijska kategorija kompanije često se teško identifikuje; Računovodstvene prakse se razlikuju od kompanije do kompanije, što može iskriviti vrednost racija; U pojedinim slučajevima teško je definisati odstu panja u racijima; Industrijska racija možda ne budu željeni targeti; Publikovani proseci industrija su samo vodilje odnosno aproksimativnog su karaktera; Sezonski uticaji na racija; Nepotpunost racija; (cid:	The restraints in the implementation of the financial ratio analysis: Industry of the company is often difficult to identi fy; Accounting practices differ from one company to another, which may distort the value of the ratio; Deviations in the ratios in certain cases are difficult to define; Industry ratios may not be the desired targets; Published processes of industries are only guide lines, i.e., they are approximative in character; Seasonal effects on ratios; Incompleteness of ratios.	0.0811022
Mnoge velike kompanije obavljaju višestruke poslovne veze, tako da je teško identifikovati industrijsku grupu kojoj firma pripada.	In addition to the above listed, restrains are the following: (cid:123) Numerous large corporations maintain manifold business relations, hence it is difficult to identify the industry group the firm belongs to.	0.966667
Poređenje racija sa racio vrednostima drugih korporacija može biti beznačajno; (cid: ~~~ Finansijske izveštaje karakteriše primena istorijskih troškova pri čemu se zanemaruje uticaj inflacije; (cid:	A comparison of the ratio with the ratio values of other corporations may prove negligible; (cid:123) Financial reports are characterised by the implementation of historical costs where the effects of inflation are neglected; (cid:123) Ratios are static and they do not take into consideration the future trends, hence the assessment of the financial standing on the balance day and of the success in a given year can be useful only for conclusions concerning that particular period. (cid:123) Managers can sometimes exaggerate in presenting their financial figures, etc. the aspect of performance measuring of the company management is very important, because it is their performance that conditions the price of their shares.	-0.0407261
Racija su statična i ne razmatraju buduće trendove, tako da se ocena o finansijskom položaju na dan bilansiranja i o uspešnosti u toj godini i koriste samo za zaključak za taj period; (cid:	The ratios of the companies financial standing are widely used throughout the world, especially in the countries characterised by a developed market economy.	0.490441
Menadžeri mogu da preuveličaju njihove finansi jske figure, i drugo.		-0.3
Zaključak Poverenje u finansijske izveštaje podrazumeva, edukovane računovoñe, standardizovane osnove, harmoni-zovane principe, transparentne i poštene podatke finansijskog izveštavanja.	Conclusion The trust in financial reports includes, among other things, educated accountants, standardized bases, harmonized principles, transparent and reliable data in financial reporting.	0.761258
Međunarodni standardi fina-nsijskog izveštavanja omogućavaju veću sigurnost investitorima u protok kapitala na globalnom nivou.	The international standards of financial reporting allow for a higher safety of the investor in view of the capital flow on the global level.	1.9
Primena medjunarodnih računovodstvenih standarda sa aspekta merenja performansi menadžmenta kompanije veoma je važna, jer od njihovih performansi, zavisi i cena njihovih akcija.		-0.3
Racija finansijskog položaja kompanija imaju veoma široku upotrebu u svetu, a posebno u zemljama koje karakteristike razvijena tržišna ekonomija. ~~~ Za adekvatnu ocenu finansijskog i prinosnog položaja kompanija od posebne je važnosti umešnost interpretacije dobijenih brojki rezultata od strane finansijskih analitičara.	The implementation of international accounting standards from Specially important in an adequate assessment of financial and earning position of companies is the skill of financial analysts in interpreting the obtained figures results.	0.431413
Od njih se zahteva (očekuje) da dobro poznaju uslove koji su specifični za određenu industrijsku granu, kao i sve značajne karakteristike poslovanja, posmatrane kompanije.	They are required (expected) to be well acquainted with the industry-specific conditions, as well as with any important characteristics of the business of the observed company.	0.778026
Brojevi sami po se-bi ne govore mnogo.	Figures themselves do not tell much.	0.719196
Postoje različite tehnike za analizu zbog različitih korisnika, njihovog različitog nivoa znanja, različitosti informacija koje su neophodne za poslovno odlu-čivanje i opšte prirode finansijskih izveštaja. izveštaji Finansijski imaju primaran značaj za menadžersko komuniciranje rezultata kompanije sa investitorima, kreditorima i analitičarima.	The techniques of analysis are various due to various users, their different levels of knowledge, the variety of information necessary for decision making as well as due to the general nature of financial reports. ~~~ Financial reports are highly important for the managerial communication of results of the company to investors, creditors and analysts.	0.315036
Finansijska analiza omogućava čitanje finansijskih izveštaja širokoj grupi korisnika u funkciji ocene poslovanja određene kompanije, kao i donošenja različitih tipova poslovnih odluka.	The financial analysis allows for reports to be read by a large group of users for the purpose of assessment of the business of a certain company, as well as making various types of business decisions.	1.85803
LITERATURA Š1Ë Hopper, T., Northcott, D., Scapens, R.B.,1997.	REFERENCE Š1Ë Hopper, T., Northcott, D., Scapens, R.B.,1997.	2.62798
Issues in Management Accounting, Prentice Hall, London.	Issues in Management Accounting, Prentice Hall, London.	2.925
Š2Ë Shim, K. J., Siegel, J., 2007.	Š2Ë Shim, K. J., Siegel, J., 2007.	2.55
Financial al Management, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, London Š3Ë Ketz, J.E 2007.	Financial al Management, Third Edition, McGraw Hill, London Š3Ë Ketz, J.E 2007.	2.60769
Hidden Financial Risk: undestanding off balance sheet Accounting, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Yersey.	Hidden Financial Risk: undestand ing off balance sheet Accounting, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Yersey.	2.925
Š4Ë Callahan, R. K., Stetz, S. G., Brooks, M.L., 2007: ~~~ Project Management Accounting Budgeting, Tracking, and Reporting Costs and Profitabiliy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Yersey.	Š4Ë Callahan, R. K., Stetz, S. G., Brooks, M.L., 2007: Project Management Accounting Budgeting, Tracking, and Reporting Costs and Profitabiliy, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Yersey.	1.35258
Š5Ë Zakon o porezu na dobit (Sl. glasnik RS, br. 25/2001, 80/2002, 43/2003 i 84/2004) Š6Ë www.	Š5Ë Zakon o porezu na dobit (Sl. glasnik RS, br. 25/2001, 80/2002, 43/2003 i 84/2004) Š6Ë www.	1.96667
Big4.com Š7Ë http://www.sec.gov/news/studies/2009/sox 404_study.pdf Š8Ë http://www.fasb.org/home - Financial Accounting Standard Board Š9Ë http://www.readyratios.com/?gclid=CIzVs_X3 qwCFcnwzAodzFiBXg Š10Ë http://www.ucp.org/uploads/media_items/ucp-au dited-financial-statements-10.original.pdf Š11Ë http://finance.hartford.gov/Shared%20Docum ents/Hartford,%20City%20ofGASB%20Financials-6-30-102%20final.pdf Š12Ë http://www.apr.gov.rs/ Š13Ë http://portal.wlw.hr/Default.aspx?sid=357 Analiza postojećeg stambenog fonda i tekuće stambene izgradnje sa osvrtom na tržište nekretnina u Crnoj Gori UDK: ~~~ 332.812(497.16) ; 005.52:005.33 Jasmina ]etković1, Snežana Rutešić1, Miloš Knežević1 Ekonomski fakultet u Podgorici jasmina¿ac.me Iako u Crnoj Gori pravo na stan nije definisano Ustavom, Crna Gora se kao potpisnik određenih međunarodnih sporazuma i konvencija obavezala da ovome pitanju pristupi u skladu sa preuzetim obavezama, uz uvažavanje svih specifičnosti prouzrokovanih istorijskim naslijeđem u ovoj oblasti i relativno ograničenim mogućnostima koje su posledica veličine društvenog sistema.	Big4.com Š7Ë http://www.sec.gov/news/studies/2009/sox 404_study.pdf Š8Ë http://www.fasb.org/home - Financial Accounting Standard Board Š9Ë http://www.readyratios.com/?gclid=CIzVs_X3 qwCFcnwzAodzFiBXg Š10Ë http://www.ucp.org/uploads/media_items/ucp-au dited-financial-statements-10.original.pdf Š11Ë http://finance.hartford.gov/Shared%20Docum ents/Hartford,%20City%20ofGASB%20Financials-6-30-102%20final.pdf Š12Ë http://www.apr.gov.rs/ Š13Ë http://portal.wlw.hr/Default.aspx?sid=357 Analysis of Existing Housing Fund and Current Housing Construction With Focus on Real Estate Market in Montenegro UDC: 332.812(497.16) ; 005.52:005.33 Jasmina ]etković1, Snežana Rutešić1, Miloš Knežević1 1Faculty of Economics in Podgorica jasmina¿ac.me Although in Montenegro the right to having a flat is not defined by the Constitution, Montenegro, as a signatory of certain international agreements and conventions, is committed to approach this issue in accordance with undertaken obligations, with appreciation of all specificities caused by the historical legacy in this area and relatively limited opportunities which are consequences of the social system size.	0.874042
Stambena politika je kompleksan problem koji nameće potrebu multidisciplinarnog pristupa definisanju prioriteta i mjera u cilju objedinjavanja instrumenata za postizanje pozitivnih rezultata u ovoj oblasti.	Housing policy is a complex problem, which imposes the need for a multidisciplinary approach to define priorities and measures to consolidate the instruments for achieving positive results in this area.	1.4366
Nacionalna stambena strategija treba da definiše viziju i pravce djelovanja Crne Gore u ovoj oblasti. 1.	National housing strategy should define the vision and the directions of activities in Montenegro in this area.	1.69528
Uvod Stambena izgradnja u Crnoj Gori svakako može da računa na određene interne potencijale, kao svojevrsne povoljne uslove za intenziviranje i unapređenje stambene gradnje u periodu koji slijedi, a koji su i u prethodnom periodu korišćeni u većoj ili manjoj mjeri.	1. ~~~ Introduction Housing construction in Montenegro can certainly count on certain internal resources, such as all kinds of favorable conditions for intensification and improvement of housing construction in the following period, which were used in previous period to a greater or lower extent.	0.52477
U značajne potencijale stambene izgradnje u Crnoj Gori ubrajamo: nespornu potrebu za stanovima, naročito mlade populacije i određenih ciljnih grupa; nesporno značajne prostorne resurse; razvoj partnerstva između javnog i privatnog sektora; postojanje određene zainteresovanosti strateških partnera iz zemlje i inostranstva za stambenu izgradnju; potreba za usaglašavanjem sa evropskim standardima, posebno u dijelu energetske efikasnosti objekata; uticaj građevinske proizvodnje na zapošljavanje i potrošnju određenih materijalnih dobara.	The significant housing construction potential includes: indisputable housing need, especially of young population and certain target groups; undisputed relevant spatial resources; development of partnership between public and private sector; existence of certain interest of strategic partners from the country and abroad for housing construction; the need to adjust to the European standards, especially in view of the energy efficiency of the buildings, the effect of construction production on employment and consumption of certain material goods.	1.15799
Među osnovnim problemima, ograničenjima i preprekama stambene izgradnje u Crnoj Gori izdvajamo sljedeće: nedostatak prostorno-planskih dokumenata; visoki troškovi za uređenje građevinskog zemljišta; osjetni nedostatak kapitala za investicije; duge procedure i teškoće pri rješavanju imovinskopravnih pitanja; nedovoljna i nekvalitetna infrastruktura; pad tržišta nekretnina za stanovanje; slaba platežna moć stanovništva; veliki broj nezavršenih stanova i dugi period izgradnje.	Among the main problems, limits and obstacles to housing construction in Montenegro, we recommend the following: deficiency of spatial planning documents; high costs of building land development; sensible deficiency of investment capital; long procedures and difficulties for resolving property issues; insufficient and low quality infrastructure; decrease of real estate market for living; low purchasing power of population; large number of unfinished flats and long period of construction.	1.1856
U radu je dat osvrt na postojeći stambeni fond u Crnoj Gori i njegove osnovne karakteristike na osnovu objavljenih rezultata popisa stanova i domaćinstava koji je obavljen 2003. godine, s obzirom da još uvijek nijesu dostupni podaci nedavno završenog popisa koji je obavljen u aprilu 2011. godine.	This document gives an overview of the existing housing fund in Montenegro and its basic characteristics based on the published results of the census of flats and households, which was published in 2003, considering the fact that data of the recently finished census, which was published in April 2011, are not available yet.	1.09141
Zatim je prikazana tekuća stambena izgradnja, kao i glavni učesnici u tom procesu.	Below is shown the current housing construction, as well as major participants in this process.	0.905871
Takođe, analizirano je kretanje na tržištu nekretnina u Crnoj Gori.	In addition, movement of the real estate market in Montenegro is analyzed.	0.835777
2.	2.	1.8
Stanje postojećeg stambenog fonda u Crnoj Gori Stambeni fond Crne Gore obuhvata stanove za stalno stanovanje, ali i druge stambene jedinice, kao što su stanovi koji se koriste za odmor i rekreaciju, u vrijeme sezonskih radova u poljoprivredi, za obavljanje isključivo poslovnih djelatnosti, kao i druge nastanjene prostorije.	Status of existing housing fund in Montenegro The housing fund in Montenegro contains flats for permanent living, but also other housing units such as flats used for vacation and leisure, for performers of part time jobs in agriculture during the season, for exclusively commercial activities, as well as other occupied premises.	1.3999
Prema popisu iz 2003. godine, stambeni fond Crne Gore je iznosio 253.135 stambenih jedinica od čega se 55,3% nalazilo u gradskim, a 44,7% u ostalim naseljima.	According to the 2003 census, the housing fund of Montenegro is valued in amount of 253,135 of house units of which 55.3 % is in urban zone and 44.7% in other settlements.	2.28667
U vlasništvu fizičkih lica je bilo oko 98% stanova za stalno stanovanje.	In ownership of private individuals were around 98% of flats for permanent living.	1.19026
Prema preliminarnim rezultatima popisa iz 2011. godine, broj stanova je povećan na 316.083, odnosno za oko 63.000 stambenih jedinica ili za 25% u odnosu na popis iz 2003. godine.	According to the preliminary results of the 2011census, the number of flats was increased to 316.083, i.e. for around 63.000 house units or for 25% compared to the 2003 census.	1.29189
Prema istim rezultatima na 1000 stanovnika ima nešto više od 505 stanova (uključujući i vikendice i ostale stanove koji nijesu namijenjeni za stalno stanovanje).	Based on same results, there are more than 505 flats per 1000 inhabitants (including vacation houses and other flats, which are not used for permanent living).	2.08222
U odnosu na popis iz 2003. godine, neznatno je povećano učešće stanova u gradskim naseljima, 56.36%.	In comparison to the census from 2003, there is a slightly increasing of flat share in urban zones, 56,36%.	1.00588
Prema podacima iz 2003. godine, Crna Gora je raspolagala sa 206.153 stanova za stalno stanovanje (ukupne površine 13.606.734 m2).	According to data of 2003, Montenegro disposed with 206,153 flats for permanent living (total area of 13,606,734 m2).	0.895935
U strukturi stanova za stalno stanovanje prema popisu iz 2003. godine najveće je bilo učešće dvosobnih i trosobnih stanova (Tabela 1), a prosječan broj soba pao stanu je 2,65.	In the structure of flats for permanent living by census from 2003 the largest part were two bedroom and three bedroom flats (Table 1), and average number of rooms by flat is 2.65.	1.29195
Prema istom izvoru oko 20% stanova je starije od 50 godina, a oko 39% je izgrađeno poslije 1980. godine.	According to same source, about 20% of flats are older than 50 years, and around 39% was built after 1980.	3
Od ukupnog broja stanova za stalno stanovanje, oko 93% čine stanovi u zgradama od tvrdog materijala.	Of the total number of flats for permanent living, around 93% are flats in buildings from solid materials.	1.52495
Procentualno je najzastupljeniji broj stanova sa kvadraturom od 51-60 m² sa 15,62%, dok su ravnomjerno zastupljeni stanovi sa 31-40 m², 41-50 m², 61-70 m², 81-100 m², odnosno sa 12 do 13%.	By percentage the most frequent are flats with sq. of 51-60 m2 , 15.62%, while there are equally presented flats with 3140 m2, 41-50 m2, 61-70 m2, 81-100 m2, i.e. 12 up to 13%.	1.19583
Prosječna površina stana je oko 66 m², a prosječna površina stana na jedno lice iznosi oko 22 m², što je nešto manje od prosjeka za članice EU iz istočnog bloka, dok je za ostale EU zemlje taj odnos od 30- 40 m² Š1Ë.	The average area of a flat is around 66 m2, and the average area of a flat for one person is about 22 m2, which is slightly lower compared to the average for the EU members from the Eastern bloc, while for other EU countries this ratio is 30- 40 m2 Š1Ë.	1.90924
Struktura stana posebne sobe garsonjere i 1- sobni 2 sobni 3 sobni 4 sobni 5 i više sobni stanovi nepoznate structure UKUPNO Broj stanova 2.570 37.421 62.077 60.753 29.079 14.228 206.153 Tabela 1.	In relation to equipment installation, about 88% of flats have plumbing installations, about 99% have electrical installations, bathroom is part of around 82% residential flats, and toilet is in more than 76%.	0.640142
Struktura stanova za stalno stanovanje prema popisu iz 2003. godine U odnosu na opremljenost instalacijama, oko 88% stanova ima vodovodne instalacije, oko 99% ima elektroinstalacije, kupatilo ima oko 82% stalno nastanjenih stanova, a nužnik ima nešto više od 76%.	Connected to public water supply are around 67% flats, while public sewerage is available to around 39% flats for permanent living; central-floor heating is present in around 3.7% flats, and no installations are characteristic of around 1% flats.	0.503626
Na javni vodovod priključeno je oko 67% stanova, dok je na javnu kanalizaciju priključeno oko 39% stanova za stalno stanovanje; centralno-etažno grijanje ima oko 3,7% stanova, a bez ikakvih instalacija je nešto oko 1% stanova.	Structure of flats Number of flats special rooms studio and 1- room 2 rooms 3 rooms 4 rooms 5 and more rooms flats of unknown structure TOTAL 2,570 37,421 62,077 60,753 29,079 14,228 206,153 Table 1.	0.491818
Prema popisu iz 2003. godine registrovano je 37.160 stanova za odmor i rekreaciju ukupne površine 1.977.028 m², od kojih se najveći broj odnosio na stanove u vikend kućama (Tabela 2).	Structure of flats for permanent living based on the census 2003 According to the 2003 census, the number of 37,160 of flats are registered for vacation and leisure, of the total area of 1,977,028 m2, of which the largest number are flats in vacation houses (Table 2).	2.30828
Struktura stanova za odmor i Broj stanova rekreaciju Stanovi u vikend kućama Stanovi u porodičnim kućama Stanovi u ostalim zgradama UKUPNO 25.811 5.724 5.625 37.160 Tabela 2.	Structure of flats for vacation and Number of relax Flats in weekend houses Flats in family houses Flats in other buildings TOTAL flats 25,811 5,.724 5,625 37,160 Table 2.	1.14048
Struktura stanova za odmor i rekreaciju Upoređujući broj stanovnika sa brojem stambenih jedinica u prethodnom periodu, zaključujemo da je u 1991. godini odnos broja stanovnika i stambenih jedinica bio 3,6 stanovnika/stam. jed., a u 2003. godini je taj odnos 2,4 stanovnika/stam. jed, što ukazuje na poboljšanja stambene situacije i porast broja stambenih jedinica u tom periodu.	Structure of flats for vacation and leisure Comparing the population with the number of house units in the previous period, we conclude that in 1991 the ratio of population and house units was 3.6 resident/house unit, and in 2003 this ratio was 2.4 resident/house unit, which indicates the improvement of the housing situation and an increase in the number of house units in that period.	1.348
Prema podacima Monstata, Crna Gora je zaključno sa 2009. godinom, raspolagala stambenim fondom od oko 228.000 stanova, što znači da je broj stanova bio značajno veći od broja domaćinstava u istoj godini (oko 183.000), odnosno da je na 1.000 stanovnika bilo oko 350 stanova (prosjek zemalja EU je 430 stanova).	According to the data from Monstat, Montenegro disposed, closing with 2009 of the house fund of around 228,000 flats, which means that the number of flats was significantly higher than the number of households in the same year (around 183,000), i.e. on 1,000 of population there were around 350 flats (average of EU is 430 flats).	0.99577
Ovaj podatak ne uključuje vikendice i predstavlja zbir stanova za stalno stanovanje prema popisu iz 2003. godine i broja stanova za stalno stanovanje dobijenih na osnovu Monstat-ovih godišnjih istraživanja (za 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 i 2009. godinu).	This figure does not include vacation houses and presents the sum of flats for permanent living by the 2003 census and the number of flats for permanent living obtained from Monstat yearly research (for 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009).	2.27192
Međutim, i pored podatka da u Crnoj Gori ima više stambenih jedinica od ukupnog broja domaćinstava, sve strukture stanovništva imaju potrebu da riješe stambeni problem.	However, despite the data that Montenegro has more housing units than the total number of households, all the population structure has a need to solve the housing problem.	1.67427
Tražnja za stanovima u zakup je visoka u svim područjima Crne Gore, a posebno u razvijenim područjima Crne Gore (Podgorica i primorje).	The demand for flats for lease is high in the entire area of Montenegro, and especially in the developed areas of Montenegro (Podgorica and coast).	1.19779
Ona je značajna i u nerazvijenim područjima, zbog oskudne ili nedostajuće ponude.	It is also significant in underdeveloped areas, because of a deficient or insufficient offer.	1.1947
Prema zvaničnim podacima Uprave za nekretnine za 2010. godinu, 1.964 građana Crne Gore posjeduju više od po pet stanova.	According to public data from the Montenegrian agency for real estate for 2010, 1,964 of citizens of Montenegro had in their ownership more than five flats per citizen.	1.09811
Po dva stana ima 44.744 građana, tri stana 13.120, četiri 4.976, a pet 1.795 građana.	The number of citizens who have two flats is 44,744, three flats 13,120, 4,976 have four flats, and 1,795 have five flats.	0.942
Takođe, prema istom izvoru, u Crnoj Gori ukupno ima 243.397 stambenih jedinica - površine 14,55 miliona kvadrata.	Also, based on the same source in Montenegro the number of total housing units is 243,397 the area of 14.55 mil m2.	1.45088
Radi se o etažnim jedinicama objekata koje su u katastru nepokretnosti evidentirane kao stambeni prostori, ali se procjenjuje da je njihov broj veći od navedenog od 10 do 20% zato što ne postoji katastar nepokretnosti na cijeloj teritoriji Crne Gore.	The data mentioned above refer to floor units of buildings, which are in cadastre of real estate registered as housing space, but it is estimated that their number is higher than specified by 10 to 20% because there are no real estate cadastres on the whole territory of Montenegro.	2.02819
Od poreza po osnovu prihoda od imovine i imovinskih prava, u 2010. godini naplaćeno je 2.156.489 ¡.	From the taxes on property income and property rights, ¡ 2,156,489 was charged in 2010.	0.631
Od toga su pravna lica platila 2,08 miliona ¡, a fizička lica 70.438 ¡.	Of these, legal entities paid ¡2.08 mil and individuals paid ¡70,438.	0.55
Iz Vlade je nedavno najavljen plan povećanja naplate poreza po osnovu prihoda od imovine i imovinskih prava, odnosno izdavanja stanova i poslovnih prostora, s obzirom na relativno mali iznos naplaćenog poreza u 2010.godini (u odnosu na broj stanova i stambenih prostora).	The government has recently announced a plan to increase the collection of taxes based on the income from property and property rights, i.e. rental of flats and business premises, regarding a relatively small amount of charged taxes in 2010 (compared to the number of flats and business premises).	0.849634
Prema podacima o broju i površini izgrađenih stanova u periodu 1999. do 2009. godine (Tabela 3) ukupno su izgrađena 32.604 stana, ukupne površine 2.245.000 m². d o G e r e j m . d e J Vrsta stana i n b o s o v D i n b o s o r T i n b o s o r o v t e Č i i n b o s o t e P i ć e v i e r e j n o s r a G i n b o s o n d e j Br. ~~~ Br. ~~~ Br. ~~~ Br.	According to the data on the number and area of constructed flats in the period from 1999 to 2009 (Table 3) the total number of constructed flats is 32,604, with a total area of 2,245,000 m2.	0.118704
Br. m² m² m² 594 1061 m² m² o n p u k u Br. m² Br. m² Br. O N P U K U m² Br. m² Br. m² Br. m² Br. m² 841 1092 1395 1491 1558 1622 % 25% 33% % 10% 2% % Tabela 3.		-0.3
Broj i površina (u 000 m²) završenih stanova u CG (1999 -2009.) U ukupnoj strukturi stanova dominantno učešće zauzimaju dvosobni i trosobni stanovi.	In the total structure of flats, dominant are two bedroom and three bedroom flats.	0.63
Očigledno je da je intenzivni rast u prethodnom periodu značajno intenzivi rao stambenu gradnju, pa je broj od nepunih 2.000 novoizgrađenih stanova u 2003. godini povećan na oko 3.400 jedinica u 2007. godini, odnosno na preko 5.800 jedinica u 2009. godini.	It is obvious that an intensive growth in the previous period has significantly intensified the housing construction, so the number of less than 2,000 newly built flats in 2003 increased to 3,400 units in 2007, i.e. to over 5,800 units in 2009.	1.34643
Iz prethodno prezentovane tabele je očigledno da je intenzivni rast u prethodnom periodu značajno intenzivirao stambenu gradnju.	From previous presented table it is obvious that intensive growth in previous period has significantly intensified housing construction.	1.28696
Broj od nepunih 2.000 novoizgrađenih stanova u 2003. godini je povećan na oko 3.400 jedinica u 2007. godini, odnosno na preko 5.800 jedinica u 2009. godini (što je za 3.800 jedinica više u odnosu na 2003. godinu).	The number of less then 2.000 new built flats in 2003 is increased on around 3.400 units in 2007, i.e. on over 5.800 units in 2009 (which is by 3,800 units more than in 2003).	1.54883
Upoređujući broj završenih stanova sa procijenjenim brojem stanovnika Š2Ë zaključujemo da je u 2007. godini na 1.000 stanovnika bilo 5,5 završenih stanova, odnosno 9,2 završenih stanova u 2009. godini.	By comparing the number of built flats with the estimated number of inhabitants Š2Ë, we conclude that in 2007 there were was 5.5 built flats per 1,000 inhabitants, i.e. 9.2 built flats in 2009.	1.46503
Navodimo da Monstat još uvijek ne raspolaže podatkom o broju stanova za stalno stanovanje za 2010. godinu, te ta godina nije uključena u ukupni podatak. 3.	We would like to emphasize that Monstat still does not have data on the number of flats for permanent living for 2010 so this year is not included in the total data.	2.40887
Upravljanje i održavanje stambenog fonda Prodajom društvenog stambenog fonda, devedesetih godina prošlog vijeka, u Crnoj Gori je došlo do njegove privatizacije i svođenja javnog stambenog fonda na minimum.	3. ~~~ Managing and maintainance of housing fund By selling the social housing fund, in the nineties of the last century, Montenegro started its privatization and reduced the public housing fund to a minimum.	0.350665
Očekivani finansijski efekti privatizacije stambenog fonda, zbog nisko formiranih otkupnih cijena, su gotovo potpuno izostali, što je onemogućilo brzo konsolidovanje stanja i prelazak na novu stambenu politiku.	The expected financial effects of privatization of housing fund, due to low formed purchase prices, are almost completely absent, which prevent the rapid consolidation of the state and the transition to a new housing policy.	0.830927
Opšta je konstatacija da stanje stambenog fonda nije na zadovoljavajućem nivou.	The general statement is that the state of the housing fund is not satisfactory.	0.782353
Otkupom stanova i promjenom zakonske regulative, obaveza održavanja stambenog fonda je u isključivoj nadležnosti etažnih vlasnika, koji su prilično inertni po tom pitanju.	The purchase of flats and changes in the legislation, the obligation to maintain the housing fund is within the exclusive jurisdiction of the condominium ownership, which are quite inert in this issue. ~~~ Table 3.	0.234516
Prema informacijama prikupljenim od opština za potrebe ove Strategije, u registrima vlasnika, stambenih zgrada i upravnika u 2010. godini se (u 10 opština koje su dostavile podatke iz ovog registra) nalazi 1.461 stambena zgrada, a 1.295 registrovanih upravnika, među kojima je i određeni broj privremenih (prinudnih) upravnika.	Number and area (in 000 m2) of built flats in Montenegro (1999 -2009.) ~~~ According to information collected from municipalities for the needs of this Strategy, in the register of owners of residential buildings and managers of buildings in 2010 there are (in 10 municipalities which provide data from the registers) 1,461 residential buildings and 1,295 registered managers, among whom there is a certain number of temporary (compulsory) managers.	0.575393
Za veliki broj zgrada nijesu imenovani organi upravljanja u skladu zakonom, jer su ovim brojem registrovanih upravnika obuhvaćeni i upravnici ulaza.	For a large number of buildings there are no named manage ment bodies in accordance with the law, because this number of registered managers includes the managers of entrance.	1.21301
Primjeri po opštinama su raznoliki.	Examples of the municipalities are diverse.	0.245455
U cilju podizanja kvaliteta održavanja stambenog fonda, Glavni grad Podgorica je osnovao Agenciju za stanovanje d.o.o. ~~~ Podgorica, koja se bavi održavanjem stambenih objekata.	In order to improve the quality of the housing fund, the Minicipality of Podgorica has founded the Agency for housing d.o.o. Podgorica, which deals with mainte nance of residential buildings.	0.435444
Osnovni cilj osnivanja Agencije je bio realizacija projekta poboljšanja uslova stanovanja u stambenim zgradama.	The main objective of the foundation of the Agency was the realization of a project for improving the living conditions in residential buildings.	1.228
Projekat poboljšanja uslova stanovanja os mišljen je tako da se 50% sredstava predračunske vrijednosti radova na održavanju zajedničkih djelova stambenih zgrada obezbjeđuje iz budžeta glavnog grada, dok preostalih 50% obezbjeđuju sami etažni vlasnici.	The project is designed to improve housing conditions so that 50% of the estimated value on works on maintenance of common areas of buildings is provided by capital budget, while the flat owners provide the remaining 50%.	0.848292
Vrijednost izvršenih građevinskih radova u IV kvartalu 2010. godine veća je za 60,7% u odnosu na isti kvartal prošle godine, dok je za 51,3% veća u odnosu na III kvartal iste godine (Grafikon 1).		-0.3
Svih prethodnih godina problem je predstavljala nezainteresovanost etažnih vlasnika, pa je svake godine realizovano znatno manje radova nego što su dozvoljavala finansijska sredstva predviđena budžetom Glavnog grada i tehnički kapaciteti Agencije za stanovanje.	All the previous year the problem was the lack of interest of flat owners, so every year significantly less work was realized than possible with the financial assets provided by budget of Municipality of Podgorica and the technical capacity of the Agency for living.	0.81468
Tako je u 2006. godini bilo opredijeljeno 233.180 ¡, a realizovano samo 30.339 ¡, dok je u 2010. godini planirano 350.000 ¡ a realizovano 196.400 ¡, što je samo 56% od planiranih sredstava. 4.	Thus in 2006, ¡233,180 was allocated for these purposes, only ¡30,339 ¡ was realized, while in 2010, ¡350,000 was planned and ¡196.400 was realised, which is only 56% of the planned assets. ~~~ 4.	0.362722
Tekuća stambena izgradnja i glavni učesnici u njoj Pema podacima Monstata (Tabela 4), učešće vrijednosti izgradnje stambenih zgrada u odnosu na ukupnu vrijednost građevinskih radova, u periodu od 2005. do 2009. godine kretalo se od 33% do 50%.	Current housing construction in Montenegro and major participants in it According to the data from Monstat (Table 4), the share of the value of construction of residential buildings in relation to total value of construction work, in the period from 2005 to 2009 ranged from 33% to 50%.	1.33889
U periodu rekordne vrijednosti izvedenih građevinskih radova (2008. godina) učešće stambene izgradnje iznosilo je oko 45%.	In the period of record value of construction works (2008), the share of residential construction was about 45%.	1.48529
Nakon te godine nastupa pad ukupne vrijednosti građevinskih radova, ali i rast učešća vrijednosti radova na stambenim zgradama.	After that year there is a decrease in the total value of construction works, but also the increase in the share of work values on residential buildings.	1.52924
	Regarding this, the construction activity and therefore the housing construction, significant recovery is ahead.	-0.3
S tim u vezi, građevinskoj aktivnosti, a samim tim stambenoj izgradnji, tek predstoji značajniji oporavak. o n p u k U e n e b m a t S e d a r g z e n e b m a t s e N e d a r g z * e n i v e đ a r g e l a t s O 130.104 64.222 20.996 44.886 100% 49,36% 16,14% 34,50% 259.880 85.175 110.732 63.973 100% 32,77% 42,61% 24,62% 285.345 119.553 97.351 68.441 100% 41,90% 34,12% 23,99% 412.352 183.242 85.186 143.924 100% 44,44% 20,66% 34,90% 362.430 184.028 58.418 119.984 a n i d o g 33,11% *saobraćajna infrastruktura, cjevovodi, komunikacioni i el. vodovi, 50,78% 16,12% 100% složene industrijske gradj. i ostalo Tabela 4. ~~~ Vrijednost izvedenih građevinskih radova u hilj. ¡	The value of finished construction works in the IV quarter of 2010 is higher by 60,7% in relation to the same quarter in the last year, while it is higher by 51,3% in relation to the III quarter for same year (Graph 1). ~~~ Year TOTAL Residential buildings Non residential buildings Other buidlings * 130,104 100% 259,880 100% 285,345 100% 412,352 100% 362,430 100% 64,222 49,36% 85,175 32,77% 119.553 41,90% 183,242 44,44% 184,028 50.78% 20,996 16,14% 110,732 42,61% 97,351 34,12% 85,186 20,66% 58,418 16.12% 44,886 34,50% 63,973 24,62% 68,441 23,99% 143,924 34,90% 119,984 33.11% * transport infrastructure, pipelines, communication and electric lines, complex industrial constructions and other Table 4.	0.367173
Š3Ë Grafikon 1. ~~~ Indeks vrijednosti izvršenih građevinskih radova u IV kvartalu 2010. godine (2009. godina = 100) Š4Ë Grafikon 2.	Value of construction works in thousand ¡ Š3Ë The value of the new contracts on buildings in the IV quarter of 2010 is higher by 168,4% in relation to the same quarter last year, while it is higher by 295,6% in relation to the III quarter of the same year.	1.08663
Indeks novih ugovora na zgradama u IV kvartalu 2010. godine (2009. godina = 100) Š5Ë Vrijednost novih ugovora na zgradama u IV kvartalu 2010. godine je veća za 168,4% u odnosu na isti kvartal prošle godine, dok je za 295,6% veća u odnosu na III kvartal iste godine.	Index of value of finished construction works 2009 = 100 Index of new contracts on buildings 2009 = 100 Graph 2. ~~~ Index of new contracts on buildings in IV quarter in 2010.	0.0513986
Prema podacima Monstata o stambenoj izgradnji (Tabela 5), može se zaključiti da postoji stalan trend rasta broja završenih stanova od 2114 stanova u 2005. godini do 5.825 stanova u 2009. godini, što predstavlja ukupno povećanje oko 175%.	(2009 = 100) Š5Ë According to the data from Monstat on the housing construction (Table 5), it can be concluded that there is a constant growth trend of finished flats from 2114 flats in 2005 to 5,825 flats in 2009, which represents a total increase by around 175%. ~~~ This trend is reflected in the Graph 1.	0.701106
Ovaj trend rasta ogleda se i u rastu ukupno sagrađene površine stanova uz skoro proporcionalni rast i prosječne površine stana.	Index of value of finished construction works in IV quarter in 2010 ( 2009 = 100) Š4Ë growth of total built area of flats with an almost proportional growth and average area of flats.	1.47952
Na osnovu podataka treba istaći i da je 30% stanova bilo u stambenim zgradama, dok je 70% stanova bilo u privatnim kućama (osim u godini intezivne građevinske djelatnosti 2008. godine, kada je učešće stanova u stambenim zgradama bilo nešto manje i iznosilo oko 20%).	Based on the data, it should be emphasized that 30% flats were in residential buildings, while 70% flats were in private houses (except in years of intensive construction activities in 2008 when the share of flats in residential buildings was slightly smaller. about 20%).	2.2987
Ovo može biti posledica velikog priliva stranih direktnih investicija u tržište nekretnina, kada su strani državljani prioritet ulaganja usmjeravali na stanove u privatnim kućama.	These can be the consequences of large inflows of foreign direct investments in the real estate market, when the foreign citizens have directed the priority of investment on flats in private houses.	1.84889
Odnos broja stanova u stambenim zgradama i privatnim kućama u EU se kreće od 35% u Danskoj do 75% u Litvaniji, dok je za većinu zemalja EU ovaj odnos oko 50% Š1Ë Iz podataka Monstata za 2009. godinu može se zaključiti da su od novoizgrađenih 1.637 stanova u stambenim zgradama, prodata svega 962 stana, odnosno oko 60%.	The ratio of the number of flats in residential buildings to private houses in EU ranges from 35% in Denmark to 75% in Lithuania, while for the most countries of EU this ratio is around 50% Š1Ë. ~~~ From Monstat data for 2009 it can be concluded that from the newly built 1,637 flats in residential buildings, only 962 flats are sold, i.e. around 60%.	0.503783
U istom periodu je došlo i do rasta broja nezavršenih stanova od 11.570 stanova u 2005. godini do 15.135 nezavršenih stanova u 2009. godini (Tabela 5).	In the same period the number of unfinished flats grew from 11,570 flats in 2005 to 15,135 unfinished flats in 2009 (Table 5).	1.60357
BROJ ZAVR[ENIH STANOVA GODINA UKUPNO 2.114 2.679 3.448 4.650 5.825 Stanovi u stambenim zgradama Stanovi u privatnim kućama 1.637 1.500 1.930 2.453 3.773 4.188 POVR[INA ZAVR[ENIH STANOVA, u hilj. m2 UKUPNO Stanovi u stambenim zgradama Stanovi u privatnim kućama BROJ NEZAVR[ENIH STANOVA UKUPNO 11.570 11.932 13.344 15.688 15.135 Stanovi u stambenim zgradama Stanovi u privatnim kućama 2.063 1.515 1.673 2.409 2.447 9.507 10.417 11.671 13.279 12.688 POVR[INA NEZAVR[ENIH STANOVA, u hilj. m2 UKUPNO 1.006 1.196 1.191 Stanovi u stambenim zgradama Stanovi u privatnim kućama 1.038 1.015 Tabela 5.		-0.3
Stambena izgradnja Š3Ë Iz odnosa broja nezavršenih i završenih stanova, vidi se da postoji trend pada ovog odnosa od 5.47 u 2005. godini do 2.6 u 2010. godini.	From the ratio of number of unfinished to finished flats, it can be seen that there is a trend of decrease in this ratio from 5,47 in 2005 to 2,6 in 2010.	1.09613
Iz pomenute tabele je takođe vidljivo da je pretežan broj nezavršenih stanova u privatnim zgradama (12.688, odnosno oko 84%).	From the mentioned table we can also notice that the dominant numbers of unfinished flats are in private buildings (12,688, i.e. around 84%).	1.47568
Najvjerovatnije je da je pretežan broj ovih stanova, iako nezavršen, useljen, jer vlasnici nijesu imali sredstava da ih završe.	It is most likely that the predominant number of this flats, though unfinished, is occupied, because the owners did not have the resources to finish them.	0.554867
Nezavršeni stanovi u stambenim zgradama (2.447, odnosno oko 16%), vjerovatno nijesu završeni, jer izvođači nijesu imali dovoljno sredstava da ih završe, s obzirom da je prodaja stanova u 2009. godini, zbog poznate ekonomske krize, smanjena.	Unfinished flats in residential buildings (2,447, i.e. around 16%), probably are not finished, because the contractors did not have sufficient funds to finish them, regarding the fact that the sales of flats in 2009 were reduced because of economic crisis.	1.04151
Glavni učesnici u procesu stambene izgradnje su: investitori, projektanti i građevinska preduzeća-izvođači radova.	The major participants in the process of housing construction are: investors, architect and construction companies contractors.	1.35754
Pored ovih aktera, u procesu stambene izgradnje učestvuju: banke, finansijske institucije, organi koji u upravnom postupku sprovode pravnu proceduru, konsultanti itd.	Besides these participants in the process of housing construction there are also: banks, financial institutions, authorities which in the process provide legal procedure, consultants, etc.	1.22009
U ulozi investitora u stambenoj izgradnji javljaju se pravna i fizička lica.	Investors in housing construction may be both legal entities and private individuals.	0.725718
Pravna lica su vrlo često istovremeno i investitori i izvođači, odnosno građevinske kompanije koje grade stanove za tržište.	Legal entities are very often both investors and contractors, i.e. construction company that builds flats for market.	1.26471
Finansiranje njihove aktivnosti u oblasti izgradnje stanova zasniva se na ulaganju vlasničkog kapitala (firme i/ili kupaca stanova), kreditnom i/ili hipotekarnom zaduženju i djelimično na javno-privatnom partnerstvu (kada opština ili država učestvuju u projektu sa zemljištem i oslobađanjem od plaćanja naknada za komunalno opremanje).	The financing of their activity in the field of housing construction is based on equity investments (company and/or buyers), credit and/or mortgage debt and partly on public-private partnership (when the municipalities or the state participate in the project with the land and exemption from payment of fees for utility equipment).	0.824253
I pored početnog razvoja kreditnog tržišta u periodu od 2005. godine, ekonomska kriza je ovaj razvoj znatno usporila i nametnula brojne obaveze i osiguranja korisnicima kredita, što je uslovilo sve veće probleme investitora u pogledu zatvaranja finansijske konstrukcije i njihovo okretanje avansnim uplatama kupaca stanova.	Despite the initial development of credit markets in the period since 2005, the economic crisis has significantly slowed the development and imposed numerous obligations and insurance to borrowers, which resulted in the increase of problems for investors in the closure of the financial constructions and their turning to advance payment from flat buyers.	0.997391
U uslovima djelovanja finansijske krize investitori-izvođači suočeni su sa problemom nelikvidnosti u odsustvu bankarske podrške za realizaciju započetih projekata i, s tim u vezi, problemom blokiranih sredstava u nezavršenim objektima, što je u krajnjem prouzrokovalo smanjenje cijena novoizgrađenih stanova.	In terms of the effects of financial crises, investors-contractors are faced with the liquidity problem in the absence of bank support for the realization of the launched projects and regarding this, with the problem of blocked assets in unfinished buildings, which ultimately resulted in decreasing of prices of newly built flats.	1.04677
	NUMBER OF FINISHED FLATS YEAR TOTAL Flats in residential buildings Flats in private houses TOTAL Flats in residential buildings Flats in private houses 2.679 1.930 2.114 1.500 3.448 2.453 AREA OF FINISHED FLATS, in thous. m 2 NUMBER OF UNFINISHED FLATS TOTAL Flats in residential buildings Flats in private houses 13.344 1.673 11.671 AREA OF UNFINISHED FLATS, in thous. m 2 11.932 1.515 10.417 11.570 2.063 9.507 TOTAL Flats in residential buildings Flats in private houses 1.006 Table 5.	-0.3
Prema važećem Zakonu o uređenju prostora i izgradnji objekata (Sl. list CG 51/08) posebno se tretiraju porodične stambene zgrade (zgrada namijenjena za stanovanje površine do 500 m² i sa najviše četiri zasebne stambene jedinice) čija je izgradnja oslobođena revizije tehničke dokumentacije i obaveze vršenja nadzora, a i uslovi koje moraju ispunjavati odgovorni projektanti u ovom slučaju su nešto niži (diploma bečelora umjesto diplome specijaliste), što sve utiče na manje troškove izgradnje.	Housing construction Š3Ë 4.650 3.773 15.688 2.409 13.279 1.196 1.038 5.825 1.637 4.188 15.135 2.447 12.688 1.191 1.015 According to the Law on Spatial Planning and Constructions (Official paper CG 51/08), specially treated are family residential buildings (buildings intended for residential areas to 500 m2 and a maximum of four separate residential units) whose construction was exempted from review of technical documentation and supervision obligations, and the conditions which have to be obliged by the responsible architect in this case are lower (bachelors degree instead of specialist degree), which all contribute to lower costs of construction.	1.30293
Investitori ovakvih zgrada su najčešće fizička lica koja finansiraju izgradnju sopstvenom ušteđevinom i /ili hipotekarnim kreditom.	Investors in these buildings are usually individuals who financed the construction from their own savings and/or mortgage loans.	0.976418
Informacije o nosiocima građevinske djelatnosti obuhvataju broj subjekata, broj zaposlenih radnika, prihod, kao i u visinu dobitaka ili gubitaka.	Information about holders of construction activities contains the number of subjects, number of employees, income as well as amount of gains or losses.	1.04767
U istraživanju koje je sprovedeno za potrebe izrade Strategije razvoja građevinarstva u Crnoj Gori do 2020. godine, na osnovu dostupnih podataka iz Centralnog registra Privrednog suda, Fonda penzijsko-invalidskog osiguranja i Poreske uprave, napravljena je baza podataka o privrednim subjektima koji rade u operativi - izvođači radova, u proizvodnji i/ili trgovini građevinskim materijalima i projektovanju.	In the research which was conducted for the needs of preparation of the Strategy of construction development in Montenegro until 2020, based on available data from the Central Registry of the Commercial Court, the Fund for Pension and Disability insurance and Tax Administration, a database was created on commercial entities working in operatives-contractors, in production and/or trading of building materials and planning.	0.950379
Prema tim podacima na kraju 2008. godine bila su registrovana 2.632 subjekta iz građevinske djelatnosti koja su se bavila građenjem, pri čemu je njihova koncentracija bila najveća u južnom regionu, zatim u središnjem i najmanja u sjevernom regionu Crne Gore.	According to these data, at the end of 2008 there were registered 2,632 subjects in construction activities, which deal with the building, their concentration was highest in the southern region, then in the middle, and the lowest was in the northern region of Montenegro.	1.61309
Međutim, ovaj broj ne predstavlja pravi prikaz stanja u ovoj oblasti, jer se tek oko 50% ovih subjekata smatralo aktivnim subjektima u sprovedenom istraživanju.	However, this number does not represent a real view of the situation in the areas, because only about 50% of the subjects were considered as active subjects in the conducted research.	1.23
Podaci o broju privrednih društava mogu dati pogrešnu sliku realnog stanja, jer postoji veliki broj djelova stranih društava ili društava čiji su osnivači ili suosnivači strana pravna i fizička lica osnovana radi ostvarivanja prava na nekretninana ili ostvarivanja lakšeg platnog prometa između Crne Gore i država u okruženju.	The data on the number of companies can give a wrong image of the real situation, because there is a large number of parts of foreign companies or companies whose founders or cofounders are foreign legal entities and private individuals founded in order of achieving the right on properties or achieving the easier payment operations between Montenegro and surrounding countries.	1.80082
Prema dostupnim podacima iz 2010. godine Š6Ë ukupno su registrovana 3.134 privredna subjekta koja kao pretežnu djelatnost imaju evidentiranu djelatnost građevinarstva (nalaze se pod šifrom djelatnosti 45). identifikovane karakteristike Može se reći da građevinarstva u Crnoj Gori važe i za dio koji se odnosi na učesnike, izvođače radova u stambenoj izgradnji Š7Ë: nema velikih preduzeća koje su nosioci razvoja, samo mali broj srednjih preduzeća, a ostatak čine mala preduzeća, mali broj zaposlenih u preduzećima sa većim učešćem nerezidentne radne snage, velike kratkoročne obaveze koje su na visini stalne imovine koja je vjerovatno garant za te kredite, prisutnost velikih zaliha u poslovanju preduzeća, nedostatak resursa u preduzećima, nedostatak slobodnih finansijskih sredstava, nezadovoljavajući nivo mehanoopremljenosti u većini preduzeća - zastarjela oprema i mehanizacija, loša i neefikasna organizacija, smanjena produktivnost nedostatak kvalitetnih kadrova - nedovoljan broj kvalifikovanog i visokostručnog kadra, otežano dobijanje bankarskih garancija.	According to the available data from 2010 Š6Ë the total number of registered legal entities that have construction activity as a predominant activity is 3,134 (under the code of activity 45). ~~~ It can be said that the identified characteristics of construction in Montenegro are also valid for the part regarding participants, contractors in housing construction Š7Ë: there are no large companies which are holders of development, only a small number of medium enterprises, and the rest are small enterprises, a small number of employees in companies with greater participation of non-resident labor, large short-term obligations which are on the level of constant property which is probably a guarantor for these loans, presence of large stocks in company business, lack of resources in companies, lack of available financial assets, no satisfactory level of mechanic equipment in most companies - outdated equipment and machinery, bad and inefficient organization, reduced productivity lack of quality staff insufficient number of qualified and highly professional staff, Difficulty in obtaining bank guarantees.	0.432548
Građevinska aktivnost firmi koje djeluju u Crnoj Gori može se, osim toga, ilustrovati i kroz prosječan broj zaposlenih u građevinskoj djelatnosti i izvršene efektivne časove zaposlenih (Tabela 6).	The construction activity of companies that operate in Montenegro, can also be illustrated by the average number of employees in the construction activities and finished effective hours of employees (Table 6).	1.22422
Broj radnika na gradilištu na kraju izvještajnog kvartala Godina Izvršeni efektivni časovi u 000 br. radnika 2.343 3.525 3.522 4.200 3.665 6.783 Indeks 000 sati Indeks 63,9 96,2 96,1 114,6 100,0 185,1 5.345 8.424 8.280 9.994 8.071 8.061 66,2 104,4 102,6 123,8 100,0 99,9 Tabela 6.	Number of employees on construction place at the end of report quarter number of employees 2.343 3.525 3.522 4.200 3.665 6.783 Index 63,9 96,2 96,1 114,6 100,0 185,1 Year Finished effective hours in 000 hours 5,345 8,424 8,280 9,994 8,071 8,061 Index 66.2 104.4 102.6 123.8 100.0 99.9 Table 6.	1.44269
Broj zaposlenih i izvršeni efektivni časovi Š8Ë Iz priloženog se vidi da od 2005. do 2008. godine postoji trend rasta broja radnika i rast broja efektivnih radnih sati uz istovremeni rast produktivnosti, dok u 2009. dolazi do manjeg pada produktivnosti, a koji se intezivnije nastavlja u 2010.	Number of employees and finished effective hours Š8Ë The table shows that since 2005 to 2008 there is a trend of growth in the employees number and in the growth of effective working hours with the concurrent growth of productivity, while in 2009 there is decrease in productivity, which intensively continues in 2010.	1.53103
godini. 5.	5.	1.1
Analiza kretanja na tržištu nekretnina u Crnoj Gori Tržište nekretnina u Crnoj Gori je oduvijek bilo veoma atraktivno.	Analyses of movement on real estate market in Montenegro The real estate market in Montenegro has always been very attractive.	1.08381
Još u vrijeme SFRJ, poslovanje sa nekretninama na crnogorskom primorju je predstavljalo veoma primamljiv izvor zarade mnogih pojedinaca i društvenih firmi toga vremena.	Even at the time of the SFRY, the real estate business on the Montenegrin coast was a very attractive source of income for many individuals and public companies at the time.	0.539583
Prvi kupci nekretnina u Crnoj Gori, u to vrijeme, najvećim dijelom su bili iz nekadašnjih Jugoslovenskih republika (Srbija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Makedonija).	The first buyers of real estate in Montenegro, at that time, were mostly from the former Yugoslavian republics (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia).	0.810545
Krajem sedamdesetih i tokom osamdesetih godina, masovnu kupovinu i izgradnju nekretnina u Crnoj Gori započinju njeni državljani koji su živjeli u zemljama zapadne Evrope ili u drugim republikama stare Jugoslavije.	Towards the end of the seventies and eighties, the mass purchase and construction of real estate in Montenegro was commenced by the citizens who have lived in Western Europe countries or in other republics of former Yugoslavia.	1.26136
Takođe, toj grupi pripadaju i kupci koji su radili i živjeli u inostranstvu (Njemačka, Švajcarska, Austrija i SAD).	In addition, this group includes buyers who have worked and lived abroad (Germany, Switzerland, Austria and USA).	0.618027
Početkom devedesetih godina prošlog vijeka, u Crnu Goru počinju da dolaze prvi strani investitori i kupci nekretnina.	In the early nineties of the last century first foreign investors and buyers of real estate came to Montenegro.	0.93156
Tržiste počinje da se razvija veoma brzo, ali ratna zbivanja koja su se odvijala na području stare Jugoslavije su uticala na usporavanje tog procesa.	The market began to develop very quickly, but wartime events, which took place in the former Yugoslavian, influenced the slowdown of the process.	0.535484
Međutim, i pored toga, trzište nekretnina se konstantno razvijalo, jer se broj domaćih kupaca nije smanjivao, kao ni broj kupaca koji su bili državljani ili porijeklom iz Crne Gore, a živjeli u inostranstvu.	However, despite this, the real estate market was nevertheless constantly developing, because the number of domestic buyers was not reduced, nor was the number of buyers who were citizens of or born in Montenegro and lived abroad.	1.24738
Krajem devedesetih godina i početkom novog vijeka, počeli su da dolaze i prvi zainteresovani kupci iz inostranstva (Rusi, Britanci, Irci, Norvežani).	Towards the end of the nineties and at the beginning of the new century, the first interested buyers from abroad began arriving (Russians, British, Irish, Norwegians).	1.23199
Krajem 2001. godine započinje ono što nazivamo eksplozijom tržišta nekretnina u Crnoj Gori.	At the end of 2001 began what we call the explosionof real estate market in Montenegro.	0.897652
U periodu od 2004. do 2005. godine, mnoge strane agencije, najviše iz Engleske i Irske, počele su sa radom na teritoriji Crne Gore.	In the period from 2004 to 2005, many foreign agencies, mostly from England and Ireland, started to work on the territory of Montenegro.	1.04196
Strane kompanije započinju veliki broj investicija po sistemu ready to rent, naročito u gradovima na primorju.	Foreign companies started a significant number of investments on the system ready to rent, especially in the cities on the coast.	1.67503
Uporedo sa povećavanjem interesovanja kupaca, počinje i rast cijena.	Along with the increase in the buyers interest, starts the increase in prices.	1.48095
U tom periodu prosječna cijena stanova novogradnje u Crnoj Gori je iznosila 639 ¡/m² (2004. godine), odnosno 813 ¡/m² (2005. godine).	During this period the average price of newly built flats in Montenegro amounted to 639 ¡/m2 (2004), i.e. 813 ¡/m2 (2005).	2.71455
U narednom periodu, stambeno tržište u Crnoj Gori se razvijalo veoma dinamično, dostižući svoj vrhunac u 2008. godini.	In the following period, the housing market in Montenegro was developing very dynamically, reaching its heyday in 2008.	1.23572
Kretanja na tom tržištu su posebno bila intenzivna u Podgorici i na primorju.	Movements on this market were particularly intense in Podgorica and the coastal region.	0.693277
Razlozi rasta cijena nekretnina u periodu 2005. - 2007. godine su bili velika inostrana tražnja, rast dohotka stanovništva uz rast odobrenih stambenih kredita, pad kamatnih stopa i rast tržišta kapitala Š9Ë.	The reasons for the increase in real estate prices in the period of 2005-2007 were a large foreign demand, household income growth with the growth of housing approved loans, the decrease in interest rates and the growth of capital markets Š9Ë.	1.38913
Prema zvaničnim podacima statistike, prosječna cijena novoizgrađenih stanova u Crnoj Gori je u 2008. godini porasla za više od 40% u samo dvije godine i iznosila je 1.530 ¡/m² (u 2006. godini je iznosila 1.087 ¡/m²) Š3Ë .	According to official statistics, the average price of newly built flats in Montenegro in 2008 rose by more than 40% in just two years amounting to 1,530 ¡/m2 (in 2006 it amounted to 1,087 ¡/m2) Š5Ë.	1.06466
Prema analizi CBCG, prosječni kvadratni metar stambenog prostora u maju mjesecu 2008. godine u Podgorici je iznosio 1.738,3 ¡/m².	According to the analysis of the CBCG, the average square meter of living space in May 2008 in Podgorica was 1,738,3 ¡/m2 Š3Ë.	2.53056
Prema istoj analizi, prosječna cijena metra kvadratnog stambenog prostora u Budvi je iznosila 3.036 ¡.	According to the same analysis, the average price per square meter of living space in Budva amounted to 3,036 ¡.	1.22431
Koeficijenat dostupnosti nekretnina, koji mjeri odnos prosječne cijene metra kvadratnog i prosječne neto zarade u Crnoj Gori, iznosio je u 2008. godini za Podgoricu 4,09 a za Budvu 7,61. ~~~ Iznijeti podaci ukazuju na visoke cijene nekretnina u Crnoj Gori u tom periodu, te relativnu nedostupnost stambenih objekata zaposlenom stanovništvu.	The coefficient of availability of real estates, which measures the ratio of the average price per square meter and the average net wage in Montenegro was in 2008, for Podgorica, 4.09 and for Budva it was 7.61. the presented data point to the high cost of real estate in Montenegro at the time, and the relative unavailability of housing objects to employee population.	0.371429
Kamatna stopa (efektivna i nominalna aktivna) na kredite u periodu 2003. god. - 2008. god. je značajno padala, što je uticalo na rast odobrenih stambenih kredita.	The interest rate (nominal and effective active) on loans in the period in 2003 -2008 significantly declined, which contributed to the growth of approving of housing loans.	1.17389
Tako je od januara mjeseca 2005. godine do juna mjeseca 2008. godine pala za 42,9% (sa 13,8% na 9,23%).	Thus, from January 2005 until June of 2008, it declined by 42.9% (from 13.8% to 9.23%).	0.775987
Sa padom efektivnih kamatnih stopa istovremeno je rastao broj odobrenih stambenih kredita, kao i njihovo učešće u ukupnim kreditima odobrenim stanovništvu.	With the decrease in effective interest rates at the same time increased the number of approved mortgage loans and their share in the total household loans to individuals.	1.24383
Naime, od trećeg kvartala 2005. godine do drugog kvartala 2008. godine, stambeni krediti su porasli 36,7 puta, dok su u istom periodu ukupni krediti dati fizičkim licima porasli 10,62 puta.	Namely, since the third quarter of 2005 until the second quarter of 2008, the housing loans increased by 36.7 times, while in the same period, the total loans to individuals increased by 10.62 times.	1.16361
Tako je učešće stambenih kredita u ukupnim kreditima odobrenih fizičkim licima sa 7,25 % poraslo na 25,02% u drugom kvartalu 2008. godine, odnosno sa 13,36% na 41,46%, ako pod stavkom stambenih kredita osim osnovnih stambenih kredita ubrojimo i hipotekarne kredite Š9Ë .	Thus, the share of housing loans in the total loans approved to individuals increased from 7.25 % to 25.02% in the second quarter of 2008, i.e. from 13.36% to 41.46%, if under the item housing loans we refer also to the mortgage loans.	1.07226
Uporedo sa razvojem bankarskog sektora i tržišta nekretnina, u ovom periodu je došlo do značajnog razvoja i tržišta kapitala (kao značajnog faktora razvoja tržišta nekretnina).	Š9Ë Along with the development of the banking sector and the real estate market in this period there was a significant development of capital markets (as a significant factor of real estate development).	1.66239
Promet ostvaren na tržištu kapitala u 2007. godini u odnosu na 2005. godinu bio je 3,5 puta veći.	The turnover on the capital market in 2007 compared to 2005 was 3.5 times higher.	3.04191
Novac ostvaren prodajom na tržištu nekretnina je investiran u kupovinu hartija od vrijednosti na tržištu kapitala, da bi visoki prinosi ostvareni na njemu služili kao dobra finanasijska podloga za kupovinu novih nekretnina ili njihovu preprodaju.	Money from the sale of the property was invested in the purchase of securities on the capital market, so that the achieved high yields can be used as a good finance basis for the purchase or resale of new properties.	1.23258
U prvoj polovini 2008. godine došlo je do značajnog pada investicija na tržištu kapitala, što je imalo uticaja na tržište i cijene nekretnina.	In the first half of 2008, there was a significant decrease in investment in the capital market, which had an impact on the real estate market and prices.	1.675
U posljednje dvije godine, sa globalnom finansijskom krizom, tržište nekretnina u Crnoj Gori je doživjelo pad u smislu obima realizacije i nivoa prodajnih cijena.	In the last two years, with the global financial crisis, the real estate market in Montenegro has experienced a fall in terms of the scope of realization and the level of selling prices.	1.35483
Ipak, očigledno je da je najviše očekivani pad cijena nekretnina izostao.	However, it is obvious that most expected decrease in real estate prices missed.	1.29104
U ovom momentu je teško procijeniti nivo tržišta nekretnina u Crnoj Gori jer su, po svim izvorima informacija, transakcije značajno smanjene.	Now, it is difficult to assess the level of the real estate market in Montenegro, because according to all sources of information, transactions are significantly reduced.	1.47965
Svojevrsnu informaciju i orijentir može da pruži CEB-ov projekat 1.000+ stanova pokrenut krajem 2010. godine sa ponudom pristupačnih stanova po prosječnim cijenama ispod 1.000 ¡/m².	This kind of information and orientation can be provided by CEBs project 1.000+ flats launched at the end of the 2010 with the offer of affordable flats by the average prices below 1,000 ¡/m2.	2.71749
Prema novijim podacima Monstata u 2009. godini je izvršena kupoprodaja 962 stana sa ukupnom korisnom površinom od 56.100 m², a po prosječnoj cijeni od 1250 ¡/m² Š10Ë.	According to recent data from Monstat, 2009 was characterised by buying and selling of 962 flats with a total useful area of 56,100 m2, and an average price of 1250 ¡/m2 Š10Ë.	1.04797
Prema istom izvoru je u I polugodištu 2010. godine prodato 529 stanova ukupne korisne površine oko 31.000 m², sa prosječnom cijenom 1200 ¡/m².	According to the same source, in the first half of the 2010 , 529 flats were sold with a total useful area of around 31,000 m2, at average prices of 1200 ¡/m2.	2.79291
U oba slučaja najveća cijena stambenog prostora je bila u Baru i Budvi (1400-1500 ¡/m²).	In both cases, the highest price of housing spaces was in Bar and Budva (1400-1500 ¡/m2).	1.03816
Ovi podaci ukazuju na značajan pad cijena novoizgrađenih stanova u odnosu na prethodni period (Tabela 7).	These data indicate a significant decline in prices of newly built flats compared to the previous period.	1.34882
Godina 2005 2006 CRNA GORA 813 1.087 1.332 1.530 1.250 PODGORICA BAR BUDVA NIK[I] OSTALO 868 1.072 1.355 1.168 986 1.486 1.188 1.516 932 1.377 1.527 2.165 1.334 - - 907 1.003 659 2.082 2.769 2.806 1.537 Tabela 7.	(Table 7). ~~~ Year Montenegro Podgorica Bar Budva Nikšić Other - 1,087 1,377 - 2,082 1,332 1,072 1,486 1,527 2,769 1,530 1,355 1,188 2,165 1,003 2,806 1,250 1,168 1,516 1,334 1,537 Table 7.	0.0705997
Cijene stanova novogradnje Š3Ë Koeficijenat dostupnosti nekretnina, kao odnos prosječne cijene metra kvadratnog i prosječne neto zarade u Crnoj Gori (primijenjen na novoizgrađene stanove), a prema najnovijim podacima za 2010. godinu iznosi 2.5 Š10, 11Ë.	Prices of newly built flats Š3Ë The coefficient of availability of real estate, as the ratio of the average price per square meter and the average net wage in Montenegro (applied to newly constructed flats), and according to the latest data from 2010 amounts to 2.5 Š10, 11Ë.	1.95874
U odnosu na podatke iz 2008 godine, smanjenje koeficijenta iznosi oko 56%, što je posljedica pada cijene stanova i neznatnog rasta neto plata.	In relation to data from 2008, the reduction of the ratio is about 56%, which is a result of decrease in flat prices and a slight increase in net wages.	1.29508
Na značajan pad tržišta nekretnina u Crnoj Gori došlo je, između ostalog, i zbog izostajanja hipotekarnog finansiranja od strane matičnih banaka, koje je gotovo prekinuto finansijskom krizom.	A significant fall of the real estate market in Montenegro came, among the other things, because of the absence of mortgage financing from mother banks, which was almost stopped along with financial crisis.	1.25905
Bankarski sektor je bio veoma oslabljen povlačenjem 400 miliona ¡ depozita lokalnih klijenata u periodu jake krize.	The banking sector was very impaired by withdrawing of deposits in the amount of 400 mil ¡ by local clients in the period of severe crisis.	3.75882
U međuvremenu, situacija se djelimično poboljšala.	In the meantime, the situation has improved in part.	1.55905
Komercijalne banke su ponovo ušle u ponudu dugoročnih hipotekarnih kredita, sa periodom otplate od 15 - 25 godina, kamatnom stopom od 10 do 13% i obaveznim depozitom od minimum 20% iznosa kredita.	Commercial banks have started again with offers of long-term mortgage loans with a repayment period of 15 - 25 years, the interest rates of 10 to 13% and a required minimum of deposit of 20% of the loan amount.	1.92744
Po važećim zakonima, u Crnoj Gori ne postoje nikakve posebne restrikcije za kupovinu nekretnina u Crnoj Gori.	According to current laws, there are no special restrictions on the purchase of real estate in Montenegro.	0.783516
Svaki inostrani kupac može postati vlasnik nekretnine (kuće, stana, imanja) u Crnoj Gori, na isti način kao i njeni građani.	Every foreign buyer may become the owner of the property (houses, flats, estates) in Montenegro, in the same way as its nationals.	1.44286
Jedina razlika u procesu kupovine nekretnine, između stranih i domaćih kupaca, postoji u slučaju kupovine zemljišta bez izgrađenih objekata.	The only difference in the process of purchasing the property between foreign and domestic buyers is in the purchase of land without buildings.	1.33525
U slučaju stranog državljanina neophodno je registrovati kompaniju, koja postaje vlasnik zemlje dok se na njoj ne izgradi objekat.	In the case of a foreign citizen, he is required to register the company, which becomes the owner of the land as long as a facility is not built on it.	1.03174
Poslije toga, vlasništvo se može prenijeti na ime pojedinca, uz jednostavnu proceduru.	After that, the property can be transferred to the individual name, following simple instructions.	0.730769
Prema nezvaničnim procjenama, stranci posjeduju više od 1,5 miliona m² nekretnina u Crnoj Gori (od čega najveći dio na primorju), što je oko 10% ukupne stambene svojine.	According to unofficial estimates, foreigners own more than 1,5 mil m2 of real estate in Montenegro (of which most of the coast), which is about 10% of residential property.	1.14892
Pored toga, više od 20 hiljada hektara zemlje takođe posjeduju stranci, što je oko 1,5% teritorije Crne Gore.	In addition, more than 20 thousand hectares of land is also owned by foreigners, which is about 1.5% of the territory of Montenegro.	1.35839
Stopa rasta prodaje nekretnina nerezidentima je u periodu 2004 - 2008. godine iznosila 104,4% (2004. godine), 547,16% (2005. godine), 382,05% (2006. godine) i 51,27% (2007. godine).	The growth rate of real estate sales to non-residents during the period 2004-2008 amounted to 104.4% (2004), 547.16% (2005), 382.05% (2006) and 51.27% (2007).	0.853676
Vrhunac kupovine nekretnina od strane nerezidenata u Crnoj Gori je zabilježen u 2007. godini, kada je ostvareni promet nepokretnosti u Crnoj Gori od strane nerezidenata iznosio 514.357.000,98 ¡, poslije čega dolazi do smanjenja neto priliva stranih direktnih investicija u nekretnine.	The heyday of real estate purchases by non-residents in Montenegro was recorded in 2007 when the turnover of real estate in Montenegro by non-residents amounted to ¡514,357,000.98, after which starts a reduction in the net inflow of foreign direct investment in real estate.	1.4515
Jedan od veoma važnih faktora kretanja na tržištu nekretnina je i visina poreza na promet nepokretnosti i poreza na posjedovanje nepokretnosti.	One of the most important factors on the real estate market is the amount of taxes on real estate sales and taxes on real estate ownership.	0.81415
U poređenju sa okruženjem, možemo zaključiti da je poreska stopa na promet nepokretnosti u Crnoj Gori i dalje liberalna (3%), te da nije ograničavajući faktor ravoja tržišta nekretnina.	In comparison with the environment, we can conclude that the tax rate on real estate in Montenegro is still liberal (3%), and that is not a limiting factor in the real estate market development.	1.53212
Porez na nepokretnosti u Crnoj Gori određuju lokalne samouprave, kojima u cjelosti pripada prihod od poreza (čime je obezbijeđen visok stepen fiskalne decentralizacije).	Tax on the real estate in Montenegro is determined by local government, to whom belongs the whole income tax (which is provided with a high degree of fiscal decentralization).	1.16892
Stopa poreza je proporcionalna i lokalna samouprava odlučuje koliki će porez biti na osnovu vrste nepokretnosti, ali ne smije biti manja od 0,10%, niti veća od 1,00% tržišne vrijednosti nepokretnosti, pri čemu nijesu određene posebne stope za nerezidente.	The tax rate is proportional and the local government decides the cost of taxes based on the type of real estate, but shall not be less than 0.10%, or higher than 1.00% of the market value of real estate, while there are no special rates for non-residents.	0.586365
S obzirom da je tržište nekretnina po svojoj prirodi vrlo nepredvidivo, a vremenske serije o kretanju ovog tržišta u Crnoj Gori ne postoje, izuzev statističkog praćenja cijena stanova novogradnje (na polugodišnjoj osnovi), preciznije projekcije o budućim kretanjima na ovom tržištu nije moguće dati.	Since the real estate market is by its nature very unpredictable, and time series on the movement of the market in Montenegro do not exist, except for statistical monitoring of prices of newly built flats (on semi-annual basis), more accurate projections of future trends in this market cannot be given.	1.10171
Prema nekim nezvaničnim procjenama, u narednom kraćem periodu se i dalje može očekivati stagnacija na tržištu nekretnina.	According to some unofficial estimates, in the next short-term period there can still be expected a stagnation on the real estate market.	1.11994
Takođe, ne treba očekivati značajniju korekciju cijena zbog poznatog djelovanja tzv. Histerezis efekta (rigidnost u kretanju cijena naniže).	In addition, no significant price correction should be expected because of the famous impact of the so-called Histeryzis effects (rigidity in the downward price movement).	0.726809
Ovo utoliko prije što se očekivani pad cijena nije desio ni poslije prvog i najjačeg dejstva dva opredjeljujuća faktora za tržište u Crnoj Gori: ~~~ pad tražnje nerezidenata za nekretninama i pojava globalne finansijske krize. 6.	This is all the more so because the expected price decrease did not occur even after the first and strongest effects of two decisive factors for the market in Montenegro: the decline in demand of residents for real estate and appearance of the global financial crisis.	0.342836
Zaključak Stambeni fond Crne Gore, po svojoj strukturi i kvalitetu predstavlja, sa jedne strane, značajan ekonomski faktor, kao nepokretno dobro velike vrijednosti i trajnosti, koje kroz stvaranje boljih uslova života utiče i na povećanje proizvodnosti rada, odnosno na ukupni privredni razvoj.	6. ~~~ Conclusion The housing fund of Montenegro, by its structure and quality represents, on the one side, a significant economic factor, as immovable property of great value and durability, which through the creation of better conditions of life contributes to the increase in labor productivity and the overall economic development.	0.416456
Sa druge strane, razvijeno tržište nekretnina podstiče izgradnju stanova, unapređenje stambenog fonda i na taj način utiče na proizvodnju i zapošljavanje.	On the other side, the developed real estate market encourages the construction of flats, improving of the housing fund and thus affects the production and employment.	0.979706
Osnovne karakteristike stambenog fonda Crne Gore su pretežno privatno vlasništvo, relativno male prosječne površine (oko 66 m²), realtivno ujednačena zastupljenost svih veličina stanova i prosječna starost oko 30 godina.	The basic characteristics of the housing fund in Montenegro are mainly privately owned, relatively small average areas (around 66 m2), relatively uniform presence of all sizes of flats and the average age about 30 years.	2.47754
Osim toga, iz odnosa broja domaćinstava i broja stanova vidi se da je broj ukupnih stanova po domaćinstvu porastao sa 1,4 prema popisu iz 2003. godine, na 1,6 stanova/domaćinstvu prema preliminarnim podacima popisa iz 2011. godine, što u određenoj mjeri ukazuje i na neujednačenu raspodjelu po pojedinim kategorijama stanovništva.	In addition, from the ratio between the number of households and the number of flats it can be seen that the total number of flats per household in creased from 1.4 according to the census from 2003, to 1.6 flats/households according to preliminary data from census from 2011, which to some extent indicates the inconsistent distribution by the certain categories of population.	1.17103
Interesovanje za tržište nekretnina u Crnoj Gori u prethodnom periodu je dovelo do značajnijeg ulaganja u izgradnju stanova i podsticajno djelovalo na razvoj ove privredne djelatnosti kroz osnivanje brojnih privrednih subjekata u oblasti građevinarstva.	The interest in the real estate market in Montenegro in the past has led to significant investments in the housing construction and stimulating effects on the development of this economic activity through the establishment of many businesses in the construction sector.	1.15048
U želji da se što prije odgovori na povećanje tražnje i ostvari što veći profit, zahvaljujući visokim tržišnim cijenama stambenog prostora, naročito na atraktivnim područjima i lokacijama, došlo je do intezivnog razvoja građevinskih privrednih subjekata.	In order to respond promptly to the increase in demand and achieve higher profit, thanks to high market prices of housing, particularly in attractive areas and locations, there has been an intensive development of construction companies.	1.08752
Na žalost, ovo povećanje kvantiteta nije bilo praćeno njihovim adekvatnim razvojem, između ostalog, i zbog određenih ograničavajućih (nedostatak obučene radne snage, nedostupnost kredita za unapređenje poslovanja i ulaganje u osnovna sredstva, jak uticaj sivog tržišta itd). faktora okruženja Međutim, savremeno stambeno tržište karakteriše značajniji pad tražnje, koji je posljedica globalne ekonomske krize, što je uslovilo pad cijena stambenog prostora, a sa time i otežano poslovanje većeg broja manjih građevinskih privrednih subjekata.	Unfortunately, this increase in quantity has not been matched to their adequate development, among other things, due to certain limitating environmental factors (lack of trained labor, unavailability of loans for business improvement and investments in fixed assets, a strong impact of grey market, etc.) ~~~ However, the contemporary housing market is characterized by a significant decrease in demand, which is a consequence of the global economic crisis, which caused the decline in housing prices and aggravated the business of a larger number of small construction companies.	0.23303
Unapređenje i razvoj stambenog tržišta, ima za cilj, osim podmirenja osnovnih stambenih potreba i stvaranje mogućnosti za podsticanje razvoja specifičnih oblika turizma.	Improvement and development of the housing market aims, other than settling the basic housing needs, at creating opportunities for stirring the development of specific forms of tourism.	1.07092
Zadovoljenje oba navedena cilja nije moguće bez analize i definisanja strateških pravaca u oblasti socijalne stambene politike, sa jedne strane, i strateških pravaca unapređenja tržišta rezidencijalnih nekretnina, sa druge strane.	Satisfying both of these goals is impossible without analyzing and defining the strategic directions in the field of the social housing policy, on one side, and strategic directions to improve residential real estate market, on the other.	1.0668
Crna Gora je u tom pravcu krajem 2010. godine pristupila izradi Nacionalne stambene strategije Crne Gore i Istraživačke studije za tržište rezidencijalnih nekretnina.	Towards the end of 2010 Montenegro has made steps in this direction creating a comprehensive National housing strategy of Montenegro and Research studies for residential real estate market.	2.52181
Nacionalnom stambenim strategijom je utvrđena vizija stambenog sektora koja podrazumijeva održiv stambeni sektor, koji će na razvijenom stambenom tržištu omogućiti svima da dođu do kvalitetnog stana prim jerenog njihovoj sopstvenoj ekonomskoj moći, a za najugroženije obezbijediti odgovarajuće mehanizme pomoći.	The National housing strategy established a vision of the housing sector, which includes a sustainable housing sector, which will, on the developed housing market, al low everyone to get a quality flat appropriate to their own economic power, and for the most endangered to provide an appropriate mechanism for assistance.	0.962956
Takođe, Strategijom je utvrđena misija stambenog sektora koja pretpostavlja da bude dinamičan, organizovan, fleksibilan i održiv sistem, koji će uz podršku svih učesnika (države, lokalne samouprave, finansijskih i drugih ustanova, privrednih društava) razviti tržišne ali i druge mehanizme (različiti stambeni programi, subvencije i sl.) i stvoriti mogućnosti da domaćinstva i pojedinci zadovolje svoje različite stambene potrebe Š12Ë.	Also, the Strategy determines the mission of the housing sector which is supposed to be a dynamic, organized, flexible and sustainable system, which will be supported by all participants (governments, local government financial and other institutions, companies) to develop the market and other mechanisms (different housing programs, subsidies, etc) and create opportunities so that households and individuals can satisfy their diverse housing needs Š12Ë. LITERATURA Š1Ë OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment, Housing Statistics in the European Union, Delft University of Technology, 2010. ~~~ Š2Ë Penev, G: Demographical trends in Montenegro from middle of 20 century and perspective until 2050, Podgorica, 2009.	0.469634
LITERATURA Š1Ë OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment, Housing Statistics in the European Union, Delft University of Technology, 2010. Š2Ë Penev, G., Demografski trendovi u Crnoj Gori od sredine 20. vijeka i perspektive do 2050. godine, Podgorica, 2009. Š3Ë Zavod za statistiku Crne Gore - Monstat, Podgorica, Statistički godišnjak Crne Gore 2010. godine, Podgorica, 2010. Š4Ë Zavod za statistiku Crne Gore - Monstat, Podgorica, Građevinska aktivnost u Crnoj Gori u I, II, III i IV kvartalu 2010. godine, 2011. Š5Ë Zavod za statistiku Crne Gore - Monstat, Građevinska aktivnost u Crnoj Gori u IV kvartalu 2010. godine, Podgorica, 2010. Š6Ë Centralni registar Privrednog suda, 2010, (14.03.2011).	Š4Ë Statistical office of Montenegro Š3Ë Statistical office of Montenegro - Monstat, Statistical yearbook of Montenegro of 2010, Podgorica, 2010. ~~~ - Monstat, Construction activity in Montenegro in I, II, III and IV quarter of 2010, Podgorica, 2011. ~~~ Š5Ë Statistical office of Montenegro - Monstat, Construction activity in Montenegro in IV quarter of 2010., Podgorica, 2010.	0.213625
Š7Ë Ministarstvo uređenja prostora i zaštite životne sredine, Strategija razvoja građevinarstva u Crnoj Gori do 2020. godine, Podgorica, 2010. Š8Ë Zavod za statistiku Crne Gore - Monstat, Mjesečni statistički pregled, Januar 2011, Podgorica, 2011. Š9Ë Fabris, N., Kalezić, Z., Analiza tržišta nekretnina, Centralna banka Crne Gore, Podgorica, 2008. Š10Ë Zavod za statistiku Crne Gore - Monstat, Cijene stanova novogradnje za 2009. godina, Podgorica, 2010. Š11Ë Zavod za statistiku Crne Gore - Monstat, Cijene stanova novogradnje u I polugodištu 2010. godine, Podgorica, 2010. Š12Ë Ministarstvo održivog turizma, Nacionalna stambena strategija Crne Gore, Podgorica, 2011. razvoja i Računovodstveni sistem informisanja za planiranje i kontrolu u bankama UDK:	Š6Ë www.crps.me (December, 2010) Š7Ë Ministry for Spatial Planning and Environment Protection, Strategy of construction development in Montenegro until 2020, Podgorica, 2010. ~~~ Š8Ë Statistical office of Montenegro- Monstat, Monthly statistical overview, January 2011, Podgorica, 2011. ~~~ Š9Ë Fabris, N.; Kalezić, Z.: Analyses of real estate market, Central Bank of Montenegro, Podgorica, 2008.	0.0222902
005.51:336.71 ; 007:336.71]:	Š10Ë Statistical office of Montenegro - Monstat, Prices of newly built flats for 2009, Podgorica, 2010.	-0.411111
	Š11Ë Statistical office of Montenegro - Monstat, Prices of newly built flats in I half of year of 2010, Podgorica, 2010.	-0.3
	Š12Ë Ministry of sustainable development and tourism, in Montenegro, strategy National housing Podgorica, 2011.	-0.3
Draginja \urić, Snežana Knežević, Slađana Barjaktarović Rakočević Banca Intesa Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu knezevic.snezana¿fon.bg.ac.rs Savremena ekonomska teorija kompanije posmatra izvan ustanovljenih, klasičnih okvira.	Accounting Information System in Banking Planning and Control UDC: 005.51:336.71 ; 007:336.71]:004 Draginja \urić, Snežana Knežević, Slađana Barjaktarović Rakočević Banca Intesa Faculty of Organizational sciences in Belgrade knezevic.snezana¿fon.bg.ac.rs Modern economic theory looks beyond established, traditional frameworks when describing companies.	1.96278
Kompanije se definišu kao stecište brojnih interesnih grupa čiji su ciljevi često suprostavljeni.	Companies are defined as the meeting places of many interest groups whose goals are often opposed.	1.35
Dve osnovne grupe, fokusirajući se na bankarski sektor, jesu akcionari koji zahtevaju visoke prinose, i s druge strane poverioci koji su pre svega vodjeni principom sigurnosti i očuvanjem depozita.	The two main groups, focusing on the banking sector, are shareholders who demand high yields and creditors who are primarily guided by the principle of safety and preservation of the deposit.	0.781481
Njihovi interesi, ciljevi i motivi stavljanju pred menadžment zahteve za brzo, agilno i fleksibilno planiranje i kontrolu poslovnih performansi.	Their interests, goals and motives require from management quick, agile and flexible planning and control of business performance.	0.894737
Za adekvatno upravljanje finansijskim performansama banke važno je identifikovati sistem poslovnih performansi i uspostaviti informacioni sistem sa detaljno razvijenim računovodstvenim podsistemom.	To adequately manage the financial performance of banks it is important to identify the appropriate system of financial planning and control, and establish an information system developed with a detailed accounting subsystem.	0.956818
Zahtevi različitih interesnih grupa prema računovodstvu se povećavaju, u smislu sve većeg broja računovodstvenih izveštaja i računovodstvenih informacija, kao i njihove učestalosti.	There are increasing demands of various stakeholders in the accounting sense of a number of accounting reports and accounting information, as well as their frequency.	0.897628
Računovodstveni sistem informisanja je ishodište za procese planiranja i kontrole u bankama. 1.	The accounting information system is the starting point for planning and control the processes in banks.	1.14319
Uvod Savremeno upravljanje kapitalom banke zahteva različite informacije u realnom vremenu: (cid: ~~~ kretanje kapitala, (cid: ~~~ finansijska ravnoteža (dugoročna i kratkoročna), (cid: ~~~ poslovni rezultati, (cid: ~~~ finansijske performanse, i (cid: ~~~ druge operativne upravljačke informacije. ~~~ U okviru banaka treba da bude razvijena tehnika strategijske i operativne kontrole zadataka postavljenih u skladu sa ciljnim veličinama.	1. ~~~ Introduction Modern bank capital management requires various information in real time: (cid:34) capital flow, (cid:34) financial balance (long-term and short-term), (cid:34) busines outcomes, (cid:34) financial performance, and (cid:34) other operational management information Banks need to develop a technique of strategic and operational control of tasks set in accordance with target values.	-0.152023
Naime, kontrola je funkcija koja osigurava, a na osnovu odgovarajućih analiza i informacija, da se poslovanje bankarskog preduzeća sprovodi u skladu s planom postavljenih ciljeva i zadataka.	Namely, the control is a function that ensures, on the basis of appropriate analyses and information, that the business of a bank institution be conducted consistent to the plan of the set goals and tasks.	1.2553
Putem obuhvatanja i pripremanja vodećih relevantnih informacija, težište je na integraciji i koordinaciji svih delova poslovnog sistema bankarskog preduzeća ka glavnim ciljevima celokupnog sistema preduzeća.	The focus in the process of collecting and preparation of leading relevant information is on the integration and coordination of all the sections of the business system of the bank towards achieving the major goals of the overall system of the company.	1.30195
Za donošenje kvalitetnih finansijskih odluka od primarnog je značaja sistematski razvoj računovodstva kao informacionog centra za ukupno finansijsko poslovanje banaka, povezivanje planskih zadataka sa informacionom sistemom i vodjenje ciljno orjentisanog preduzeća.	Of predominant role for a quality financial decision making is a system development of accounting as an information centre for the overall banking financial business operations, linking planned tasks with the information system and leading a target-oriented company.	1.03696
Kontrola nije isključivo registrator već i navigator i inovator aktivnosti banke.	Control is not exclusively a registrator, but also a navigator and innovator of the banks activities.	0.997297
Računovodstveni izveštaji tj. informacije sadržinski su pripremljene kao osnova za donošenje odluka, odnosno njihovi korisnici su nosioci organi upravljanja i odlučivanja.	As regards their contents, accounting reports, i.e., information are prepared in such a manner that they should serve as basis for decision making. ~~~ Their users are management and decision-making bodies.	0.254574
Sadržina računovodstvenih informacija je u funkcionalnoj zavisnosti od objekata na koje se odnosi, od vremenskog aspekta i od nosilaca organa upravljanja.	The contents of accounting information is functionally dependent on the object it refers to, on the time aspect and on the management body.	0.524422
Naime, informacije se razlikuju u zavisnosti od toga o čemu informišu, kako, kada i kome se upućuju.	Namely, information differs in view of what it informs on, and when, how and to whom it is directed.	0.781928
Prema tome, razlikuju se: informacije kao osnova akcije za izvodjenje i kao kontrola izvodjenja, strateške i operativne računovodstvene informacije za potrebe planiranja, informacije kao osnova upravljačkog i poslovnog odlučivanja o radu i poslovanju banke i sl.	Thus information can be classed as: information as basis for action in performance and as performance control, strategic and operational accounting information for the needs of planning, information as basis for managerial and business decision making on the operations and business of the bank, etc.	1.24065
Š1Ë Konkurentnost u savremenim tržišnim uslovima privredjivanja podrazumeva brzo i efikasno reagovanje na zahteve tržišta, projekciju rentabilnosti, likvidnosti i u tom smislu brzo donošenje adekvatnih odluka, što je nezamislivo bez primene savremene informaticke tehnologije.	Š1Ë In modern market business conditions, competitiveness means a fast and efficient response to the market demands, a profitability and solvency projection and, accordingly, making adequate decisions promptly, which is impossible without a modern information technology implementation.	0.89881
Uloga informacione tehnologije više nije samo da stvori i prenese što brojnije i kvalitetnije informacije, već da poboljša znanje menadžera o poslovnim dogadjajima putem analize, tumačenja i objašnjenja, radi stvaranja strateške prednosti banke u odnosu na svoje konkurente. 2.	The role of information technology is no longer to only create and communicate as much and as high a quality information as possible, but ot improve the managers knowledge of business events through analysis, interpretation and explanation, all in order that strategic competitive advantage of the bank should be achieved.	0.868548
Računovodstvo kao sistem informisanja S obzirom na to svaka odluka može da bude samo toliko dobra koliko i njena informaciona osnova, kvalitet odluka bankarskog menadžmenta takodje zavisi od toga u kojoj meri se uspešno mogu optimizirati osnove odlučivanja.	2. ~~~ Accounting as information system Every decision can be good only as far as its information basis is good, hence the quality of decisions in bank management depends on the extent to which the basis of decision making can be optimized.	0.514615
Informacije tako postaju strategijski resurs menadžmenta.	Thus information becomes a strategic resource of management.	0.728571
Pri tome, informacioni sistem treba da služi, pre svega, obuhvatanju, čuvanju i distribuciji relevantnih informacija.	Besides, the information system serves primarily to collect, store and distribute relevant information.	0.897205
Drugim rečima, od informacionog sistema se očekuje da omogući da prave informacije stoje na raspolaganju na pravom mestu i u pravo vreme.	In other words, the information system is expected to ensure that right information is always available in the right place and in the right time.	1.46891
Adekvatan upravljačko-informacioni sistem u osnovi čine dva povezana dela: računovodstvo i izveštavanje Š1Ë Š2Ë Š7Ë.	An adequate management-information system basically consists of two interrelated components: accounting and reporting Š1Ë Š2Ë Š7Ë.	1.40111
Trajni izazov sa kojim se suočavaju menadžeri, konsultanti i istraživači je kako da se uskladi funkcionalna aktivnost i disciplina jedna sa drugom i istovremeno dâ podrška korporativnoj strategiji.	A constant challenge faced by managers, consultants and researchers is how to bring functional activity into accord with discipline and to simultaneously support the corporate strategy.	1.15908
Deo težine usklađivanja strategije i upravljačkog računovodstva, uključujući i kontrolu upravljanja i merenja performansi odnosi se ne samo na dinamičnu prirodu u različitim kontekstima strategije već i na širenje različitih pogleda strategije i kod akademika i praktičara.	One difficulty in harmonizing strategy and management accounting, including management control and performance measurement, refers not only to the dynamic nature in different strategic contexts but also to dissemination of different aspects of strategy among both academics and practitioners.	1.32032
Za optimalno informaciono fundiranje odluka bankarskog menadžmenta treba da se izgradi računovodstvo banke koje bi predstavljalo vodeći instrument.	An optimum information funding needs the bank accounting to be the leading tool.	0.231677
Posebno je neophodno osigurati da nosiocima odlučivanja u banci u svako vreme stoje na raspolaganju relevantne i istinite informacije o rezultatima, kako bi svaki nosilac odluka mogao egzaktno da izmeri konsekvence rezultata pojedinih odluka.	It is especially necessary that the decision makers in the bank have at any time relevant and verified information on the results at their disposal, so that every decision maker should be in a position to make an exact measurement of the consequences of the outcomes of certain decisions.	1.37163
Stoga, od računovodstva se očekuje da omogući da rezultati odluka u preduzeću budu transparentni, da disagregira celokupni uspeh i potom da isti reagregira prema relevantnim dimenzijama.	It is for this reason that accounting is expected to enable that the results of the decisions in the company be transparent, to disggreagate the overall success and then reaggregate it according to relevant dimensions.	1.04344
Prema tome, računovodstvo treba da pruži sledeće informacije: kolika je zarada banke na pojedinim poslovima; kolika je visina kamata u konkretnim poslovima sa komitentima; koji, koliki i gde nastaju troškovi za bankarske usluge; koji doprinos rezultatu preduzeća pružaju pojedine vrste poslova, grupe komitenata ili poslovne jedinice; koja struktura poslova prikazuje profil profita i profil rizika; koji uslovi poslovanja imaju posledice na visinu rezultata itd.	Hence accounting is expected to provide the following information: what are the banks earnings from certain transac tions; how high are interest rates in concrete transactions with clients; which are the costs of banking services, how large are they and and in which way are they incurred; which is the contribution to the company results made by certain types of transactions, client groups or business units; which business structure reveals the profits and risk profiles; which business conditions affect the quality of re sults, etc.	1.00382
Osnovu internog računovodstva orijentisanog ka odlukama u operativnom kontrolingu čini priprema informacija za budžetiranje i poredjenje planskih i ostvarenih veličina.	The basis of internal accounting oriented towards decision making in operatonal controlling is the preparation of information for budgeting and the comparison of planned and achieved values.	0.992857
Pri tome se ne može izostaviti primena usluga računskih centara i kompjuterskih softvera, jer se samo na taj način može obraditi masa relevantnih podataka po poslovnim transakcijama.	Here, the implementation of computer centres and computer software must not be neglected since it is only in this manner that a host of relevant data on business transactions can be processed.	0.833851
Izveštavanje obuhvata celokupnost informacija koje nosiocima odlučivanja u posebnim intervalima bez poziva ili u slučaju konkretnih potreba stoje na raspolaganju.	Reporting refers to the overall information at the disposal of decision makers in specific intervals either not on call or in case of specific needs.	1.25
Pri tome, radi se o informacijama iz računovodstva koje su pripremljene u odgovarajućoj formi tabelarnih ili grafičkih prikaza.	This is accounting information prepared in an appropriate form of tables or graphs.	0.982143
Pored toga, i analize tržišta, prognoze vezane za kamatu i konjunkturne prognoze kao i sve druge informacije iz privrednog okruženja banke posmatraju se kao delovi izveštaja.	Furthermore, market analyses, interest rate related foracasts and competitive forecasts as well as any other information coming from economic environment are viewed as parts of reports.	1.17525
Ilustracija broj 1.	Illustration 1.	1.24
Funkcije u procesu ciklusa kontrole Zbog velikog priliva informacija koji permanentno deluju na nosioce odlučivanja ne vidi se svrha formiranja izveštaja uopšteno u sagledavanju pravih i odgovarajućih informacija o svim mogućim relevantama, već više u smislu ograničavanja informacionih askeza (odricanja) i izbegavanja preopširnosti.	Functions in the process of control cycle Due to an abundant and permanent flow of information that decision makers receive, the purpose of reports is not always seen in a general presentation of correct and adequate information on any possible relevant facts, but rather in the sense of limiting information ascesis and avoidance of verbosity.	1.24321
Dakle, postavlja se pitanje: kome su neophodne neke informacije, koliko diferencirane i koliko često?	The question therefore is; who needs what information, how highly differentiated and how often?	0.674699
Pri tome, može se kreirati , na primer, trostepena šema potreba za pripremu, proizvodnju i primenu informacija.	Here, for example, a three-level scheme can be created of the need for the preparation, production and implementation of information.	0.747959
Samo jedan manji deo informacija, koje su neophodne nosiocima odluka, stavlja se na raspolaganje redovno, bez prethodnog zahtevanja.	Only a smaller chunk of information necessary to decision makers is at disposal regularly, without prior request.	1.41156
Sve druge informacije se daju samo po konkretnim zahtevima za pojedine slučajeve, pri čemu treba razlikovati dva slučaja: informacije koje su već proizvedene i stavljene na raspolaganje i informacije koje prouzrokuju visoke troškove, te se ispostavljaju isključivo po konkretnoj potrebi.	Any other information is released only on concrete request for individual cases, where two cases should be distinguished: information that was already produced and available and information that incur high costs and is accordingly released only in case of concrete demand.	1.14972
Na osnovu ilustracije br.1. jasno se uočava da su planiranje i kontrola u uzročno-posledičnom odnosu, dok osnovu ovih procesa čine aktivnosti prognoziranja, definisanje alternativa shodno postojećim problemima, konsekvencama, ciljevima koji se žele ostvariti i mogućim perspektivama Š9Ë.	Illustration 1 clearly shows a cause-consequence relation between planning and control, whereas the basis of these processes are the activities of forecasting, defining alternatives in accordance with the present problems, consequences, goals to be achieved and potential prospects Š9Ë.	0.998574
Nakon definisanja željenog pravca delovanja, aktivnosti se implementiraju uz obaveznu analizu performansi poređenjem rezultata i uspostavljenih standarda. 3.	On defining the desired course of action the activities are implemented accompanied with a necessary performance analysis by comparison of outcomes and set standards.	1.08738
Planiranje kao upravljački proces Planiranje je jedna od najznačajnijih funkcija za obezbeđenje kontinuiteta u poslovanju banke, jer menadžeri banke između više poslovnih opcija biraju onu za koju, prema informacijama koje su im dostupne, intuiciji i spremnosti da preuzmu rizik, smatraju da će biti najbolja.	3. ~~~ Planning as management process Planning is one of the most important functions in ensuring continuity in banking. ~~~ On the basis of available information, their intuition and readiness to take risks, the bank management select the option they deem to be the best among a number of business options.	-0.0149802
Izuzetan značaj za sigurnost budućeg uspeha u poslovanju banke je u planiranju kao dina mičkom inovativnom delu kontrole, koji se posebno odnosi na strategijsko planiranje.	Highly important for the certainty of the future business suc cess is planning as a dynamic innovative part of control, especially related to strategic planning.	0.731104
Pod strategijskim planiranjem podrazumeva se instrument koji bi potencijale pretvorio u prednosti u odnosu na konkurenciju i izbegao opasnosti koje prete opstanku banaka.	Strategic planning is a tool implemented to translate potentials into advantages over competition and avoid threats to the bank survival.	0.510084
Takvi potencijali su npr. približavanje komitentima, iskrenost prema komitentima, imidž, kreativnost, široka prisutnost, snaga inovativnosti itd.	Such potentials are, for example, building closer relations to clients, openness to clients, image, creativity, broad presence, innovative strengths, etc.	0.824934
U definisanju strategijskih pravaca razvoja banke, neophodno je uključiti sledeće bitne elemente: ~~~ 4.	The definition of the strategic orientations in the development of the bank has to include the following vital elements: 1.	0.319188
Računovodstveni izveštaj i i planiranje Koncept strateškog planiranja i pozicioniranja samo je početni deo poslovne strategije Š6Ë.		-0.3
U mnogim slučajevima strategija proizlazi iz interakcije između menadžmenta, zaposlenih i okruženja.		-0.3
Shodno tome, u nekim izuzetnim slučajevima, strategije se mogu razlikovati od prvobitno planirane strategije od strane rukovodstva.		-0.3
Računovodstveno planiranje predstavlja postupak projekcije raznih vrsta planiranja, čime se ostvaruju sledeće menadžerske funkcije: ~~~ 1.		-0.3
Definisanje profila banke; 2.	Bank profile definition 2.	0.8625
Analiza makroekonomskog okruženja; 3.	Analysis of macroeconomic environment 3.	0.891667
Projektovanje budućih poslovnih aktivnosti i identifikovanje ciljnih poslovnih rezultata; Strateški ciljevi banke mogu biti sledeći:	Projecting future business activities and identify ing business target results. ~~~ Strategic goals of the bank can be the following: 1.	0.264969
1. ~~~ Stabilno i dugoročno profitabilno poslovanje uz adekvatnu zaštitu kapitala sa jedne strane, odnosno interesa klijentana i akcionara banke sa druge strane; 2.	Stable and long-term profitable business with an adequate protection of capital, on one hand, and the clients and shareholders interests, on the other; 2.	0.318132
Rast tržišnog učešča jačanjem finansijskog po tencijala; 3.	Growth of market share through strengthening fi nancial potentials; 3.	0.951412
Jačanje depozitne baze; 4.	Strengthening deposit base; 4.	0.864
Rast aktivnih računa stanovništva i privrede; 5.	Growth of active accounts of both citizens and economy; 5.	1.39167
Rast kreditnog portfolija; 6.	Growth in credit portfolio; 6.	2.1
Unapređenje kvaliteta bankarskih proizvoda; 7.	Improving the quality of bank products; 7.	1.24324
Održavanje poslovnog rejtinga; 8.	Maintaining the business rating; 8.	0.9
Dugoročna primena koncepta društvene odgo vornosti.	A long-term implementation of the social respon sibility concept.	0.673469
Pretpostavlja se da menadžeri formalno analiziraju konkurentske prednosti i svrsishodnu procenu raspodele i korišćenja resursa, kao dela strategije razvoja.	The managers are assumed to formally analyse competitive advantages and provide an appropriate assessment of distribution and resource exploitation as part od their developmental strategy.	1.15141
Formalni informacioni sistemi će omogućiti takvu analizu.	Formal information systems will ensure such an analysis.	0.651
Implementacija strategija isto tako podrazumeva široku analizu ekonomskih, kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih informacija.	The implementation of strategies also assumes a broad analysis of economic, quantitative and qualitative information.	0.747115
Konačno, tražeći da se postigne održiva konkurentska prednost prati se rezultat diskrecionih menadžerskih izbora i strateški resurs akumulacije i upotrebe, što zavisi od proizvodnje i primene efikasno dizajniranog sistema za upravljanje informacijama.	Finally, in an effort to achieve a sustainable and competitive advantage, they track the results of the discrete managerial choices and a strategic resource of accumulation and implementation, which depend on the production and implementation of an efficiently designed information management system.	0.894258
Strategija se smatra organizaciono zasnovanom u procesima donošenja odluka i sprovođenja, smatra se složenom, dinamičanom i višestrukom.	Strategy is regarded as organizationally based in the decisionmaking and implementing processes, it is viewed as complex, dynamic and manyfold.	0.630933
Organizacione aktivnosti su preduzete da oblikuju različite interese, uključujući specifične snage banke, kao i institucionalne pritiske. 1. projekcijom planova menadžment kreira viziju poslovanja u budućnosti; 2. planovi predstavljaju bazu za ocenu ostvarenih rezultata; 3. planovi predstavljaju instrument za koordinaciju aktivnosti, radi njihovog usmeravanja ka postavljenim strategijskim ciljevima.	Organizational activities are undertaken to shape different interests, including specific strengths of the bank, as well as institutional pressures. ~~~ 4. ~~~ Accounting report and planning The strategic planning and positioning concept is only a starting point of a business strategy Š6Ë. ~~~ In many cases, strategy results from an interaction between the management, the employees, and the environment.	-0.0578244
Planiranje treba da obuhvati sledeće segmente:	Consequently, in certain specific cases, strategies may differ from the strategy originally planned by the management.	0.30299
	Accounting planning is a procedure of projection of different types of planning, meant to peerform the following managerial functions: 1. by plan projections the management creates a vi sion of business in the future; 2. plans make basis for outcome evaluation; 3. plans are tools for coordination of activities in order that they be oriented towards the set strategic goals.	-0.3
Planiranje prihoda i rashoda po bankarskim proizvodima i poslovnim segmentima; Planiranje troška prema tipu troška na nivou banke ili organizacionih jedinica; Planiranje kamatnih i nekamatnih prihoda; Planiranje internih cena i kamatnih stopa; Planiranje novčanih tokova; Planiranje u domaćoj valuti i u više različitih valuta i drugo; Efikasno upravljanje procesom planiranja i praćenja ostvarenih učinaka zahteva jaku informatičku podršku, kao i razvijanje internih modela za praćenje rezultata na nivou bankarske grupe (banke), na nivou segmenata, grupa bankarskih proizvoda i menadžera poslovnih segmenata.	Planning should include the following segments: 1. income and expenditure planning per bank prod ucts and business segments; 2. expenditure planning according to the type of expenditure on the bank or organizational unit level; 3. planning interest and non-interest income; 4. planning internal prices and interest rates; 5. cash flow planning; 6. planning in domestic currency and in a number of different currencies, and other. ~~~ An efficient management of the planning and outcome tracking processes requires a powerful information logistics, as well as development of internal models for outcome tracking on the level of the banking group (bank), on the segment level, on the level of bank product clusters, as well as on the level of business segment managers.	0.216449
Implementacija međunarodnih standarda finansijskog izveštavanja povećava kvalitet i uporedivost finansijskih izveštaja, te otuda promoviše konzistentnost i pouzdanost u finansijskom izveštavanju i olakšava kompanijama međunarodno prikupljanje kapitala.	The implementation of international standards of financial reporting improves the quality and comparability of financial reports, thus promoting consistency and reliability in financial reporting and making it easier for companies to raise capital on an international level.	1.07396
Kao osnovni izvori podataka za informacije o radu i poslovanju banke, bilans stanja i bilans uspeha nisu sami sebi cilj, već predstavljaju adekvatno sredstvo za: planiranje, kontrolu, analizu, informisanje i upravljanje posebno ako su prezentirani u uprošćenom obliku koji karakteriše sažetost i veća preglednost.	As the basic sources of data for the information on activities and operations, the balance sheet and income statement are not the goal in themselves; they rather serve as an adequate tool in: planning, control, analysis, information, and management. especially if they are presented in a simplified form, concisely and neatly.	1.16667
Ukoliko se bilans stanja i bilans uspeha posmatraju u odnosu na svoje projektovane (planske) bilanse, kvalitet ovih informacija još više se povećava.	In case balance sheet and income statement are regarded as related to their projected (planned) balances, the quality of this information is higher.	0.809928
Finansijsko planiranje obuhvata planski bilans uspeha i planski bilans stanja i plan novčanih tokova, u svojoj projekciji dobitka i finansijske situacije solventnosti i likvidnosti banke.	In its projection of profits and financial situation solvency of the bank, financial planning comprises the planned balance sheet and the planned income statement, as well as the cash flow plan.	0.992308
Bilans stanja i bilans uspeha kao osnovni računovodstveni izveštaji (iskazi) iz prošlosti, predstavljaju polaznu osnovu za projekciju planskih bilansa.	The basic accounting reports (statements) from the past, the balance sheet and income statement make the starting point in the projections of planned balances.	1.2
Time, se potvrdjuje ili negira opravdanost pretpostavki o predvidjenim budućim poslovnim rezultatima i finansijskom stanju banke Š10Ë.	Thus they confirm or challenge the justifiability of assumptions on the anticipated future business results and the financial standing of the bank Š10Ë.	1.10628
U kojoj meri će se planski bilansi podudarati sa budućim stvarnim rezultatima poslovanja banke, zavisi od stepena tačnosti usvojenih polaznih premisa.	The extent to which the planned balances will coincide with the future real business results of the bank depends on the level of accuracy of the starting premises adopted.	1.36852
Zbog toga je neophodno da banka raspolaže sa što adekvatnijim podacima i informacijama, ne samo o ovim bilansima, već i šire, zarad kontinuiranog poboljšanja kvaliteta usvojenih premisa.	Hence it is necessary that the bank should have as adequate data and information as possible at its disposal, not only on these balances, but on a broader scale, for the purpose of continual improvement of the quality of its premises.	0.890448
Procesom planiranja kao polaznom osnovom upravljanja definišu se ciljevi banke i načini poslovne realizacije.	As the starting point in management, the planning process serves to define the banks goals and the methods of business execution.	0.866667
Naime, postavljaju se ciljevi i zadaci koje treba ostvariti, kako bi banka poslovala efektivno i efikasno.	Namely, goals and tasks are set to be accomplished in order that the bank should do business efectively and efficiently.	1.67916
Drugim rečima, sprovodi se strategijsko i operativno planiranje.	In other words, the bank performs the processes of strategic and operational planning.	0.551977
Pod strategijskim planiranjem se podrazumeva organizovan proces aktivnosti u kojem učestvuju zaposleni, menadžment tim i upravni odbor banke.	Strategic planning is an organized process of activities which employes the employees, the management team and the board of directors of the bank.	0.926779
Strategijsko planiranje treba da bude kontinuirano i objektivno.	Strategic planning should be permanent and objective.	0.9875
Krajnji rezultat je odredjivanje dugoročnih pravaca razvoja i ciljeva banke i perioda kratkoročne primene i ostvarivanja specifičnih ciljeva uz korišćenje odredjene tehnike i taktike, koje će omogućiti banci da ostvari svoje dugoročne ciljeve.	The end result is the definition of the banks long-term developmental orientation and goals as well as of periods of short-term implementation and achieving specific goals using a certain technique and tactics that will help the bank achieve its long-term objectives.	1.17144
Operativni planovi predstavljaju razradjene strategijske planove, odnosno preciziranje njihovog ostvarenja za ukupne aspekte poslovanja banke, za sve poslovne funkcije banke sažete u jedinstven poslovni plan, a ishod ovoga su planski bilans stanja i planski bilans uspeha.	Operational plans are elaborated strategic plans, precise statements on their realization for the overall aspects of the bank, for all the business functions of the bank incorporated into an integrated business plan, its outcoms being the balance sheet and the planned income statement.	1.0222
Planiranje je jedna od vitalnih funkcija za obezbedjenje kontinuiteta u poslovanju banke, jer menadžeri planiranjem izmedju više alternativa biraju onu, za koju, prema informacijama koje im stoje na raspolaganju, intuiciji i spremnosti za preuzimanje rizika koji je imanentan bankarskom poslovanju, smatraju da će biti najuspešnija.	Planning is one of the vital functions in ensuring the continuity in the banks business, since in the planning process, among a number of alternatives and on the basis of available information, their intuition and their readiness to take risks, the managers select the alternative they believe will be most successful.	0.794973
Najvažniji i veoma kompleksan zadatak menadžmenta u procesu upravljanja bankom predstavlja sastavljanje strateškog plana za upravljanje kapitalom banke i njegovim razvojem.	The most important and a highly complex task of the management in the process of bank management is creating the strategic plan for managing the capital of the bank and its development.	1.52534
Pri izradi strateškog plana, neophodno je izvršiti procenu kapitala, kao i potreba za kapitalom koje su proporcionalne specifičnom profilu rizika banke i njenim sposobnostima upravljanja rizicima.	In devising a strategic plan, it is necessary that an assessment of capital, as well as the needs for capital be made, proportional to a specific risk profile of the bank and its capability of risk management.	1.18716
U tom smislu, neophodno je razmotriti kao minimum sledeće značajne parametre: profitabilnost, likvidnost, adekvatnost rezervi, kvalitet aktive, vanbilansna izloženost riziku, koncentracije određenih vrsta izloženosti riziku, operativni rizik i efikasnost bankarskog sistema praćenja i kontrole rizika.	As regards these, it is necessary to take into consideration the following important parametres, as a minimum requirement: profitability; solvency; adequacy of reserves; quality of assets; off-balance risk exposure; concentrations of certain types of risk exposure; operational risk; and efficieny of the bank tracking and control system.	0.86253
U procesu planiranja banke kapitala treba poći od ispitivanja ekonomske sredine i moguće zarade banke, pri čemu se značaj daje tekućoj strukturi kapitala a posebno mogućnosti generisanja kapitala na internom nivou.	The starting point in the process of planning the bank capital, is the analysis of economic environment and a potential income the bank can earn, where most attention is paid to the current capital structure, and especially to the potential of capital generation on an internal level.	1.16211
Predviđanje potrebe za dodatnim kapitalom olakšava menadžment timu banke da pribavi pod povoljnim uslovima dodatni kapital, a to je primarno, uslovljeno tekućim prinosom na kapital banke.	The anticipation of the need for additional capital makes it easier for the bank management to raise additional capital under favourable conditions, and this is most important and conditioned by the current returns on banks capital.	1.1332
Veoma je značajno da banka uspostavi adekvatan sistem za praćenje o izloženosti rizicima, kao i o tome kako promenljivi profil rizika banke utiče na potrebu za kapitalom.	It is very important that the bank should establish an adequate system of monitoring risk exposure, as well as of how a changeable risk profile affects the need for capital.	1.25601
U tom smislu, od upravljačkog računovodstva strategijske orijentacije očekuje se da formira izveštaje o upravljačkoj izloženosti banke rizicima, te prezentira iste višem rukovodstvu banke ili upravnom odboru.	It is in this sense that management accounting is expected to create reports on the bank management risk exposure and submit them to the top management of the bank or to the board of directors.	0.99375
Svrha tih izveštaja je da omoguće procenu budućih potreba banke za kapitalom koje su zasnovane na identifikovanom profilu rizika i da shodno tome, banka izvrši potrebne korekcije u svom strateškom planu.	The purpose of these reports is to enable the assessment of the banks future needs for capital, needs based on the identified risk profile, so that the bank can make the necessary corrections in its strategic plan.	1.05
Menadžment banke pred strategijski orijentisano upravljačko računovodstvo Š1Ë postavlja novi zadatak: formiranje adekvatne procedure za dve svrhe: (1) kontinuirano praćenje i održavanje postojećeg kapitala i (2) procena potrebe za novim kapitalom.	The bank management sets a new task to the strategically oriented management accounting Š1Ë: to form an adequate procedure for two purposes: (1) permanent tracking and maintenance of the existing capital and (2) assessment of the need for new capital.	1.22215
Analizom strukture kapitala za više uzastopnih perioda moguće je doći do raznih značajnih informacija o poslovanju banke: informacije o ostvarenom rastu (ili padu) profita; informacije o kretanju vrednosti sredstava; informacije o uticaju spoljnih činilaca na poslovanje banaka; primenjeni sistem raspodele profita; rezultati politike finansiranja i dr. se uobičajeno fokusira najduže na period od pet godina.	The analysis of the structure of capital for a number of successive periods can provide varied important information on the bank business operations: information on achieved rise (or fall) in profits; information on the value flow of assets; information on the impact of external factors upon banks business; an applied system of profit distribution; financing policy results, etc.	1.22921
Opšte pretpostavke za efikasno budžetiranje i prognozu jesu sledeće: ~~~ U procesu planiranja kapitala banke od velikog značaja je da se menadžment banke opredeli da li je za prvu opciju koja predstavlja zahtev za maksimizacijom profita, ili je to druga opcija koja prioritet daje opstanku i rastu banke.	Especially important in the process of bank capital planning is that the bank management decides either in favour of the former option that is a demand for profit maximization, or in favour of the latter option whose priority is the bank survival and growth.	0.562456
Strateški plan kapitala banke treba da sadrži najmanje sledeće podatke: potrebe banke za kapitalom, poželjan nivo kapitala, eksterni izvori kapitala, očekivana kapitalna ulaganja i dr. U procesu planiranja kapitala banke treba voditi računa o tome da struktura kapitala odgovara prirodi i obimu poslovanja banke.	A strategic plan for the bank capital should include at least the following data: banks needs for capital; desirable level of capital; external capital sources; anticipated capital investments, etc. ~~~ The process of planning the bank capital is expected to ensure that the capital structure should be consistent with the nature and the scope of the banks business.	0.382065
U tu svrhu mogu da posluže rezultati koji su obavili kontrolori banke o tome u kom nivou je banka bila obezbeđena za nepredviđene događaje a pri određivanju adekvatnog nivoa kapitala uz pomoć različitih scenarija i tehnika.	Useful for these purposes in defining an adequate level of capital implementing different scenarios and techniques can be the findings of the bank auditors on the extent to which the bank is protected in case of emergencies.	1.0997
Na osnovu strateškog plana za upravljanje kapitalom banke, sastavlja se godišnji plan kapitala koji obuhvata sledeće značajne elemente: postojeće i planirane izvore kao bazu za projektovani rast kapitala; politiku raspodele profita koja uključuje stopu isplate dividendi tj. kapitalizaciju na bazi ostvarenog i očekivanog profita banke; oblasti za koje se prognozira rast bilansne aktive; unapređenje postojećih bankarskih aktivnosti, kao i planiranje novog seta ponude bankarskih usluga; ulaganje u savremenu tehnologiju, uključujući i širenje bankarske mreže; procena unutrašnje kontrole i alokacije kapitala u skladu sa individualnim rizicima po pojedinim poslovnim aktivnostima banke; procena potrebe banke za kapitalom, kao i prognoza očekivanog stanja za naredni vremenski period; obračun minimalne stope prinosa na kapital; kvantitativna i kvalitativna analiza postojećih i potrebnih resursa internog i eksternog kapitala banke.	The annual capital plan is devised on the basis of the strategic plan for the bank capital management. ~~~ This plan includes the following important components: existing and planned sources as basis of the pro jected capital growth; the policy of profits distribution including the rate of dividend payment, i.e., capitalization on the basis of the earned and anticipated bank profits. sectors for which the growth of balance assets is forecasted; improvement of the existing banking activities, as well as planning a new set of offer of banking services; investments into modern technology, including ex pansion in the banking network; assessment of internal control and capital allocation in accordance with individual risks per individual bank activities; assessment of the banks need for capital, as well as a forecast of anticipated standing in the following period; calcualtions of a munimum returns on capital rate; quantitative and qualitative analyses of the existing and required resources of the banks internal and external capital.	0.429281
Ključni izveštaji u procesu računovodstvenog budžetiranja jesu projektovani bilans stanja i projektovani bilans uspeha.	The key reports in the accounting budgeting process are the projected balance sheet and the projected income statement.	1.4767
	The projections of balance sheet and income statement are usually focused on a period not longer than five years.	-0.3
Projekcija bilansa stanja i bilansa uspeha stabilnost cena kako bi bio eliminisan rizik od promene kamatnih stopa, stabilnost kurseva, realan rast bilansnog potencijala banke i jaka informaciona baza, pri čemu je dominantna uloga upravljačkog računovodstva strategijske orijentacije.	The general assumptions for an efficient budgeting and forecasting are the following: price stability in order to eliminate the risk of change in interest rates; stability of exchange rates; realistic growth of the banks balance potential; and strong information base, where the strategically-oriented management accounting has a dominant role.	1.03449
U projekciji realnog rasta bilansnog potencijala banke treba respektovati tri činjenice: ~~~ 1. razvoj celog regiona u kome banka posluje, 2. razvojnu tendenciju banke iz prethodnog perio da i 3. objektivno sagledavanje položaja banke na fi nansijskom tržištu.	Three facts should be observed in the projection of the potential growth in the banks balance: 1. the development of the region in which the bank does business, 2. the banks developmental tendency in the previ ous period, and 3. an objective survey of the banks position on the financial market.	0.563927
Cilj projektovanog bilansa stanja je da prikaže kako planirane poslovne aktivnosti finansijski prezentovane utiču na parcijalne delove imovine, kapitala, obaveza banke, kao i na finansijski položaj banke.	The aim of the projected balance sheet is to show in which way the financially presented planned business activities affect the partial sections of property, capital, the banks liabilities and the financial position of the bank.	1.03022
Za potrebe strategijskog računovodstvenog budžetiranja mogu se koristiti sledeći izveštaji koje banka generiše: mesečni izveštaji menadžmenta banke o ostvarenjima i troškovnoj efikasnosti koji su u domenu operativne statistike; kvartalni izveštaji uprave banke o dinamici ostvarenja ciljeva; godišnji izveštaji o tržišnom učešću banke i njenih filijala koji su u domenu marketing informacionog sistema; racio izveštaji za merenje performansi i komparaciju sa konkurentima (bankarskim i nebankarskim institucijama), i za poređenje po užim organizacionim delovima koje kreiraju upravljačke računovođe.	The following reports generated by the bank can be used for the purposes of strategic accounting budgeting: monthly reports of the bank management on achievements and on cost efficiency, the domain of operational statistics; quarterly reports of the bank management on the dynamics of goal achievement; annual reports on the market share of both the bank and its branches, the domain of the marketing information system; ratio reports for the purposes of measuring performance and comparison with competition (banking and non-banking institutions), as well as of comparison per narrower organizational sections created by management accountants.	1.19391
U divizionalno strukturiranom bankarskom preduzeću bazu budžetiranja predstavlja centar odgovornosti.	In the divisionally structured banking company, the budgeting basis is the responsibility centre.	0.814059
U tom smislu, logično je u izradi poslovnih planova početi od centra prihoda i centra troškova, a potom nastaviti ka profitnim ili investicionim centrima, sa finalizacijom procesa na nivou preduzeća izradom glavnog budžeta.	In view of this, it is logical to devise business plans starting from the income centre and the expenditure centre and continue to profit and investment centres, finalizing the process on the level of the company, by creating the general budget.	1.08041
Za to je neophodno formirati planske računovodstvene izveštaje po centrima odgovornosti, što je u nadležnosti upravljačkog računovodstva.	To do this, it is necessary that planned accounting reports be devised per responsibility centres, which is the competence of management accounting.	0.633333
U daljem nastavku, biće prikazani projektovani finansijski izveštaji banke (Pregled 1, Pregled 2):		-0.3
Pregled 1: ~~~ Projekcija bilansa stanja (u 000 dinara) Promenljiva veličina 31.XII 2007. 2008. 2009. 2010. 2011. 2012. ~~~ Aktiva Neto krediti 8.486.676 9.707.400 10.131.937 10.573.209 11.138.945 11.733.022 Ostali kamatonosni plasmani 1.377.483 1.078.600 1.125.771 1.174.801 1.237.661 1.303.669 Svega prinosna aktiva 9.864.159 10.786.000 11.257.707 11.748.010 12.376.605 13.036.691 Neprinosna aktiva 4.235.187 3.595.333 3.555.065 3.509.146 3.490.837 3.456.449 Ukupna aktiva Obaveze 14.099.346 14.381.333 14.812.773 15.257.156 15.867.442 16.502.140 Nekamatonosni osnovni depoziti 3.862.163 4.441.483 5.377.004 5.391.027 5.479.911 5.496.316 Kamatonosni osnovni depoziti 1.259.781 671.387 960.179 1.117.652 1.301.479 1.409.312 Drugi depoziti Svega depoziti Krediti (kamat.) 8.181 51.645 64.012 65.744 68.499 140.931 5.130.125 5.164.515 6.401.195 6.574.423 6.849.889 7.046.559 992.109 992.200 Druge obaveze (nekamat.) 396.765 298.929 711.244 730.491 761.099 782.951 Ukupne obaveze 6.518.999 6.455.644 7.112.439 7.304.914 7.610.988 7.829.510 Rezervisanja za potencijalne 1.117.269 1.117.269 528.000 400.000 300.000 250.000 gubitke po vanbilansnim stavkama Sopstveni kapital 6.463.078 6.808.420 7.172.334 7.552.242 7.956.455 8.422.630 Ukupno kapital i obaveze 14.099.346 14.381.333 14.812.773 15.257.156 15.867.442 16.502.140 Vanbilansna evidencija 3.574.284 3.751.979 2.650.000 2.650.000 2.550.000 2.350.000 Poslovi u ime i za račun trećih lica Izdate plative garancije, u tome: ~~~ 1.812.181 1.812.181 650.000 700.000 700.000 700.000 1.	Hereinafter, the projected financial reports of the bank will be presented (Survey 1, Survey 2): Review 1: Projection of balance sheet Variable value Assets Net credits 31st Dec. I 8,486,676 9,707,400 10,131,937 10,573,209 11,138,945 11,733,022 Other interest bearing placements 1,377,483 1,078,600 1,125,771 1,174,801 1,237,661 1,303,669 Total interest bearing assets 9,864,159 10,786,000 11,257,707 11,748,010 12,376,605 13,036,691 Interest non-bearing assets 4,235,187 3,595,333 3,555,065 3,509,146 3,490,837 3,456,449 Total assets Liabilities 14,099,346 14,381,333 14,812,773 15,257,156 15,867,442 16,502,140 Non-interest bearing basic deposits 3,862,163 4,441,483 5,377,004 5,391,027 5,479,911 5,496,316 Interest bearing basic deposits 1,259,781 671,387 960,179 1,117,652 1,301,479 1,409,312 Other deposits Total deposits Credits (interest.) 8,181 51,645 64,012 65,744 68,499 140,931 5,130,125 5,164,515 6,401,195 6,574,423 6,849,889 7,046,559 992,109 992,200 Other liabilities (non-interest.) 396,765 298,929 711,244 730,491 761,099 782,951 Total liabilities 6,518,999 6,455,644 7,112,439 7,304,914 7,610,988 7,829,510 Reservations for potential losses per off-balance items 1,117,269 1,117,269 528,000 400,000 300,000 250,000 Own capital 6,463,078 6,808,420 7,172,334 7,552,242 7,956,455 8,422,630 Total capital and liabilities 14,099,346 14,381,333 14,812,773 15,257,156 15,867,442 16,502,140 Off-balance evidence 3,574,284 3,751,979 2,650,000 2,650,000 2,550,000 2,350,000 Business on behalf and for the third parties Issued payable guarantees: 1.	-0.11028
Stare 2.	Old 2.	1.2
Nove 1.039.296 772.885 650.000 700.000 700.000 700.000 Izdate činidbene garancije, u tome: ~~~ 1.389.798 1.389.798 1.400.000 1.300.000 1.200.000 1.000.000 1.	New 1,812,181 1,812,181 650,000 700,000 700,000 700,000 1,039,296 772,885 650,000 700,000 700,000 700,000 Issued performance guarantees: 1,389,798 1,389,798 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 1.	0.0732983
Stare 2.	Old 2.	1.2
Nove 194.125 1.195.673 1.400.000 1.300.000 1.200.000 1.000.00 Dati avali, akcepti menica 372.305 550.000 600.000 650.000 650.000 650.000 Pregled 2:		-0.3
Projekcija bilansa uspeha (u 000 dinara) 1.VI 2007. 2008. 2009. 2010. 2011. 2012. ~~~ Neto prihodi od kamata 717.818 1.027.487 1.100.602 1.073.685 1.057.131 1.088.562 Prihodi od naknada 521.290 807.311 900.493 914.621 975.813 1.179.275 Ukupan prihod 1.239.108 1.834.798 2.001.095 1.988.306 2.032.945 2.267.837 Operativni rashodi a) Zarade i naknade zaposlenima 596.754 733.919 800.438 795.322 813.178 907.135 b) Nekretnina i oprema 55.044 60.033 59.649 60.988 68.035 c) Drugi rashodi poslovanja 429.836 642.179 700.383 695.907 711.531 793.743 Svega operativni rashodi Rashodi po osnovu gubitaka 1.431.143 1.560.854 1.550.879 1.585.697 1.768.913 na kreditima (24.903) (8.661) (9.002) (11.541) (12.119) Dobici od prodaje hartija od vrednosti 36.116 73.392 80.044 99.415 121.977 158.749 Dobitak/gubitak pre poreza iz dobitka 501.950 528.945 545.845 580.765 669.792 Porez iz dobitka Neto dobitak/gubitak 70.273 74.052 70.960 75.500 87.073 431.677 454.893 474.885 505.266 582.719 Potreba za planiranjem bankarskih aktivnosti kao segmentom upravljačkog procesa uslovljena je procesima deregulacije i globalizacije finansijskih tržišta.	New 194,125 1,195,673 1,400,000 1,300,000 1,200,000 1,000,00 Issued avals, backing guarantees 372,305 550,000 600,000 650,000 650,000 650,000 Review 2: Projection of income statement (in 000 dinars) 1st June Net income from interest rates 717,818 1,027,487 1,100,602 1,073,685 1,057,131 1,088,562 Incomes from compensations 521,290 807,311 900,493 914,621 975,813 1,179,275 Total income 1,239,108 1,834,798 2,001,095 1,988,306 2,032,945 2,267,837 Operational expenditures a) Earnings and compensation to employees b) Property and equipment 596,754 733,919 800,438 795,322 813,178 907,135 55,044 60,033 59,649 60,988 68,035 c) Other operations expenditures 429,836 642,179 700,383 695,907 711,531 793,743 Total operational expenditures Expenditures on the basis of loses on loans 1,431,143 1,560,854 1,550,879 1,585,697 1,768,913 (24,903) (8,661) (9,002) (11,541) (12,119) Income from securities sales 36,116 73,392 80,044 99,415 121,977 158,749 Profit/loss prior to tax from profit Profit tax Net profit/loss 501,950 528,945 545,845 580,765 669,792 70,273 74,052 70,960 75,500 87,073 431,677 454,893 474,885 505,266 582,719 The need to plan banking activities as segments of the management process is conditioned by the processes of deregulation and globalization of financial markets.	0.169929
Te aktivnosti treba da ispune tri cilja: ~~~ 1. efikasno upravljanje resursima banke (Uraditi pravu stvar), 2. efektivno iskorišćenje šansi banke na finansij skom tržištu (Na pravi način). ~~~ 3. adekvatno merenje efikasnosti i produktivnosti u bankama; u tu svrhu koristi se Malmquist-ov indeks Š5ËŠ7ËŠ11Ë; koristi se kao podrška u funkciji nadzora nad bankarskim sektorom, kao i za strateško planiranje. ~~~ Sa aspekta namene, za koje se prave, vrste planova u banci jesu sledeće:	These activities are meant to achieve three goals: operational plans that serve to specify the details on how the overall bank objectives can be achieved; long-term plans that cover the time horizon longer 1. an efficient management of bank resources (Do the right thing) 2. an effective use of bank opportunities on financial market (In the right way) 3. an adequate measuring of efficiency and productivity in banks; for this purpose the Malmquist index is used Š5ËŠ7ËŠ11Ë; it is used as support in the function of supervision over the banking sector as well as in strategic planning.	0.0908475
Strateški planovi na nivou banke kojima se utvrđuju ukupni ciljevi banke i teže ka tome da banku adekvatno pozicioniraju u poslovnom okruženju; Operacioni planovi kojima se specificiraju detalji kako realizovati ukupne ciljeve banke; Dugoročni planovi koji obuhvataju vremenski okvir duži od tri godine; Kratkoročni planovi koji pokrivaju jednogodišnji period, kvartal ili mesec; Trajni planovi koji obezbeđuju sredstva za aktivnosti koje se ponavljaju; Planovi za primenu u jedinstvenoj situaciji; Specifični planovi koji su usko precizirani.	From the aspect of purpose for which they are devised, the types of plans in the bank are the following: strategic plans on the bank level that serve to define the overall objectives of the bank and tend to adequately position the bank in the business environment; than three years; short-term plans that cover a one-year period, a quarter of the year, or a month; permanent plans meant to provide resources for repetitive activities; plans to be implemented in unique situations; specific, strictly specified plans.	0.986744
Strategijsko planiranje je instrument koji treba da potencijale banke prebaci u realne prednosti u odnosu na konkurenciju i izbegne opasnosti koje prete opstanku banaka.	Strategic planning is a tool meant to translate the bank potentials into real advantage over competition and avoid threats for the survival of banks.	0.732756
Kao potencijale banke možemo navesti sledeće: približavanje komitentima banke radi zadovoljenja njihovih sofisticiranih potreba, imidž banke, kreativnost, fleksibilnost, snaga inovativnosti i drugo.	The bank potentials are the following: building closer relations with clients for the purpose of satisfying their sophisticated needs, bank image, creativity, flexibility, innovative power, and other.	0.679304
Upravljačko računovodstvo ima ulogu komuniciranja između budžetskih ciljeva, postignutih ostvarenja i zadovoljstva po tom osnovu, te u tom smislu predstavlja značajan strateški informacioni potencijal za kreiranje motivacionih signala, posmatrano na duži vremenski period.	The role of management accounting is to communicate among the budgetary goals, achieved goals, and satisfaction; hence it is a sig nificant strategic information potential for the creation of motivational signals in the long run.	0.485114
U tom smislu, neophodno je da bude ispunjen zahtev da nosioci budžetskog procesa definišu ciljeve u budžetu na realnim osnovama.	Therefore it is necessary that a requirement should be satisfied that all responsible for the budget process define goals in the budget on realistic bases.	0.963843
Strategijske poslovne jedinice u banci bave se iznalaženjem sredstava za sticanje i održavanje konkurentske prednosti.	Strategic business units in the bank are engaged in search of the means to achieve and maintain the competitive advantage.	1.60385
Način na koji će strategijska poslovna jedinica osigurati konkurentsku prednost a da pritom ostvari ciljeve banke definiše se planom strategijske poslovne jedinice.	The manner in which a strategic business unit will ensure a competitive advantage and achieve the banks goals on the way is defined by the strategic business unit plan.	1.20028
Tipičnu strategijsku poslovnu jedinicu za banku predstavljaju profitni centri (npr. filijale banke), te je za njih neophodno praviti posebne planove. 5.	A typical business unit of the bank is a profit centre (e.g. bank branch) and it is necessary that separate plans be devised for them. ~~~ 5.	0.247945
Racunovodstvo u funkciji kontrole Proces kontrole predstavlja merenje ostvarenih ciljnih veličina i preduzimanje korektivnih akcija ukoliko je to neophodno.	Accounting in the function of control The process of control entails measuring the achieved goal values and taking collective actions if necessary.	0.719291
Sa finansijskog aspekta, kontrola se sprovodi u nekoliko faza: ~~~ 1. identifikovanje standarda, 2. merenje performansi, 3. poredjenje performansi sa standardima i 4. evaluacija performansi i preduzima nje odgovarajućih akcija Š3Ë Š4Ë.	From the financial aspect, the control is conducted in a numbar of phases: 1. standard identification 2. performance measuring 3. comparing performance to standards and 4. evaluation of performance and taking appropri ate action Š3ËŠ4Ë.	0.468798
Za efikasno funkcionisanje sistema kontrola na nivou banke koji treba da omogući kvalitetno upravljanje bankom neophodno je uspostavljanje potpunog sistema internih kontrola.	For an efficient operation of a control system on the bank level that should allow for a quality bank management, it is necessary that an overall internal control system be established.	1.73285
Složenost sistema internih kontrola zavisi od nekoliko faktora: veličine banke, obima poslovanja, vrste poslova koje banka obavlja, rizika u svakoj oblasti poslovanja, obima pojedinačnih transakcija, kontrola koje sprovode izvršni direktori banke i filijala, obima decentralizacije i organizacione strukture.	The complexity of the internal control systems depends on several factors: bank size, scope of business, type of business bank is engaged in, risk in each business sector, the scope of individual transactions, controls carried out by the executive directors of the bank and of branches, the scope of decentralisation and organizational structure.	1.35627
Rukovodstvo banke treba da obezbedi kontrolu koja će omogućiti sigurnost uloženih sredstava osnivača, a posebno sigurnost depozitnih sredstava.	It is the obligation of the bank management to provide control that will ensure the safety of the founders invested capital and especially the safety of deposits.	1.07573
Dejstvo interne kontrole treba da bude dvojako- preventivno i represivno.	The activities of internal control should be twofold: preventive and repressive.	0.817762
Kroz preventivno dejstvo interna kontrola treba da spreči pojavu nepravilnosti u poslovanju i da doprinese organizacionom sredjivanju u banci koje treba da otkloni sve potencijalne mogućnosti za pojavu nepravilnosti.	Acting preventivelly, the internal control is expected to prevent irregularities in business and contribute to the organizational settlement in the bank which will in turn alleviate all the potential situations that may turn into irregularities.	1.06702
Represivno dejstvo interne kontrole ispoljava se u tome što ona kao detektivna kontrola kroz istraživanje poslovanja otkriva nepravilnosti, preduzima odgovarajuće mere za otklanjanje posledica koje su nastale počinjenim nepravilnostima (nedozvoljenim radnjama) i stvara mogućnosti za pokretanje disciplinskeog postupka protiv odgovornih lica.	The repressive activity of the internal control is reflected in that as a detective control, it investigates the business to reveal possible irregularities, undertakes appropriate actions to alleviate the consequences of these irregularities (illegal actions) and creates an opportunity for starting a disciplinary action against the person responsible.	0.870451
S obzirom na činjenicu da se interna kontrolna služba u svom radu u velikoj meri oslanja na računovodstvo, može se s pravom reći da je interna kontrola jedna od najznačajnijih funkcija računovodstva.	In view of the fact that the internal control service largely leans upon accounting in its work, it can be rightly deemed as one of the most important functions of accounting.	0.707106
Pritom je osnovna pretpostavka da računovodstvo raspolaže uredno vodjenom evidencijom o poslovanju , kao i da omogućuje i druga kontrolna ispitivanja radi utvrdjivanja efikasnosti u poslovanju banke.	The basic presumption here is that accounting disposes of an appropriate evidence on business and also allows for other controls for the purpose of testing the efficiency of the bank.	0.578848
U računovodstvu se obavljaju operativni finansijski poslovi i vodi finansijska evidencija.		-0.3
Prevencija dolazi do izražaja kod operativnih finansijskih poslova a represivno dejstvo kod evidencionih poslova.		-0.3
Za potrebe finansijske kontrole mogu se primeniti: ~~~ 1. budžetska kontrola, 2. analliza finansijskih indikatora, 3. finansijska revizija.	The following can be implemented for the purposes of financial control: 1. budgetary control, 2. financial indicator analysis, 3. financial auditing.	0.578571
Kontrolni značaj računovodstva dolazi do punog izražaja isključivo ako se svi računovodstveni poslovi obavljaju tačno, blagovremeno i ispravno.	The control importance of accounting is fully meaningful only on condition all accounting activities are performed accurately, timely and correctly.	0.608866
Stoga, rad računovodstva takodje mora biti sistematski kontrolisan, od strane odgovarajućih organa banke, kako bi računovodstvo predstavljalo validnu osnovu za internu kontrolu.	Hence the accounting activities have to be systematically controlled by the banks authorities so that accounting should make a valid basis for internal control.	0.643478
Kontrolni značaj celine računovodstva posebno se može posmatrati kroz: kontrolni značaj finansijske evidencije, kontrolni značaj izveštaja i kontrolni značaj knjigovodstvenih računa.	The control importance of the accounting unit can especially be observed through: the control importance of financial evidence, the control importance of reports, and the control importance of bookkeeping accounts.	1.22823
Pored toga, treba sagledati uticaj primene savremene tehnike na kontrolni značaj računovodstva.	Furthermore, the effect of the implementation of modern technique upon control importance of accounting should be taken into consideration.	0.871618
U knjigovodstvu se nalaze sistematski sredjeni podaci (sistematska finansijska evidencija) koji čine veoma značajnu osnovu za kontrolne postupke odgovarajućih službi..	The accounting is the basis of systematically processed data (systematic financial records) which make a very important basis for the control procedures of authorised services.	0.585714
Formiranje adekvatnog sistema izveštavanja, odnosno upotreba većeg broja izveštaja medjusobno povezanih i vremenski uporedivih, pojačava kontrolini značaj službe internog izveštavanja Š1Ë.	Creating an adequate reporting system, that is, the use of a number of interrelated and time-comparable reports, adds to the control importance of the internal reporting service Š1Ë.	1.08021
Osnovne karike u kontroli podataka predstavljaju konta (računi).	The basic links in the data control are the contos (accounts).	0.932704
Preduslov za jačanje kontrolnog značaja samih konta predstavlja verodostojna dokumentacija.	A precondition for strengthening the control importance of the contos themselves is a credible documentation.	0.261176
Saldo bilansnog računa koji sadrži elemente koji ne odgovaraju sadržini tog konta nema kontrolni značaj, jer nije homogen.	The balance sheet account containing elements that do not correspond to the contents of that account has no control importance because it is not homogenous.	1.02675
Saldo bilansnog računa (konta) koji nije integralan, takodje ne poseduje nikakav kontrolni značaj, jer on ne iskazuje realno stanje zbog nedostatka odredjenih transakcija koje menjaju promet na računu.	A balance account (conto) that is not integral has not conteol importance since it does not report the real state due to lack of certain transactions that change the account turnover.	0.66704
Pod pojmom »kontrola nezavisna od procesa bankarskog poslovanja« podrazumeva se interna i eksterna revizija.	The term control independent on banking business process means internal and external auditing.	0.88864
Interna revizija je deo funkcije upravljanja bankom koje ispituje, ocenjuje i unapredjuje internu kontrolu.	Internal auditing is part of bank management function that explores assesses and improves internal control.	1.49681
Interna revizija pruža podršku rukovodstvu banke radi efikasnijeg upravljanja i u tom smislu ocenjuje efikasnost interne kontrole po organizacionim jedinicama banke. ~~~ Interna revizija dostavlja svoj izveštaj isključivo nadležnom organu banke.	Internal auditing provides support to the bank accounting for the purpose of a more efficient management and in this sense it assesses the efficiency of internal control in the banks organizational units.	0.519103
Kao deo upravljačkog sistema banke interna revizija mora biti adekvatno organizovana.	As part of the management system, internal auditing has to be appropriately organized.	1.042
Potreba za internom revizijom izraženija je kod velikih banaka koje imaju dislociranu mrežu svojih filijala za prodaju bankarskog proizvoda.	The need for internal auditing is more pronounced in big banks that have a dislocated network of branches for the sales of banking products.	1.1822
Zadatak interne revizije je da se spreče nedozvoljene radnje, kako bi se izbegle posledice i štete za instituciju i njene komitente ili bar smanje na manji mogući nivo.	The task of internal auditing is to prevent illegal activities in order to avoid consequences and damage for the institution and for its clients, or at least to diminish them as much as possible.	0.883448
Interna revizija jedne banke mora se posvetiti proveri ekonomske svrhe toka poslovanja: npr. na njoj je da razvije predloge poboljšanja i racionalizacije kod postupaka organizacije, da pomogne ostvarenju smanjenja troškova imovine i personala banke.	The internal auditing of a bank has to be committed to checking the economic purpose of the business flow: e.g., its task is to devise propositions for improvements and rationalizations in organizational procedures, to aid reduce the costs of bank property and personnel.	0.713503
U globalu, interna revizija nema granice u odnosu na objekte provere: iako su postavke zadataka u suštini po pravilu iste, ipak se od banke do banke razlikuju objekti, težište i intenzitet dostignutog stepena uvedene tehnologije.	Shortly speaking, internal auditing is not restrained in any way as regards the objects of auditing: although the tasks are the same, as a rule, banks differ by the premises, focuses, and the intensity of the achieved level of technology introduced.	0.700084
Menadžeri i nezavisni eksterni revizori treba da rade kooperativno, pošto imaju iste ciljeve: sastavljanje i distribuciju finansijskih izveštaja koji predstavljaju istinit pregled ostvarenog rezultata, kretanje imovine i opšte stanje banke.	Managers and independent external auditors should cooperate as their goals coincide: they have to create and distribute the financial reports that present a truthful review of the outcomes property flow and the general standing of the bank.	1.25164
Ukupan plan preduzeća, planom postavljeni ciljevi i zadaci treba da posluže kao obavezna osnova i instrument izvodjenja, upravljanja, kontrole i analize.	The overall company plan, the planned goals and tasks should serve as basis and tool of performance management control and analysis.	1.32985
Računovodstvene, kontrolne i analitičke informacije, na principima dobro organizovanog povratnog dejstva postaju sredstvo za upravljanje i usmeravanje poslovnog sistema preduzeća prema postavljenom cilju.	The accounting control and analytical information on the principles of well organized feedback become a tool for the compnys business system management and orientation towards the set goals.	1.00976
Računovodstvena kontrola ostvarenih rezultata poslovanja banke je zasnovana na budžetu, te se stoga često i naziva budžetska kontrola.	The accounting control of the achieved outcomes in the banking business is based on the budget, hence it is often called the budgetary control.	1.24489
Može se posmatrati sa više aspekata: kontrola ostvarenja bankarskog preduzeća kao celine; kontrola ostvarenja profitnih i investicionih centara banke; kontrola ostvarenja centra troškova banke, pri čemu je kriterijum odstupanje od očekivanih troškova i početak menadžerskog procesa za novi ciklus bankarskog menadžmenta.	It can be observed from several aspects: the control of the achievement of the banking in stitution as a whole; the controlof the achievement of the banks profit and investment centres; the control of the achievement of the cost centre of the bank, where the criterion is the deviation from the anticipated costs and the beginning of the management process for a new cycle of the bank management.	1.40265
Zaključak Načelno govoreći, značaj računovodstva javlja se u dva vida.	Conclusion Generally speaking, the importance of accounting is twofold.	1.18594
Sa jedne strane, računovodstvo svojom aktivnošću, samostalno, otkriva nepravilnosti u radu banke u celini, odnosno računovodstvo ima ulogu kontrolnog organa.	On one hand, through its activities accounting autonomously tracks irregularities in the operations of the bank as a whole, hence it has a role of a control body.	1.28456
Sa druge strane, računovodstvo čini osnov za rad drugih kontrolnih organa u banci time što im omogućava detaljan uvid u tokove celokupnog poslovanja banke.	On the other hand, accounting makes basis for the activities of other control bodies in the bank, in that it allows for a detailed insight into the flows of the entire banking business.	1.46277
Time je kontrolni značaj računovodstva izražen posredno, kroz rad drugih organa.	In this way the control function of accounting is expressed indirectly through the activities of other bodies.	0.964865
U poslednje vreme, u prvom redu zbog prisustva ekonomske krize, primarna upravljačka aktivnost-planiranje je veoma izrazena u bankama, kao i računovodstveno planiranje (budžetiranje) kao instrument u realizaciji godišnjeg planiranja, posebno u segmentu upravljanja troškovima.	Lately, and primarily due to the economic crisis, the primary management activity planning is rather pronounced in banks, as is the accounting planning (budgeting), as a tool in the realization of annual planning, especially in the cost management segment.	1.28748
Efikasnog upravljanja bankom nema bez dobrog planiranja, a ono je opet nesvrsishodno bez odgovarajuće kontrole.	There is no efficient bank management without appropriate planning and this in turn is meaningless without an appropriate control.	1.38258
Strategijska kontrola zahteva aktivno praćenje okruženja i pribavljanje kvalitetnih eksternih informacija.	The strategic control requires an active monitoring of the environment and gathering quality external information.	1.79394
Analiza i planiranje kapitala predstavljaju kritične elemente za ostvarenje željenih ciljeva od strane menadžmenta banke.	The capital analysis and planning are critical factors for the management in achieving desired goals.	1.34659
Ključni činilac procesa strateškog planiranja predstavlja analiza postojećeg i budućeg obaveznog kapitala u odnosu na strateške ciljeve.	The key factor of the strategic planning process is the analysis of the present and the future equity capital as regards strategic goals.	1.10489
Kontrola kao upravljačka funkcija nije registrator tekućih aktivnosti banke, već je navigator i inovator po slovnih aktivnosti koje će se tek odvijati u budućnosti.	As a manegement function, control is not a registrar of current banking activities, but is rather a navigateor and innovator of business activities to be performed in the future.	0.771837
Od menadžera banke očekuje se kreiranje različitih izveštaja za različite tipove poslovnih odluka i to: na godišnjem nivou, polugodišnje, kvartalno i mesečno.	The bank manager is expected to create various reports for various types of business decisions: on an annual level, on a semi-annual level, on a quarterly, and on a monthly levels.	1.07233
Što je veći stepen rizika i neizvesnosti u poslovanju na finansijskom tržištu, veći su zahtevi za izveštavanjem o ostvarenim perforamansama banke, kao i za prognostičkim informacijama Uspešno strateško upravljanje bankom ne može se realizovati bez adekvatne informacione podrške upravljačkog računovodstva.	The higher the risk and uncertainty in business on the financial market, the higher the demands for reporting on the performance of the bank, as well as for forecasting information.	0.629665
Drugim rečima, akcenat u zadovoljavanju informacionih potreba strateškog menadžmenta, upravljačko računovodstvo treba da stavi na sledeće aktivnosti:	A successful strategic management of the bank cannot be effected without an adequate information support of the management accounting.	0.241026
1. uvođenje nove strukture izveštavanja menadž menta banke;kvartalno i mesecno izvestavanje; 2. uvođenje novih informacionih sistema zasnovanih na objedinjavanju planskih informacija, internog i eksternog karaktera; 3. uvođenje novih sistema kontrole i nagrađivanja, kao mere za praćenje ostvarenih performansi, radi poboljšanja istih.	In other words, management accounting should put a stress in satisfying information needs of the strategic management on the following activities: 1. introducing a new structure of reporting to the bank management; quarterly and monthly reports; 2. introducing new information systems based on integration of planned information of both internal and external character; 3. introducing new control and rewarding systems as a measure for tracking performance in order that they should be improved.	1.25301
Adekvatna sinhronizacija funkcija - finansijskog izveštavanja, planiranja i kontrole uz snažnu informatičku podršku, nije dovoljna, već je neophodan i kvalitetan bankarski menadžment koji će upravljati svim poslovnim aktivnostima banke u realizaciji strateških i drugih ciljeva.	An adequate synchronisation of the functions of financial reporting planning and control together with a powerful information support is not enough; what is necessary is also a quality banking management to govern all the business activities of the bank in the achievement of strategic and other goals.	1.04526
	REFERENCE Š1Ë \urić, D., (2010), Izveštaji upravljačkog računovodstva za potrebe odlučivanja u poslovnoj praksi, Menadžment 55, str.	-0.3
LITERATURA Š1Ë \urić, D., (2010), Izveštaji upravljačkog računovodstva za potrebe odlučivanja u poslovnoj praksi, Menadžment 55, str. 17-24. Š2Ë \urić, D., Knežević, P. S., Barjaktarović, R. S., (2011), Upravljačko računovodstvo u funkciji sticanja konkurentske prednosti i bankarski kontroling, Menadžment 59, str. 5-15. Š3Ë Fries, S., Neven, D., Seabright, P., (2002), Bank Performance in Transition Economices, EBRD.	17-24. ~~~ Š2Ë \urić, D., Knežević, P. S., Barjaktarović, R. S., (2011), Upravljačko računovodstvo u funkciji sticanja konkurentske prednosti i bankarski kontroling, Menadžment 59, str. ~~~ 5-15. ~~~ Š3Ë Fries, S., Neven, D., Seabright, P., (2002), Bank Performance in Transition Economices, EBRD.	0.247222
Š4Ë Fries, S., Taci, A., (2002), Banking Reform and De velopment in Transition Economies, EBRD.	Š4Ë Fries, S., Taci, A., (2002), Banking Reform and Development in Transition Economies, EBRD.	2.7
Š5Ë Grifell-Tatje, E., Lovell, C.A.K., (1996), Deregulation and productivity decline:	Š5Ë Grifell-Tatje, E., Lovell, C.A.K., (1996), Deregulation and productivity decline: The case of Spanish savings banks, European Economic Review 40, pp. 1281-1303.	2.77284
The case of Spanish savings banks, European Economic Review 40, pp. 1281-1303. Š6Ë Hopkins, E.W., Hopkins, A.S., (1997), Strategic planing financial permormance relationships in banks: a causal examination, Strategic Management Journal 18:8, pp. 635-652. Š7Ë Isik, I., (2008), Productivity, technology and efficiency of de novo banks:	Š6Ë Hopkins, E.W., Hopkins, A.S., (1997), Strategic planing financial permormance relationships in banks: a causal examination, Strategic Management Journal 18:8, pp. 635-652. ~~~ Š7Ë Isik, I., (2008), Productivity, technology and efficiency of de novo banks: A counter evidence from Turkey, Journal of Multinational Financial management 18, pp. 427-442.	1.23867
A counter evidence from Turkey, Journal of Multinational Financial management 18, pp. 427-442. Š8Ë Knežević, S., Milosavljević, M., Dimitrović, V., (2010), Značaj strategijskog upravljačkog računovodstva za upravljanje bankama, Menadžment, 57, pp. 23-29. Š9Ë Kloten, N., Von Stein, J., (1999), Geld-Bank-und Borsenwesen, Schaffer-Poeschel Verug, Stuttgart.	Š8Ë Knežević, S., Milosavljević, M., Dimitrović, V., (2010), Značaj strategijskog upravljačkog računovodstva za upravljanje bankama, Menadžment, 57, pp. 23-29. ~~~ Š9Ë Kloten, N., Von Stein, J., (1999), Geld-Bank-und Borsenwesen, Schaffer-Poeschel Verug, Stuttgart.	1.07622
Š10Ë OECD, (2008), Rentabilite des banques comptes des banques 1996-2005. Š11Ë Primorac, M., Troskot, Z., (2005), Mjerenje efikasnosti i produktivnosti hrvatskih banaka Malmquistovim indeksom promjene ukupne faktorske produktivnosti, Finansijska teorija i praksa 29 (4), str. 367-383. Š12Ë Wu, Cheng-Ru, Lin, Chin-Tsai, Tsai, Pei-Hsuan., (2010), Evaluating Business Performance of wealth management banks, European Journal of Operational Research 207, pp. 971-979.	Š10Ë OECD, (2008), Rentabilite des banques comptes des banques 1996-2005. ~~~ Š11Ë Primorac, M., Troskot, Z., (2005), Mjerenje efikasnosti i produktivnosti hrvatskih banaka Malmquistovim indeksom promjene ukupne faktorske produktivnosti, Finansijska teorija i praksa 29 (4), str. ~~~ 367-383.	0.742559
Ranjivost projekta: stanje i predlozi za razvijanje budućih okvira delovanja UDK:	Š12Ë Wu, Cheng-Ru, Lin, Chin-Tsai, Tsai, Pei-Hsuan., (2010), Evaluating Business Performance of wealth management banks, European Journal of Operational Research 207, pp. 971-979.	-0.0575342
005.334:005.8 Sanja Jovičić2, Franck Marle1, Jean-Claude Bocquet1, Marija Janković1, Ludovic-Alexandre Vidal1 1LaboratoireGénie Industriel, Ecole Centrale Paris, France 2Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade sanja.jovicic¿ecp.fr Ovaj rad predstavlja prikaz istraživanja ranjivosti u različitim naučnim disciplinama.	Project Vulnerability: State of the Art and Propositions for Future Framework Development UDC: 005.334:005.8 Sanja Jovičić2, Franck Marle1, Jean-Claude Bocquet1, Marija Janković1, Ludovic-Alexandre Vidal1 1LaboratoireGénie Industriel, Ecole Centrale Paris, France 2Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade sanja.jovicic¿ecp.fr This paper reviews research studies of vulnerability in different scientific disciplines.	2.63853
Takođe predstavlja i poziv da se ovaj koncept uključi u oblast upravljanja projektnim rizikom.	Here, we also challenge present research to incorporate this concept into the domain of project risk management.	0.453571
Formulacija ranjivosti ima upošteno sasvim obično, mada sporno značenje.	The formulation of vulnerability has usually common though contested meaning.	0.895588
Definiše se kao stepen do koga je sistem podložan oštećenju i nesposoban da se nosi sa negativnim posledicama tog oštećenja.	It is explained as a degree to which a system is susceptible to harm and incapable to cope with its adverse effects.	0.821429
Izgleda da ovaj koncept nije potpuno operativan.	But the concept seems not fully operational.	0.644231
Ono što treba da se učini da bi on bio operativan jeste da se razvije jedan čvrst model za njegovu procenu, pa da se zatim uvedu odgovarajuće strategije za smanjenje ranjivosti.	The challenges confronted to make it operational are to develop a robust method for its assessment; afterwards to promote adequate strategies for vulnerability reduction.	0.291892
U zavisnosti od svrhe procene i od okruženja, metodi za procenu ranjivosti se međusobno razlikuju, čak i u okviru iste naučne discipline.	Depending on a purpose of assessment as well as on specific environments, methods for vulnerability assessment do not show commonness among themselves, even not among the same scientific disciplines.	0.956162
Glavni ciljevi ovog rada jesu da se uspostavi zajednički osnov ranjivosti i identifikuju koraci za uspostavljanje potencijalnog okvira za upravljanje projektnim rizikom. 1.	The main objectives of this paper are to establish common ground for vulnerability and identify potential framework developments for project risk management. ~~~ 1.	0.18395
Uvod Integrisanje analize ranjivosti u tradicionalni pristup upravljanju rizikom predstavlja dobar korak u planiranju efektivnog odgovora na rizik.	Introduction Integrating analysis of vulnerability into traditional risk management approach seems to be a promising step in effective risk response planning.	1.54484
Prema nekolikIm naučnim publikacijama na Naučnoj mreži (Web of Science), u velikom broju različitih disciplina javlja se interesovanje za koncept ranjivosti.	According to number of scientific publications on the Web of Science, increasing interest in concept of vulnerability is present among various disciplines.	0.829899
Primetno je da u oblasti industrijskog inženjeringa i posebno u oblasti upravljanja projektima postoji samo nekoliko radova na ovu temu Š32Ë. ~~~ Poredeći više od 30 članaka na temu ranjivosti u različitim oblastima istraživanja, zaključili smo da su termini koji se koriste na pojmovnoj ravni kao i postupci primene još uvek prilično neodređeni.	It must be noted that just several works are present in a domain of industrial engineering and particularly in a field of project management Š32Ë. Benchmarking more then 30 articles about vulnerability in different research areas, we have found that terms used on a conceptual level as well as application practices are still very vague.	0.989792
Glavni cilj ovog rada jeste da identifikuje karakteristike ranjivosti i ključna pitanja od značaja za njeno potpuno razumevanje da bi ovaj koncept mogao da odgovara projektnom okruženju.	The main purpose of this paper is to identify characteristics of vulnerability and key issues for its complete understanding in order to make this concept suitable for project environment.	1.15155
U daljem bavljenju našom temom u istraživanju, pokušaćemo da izgradimo koherentan konceptualni okvir koji se uklapa u metode tradicionalnog upravljanja projektima i koji će menadžeri projektnog rizika moći efektivno da primenjuju.	As we progress further in our research topic, we aim to build a coherent conceptual framework integrated with traditional project risk management methods that can be effectively used by project risk managers.	1.18694
Imajući u vidu naše ciljeve, rad počinjemo definisanjem projekta i njegovog specifičnog okruženja.	Having the mentioned purposes in mind, we start our paper by describing the project and its specific environment.	0.712267
Zatim sledi kratak pregled tradicionalnih postupaka u upravljanju projektnim rizikom s naglaskom na potrebi da se uvede ranjivost.	Afterwards, we make a brief review on traditions of project risk management highlighting a need for introduction of vulnerability.	0.613135
U drugom i trećem poglavlju pokušavamo da bolje osvetlimo ranjivost u različitim oblastima istraživanja i savremene pristupe u proceni ranjivosti.	The second and the third parts are dedicated to better understandings of vulnerability among different research areas and current approaches to assess vulnerability.	1.27273
Četvrto poglavlje posvećeno je pitanjima ranjivosti koja treba prilagoditi projektnom okruže nju.	The fourth part addresses vulnerability issues that need to be adapted for project environment.	0.736237
Kako ovaj rad predstavlja konceptualni okvir, zaključujemo ga navodeći izazove koji nas čekaju u narednom koraku u našim budućim istraživanjima. 2.	As this paper is conceptual framework, we conclude it with confrontation of challenges of the next step of our future research process. ~~~ 2.	0.185638
Osnovni podaci Kada se posmatra projektno okruženje, važno je da se definiše šta je stvarno projekat.	Background When considering project environment, it is essential to define what really project is.	0.682558
Ima mnogo načina da se definiše projekat, a u ovom radu prilagođena je definicija da projekat predstavlja privremeni i jedinstveni poduhvat koji se preduzima da bi se postigao određeni rezultat Š25;21;32Ë. ~~~ Jedinstvenost i privremenost su karakteristike koje razlikuju projekat od svakodnevnih aktivnosti.	Among numerous ways to define project, this paper adapts a definition that project is a temporary and unique endeavor undertaken to deliver result Š25; 21; 32Ë. Uniqueness and temporariness are the characteristics that make project different from everyday activities.	0.258989
Ta jedinstvenost se ogleda u jedinstvenim, specifičnim ciljnim vrednostima, okruženju, resursima, stilovima upravljanja i drugim parametrima koji čine projektni sistem.	Its uniqueness is mirrored in unique, specific target values, environment, resources, management styles and other parameters that constitute a project system.	1.26978
Privremenost se manifestuje definisanim početkom i krajem Š25Ë. ~~~ Ciljne vrednosti su projektni proizvodi koji se manifestuju kao usluge, proizvodi ili širenje razumevanja, naučni doprinos i druge korisne promene Š29Ë. ~~~ Proizvod je neposredni rezultat operativnih aktivnosti u projektu.	The temporariness is manifested through defined beginning and end Š25Ë. Targeted values are project deliverables corresponding to service, product or extension of understandings, scientific contribution and other beneficial changes Š29Ë. Deliverable is directly provided by project operational activities.	0.0843434
Kako projekti postaju složeniji, menadžerske aktivnosti čija je primarna funkcija usmerena na širenje informacija i održavanje projektnog plana na zadatom pravcu postaju nerazdvojiv deo realizacije projekta.	As projects get more complex, managerial activities whose primary function is directed to distribution of information and keeping a project schedule on its track, have become fully inherent in project execution.	1.29011
Menadžerske aktivnosti organizovane su u okviru pet glavnih procesa: uvođenje, planiranje, realizacija, kontrola i praćenje i zatvaranje (završavanje) projekta Š25Ë. ~~~ Projekat se može posmatrati kao sistem čija struktura ima nekoliko nivoa.	Managerial activities are organized into five main processes: initiation, planning, realization, control and monitoring and project closure Š25Ë. Project can be seen a system whose structure consists of several levels.	0.478125
Ma koliko da je to specifični sistem čiji su elementi retko povezani na način da se uzročno-posledična veza među njima može lako objasniti, jedan od najprikladnijih metoda za opisivanje projektnog sistema je metod sistemskog mišljenja.	While it is a specific system whose components are rarely linked in a way that causality can be easily explained, one of the most suitable methods to describe project system is using a system thinking method.	1.1546
Ovaj metod je vrlo istraživački po prirodi i omogućava da se projekat razloži od najmanjih do uopštenih parametara, a da se pri tom ne izgubi smisao celine.	This method is high exploratory and it enables decomposition of a project from its smallest to its general parameters without loosing a sense of a whole.	1.0615
Stoga projekat može da bude struktuiran Š32Ë kroz: ~~~ Projektne faze, Projektne vrednosti, opšte ciljeve i neposredne ciljeve Projektne procese i aktivnosti, Projektne resurse, učesnike, know-how, itd.	Thus, project can be structured Š32Ë through: Project phases, Project values, objectives and goals, Project processes and activities, Project resources, actors, know-how, etc.	0.212804
Ako uvažimo ovakvu strukturu, razumećemo mehanizam projekta.	Considering this composition, we are able to understand a project mechanism.	0.247368
Dok se projekat razvija kroz svoje faze, učesnici projekta koriste resurse i druge inpute da bi ostvarili projektne zadatke i dobili proizvod.	Going through its phases, project actors use resources and other inputs to perform project tasks and achieve deliverables.	1.19926
Projekti imaju veliki broj stejkholdera, zadataka, ciljeva i drugih elemenata i svi su oni međusobno povezani; ova korelacija može da bude fizička, geografska, logička ili sajber korelacija Š18Ë.	Projects consist of a large number of stakeholders, tasks, objectives and other components, and they all are correlated; that correlation is characterized either as physical, geographical, logical or cyber Š18Ë.	0.903547
Zahvaljujući velikom broju projektnih komponenti i njihovim među-zavisnim multi-naturalnim vezama, sam projekat predstavlja veoma složen sistem.	Because of numerous project components and their interdependent multinatural links, project by itself is a very complex system.	0.769952
Ako se uzme u obzir da je projekat sistem čije su operacije pod uticajem okolnosti koje vladaju u drugim spoljnim sistemima, njegova složenost postaje još veća.	Relying on a fact that a project is a system whose operations are influenced by conditions in other external systems, its complexity is even larger.	0.956308
Ova složenost, s jedne strane, omogućava projektu da ostvari jedinstveni i konkurentan proizvod.	The complexity, on one side, enables project to provide a unique and competitive deliverable.	0.492063
S druge strane, čini da njegova uspešnost bude još neizvesnija.	On the other side, it makes success more unpredictable.	1.4375
U procesu stvaranja svog proizvoda, projekti su izloženi svakakvim unutrašnjim i/ili spoljnim rizičnim događajima Š3Ë koji ih sprečavaju da postignu svoj cilj.	On their way to provide a deliverable, projects are exposed to any internal and/or external risky events Š3Ë that prevent them to reach their objectives.	1.05079
Stoga je proces našeg istraživanja usmeren na negativne konotacije rizika.	Thus, our research process is also focused on a negative connotation of a risk.	1.38643
Rizični događaji sprečavaju projekat da postigne svoje ciljne vrednosti.	Risky events hinder project to reach its targeted values.	1.092
Kako složenost i značaj projekta raste, prirodno se javlja potreba da se upravlja rizikom Š21;13Ë. ~~~ Autori se uglavnom slažu Š25;21Ë da se rizikom upravlja kroz četvorostepeni proces.	With increasing complexity and importance of projects, the need to manage risk arises naturally Š21; 13Ë. Authors generally agree Š25; 21Ë that project risk is managed through four-step process.	0.236798
Prvo, rizik se identifikuje i analizira da bi se planirala odgovarajuća strategija odgovora na rizik.	Firstly, risk is identified and analyzed in order to plan a proper risk response strategy.	0.815747
Strategije se prate i novi rizici se ponovo procenjuju.	Strategies are monitored and new risks are reassessed.	0.966667
Za svaki korak razvijen je veliki broj metoda.	For completing each step, numerous methods are developed.	0.884167
Ipak, u njihovoj primeni postoji mnogo ograničenja.	Still, many limits in their application are present.	0.668478
Pošto se ovaj rad ne bavi problemom metoda projektnog rizika, više o toj temi može se pročitati u radu Marle i Gidel Š22Ë.	As this paper is not directly focused on a problem of project risk methods, more details can be found in a research paper written by Marle and Gidel.	1.13014
U našem radu ističemo nedovoljan broj postojećih metoda projektnog rizika koji su usmereni na jedan jedini rizik i uglavnom ne uzimaju u obzir širenje negativnih promena kroz sistem.	Š22Ë. ~~~ Our research highlights a shortage of existing project risk methods that are focused on a single risk and generally do not consider propagation of negative changes through a system.	0.459673
Da bismo premostili ovaj jaz, okrenućemo se sadašnjoj tradiciji u upravljanju rizikom i uključićemo kako višestruke stresore tako i stepen do koga se određeni uticaj širi dok ne zada konačni udarac.	In order to bridge this gap, we go towards a current risk management tradition and include both multiple stressors and extent to which the effect is propagated until it reaches its final impact.	0.742983
Ako otvorimo pitanje veze između uzroka i konačnog uticaja, koncept ranjivosti izgleda kao prirodna naredna faza u razvoju upravljanja projektom.	To open up a link between a cause and final impact, concept of vulnerability seems like a natural next phase in project risk management path of evolution.	1.58571
Kako je tradicionalna metodologija upravljanja projektom usmerena na odlučivanje o ublažavanju rizika u vremenu t0, analizom ranjivosti pokušavamo da predvidimo stanje sistema u vremenu t1, t2,...tn izazvano promenom u vremenu t0.	As the traditional project risk methodology is focused on a decision about risk mitigation in a time t0 , vulnerability analysis tries to predict conditions of a system in times t1,t2, …tn caused by a change in a time t0.	1.39419
Ugradnja ranjivosti u tradicionalne metode projektnog rizika omogućiće da se sagleda projekat u celini, tako što će se objasniti razlozi zbog kojih neki rizici postaju rizični događaji i kako se posledice njihove pojave šire kroz sistem dok ne promene konačne ciljne vrednosti.	Integrating vulnerability in a traditional project risk methods will enable observation of a project in a whole by explaining the reason why some risks become risky events and how the effect of their occurrences is propagated through system until it changes the final project values.	1.54956
Iako izgleda da ovaj pristup obećava, još uvek postoje mnoga ograničenja u njegovoj primeni.	Although the approach seems very promising, numerous limits for its implementation are still present.	1.07831
Prvo, kad se definiše sistem, nije lako uključiti ili identifikovati pokazatelje koji su relevantni.	Firstly, it is hard to include or identify indicators that are relevant while defining one system.	0.878571
Isto tako, predviđanja u vremenu t0 nisu mnogo precizna.	Also, prediction in time t0 suffers low accuracy.	1.25116
Ranjivost još više doprinosi neizvesnosti zato što procenjuje stanje u nekoj daljoj budućnosti u pokušaju da obuhvati promene i oblikuje buduća stanja.	Vulnerability runs even greater uncertainty because it estimates conditions somewhere in the further future trying to capture changes and shape future states.	0.949984
Pored svih teškoća, ovaj koncept ipak postoji u brojnim naučnim disciplinama.	Besides all the difficulties, the concept exists in numerous scientific disciplines.	1.0331
Neke discipline (na primer, Globalne promene u okruženju, Upravljanje katastrofama, itd.) primenjuju ga već dugo; ali sam koncept još uvek nije potpuno razvijen i konsolidovan.	Some disciplines (E.g. Global Environmental Change, Disaster Management, etc.) have a long history of its application; but the concept is still not fully developed and consolidated.	0.990385
Stoga je glavni cilj ovog rada da shvati i izgradi temelj koncepta projektne ranjivosti.	Thus, the main objective of this paper is to understand and make a foundation for development of a concept of project vulnerability.	0.557895
U tom smislu poredimo različite koncepte da bismo utvrdili zajedničke osobine i različitosti u jeziku ranjivosti.	For that purpose, we benchmark different concepts to find commonness and differences in a language of vulnerability.	1.17938
Drugi deo je posvećen pokušajima i uslovima da se ovaj koncept operacionalizuje.	The second part is dedicated to attempts and stakes to make the concept operational.	0.761538
Onda prevodimo identifikovana pitanja u projektno okruženje i završavamo rad sa perspektivom naših budućih istraživanja. 3.	Then, we translate identified issues into project environment and conclude the work with perspectives of our future research processes.	0.995356
Ranjivost Termin ranjivost koristi se u mnogim naučnim disciplinama: od ekonomije, inženjeringa/mašinstva, zaštite živorne sredine, saobraćaja, do društvenih nauka.	3. ~~~ Vulnerability A term of vulnerability is found in numerous scientific disciplines: from economy, engineering, environmental sciences, transport to social sciences.	0.29069
Iako je u teorijskom smislu ovaj termin vrlo razrađen, on još uvek nema svoje konstantno, uobičajeno značenje.	Although the term is widely theoretically elaborated, it still lacks on constant, common meanings.	1.25465
Zbog svoje nejasnosti, koncept ranjivosti se koristi u mnoge svrhe u istraživanjima.	Because of its ambiguity, the concept of vulnerability is applied for many research purposes.	0.737538
To ima za posledicu da su mnogi ciljevi, metodi i konteksti, tamo gde su primenjeni, doveli do još većeg šarenila u njegovom značenju.	As a result, various objectives, methods and contexts where applied have led to even greater divergences in its understanding.	0.877982
Na primer, istraživački procesi sprovedeni u čisto prirodnim sistemima razlikuju se od istraživanja u društvenim ili mašinskim sistemima.	For example, research processes undertaken in pure natural systems differ from research processes in social or engineering systems.	1.68975
Nijedan sistem ne funkcioniše nezavisno od drugih, stoga efikasni istraživački procesi zahtevaju da se razmišlja o ranjivosti koja se javlja u multi-naturalnim sistemima.	As there are no systems that operate independently from others, efficient research processes require consideration of vulnerability arising in interaction of multi-natural systems.	0.788235
Reč ranjiv vuče korene iz latinskog vulnerare što znači raniti, povrediti ili osetljivost na ranjavanje.	The word vulnerable has its root in Latin vulnerare that means: to wound or susceptibility to being wounded.	1.22772
Ova definicija se odnosi na štetne događaje ili smetnje u odnosu na njihove posledice.	The definition refers to harmful events or perturbations versus consequences.	1.36047
Sama po sebi, ova reč nema nikakvo značenje.	The word by itself has no meaning.	0.561207
U prvom redu, ona ne može da odgovori na pitanje: ranjiv u odnosu na šta?	It primarily lacks on answer to the question: vulnerable to what.	0.517857
Od kasnih 1980ih analize ranjivosti postale su specifičnije.	Starting from the late 1980s, the vulnerability analyses have become more specific.	0.535152
Različiti konteksti doveli su do razvoja različitih pravaca i ciljeva istraživanja.	Different contexts have defined different research purposes and directions.	0.860294
Stoga se mogu razlikovati dva ekstremna pristupa Š11Ë: ~~~ 1.	So, we can isolate two extreme approaches Š11Ë: 1.	0.483333
Pristupi koji se odnose na ishod.	Outcome-related.	0.0882353
Istraživanja čiji je cilj da identifikuju potencijalne negativne efekte koji menjaju unapred definisane vrednosti sistema (na primer, ranjivost na pretnju gladi); 2.	Research processes whose purpose is to identify potential negative effects that change predefined system values (e.g. vulnerability to famine); 2.	1.39833
Pristupi orijentisani na opasnosti.	Hazard-oriented.	0.0176471
Istraživanja koja koriste ovaj pristup identifikuju jednu opasnost i procenjuju ranjivost prema pojavi različitih rizičnih događaja koji odgovaraju posmatranju opasnosti (na primer, ranjivost na pojavu ekstremnih prirodnih događaja kao što je cunami itd.).	Research processes that follow this approach are used to identify one hazard and assess vulnerability to occurrence of different risky events that correspond to observing hazard (e.g. vulnerability to occurrence of extreme natural events such as Tsunami).	1.60853
Pored rizika što različiti ciljevi uslovljavaju da se ranjivost posmatra na različite načine, postoji i problem razumevanja njene konotacije.	Besides the stake that different purposes require consideration of vulnerability in different manners, there is also a problem with understanding of its connotation.	1.1625
Po velikom broju autora, ranjivost ima negativnu konotaciju.	Vulnerability, by most authors, has a negative connotation.	0.961006
Obično se definiše kao stepen do kog je sistem izložen negativnim uticajima i nesposoban da se nosi sa njima Š28;23Ë.	It is usually defined as a degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse impacts Š28; 23Ë.	1.0084
U svim formulacijama nalaze se tri ključna parametra: izloženost, osetljivost i elastičnost. 1.	There are three key parameters present in all formulations: exposure, sensitivity and resilience. ~~~ 1.	0.319684
Izloženost se ogleda u stresnim događajima i smetnjama koje sistem preživljava.	Exposure is portrayed in stresses and perturbations that are experienced by a system.	1.04589
Stresovi i smetnje se određuju u smislu magnitude, učestalosti, trajanja i stvarnog stepena opasnosti Š8Ë. 2.	Stresses and perturbations are characterized in terms of magnitude, frequency, duration and areal extent of the hazard Š8Ë. 2.	1.32246
Osetljivost predstavlja stepen do koga se očekuje da će sistem biti promenjen pod uticajem stresova. 3.	Sensitivity is a degree to which a system is expect ed to be modified by stresses. ~~~ 3.	0.048652
Elastičnost određuje koliko brzo će sistem moći da se oporavi do stanja koje se može definisati kao dobro.	Resilience defines how quickly a system recovers to a state defined as a well-being.	1.00417
Vredi napomenuti da generičko značenje parametara u izveštajima o nekim istraživanjima i dalje zadržava i pozitivnu i negativnu konotaciju Š23;9;12Ë.	It must be noted that a generic meaning of parameters in certain research reports still have both negative and positive connotation Š23; 9; 12Ë.	1.12327
Jasno je da različiti konteksti imaju različite aspekte u odnosu na ranjivost nezavisno od oblasti istraživanja.	It is clear that different contexts have different aspects on vulnerability independently of a research area.	1.16341
U našoj analizi ranjivosti polazimo od oblasti Nauke o zaštiti životne sredine pošto je s njom i počeo razvoj ovog koncepta.	Our analysis of vulnerability starts from a domain of Environmental Sciences since it is the pioneer in this concept development.	0.582987
U oblasti Upravljanja katastrofama ranjivost se shvata kao koncept koji zavisi od opasnih događaja.	In a domain of Disaster management vulnerability is considered as a concept dependant on hazardous events.	1.28636
Kasnija istraživanja obuhvataju i procenu ranjivosti ne posebno u slučaju ekstremnih događaja, ali svakako u odnosu na sve stresne događaje i šokove koji na određeni način ometaju dobro stanje sistema.	Later researches include assessment of vulnerability not particularly to extreme events but also to all stresses and shocks that somehow disturb systems well-being.	1.09738
Interesovanje za širenje ovog koncepta ranjivosti od ekstremnih prirodnih opasnosti do globalnih klimatskih promena poraslo je nakon što su politike prilagođavanja i ublažavanja uticaja na životnu sredinu dobile prioritetni značaj Š15Ë.	The interest in extension of this concept of vulnerability, from extreme natural hazards to global climate change, has increased after the environmental adaptation and mitigation policies had become priority Š15Ë.	0.738951
Pristup u istraživanjima u ovoj oblasti posmatra sistem prirodne sredine kao izvor opasnih događaja u odnosu na društveni sistem koji će biti izložen tim opasnostima.	The research approach in this area views environmental system as a source of hazardous events versus social system as a subject to be affected.	1.31306
Pošto veliki broj rizičnih događaja povezanih s prirodnim hazardima nije moguće sprečiti Š10Ë, male su šanse za razvijanje nekih strategija prilagođavanja.	As the largest number of risky events associated with natural hazards cannot be prevented Š10Ë, there is little chance for adaptive strategies.	1.07018
Stoga je analiza ranjivih elemenata i aktivnosti sistema usmerena na izbor odgovarajućih strategija ublažavanja i zaštite najcenjenijih vrednosti sistema.	Thus, the analysis of vulnerable elements and system activities is directed to choice of proper mitigation strategies and protection of preferred system values.	1.04784
Pošto se promene u okruženju odražavaju na društvene sisteme i veza između ekoloških i društvenih sistema se ne može formulisati na jedinstven univerzalno prihvaćen način Š5Ë, ne postoji ni jedinstveni definisani način za odabir pristupa, ključnih parametara ili odgovarajućih pokazatelja da bi se definisala ranjivost.	As changes in the environment are reflected on social systems and the linkage between ecological and social systems cannot be formulated in a single universally accepted way Š5Ë, there is no single defined way to choose approach, key parameters or corresponding indicators to define vulnerability.	1.17203
Izbor zavisi od posebnih potreba i ideja vodilja kojih se istraživanja drže.	The choice depends on special needs and leading ideas that research follows.	0.752448
Jedna grupa pristupa ne uzima u obzir integrativni društveno-ekološki sistem.	One group of approaches does not consider integrative socio-ecological system.	0.568442
Sledbenici ovog stava smatraju da se egzogeni rizični faktori razlikuju od endogenih faktora rizika Š11Ë.	The supporters of this thinking follow the idea that exogenous risky factors are distinguished from endogenous risky factors Š11Ë.	0.986842
Smatra se da se egzogeni rizični faktori ne mogu kontrolisati, ali da endogeni rizični faktori predstavljaju prirođenu ranjivost.	While exogenous risky factors are considered as incontrollable, endogenous risky factors constitute intrinsic vulnerability.	1.08929
Istraživanja usmerena na ispitivanje faktora koji čine prirođenu ranjivost kao svojstvo jednog sistema relativno dugo su prisutna u razvoju ovog koncepta.	Researches focused on exploration of factors that constitute intrinsic vulnerability as a property of one system have a relative long history in evolutionary path of this concept.	1.21976
Tako se faktori prirođene ranjivosti posmatraju kao posledica nepostojanja ovlašćenja Š14Ë, institucionalnih struktura Š8Ë, i percepcije nesigurnosti Š14Ë ili kao posledica kumulativnog pritiska opasnosti i ranjivosti Š6Ë.	Thus, factors of the intrinsic vulnerability are seen as a result of the absence of entitlements Š14Ë, institutional structures Š8Ë, and perception of insecurity Š14Ë or as a result of a cumulative pressure of hazards and vulnerability Š6Ë.	1.57995
Izgleda da najnoviji trend više obećava, a on pomera fokus posmatranja sa opasnih događaja na ranjive elemente sistema uzimajući u obzir paralelno prisustvo pritiska i ranjivosti.	The newest trend seems more promising and it switches a focus of observation from hazardous event to vulnerable element of a system taking into account coupled existence of pressure and vulnerability.	1.49958
Ovakav pristup dominira u radovima Turner i njegovih kolega Š28Ë pri čemu oni takođe teže da pokažu kako se ranjivost vremenom širi kroz sistem i kakvi su potencijalni ishodi ovakvih sukoba vrednosti.	This approach is dominant in works of Turner and his colleagues Š28Ë where they also tend to describe how vulnerability propagates through the system over the time and what potential trade-offs of values are.	1.2074
Evolucija pristupa u istraživanjima u oblasti Promena u životnoj sredini obezbeđuje stabilnu osnovu za bolje shvatanje ranjivosti u drugim kontekstima.	Evolution in research approaches in domain of Environmental Changes gives a major basis for better understanding of vulnerability in other contexts.	1.28372
Iako druge studije mogu da deluju kao daleke, one u stvari imaju iste postulate ovog koncepta.	Although other studies may look very distant, actually they share the same concept postulates.	1.0925
Razlika je samo u orijentaciji u istraživanju.	The question of differences is a question of research orientation.	0.185714
Oblast kriminala drži se striktno ideje razvijene u oblasti prirodnih katastrofa.	The field of crime narrowly follows the idea developed in the field of natural disasters.	1.03767
Cilj istraživanja u ovoj oblasti jeste da se identifikuju društvene činjenice koje su na neki način konceptualizovane u pojavi kriminala među pojedincima ili grupama pojedinaca Š7Ë.	Here, research process es tend to identify social facts that are somehow conceptualized in the occurrence of crime among individuals or groups of individuals Š7Ë. as a level to which an entity, sub-system or system has been negatively changed.	1.1084
Slično identifikovanju faktora kriminala, istraživači u oblasti mentalnog zdravlja pokušavaju da identifikuju uzroke različitih vrsta mentalnih poremećaja Š31Ë.	Resilience is a degree of recovery over the time. ~~~ Similarly to identification of crime factors, researchers in a domain of mental health tend to identify causes of different types of mental disorders Š31Ë.	0.61269
Istraživanje počinje od identifikovanog poremećaja i definiše strukture stresova i šokova koji izazivaju poremećaj koji se posmatra.	The research process starts with identified disorder and defines patterns of stresses and shocks that cause observed disorder.	0.931212
Cilj analize ranjivosti u oblasti automobilskog saobraćaja ne razlikuje se mnogo od ovog koncepta u oblasti mentalnog zdravlja.	The aim of vulnerability analysis in a field of road transportation does not differ significantly from the concept in the mental health.	1.07876
Saobraćajni sistemi su tesno povezani sa konceptom pouzdanosti, stoga autori posmatraju ranjivosst kao nedostatak pouzdanosti.	As transportation systems are closely related to the concept of reliability, authors view vulnerability as a lack of reliability.	0.857143
Tako se ranjivost saobraćajnih sistema definiše kao podložnost incidentima koji mogu da dovedu do značajnog opadanja uslužnosti putne mrežeŠ4Ë.	Thus, the vulnerability of transport systems is defined as susceptibility to incidents that can result in considerable reductions of road network serviceability Š4Ë.	1.32313
Veoma slični pristupi i ciljevi zapažaju se u svim istraživanjima infrastrukture, uključujući i informatiku.	Very similar approaches and purposes are found in all infrastructural researches including information sciences too.	1.09406
Konačno, u kontekstu upravljanja projektima, koncept ranjivosti je na početku svog razvoja.	Finally, in a context of project management, the concept of vulnerability is on its beginning of the evolutionary path.	1.38517
Kao i u drugim kontekstima, ranjivost projekta se definiše kao stepen do koga sistem reaguje na hazardni događaj Š34;32Ë.	As in other contexts, project vulnerability is defined as an extent to which a system responds to a hazardous event Š34; 32Ë.	1.7972
Potrebu za ranjivošću projekta uvodi Zhang da bi objasnio ulogu projekta u posredovanju između pojava rizika i konačnih posledica.	The need for project vulnerability is introduced by Zhang in order to explain the project role in mediating between risk occurrences and final consequences.	1.30641
Time što razume projekat i njegovo loše funkcionisanje, ovaj pristup omogućava da se identifikuju ograničenja projekta da se odupre ili da se nosi sa efektima rizičnih događaja.	By understanding project and its malfunctions, this approach enables identification of project constraints to withstand or cope with effects of risky events.	0.906189
Ovi zaključci vode razvoju strategija prilagođavanja ili strategija za ublažavanje ranjivosti.	These findings are directed to development of adaptive strategies or strategies of vulnerability mitigation.	1.02273
Za razliku od strategija za smanjenje rizika karakterističnih za tradicionalne pristupe projektnom riziku, ove strategije se fokusiraju na poboljšanja u upravljanju projektima s ciljem da zaštite sistem od višestrukih stresova i održe ga u uravnoteženom dobrom stanju uzimajući u obzir širenje efekata.	Unlike the strategies for risk reduction in traditional project risk approaches, those strategies are focused on improvement in project management in order to protect system from multiple stresses and keep a system in a balanced well-being state counting on effect propagation.	0.97395
U pristupima ranjivosti između konteksta i unutar samih konteksta postoje mnoge razlike, ali neke zajedničke karakteristike ipak postoje.	While there are many differences in vulnerability approaches between contexts and within concepts themselves, certain commonalities exist.	0.966667
Predstavljamo sintetizovan spisak pitanja koja treba razmotriti prilikom uspostavljanja okvira ranjivosti projekta: Ranjivost je multidisciplinaran koncept koji se sastoji od izloženosti (jedinke, podsistema, sistema) stresnim događajima i poremećajima i teškoća da se izbori s njima.	This is a synthesized list of issues that should be addressed while establishing a framework of project vulnerability: Vulnerability is multidisciplinary concept that consists of exposure (of an entity, sub-system, system) to stresses and disturbances, and difficulty in coping with them.	0.958233
Izloženost se sastoji od stresova, šokova i poremećaja koji će, kako se očekuje, imati posledice na neku jedinku, podsistem ili sistem.	Exposure is constituted of stresses, shocks and disturbances that are expected to have effects on an entity, sub-system or system.	1.13304
Osetljivost se definiše kao nivo do kog je neka jedinka, podsistem ili sistem promenjena u negativnom smislu.		-0.3
Elastičnost predstavlja stepen oporavka tokom vremena. ~~~ Najčešće pominjane strategije za smanjenje ranjivosti su prilagođavanje i ublažavanje.	Sensitivity is defined Mostly mentioned strategies for reduction of vulnerability are: adaptation and mitigation.	0.103834
Prilagođavanje se razvilo kao potreba da se odgovori na potpuno nov skup okolnosti.	Adaptation has evolved as a need to response to brand new sets of circumstances.	0.920798
Prilagođavanje teži da proširi opseg različitih uticaja s kojima može da se nosi, a postiže se putem promena u aktivnostima menadžmenta, u organizaciji i u drugim oblastima.	Adaptation tends to extend a range of varieties with which it can cope and it is achieved through changes in management activities, organization and other settings.	1.15675
Ova strategija se veoma retko primenjuje u sistemima kojima se ne upravlja primenom mera politike.	The strategy is very rarely applied in systems that are not policy-driven systems.	1.31227
Strategije ublažavanja razvile su se na osnovu iskustva u bavljenju poznatim stresovima i poremećajima kojie smo već dobro shvatili.	Strategies of mitigation are evolved by experiences in dealing with known and understood stresses and disturbances.	0.425976
Primena ovih strategija je uobičajena u prirodnim sistemima kao i u drugim sistemima koji su izloženi opasnostima kojima se ne može upravljati, pa je stoga ublažavanje jedini način da se s njima nosi.	Its application is very present in natural systems and other systems that are exposed to unmanageable hazards; thus, mitigation is the only way to cope with.	0.874185
Analiza ranjivosti odnosi se na moguću bufuću štetu.	Analysis of vulnerability refers to a possible future harm.	1.28163
Stanje jedinke, podsistema ili sistema uvek se procenjuje u nekom sadašnjem trenutku.	State of en entity, sub-system or system is always evaluated in a present moment.	0.961873
Ni jedna analiza ranjivosti ne može da ponudi neki univerzalni, prihvatljiv mehanizam ključnih parametara ranjivosti koji bi se mogao iskoristiti kao dobra osnova za razvijanje metoda za merenje ili procenu ranjivosti.	No vulnerability analysis provides a universal, accepted mechanism of key vulnerable parameters that could be used as a good base for designing methods to measure or assess vulnerability.	1.48548
Izgleda da su svi pokušaji da se ovaj koncept učini operativnim u velikoj meri intuitivni i zasnovani na posebnim ciljevima i pitanjima koja se razmatraju. 4.	It seems that all attempts to make this concept operational are very intuitive and based on particular objectives and questions addressed. ~~~ 4.	0.0523282
Procena ranjivosti Glavni izazov za istraživanje jeste kako naći odgovarajuću metriku ranjivosti.	Assessment of vulnerability Finding suitable metrics of vulnerability is a central research challenge.	0.758205
Pokušaja je mnogo, ali većina je prilagođena specifičnim, posebnim ciljevima istraživanja.	While there are many attempts, most of them are adapted for specific, particular research purposes.	0.3
Neki jedinstveni metod još nije uspostavljen.	A single method has not been established yet.	0.705495
Pregledom postojeće literature o proceni ranjivosti ustanovili smo da je prvi raazlog što se ona jedva može meriti to što koncept ranjivosti još uvek nije potpuno razjašnjen.	Researching existing literature on vulnerability assessment, we have found that the first reason that it is hardly measurable is that the concept of vulnerability is not completely clarified.	1.13779
Reč ranjivost sama po sebi ima veliki broj značenja i takvo semantičko obilje omogućava stvaranje velikog broja definicija.	The word vulnerability by itself has numerous meanings and its semantic overflow produces numerous definitions.	0.822704
S druge strane, ni jedna definicija ne objašnjava mehanizam parametara koji čine ranjivost.	On the other side, no definitions explain mechanism of parameters that constitute vulnerability.	1.36045
Nedostatak teorijskih okvira ne dozvoljava da se ona napiše kao matematička funkcija.	Lack of theory guidance complicates its expression as a mathematical function.	0.765217
Drugi značajan momenat u uspostavljanju metrike jeste da ranjivost nije pojava koja se može neposredno posmatrati Š24Ë; parametre koji su relevantni za nju i odgovarajuće pokazatelje jedva je moguće zapaziti.	Second important stake in establishing metrics is that vulnerability is not directly observable phenomenon Š24Ë; its relevant parameters and corresponding indicators are hardly captured.	1.22386
Bez pokazatelja metrike nema.	Without indicators, metrics does not exist.	0.766667
Ako se uzme u obzir da je ranjivost složena, dinamična, kumulativna, ponekad ireverzibilna i često ju je nemoguće uhvatiti Š11Ë, uspostavljanje pokazatelja ranjivosti nailazi na veliki broj ograničenja.	Considering that vulnerability is complex, dynamic, compounding and cumulative, sometimes irreversible and frequently impossible to contain Š1Ë, establishment of vulnerability indicators faces numerous limits.	0.890164
Prvo, ranjivost jednog sistema proizilazi iz njegove interakcije sa drugim sistemima, ali i iz lošeg funkcionisanja njegovih sopstvenih mehanizama.	First, vulnerability of one system arises from interaction with other systems but also from malfunctions of its own system mechanisms.	1.46121
Time relevantna oblast posmatranja postaje sve šira i zahteva da se uključi veliki broj pokazatelja.	It makes a relevant area of observation very wide and requires a large number of indicators to be included.	1.23413
Pošto velike oblasti posmatranja obuhvataju brojne pokazatelje a većinu njih je nemoguće odrediti, postoji rizik da metod ne bude holistički.	As large fields of observation include numerous indicators and most of them are impossible to be captured, the method suffers a risk being not holistic.	1.00956
Pored toga, pokazatelji se često biraju u skladu sa određenim potrebama i preferencama sponzora istraživanja.	In addition, indicators are often chosen according to certain needs and preferences of research sponsors.	0.839674
Pokazatelji ranjivosti jesu funkcije varijabli koje se mogu posmatrati Š15Ë, stoga je pitanje argumenata koji se koriste za njihovo uspostavljanje mandatoran.	Vulnerability indicators are functions of observable variables Š15Ë, thus a question of arguments used for their establishment is mandatory.	1.0116
Stvarna teškoća je u tome što su jedan element, grupa elemenata, podsistem ili sistem ranjivi na veliki broj ili mnogostruke stresove, tako da se ranjivost manifestuje na različitim pravcima.	The real difficulty is that element, group of elements, sub-system or system is vulnerable to multiple stresses so vulnerability is manifested in various trajectories.	1.09241
Neki od ovih pravaca ne vode neophodno do materijalne štete, kao što nisu ni sve strategije za borbu protiv rizika zasnovane na finansijskim ili materijalnim investicijama.	Some trajectories do not necessary lead to material damage as not all coping strategies are based upon financial or material investments.	1.03683
Drugi značajan izazov jeste implikacija vladanja sistemom u odnosu na nastajanje ranjivosti ili njeno ublažavanje.	The other significant challenge confronted is the implication of system governance to occurrence and mitigation of vulnerability.	0.642961
Uspešna metodologija ne sme da zanemari ove neopipljive varijable, iako se njihove vrednosti teško mogu definisati.	Successful methodology must not neglect those intangible variables, although their values are hard to be defined.	0.64082
Pored uključivanja neopipljivih varijabli, ranjivost predstavlja dinamični koncept i njena struktura se vremenom menja.	Besides incorporation of intangible variables, vulnerability is a dynamic concept and its structure is changed over time.	0.891509
To znači da se budući parametri sistema obično razlikuju od sadašnjih.	It means that the future system parameters are usually different from present parameters.	1.24
Ove promene izazvane su ili kumulativnim ranjivostima, pojavom novih rizičnih događaja, promenama u trendovima ili svim tim zajedno.	Those changes are caused either by cumulative vulnerabilities, occurrences of new risky events, changes in trends or all of them together.	1.56062
Svesni potencijalnih ograničenja i neuspeha, neki autori su smatrali da je neophodno uspostaviti pokazatelje i konceptualizovati ih kao standarde Š17;30Ë.	Being aware of potential limits and failures, certain authors found necessary to establish indicators and conceptualize them as standards Š17; 30Ë.	1.13637
U većini slučajeva, pokazatelji ranjivosti pokazuju sadašnje stanje i procenjuju potencijalne promene negde u budućnosti Š15Ë.	In most cases, vulnerability indicators present current state and estimate potential changes somewhere in the future Š15Ë.	1.68699
Naišli smo samo na nekoliko radova o proceni ranjivosti u kojima se opisuju dinamičke karakteristike ranjivosti Š19Ë.	We have found just few works on vulnerability assessment that concern dynamic characteristics of vulnerability Š19Ë.	1.35305
Naredno važno pitanje koje se postavlja prilikom procene ranjivosti jeste pitanje skale za merenje.	The next important question while assessing vulnerability is a question of measurement scales.	1.13907
Pošto ne postoji jedinstven, univerzalan način za definisanje ranjivosti, ove skale zavise od vrste i ciljeva istraživanja Š15Ë.	Since there is no single universal way of vulnerability definition, measurement scales are dependant on types and purposes of research processes Š15Ë.	1.05101
To znači da se vrednost ranjivosti može izraziti kao apsolutna mera.	It implies that the value of vulnerability can be expressed as an absolute measure.	1.50082
Apsolutna mera predstavlja potencijalni ili stvarni finansijski ili bilo kakav materijalni gubitak.	Absolute measure is a potential or actual financial or any material loss.	0.868498
Ponekad se može izraziti kao interval.	Sometimes, its expression is an interval.	0.711429
Pošto mnogi autori soje na stanovištu da procena ranjivosti ima smisla samo u slučaju odlučivanja, kaže se da je uporedivost ključni pojam ranjivosti Š16;33Ë.	As many authors follow the idea that assessment of vulnerability makes sense only if it supports making decisions, comparability is said to be a key notion of vulnerability Š16; 33Ë.	0.755
U tom slučaju ranjivost se izražava kao relativni broj ili mnogo veća vrednost u odnosu na prag Š20Ë.	In that case, it is expressed as a relative number or excess over thresholds Š20Ë.	1.34472
Iako je procena ranjivosti u velikoj meri teorijski pojam, ustanovljeni su neki koraci da se ona učini operativnom.	Although the vulnerability assessment is rather a theoretical concept, some steps to make it operational are established.	1.11533
Uopšteno govoreći, karakteristike koraka su zajedničke i kada se primene u kontekstu projekta, pitanja na koja treba naći odgovore su sledeća:	Generally, the characteristics of steps are common and when applying them in the context of project, issues that need to be addressed are follows: The concept must be clarified on its theoretical level and defined in a way to be translated into a function.	1.32571
Koncept mora biti jasan na teorijskom nivou i definisan tako da se može prevesti u funkciju.	The vulnerability is contingent to certain hazardous events. ~~~ Hazards can be either external or internal.	0.0256579
Ranjivost je kontingentna za neke opasne događaje.	Vulnerability is a multi-scale and multi-natural concept.	0.63587
Ti hazardi mogu biti i eksterni i interni.	It means that vulnerability can be assessed on different levels of a project system.	0.333333
Višedimenzionalna priroda određena je različitom prirodom štete i izražava se različitim jedinicama.	A multidimensional nature is determined by different nature of damages and different units that are used for its expression.	0.727163
Metod ne sme da zanemari dinamičke karakteristike ranjivosti.	The method must not neglect dynamic characteris tics of vulnerability.	0.60119
Da bi procena ranjivosti bila valjana, pokazatelji i parametri moraju da budu pažljivo odabrani.	To make assessment of vulnerability valid, indicators and parameters must be carefully chosen.	1.14991
Oni moraju da pokažu sadašnje stanje u celini, kao i potencijalna buduća stanja sistema. 5.	They must illustrate the present condition as a whole, as well as potential future states of a system.	1.21898
Koncept ranjivosti u kontekstu projekta Sadašnje stanje u vezi sa ranjivošću projekta pokazuje da se ovim konceptom, ma kako da je privlačan, nije bavilo mnogo autora.	5. ~~~ Concept of vulnerabilityin a project context Existing state of the art on project vulnerability proves that this concept, though attractive, has not been examined by many project researchers.	0.25941
Pionirski rad o ranjivost projekta koji je započeo Zhang Š34Ë omogućio nam je prvi uvid u ranjivost projekta, ali je njegov rad ostao na nivou konceptualnog razumevanja i pokušaja da se identifikuju izvori ranjivosti projekta.	Pioneer work on project vulnerability by Zhang Š34Ë gave us the initial sight of project vulnerability; but his work remains on the level of conceptual understanding and attempts to identify sources of project vulnerability.	1.4081
Naša razmišljanja o ranjivosti oslanjaju se prvenstveno na istraživanja sprovedena u Ecole Central Paris Š21;32Ë.	Our thinking of vulnerability rests primarily on research conducted in Ecole Centrale Paris Š21; 32Ë.	1.5625
Ovaj koncept je posebno prilagođen kontekstu projektne ranjivosti.	The concept is particularly adapted to a context of project complexity.	0.961749
Iako je osnovni okvir uspostavljen, da bi dobio širu primenu neophodna su dalja usavršavanja.	Although basic framework is established, further improvements are necessary for its wider application.	1.5568
Oslanjajući se na postojeće znanje o ranjivosti projek ta i konceptima ranjivosti u drugim konceptima koje smo naveli, u ovom radu želimo da damo teorijsku osnovu za njegovo bolje razumevanje.stoga težimo da uvedemo konsolidovane pojmove /termine u jedan koherentan okvir ranjivosti; kako napredujemo u našem istraživanju, naš cilj je da ovaj koncept učinimo potpuno primenljivim tako da ga menadžeri projektnog rizika mogu koristiti.	Relying on the existing knowledge on project vulnerability and vulnerability concepts in other concepts mentioned above, this work aims to provide a theoretical basis for its better understanding. ~~~ Thus, we tend to incorporate consolidated terms into a coherent project vulnerability framework; as we progress in our research, we aim to make this concept fully capable for application by project risk managers.	0.330183
Uobičajena definicija ranjivosti u drugim kontekstima odgovara i projektima.	The common definition of vulnerability in other contexts is also suitable for projects.	2.07429
Stoga smo usvojili definiciju ranjivosti u negativnom smislu: stepen do koga je sistem podložan negativnim efektima i nespreman da se nosi s njima Š28;23Ë. ~~~ Polazeći od ove definicije i zajedničkih karakteristika navedenih ranije u radu, ranjivost se nalazi pod uticajem sposobnosti sistema da upije šokove i njegove samostalnosti da se sam organizuje da bi se oporavio od početnog udara Š11Ë. ~~~ Ranjivost se manifestuje u potencijalnim odstupanjima između planiranih/željenih i stvarnih vrednosti pro jekta.	Thus, we adopt definition of vulnerability in negative terms: degree to which a system is susceptible to and unable to cope with adverse effects Š28; 23Ë. Relying on this definition and common characteristics mentioned earlier in this paper, vulnerability is influenced by the ability of a system to absorb shocks and autonomy to self-organize in order to recover from the initial impact Š11Ë. Vulnerability is manifested in potential deviations between planned/desired and actual project values.	0.227583
Ova odstupanja rezultat su nesposobnosti sistema da neutrališe efekat ili/i nemanje svesti o širenju ovog efekta i potencijalnim strategijama za njegovo ublažavanje.	The deviations are results of systems incapability of neutralizing the effect or/and lack of awareness of impact propagation and potential strategies for its mitigation.	0.819698
Tradicionalna metologija za upravljanje rizikom interesuje se za verovatnoću da rizik postane događaj i da proizvede efekat, dok je ranjivost okrenuta analizi sposobnosti sistema da upije šokove i prilagodi svoje sposobnosti da neutrališe te efekte uz minimalne posledice.	While traditional project risk methodology is interested in likelihood of a risk to become an event and its direct impact, vulnerability is dedicated to analysis of systems capacity to absorb shocks and adapt capacities to neutralize effects with minimal residual risks.	0.826773
Drugim rečima, tradicionalne metodologije koriste se u analizi ozbiljnosti rizičnog događaja u vremenu t0 da bi se izabrala strategija za ublažavanje rizika; analiza ranjivosti procenjuje globalnu ozbiljnost izabrane strategije u vremenu t1, t2...tn.	In other words, traditional methodologies are used to analyze severity of a risky event in a time t0 for a choice of a risk mitigation strategy; vulnerability analysis estimates global gravity of the chosen strategy in time t1, t2, …, tn.	1.41422
Ovo znači da koncept ranjivosti u stvari predstavlja proširenje tradicionalnih metodologija projektnog rizika.	This implies that the concept of vulnerability is an extention to traditional project risk methodologies.	1.1278
Stoga je prva dimenzija ranjivosti izloženost.	Thus, the first dimension of vulnerability is exposure.	1.11528
Izloženost se definiše kao svaki rizični događaj koji predstavlja potencijalnu opasnost za napredak projekta.	Exposure is defined as all risky events that are potentially hazard for project progress.	1.40649
Tradicionalna metodologija projektnog rizika posmatra da li je rizični događaj interne ili eksterne prirode Š3Ë, dok analizu ranjivosti ne zanima priroda niti izvori rizičnih događaja.	While traditional project risk methodology considers if the risky event is internally or externally generated Š3Ë, vulnerability analysis is not interested in nature and sources of risky events.	1.67923
Izloženost se koristi za definisanje očekivanja da će negativni događaj uticati na sistem.	Exposure is used to define expectation that neg ative impact will affect the system.	1.11131
Magnituda uticaja definiše se magnitudom rizičnog događaja, ali njegova ozbiljnost se definiše osetljivošću.	The magnitude of the impact is defined by the magnitude of a risky event, but its gravity is determined by sensitivity.	0.933857
Osetljivost se opisuje kao priroda i stepen do kog projektni sistem trpi negativni uticak određenih rizičnih događaja.	Sensitivity is defined as nature and degree to which a project system is adversely affected by certain risky events.	0.945455
Osetljivost se izražava željenom vrednošću i nivoom tolerancije koja se naziva prag.	The sensitivity is expressed by desired value and level of tolerance that is called threshold.	0.980769
Ako negativni uticaj prevazilazi prag, smatra se da projekat nije sposoban da se samoorganizuje ili prilagodi takvom uticaju.	If the negative effect exceeds threshold, project is said to be incapable to self organize or adapt to that impact.	0.894466
Sistem zahteva primenu novih mera.	The system requires new measures to be applied.	1.20323
Prema sposobnostima prilagođavanja celokupnog projekta, donosilac odluke teži da izabere onu strategiju koja pomaže da se sistem efikasno oporavi od neuspeha.	According to the whole project adaptive capacities, decision maker tends to choose the one strategy that effectively recovers a system from failures.	0.951586
Sposobnost prilagođavanja predstavlja treću dimenziju ranjivosti: neelastičnost.	The adaptive capacity is the third dimension of vulnerability: non - resiliency.	1.39071
Prema pomenutoj definiciji, ranjivost predstavlja funkciju: izloženosti, osetljivosti i sposobnosti prilagođavanja (jednačina (1)).	According to the mentioned definition, vulnerability is a function of: exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity (Eq. ~~~ (1)).	0.306696
Izloženost i osetljivost označavaju potencijalni udar-efekat (jednačina (2)).	Exposure and sensitivity constitute potential impact (Eq. ~~~ (2)).	0.149364
Stoga ranjivost predstavlja funkciju potencijalnog uticaja i sposobnosti prilagiođavanja (jednačina (3)).	Thus, vulnerability is a function of potential impact and adaptive capacity (Eq. ~~~ (3)).	0.209091
V = f (E, S, AC) PI = f (E, S) V = f (PI, AC) (1) (2) (3) Gde V = ranjivost, E = izloženost, AC = sposobnost prilagođavanja, a PI = potencijalni uticaj.	V = f (E, S, AC) PI = f (E, S) V = f (PI, AC) (1) (2) (3) Where V is vulnerability, E is exposure, AC is adaptive capacity, a PI is a potential impact.	2.37308
Ove jednostavne konceptualne funkcije napisane su samo da bi se opisao odnos između elementata ranjivosti.	Those simple conceptual functions are expressed just to describe the way vulnerability elements are related.	0.671809
Ipak, ove funkcije nisu neposredno operativne.	Nevertheless, the functions are not directly operational.	1.08571
Iako se značenje termina ranjivost može na neki način teorijski razumeti, ono nije operativno sve dok se ne uspostavi njegov merni sistem.	Although the meaning of term vulnerability is somehow theoretically understood, it is not operational as long as its measurement system is not established.	1.05038
Ranjivost je pojava koja se ne može neposredno opažati, a sistem za merenje se ne može uspostaviti ukoliko se ne definiše njegov cilj.	Taking into account that vulnerability is not directly observable phenomenon, measurement system cannot be established without defining the purpose.	0.564103
Pored velikog broja razloga zašto se ranjivost meri Š15Ë, svrha naših budućih istraživanja okrenuta je rezultatima.	Besides many reasons why vulnerability is measured Š15Ë, the purpose of our further research is outcome-oriented.	1.341
Stoga su naše namere da identifikujemo ranjive elemente projekta, projektne zadatke i procese i da predložimo strategije koje bi u najvećoj meri doprinele ravnoteži između projektnih parametara.	Thus, our tendencies are to identify vulnerable project elements, tasks and processes and propose strategies that mostly contribute to the balance of project parameters.	0.844898
Postoje polemike u vezi s parametrima kojima se definiše uspeh projekta Š2Ë, ali mi tvrdimo da se svi oni mogu obuhvatiti zlatnim trouglom koji čine: plan, trošak i kvalitet.	As there are polemics about parameters that define project success Š2Ë, we claim that they all can be captured in a Golden Triangle that consists of: schedule, cost and quality.	0.998013
Da bi se napravio potpun okvir projektne ranjivosti, potrebno je da identifikujemo relevantne pokazatelje koji mogu da objasne koncept kao celimu.	To make a complete project vulnerability framework, we need to identify relevant indicators that can explain concept in a whole.	1.11078
Struktura i ključni pokazatelji u dinamičnim i složenim sistemima kao što je projekat, ne mogu se lako obuhvatiti.	A structure and key indicators, in dynamic and complex systems such as a project is, are hard to be captured.	0.579526
Da bi se stekao pojam o celini, predlažemo da se izbegne tradicionalno razmišljanje o razlaganju problema na delove i da se projekat posmatra kroz sistemsko razmišljanje.	In order to catch a sense of whole, we propose to avoid a traditional thinking of breaking down a problem and observe project through system thinking.	0.800794
Sistemsko razmišljanje je heuristička disciplina Š27Ë u kojoj se projektni sistem posmatra kroz nekoliko nivoa i međusobnih odnosa između elemenata koji čine te nivoe.	System thinking is a heuristic discipline Š27Ë for seeing a project system through multiple levels and interrelationships between components that constitute those levels.	1.04801
Kako u svom radu navodi Vidal Š32Ë, projekat kao sistem podeljen je na faze (slika 1).	Resting on the work by Vidal Š32Ë, project as a system is separated into phases (Figure 1).	1.69555
Faze se sastoje od određenih projektnih vrednosti i ciljeva koje treba postići.	Phases consist of certain project values and objectives that are to be achieved.	0.522074
Projektne vrednosti i ciljevi daju se kroz operativne zadatke kojima upravljaju procesi projektnog menadžmenta.	Project values and objectives are provided through operational tasks managed by project management processes.	0.890722
I konačno, procesi upravljanja i operativni zadaci ostvaruju se primenom resursa i različitih vrsta inputa.	And finally, management processes and operational tasks are performed by resources and different types of inputs.	1.04063
Ako projekat posmatramo na ovaj način, moći ćemo da odredmo strukture projektnih elemenata i njihovih interakcija kojima se stvaraju uslovi u kojima su neke vrste rizičnih događaja verovatne Š27Ë kao i prilike da se projekat bori sa njihovim nepovoljnim efektima.	Observing a project system in this way allows us to underlie structures of project components and their interactions that shape conditions under which some types of risky events become likely Š27Ë and opportunities to cope with their adverse effects.	0.876279
Slika 1.	Figure 1.	2.2625
Koraci u identifikaciji ranjivosti primenom metoda sistemskog mišljenja Š32Ë 5.	Steps in vulnerability identification using system thinking method Š32Ë 5.	1.36444
Zaključak i perspektive Cilj ovog rada prvenstveno je bolje razumevanje koncepta ranjivosti u cilju definisanja okvira projektne ranjivosti.	Conclusion and perspectives This work is primarily focused on better understanding of a concept of vulnerability in order to define project vulnerability framework.	1.51996
U tom cilju izvršili smo širi uvid u stanje stvari uzimajući u obzir različite aspekte ranjivosti.	For that purpose we have presented a broad state of the art on the basis of different aspects of vulnerability.	1.34178
Koncept se smatra teorijskim, stoga smo izvršili pregled trenutnih pokušaja da se on operacionalizuje.	As concept is considered as theoretical, we have reviewed current attempts and stakes to make it operational.	0.893478
Na osnovu zajedničkih karakteristika koncepata ranjivosti, sintetizovali smo njene karakteristike: Ranjivost je stepen do kog je sistem nesposoban da se nosi sa negativnim posledicama. ~~~ Sastoji se od: izloženosti, osetljivosti i elastičnosti. ~~~ Ranjivost se vremenom menja i nije pojava koja se može neposredno opažati. ~~~ Ovom konceptu nedostaje merni sistem.	Resting on commonness in vulnerability concepts we synthesized its characteristics: Vulnerability is an extent to which a system is inca pable to cope with negative effects; t consists of: exposure, sensitivity and resilience; Vulnerability is changed over the time and not di rectly observable phenomenon; The concept lacks on metric system.	0.0112327
Teškoće da se on razradi posledica su teškoća da se identifikuju relevantni pokazatelji ranjivosti.	The difficulty to build it arose from difficulties to identify relevant indicators of vulnerability.	1.08977
Koncept ranjivosti projekta je delimično shvaćen i razvijen.	Concept of project vulnerability is partially under stood and developed.	0.92381
Zaista, ovaj širi prikaz stanja i predlog novog koncepcijskog okvira imaju za cilj da jasno opišu ranjivost projekta.	Indeed, this broad state of the art and a proposition of a new conceptual framework are trying to make clear issues on project vulnerability.	0.569188
Identifikovana i naglašena struktura koncepta otvara pitanja koja će biti tema naših narednih istraživanja: ~~~ Identifikacija i klasifikacija faktora koji utiču na ranjivost projekta.	Identified underlined structure of a concept opens up new questions that are focus of our future research: Identification and classification of factors that in fluence project vulnerability.	0.375
Postizanje konsenzusa u vezi sa ključnim faktorima ranjivosti.	Finding consensus about crucial vulnerability fac tors.	0.258
Identifikovanje najuobičajenijih posledica projektnih vrednosti.	Identify most common trade-offs of project values.	0.686667
Poređenje preferenci u posledcama i drugim elementima ranjivosti u skladu sa subjektivnim i drugim specifičnim pitanjima koja utiču na percepciju ranjivosti.	Compare preferences in trade-offs and other vulnerability elements due to subjective and other specific issues that influence perception of vulnerability.	1.43183
LITERATURA Š1Ë Anderson, M.B. Vulnerability to disaster and sustainable development: ~~~ A general framework.	REFERENCES Š1Ë Anderson, M.B. Vulnerability to disaster and sustainable development: A general framework.	1.32902
In: ~~~ Munasinghe, M. Clarke, C. (Eds.), Disaster Prevention for Sustainable Development: ~~~ Economic and Policy Issues.	In: Munasinghe, M. Clarke, C. (Eds.), Disaster Prevention Sustainable Development: Economic and Policy Issues.	0.697959
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction and World Bank, pp. 41-60, 1995. ~~~ Š2Ë Angus, Y.G. Flett, P.D. Bowers, J.A. Developing a value-centred proposal for assessing project success, International Journal of Project Management 23 (2005), 428-436, 2005.	International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction and World Bank, pp. 41-60, 1995. for Š2Ë Angus, Y.G. Flett, P.D. Bowers, J.A. Developing a value-centred proposal for assessing project success, International Journal of Project Management 23 (2005), 428-436, 2005.	1.31935
Š3Ë Barber, R. Understanding internally generated risks in projects, International Journal of Project Management Volume 23 (Issue 8):	Š3Ë Barber, R. Understanding internally generated risks in projects, International Journal of Project Management Volume 23 (Issue 8): Pages 584-590, 2005.	4.35989
Pages 584-590, 2005.	Š4Ë Berdica, K.	0.24375
Š4Ë Berdica, K. An introduction to road vulnerability: what has been done is done and should be done, Transport Policy 9 (2002), 117-127, 2002.	An introduction to road vulnerability: what has been done is done and should be done, Transport Policy 9 (2002), 117-127, 2002.	4.21288
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UNDP Disaster Management Training Programme.	UNDP Disaster Management Training Programme.	2.8
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Towards a clarification of the science-policy interface, Global Environmental Change 21 (2011) 198-208, 2011.	Š15Ë Hinkel, J. Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity: Towards a clarification of the science-policy interface, Global Environmental Change 21 (2011) 198-208, 2011.	2.71443
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Š18Ë Johansson, J. Hassel, H. An approach for modelling interdependent infrastructures in the context of vulnerability analysis, Reliability Engineering and System Safety 95, 1335-1344, 2010.	An approach for modelling interdependent infrastructures in the context of vulnerability analysis, Reliability Engineering and System Safety 95, 1335-1344, 2010. ~~~ Š19Ë Luers, A.L.	1.25739
Š19Ë Luers, A.L. The surface of vulnerability: an analytical framework for examining environmental change, Global Environmental Change 15, 214223, 2005.	The surface of vulnerability: an analytical framework for examining environmental change, Global Environmental Change 15, 214223, 2005.	2.92667
Š20Ë Luers, L.A. et al.	Š20Ë Luers, L.A. et al.	2.8
A method for quantifying vulnerability, applied to the agricultural system of the Yaqui Valley, Mexico, Global Environmental Change 13, 255-267, 2003.	A method for quantifying vulnerability, applied to the agricultural system of the Yaqui Valley, Mexico, Global Environmental Change 13, 255-267, 2003.	2.89091
Š21Ë Marle, F. Analysis of current project risk management methodologies and required improvements, Project Management Research Group, Laboratoire Génie Industriel, Ecole Centrale Paris:	Š21Ë Marle, F. Analysis of current project risk management methodologies and required improvements, Project Management Research Group, Laboratoire Génie Industriel, Ecole Centrale Paris: Working Paper, 2009.	3.14286
Working Paper, 2009. Š22Ë Marle, F. Gidel T. An Analysis of Project Risk Management Methods and an Assistance to their Selection.	Š22Ë Marle, F. Gidel T. ~~~ An Analysis of Project Risk Management Methods and an Assistance to their Selection.	1.225
Laboratoire Génie Industriel, Ecole Centrale Paris; Costech - EA 2223, Université Technologique de Compiègne, 2010. Š23Ë McCarthy, J.J. Canziani, O.F. Leary, N.A. Dokken, D.J. White, K.S. (Eds.) Climate Change 2001 :	Laboratoire Génie Industriel, Ecole Centrale Paris; Costech - EA 2223, Université Technologique de Compiègne, 2010. ~~~ Š23Ë McCarthy, J.J. Canziani, O.F. Leary, N.A. Dokken, D.J. White, K.S. (Eds.)	1.20511
Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011. Š24Ë Patt, A.G. Schröter, D. de la Vega-Leinert, A.C. Klein, R.J.T. Vulnerability research and assessment to support adaptation and mitigation:	Climate Change 2001 : Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011.	1.66641
Common themes from the diversity of approaches. ~~~ In:	Š24Ë Patt, A.G. Schröter, D. de la Vega-Leinert, A.C. Klein, R.J.T. Vulnerability research and assessment to support adaptation and mitigation: Common themes from the diversity of approaches.	0.858929
Patt, A.G. Schröter, D. de la Vega-Leinert, A.C. Klein, R.J.T. (Eds).	In: Patt, A.G. Schröter, D. de la Vega-Leinert, A.C. Klein, R.J.T. (Eds).	3.03525
Environmental Vulnerability Assessment, Earthscan, London, UK, 2008. Š25Ë Project Management Institute A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, 2000 ed Newtown Square, PA:	Environmental Vulnerability Assessment, Earthscan, London, UK, 2008.	2.07857
Project Management Institute, 2004. Š26Ë Sen, A.K. Poverty and Famines:	Š25Ë Project Management Institute A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, 2000 ed Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, 2004.	0.808951
An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation.	Š26Ë Sen, A.K. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation.	2.17619
Clarendon, Oxford, 1981. Š27Ë Senge, P.M. The Fifth Discipline:	Clarendon, Oxford, 1981. ~~~ Š27Ë Senge, P.M.	1.0628
The Art and Practice of Learning Organization, Doubleday, Broadway, New York, 1994. Š28Ë Turner, B.L. Kasperson, R.E. Matson, P.A. McCarthy J.J. Corell, R.W. Cristensen, L. Eckley, N. Kasperson, J.X. Luers, A. Martello, M.L. Polsky, C. Pulsipher, A. Schiller, A. A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences US 100, 8074-8079, 2003.	The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of Learning Organization, Doubleday, Broadway, New York, 1994. ~~~ Š28Ë Turner, B.L. Kasperson, R.E. Matson, P.A. McCarthy J.J. Corell, R.W. Cristensen, L. Eckley, N. Kasperson, J.X. Luers, A. Martello, M.L. Polsky, C. Pulsipher, A. Schiller, A. ~~~ A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences US 100, 8074-8079, 2003.	0.740415
Š29Ë Turner, JR.	Š29Ë Turner, JR. Müller, R.	2.37353
Müller, R. On the nature of the project as a temporary organization, International Journal of Project management 2003; 21(1): ~~~ 2003.	On the nature of the project as a temporary organization, International Journal of Project management 2003; 21(1):1-8, 2003.	1.10387
Š30Ë UNEP.	Š30Ë UNEP.	2.3
Vulnerability indices: climate change impacts and adaptation, vol.3 of UNEP Policy Series, United Nations Environmental Programme.	Vulnerability indices: climate change impacts and adaptation, vol.3 of UNEP Policy Series, United Nations Environmental Programme.	3.12353
Nairobi, 2001. Š31Ë Vanderveken, Y. Lhallucination: le rêve trauma tique du psychotique, Quarto 63, 57-60, 1997.	Nairobi, 2001. ~~~ Š31Ë Vanderveken, Y. Lhallucination: le rêve trauma tique du psychotique, Quarto 63, 57-60, 1997.	1.27784
Š32Ë Vidal, L-A. Thinking Project Management in the age of complexity.	Š32Ë Vidal, L-A. Thinking Project Management in the age of complexity.	3.05
Particular Implications on Project Risk Management, Laboratoire Génie Industriel, Ecole Centrale Paris, Ph.	Particular Implications on Project Risk Management, Laboratoire Génie Industriel, Ecole Centrale Paris, Ph.D. Thesis, 2009.	2.82813
D. Thesis, 2009. Š33Ë Wolf, S. Hinkel, J. Ionescu, C. Hofman, M. Bisaro, S. Linke, D. Klein, R.J.T. Vulnerability: a meta-analysis of definitions and methodologies.	Š33Ë Wolf, S. Hinkel, J. Ionescu, C. Hofman, M. Bisaro, S. Linke, D. Klein, R.J.T. Vulnerability: a metaanalysis of definitions and methodologies.	3.00397
A clarification by formalisation ,Global Environmental Change, under review, 2010. Š34Ë Zhang, H. A redefinition of the project risk process:	A clarification by formalisation ,Global Environmental Change, under review, 2010. ~~~ Š34Ë Zhang, H.	1.03258
Using vulnerability to open up the eventconsequence link, International Journal of Project Management, Volume 25, Issue 7, pp 694701, 2007. ~~~ Strategije redukcije troškova u doba krize UDK:	A redefinition of the project risk process: Using vulnerability to open up the eventconsequence link, International Journal of Project Management, Volume 25, Issue 7, pp 694-701, 2007.	1.09575
005.21:657.497.3(497.11)2008/2010 ; 338.124.4 Tanja Milić Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu tajci¿fon.bg.ac.rs Period 2008/2010. bio je veoma težak i za poslodavce i za zaposlene, kako u svetu, tako i u Srbiji i prema procenama eksperata, očekuje se da će se efekti osećati i do 2014. godine, a i kasnije u nekim industrijama.	Cost Reduction in the Time of Crisis UDC: 005.21:657.497.3(497.11)2008/2010 ; 338.124.4 Tanja Milić Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade tajci¿fon.bg.ac.rs The 2008/2010 period was very difficult for both employers and employees, all over the world, as well as in Serbia, and it is expected, according to estimates of experts, that the effects will be felt until 2014 and even later in some industries.	1.21663
Zatečena kriznom situacijom, bez odgovarajućeg upravljanja troškovima, većina kompanija je počela da pribegava brzim strategijama redukcije troškova.	Surprised with the crisis situation, without proper cost management, most companies resorted to rapid cost reduction strategies.	0.728319
Kako su prihodi pali i novčani tok se smanjio, kompanije svih veličina su kao prvi odgovor na krizu uspostavile strogu kontrolu svakog velikog rashoda.	As revenues fell, and cash flow was reduced, the companies of all sizes have established a stringent controls of every major expense as the first answer to the crisis.	0.879389
Strategije koje su kompanije primenile u tom periodu ostavile su manje ili više duboke tragove na njihovo poslovanje.	The strategies that companies have implemented in this period had a more or less profound effect on their business.	1.39302
U ovom radu analizirane su najčešće korišćene strategije redukcije troškova primenjene u vreme krize 2008/2010. u kompanijama širom sveta, opisan je logičan sled događaja i posledica koji prati njihovu primenu i dat je predlog za uvođenje novog proaktivnog pristupa upravljanju troškovima i njihovoj redukciji u kompanijama, a koji bi trebalo da podrži stabilno poslovanje kompanija i u dobrim i u lošim vremenima. 1.	This paper analyzes the most frequently used strategies for cost reduction applied during the 2008/2010 crisis in companies around the world, describes a logical sequence of events and consequence, which follows their implementation, and proposes that a new proactive approach to cost management and cost reduction in companies be introduced, which should support stable business in good times as well as in bad times. ~~~ 1.	0.418125
Uvod Redukcija troškova predstavlja uobičajenu aktivnost u svakoj kompaniji i podrazumeva obavljanje aktivnosti praćenja i procene troškova u cilju njihovog snižavanja od strane menadžera.	Introduction Cost reduction is a normal activity in any company and means the activities of cost tracking and evaluation performed by the manager for the purpose of their reducing.	0.982745
Ove aktivnosti mogu biti deo formalnog programa uspostavljenog u kompaniji kao celini, ili mogu biti neformalne prirode i ograničene na jedno odeljenje ili pojedinca.	These activities can be part of a formal programme established in a company as a whole, or they may be of informal nature and restrained to one depertment or one individual.	1.49792
U vreme krize, menadžeri posebnu pažnju posvećuju upravo sniženju troškova, kao osnovnoj strategiji opstanka poslovanja.	In the periods of crisis, it is the cost reduction that managers pay special attention to, as a basic strategy of business survival.	1.4223
Vreme krize se karakteriše padom prihoda i smanjenjem novčanih tokova, usled čega kompanije svih veličina uspostavljaju strogu kontrolu svakog velikog rashoda u pokušaju da opstanu.	The period of recession is characterised by the fall in incomes and in cash flows, which forces the companies of all sizes to impose a strict control over any large expenses in their struggle to survive.	1.21203
Međutim, postavlja se pitanje koliko tako razvijene strategije redukcije troškova, primenjene na licu mesta u toku trajanja same krize donose u stvari dobrobit kompanijama koje ih primenjuju.	The question is, however, to what extent thus developed cost reduction strategies implemented in site in the course of the crisis can bring benefits for the companies implementing them.	1.13816
U ovom radu predstavljene su najčešće korišćene strategije redukcije troškova kojima kompanije pribegavaju u vreme krize, date su negativne strane njihove primene, kao i predlozi mogućih rešenja i promene pristupa redukciji troškova u kompanijama, kako bi se postigli optimalni rezultati u različitim uslovima poslovanja. 2.	This paper presents the most frequently implemented cost reduction strategies to which companies resort in the recession times, highlights the negative aspects of their implementation, as well as proposes possible solutions and change in the approach to cost reduction in companies, in order that optimum results be achieved in different conditions of business doing.	1.38395
Najčešće korišćene strategije redukcije troškova u doba krize Osnovna strategija kojoj pribegavaju menadžeri svih kompanija u vreme krize jeste strategija redukcije troškova.	2. ~~~ Most frequently implemented cost reduction strategies during recession The basic strategy the managers of all companies in the recession period resort to is the cost reduction strategy.	0.519864
Zatečeni neočekivanom kriznom situacijom, smanjenim prilivima gotovine i prihoda, pritisnuti vremenom i potrebom brzog reagovanja, oni se nalaze u situaciji neminovne potrebe za obezbeđenjem opstanka kompanije putem snižavanja troškova.	Surprised by an unexpected crisis situation, the fall in cash flows and in revenues, pressed by the time and the need to react promptly, they are in a situation of an imminent need to make the company survive by reducing costs.	1.05851
Najčešće korišćene strategije redukcije troškova u doba krize 2008/2010. su: ~~~ Redukcija neograničenih rashoda, kao što su trening i obrazovanje, fiksni rashodi, IT rashodi, itd.	The most frequently implemented cost reduction strategies in the 2008/2010 recession are as follows: The reduction of infinite expenditures such as training and education, fixed expenses, IT expenses, etc.	0.396286
Zamrzavanje i/ili redukcija kompenzacije, odno sno, zarada, bonusa, osiguranja, itd.	Freezing and/or reducing compensation, i.e., earn ings, bonuses, insurance, etc.	0.828788
Otpuštanje zaposlenih.	Dismissing employees.	1.27143
Odlaganje i/ili otkazivanje kapitalnih izdataka i/ili investicija.	Postponing and/or cancelling capital expenses and/or investments.	1.045
Snižavanje troškova marketinga, prodaje i razvoja proizvoda, kao što su istraživanje i razvoj, ekonomska propaganda, putovanja, promotivni materijali i događaji, itd.	Reducing the costs of marketing, sales and product development, such as research and development, economic propaganda, travels, promotional materials and events, etc.	0.969489
Ove strategije proističu iz tzv. reaktivnog pristupa kriznim situacijama, kada je menadžmentu kompanija najvažnije da trenutno snizi troškove svog poslovanja u cilju obezbeđenja opstanka.	These strategies result from the so-called reactive approach to crisis situations, where the management of the company finds it most important to instantly reduce the costs of their operations in order to ensure the company survival.	0.848824
U ovom slučaju radi se o klasičnom odozgo-nadole pristupu snižavanju troškova u kome top menadžment određuje sumu u vidu novčanog iznosa za koju troškovi treba da se smanje, razmatra glavne kategorije troškova i daje direktivu menadžmentu donjih nivoa da sprovede odgovarajuće redukcije kako bi se postigao utvrđeni neophodni ciljni iznos uštede.	This is the case of a classic top-down approach to cost reduction where the top management defines a sum in terms of the amount of money by which the costs should be reduced, discusses the main cost categories and advises the lower level management to perform adequate reductions to achieve a necessary target amount of savings.	0.837507
Kriterijumi odabira u ovakvim situacijama uključuju pre svega odgovore na sledeća pitanja: ~~~ 1.	The selection criteria in such situations include primarily the answers to the following questions: 1.	0.456306
Da li će se troškovi dovoljno sniziti?	Will the costs be reduced low enough?	0.646875
2.	2.	1.8
Da li se njihovo snižavanje može obaviti dovolj no brzo?	Can their reduction be performed promptly enough?	0.259091
3.	3.	1.8
Da li kompanija može da preživi to sniženje?	Will the company be able to survive that reduc tion?	0.611382
Kriterijumi odabira retko uključuju pitanje: ~~~ 1.	The selection criteria rarely include the following question: 1.	0.21413
Da li će kompaniji biti bolje na duže staze, ako sada realizuje kratkoročno sniženje troškova usled pojave krize?	Will the company profit in a long term if it performs a short-term cost reduction now, due to the recession?	0.733684
3.	3.	1.8
Efekti najčešće korišćenih strategija redukcije troškova u doba krize Primena reaktivnih strategija u suočavanju sa posledicama krize uglavnom je usmerena na kratkoročne efekte i kratkoročnu dobrobit kompanija koje ih primenjuju.	Effects of the most frequently implemented cost reduction strategies in a recession The implementation of reactive strategies in facing the consequences of a recession is mainly oriented towards short-term effects and a short-term gain for the companies implementing them.	1.13525
Naime, posmatrano na dugi rok, nijedna od pomenutih strategija redukcije troškova ne donosi kompanijama nikakvu korist.	Namely, viewed in a long term, none of the mentioned cost reduction strategies earns the company any benefits.	0.967584
Upravo suprotno, na dugi rok, kompanije se suočavaju sa problemima uzrokovanim nestašicama potrebnih resursa, pre svega kadrovskih, zatim sa posledicama smanjene produktivnosti postojećih zaposlenih, njihove nedovoljne edukacije i inoviranja znanja, izgubljenog entuzijazma, kao i negativnim efektima zaostajanja za tehnološkim razvojem, neizgrađene ili oslabljene tržišne pozicije, smanjenja profitabilnosti prihoda, što sve kasnije povećava troškove potrebne da se nadoknadi propušteno.	On the contrary, in a long-term perspective, companies face problems caused by the lack of necessary resources, primarily human resources, and then the consequences of the existing employees reduced productivity, their inadequate education and innovation of knowledge, lost enthusiasm, and finally, the negative effects of lagging behind technological development, undeveloped or weakened market position, reduction in the income profitability, all of which in the long run increase the costs necessary to pay to make up for what is missed.	1.25256
Konkretno, u slučaju navedenih strategija redukcije troškova mogu se očekivati sledeći efekti:	Strictly speaking, the following effects can be expected in case the mentioned cost reduction strategies are implemented: The reduction of infinite expenditures such as training and education, fixed expenses, IT expenses, etc., results in short-term savings that may be sufficient to ensure the companys survival at the moment of crisis, however, it limits and denies the employees further development and consequently the development of the company as a whole.	0.641434
Redukcijom neograničenih rashoda, kao što su trening i obrazovanje, fiksni rashodi, IT rashodi, itd., ostvaruju se kratkoročne uštede, koje mogu biti dovoljne da obezbede opstanak kompanije u trenutnoj kriznoj situaciji, ali se ograničava i uskraćuje dalji razvoj zaposlenih, a samim tim i razvoj kompanije kao celine. [tednja na tehnologijama i usavršavanju zaposlenih reflektovaće se kroz oslabljenu konkurentnost kompanije u ovom domenu, naročito ako konkurencija uspeva da i dalje ulaže u ovaj segment svog poslovanja uprkos krizi.	Restrictions on technologies and employee development will be felt in a weakened competitiveness of the company in this domain, especially so if the competition manages to further invest into this segment of their operations, despite the crisis.	0.795564
Zamrzavanje i/ili redukcija kompenzacije, odnosno zarada, bonusa, osiguranja, itd., takođe će doneti kratkoročne uštede kompaniji, ali će se odraziti direktno na motivaciju zaposlenih i imaće direktan uticaj na njihovu produktivnost.	Freezing and/or reduction of compensation, that is, earnings, bonuses, insurance, etc. will also result into short-term savings for the company, however, it will directly be reflected upon the employee motivation and will directly affect their performance.	0.96178
Ona će biti umanjena u izvesnom stepenu, ali još ne u toj meri kao u slučaju strategije otpuštanja zaposlenih, čime se mogu pojaviti u stvari još veći gubici manifestovani u vidu smanjene proizvodnje, povećanog škarta, kvara, loma i rastura u odnosu na ostvarene uštede primenom ove strategije.	These will be reduced to a certain extent, however, not as much as in case of the employee dismissal strategy which may result in ever larger losses manifested in reduced production, increased waste products, failure, breakage, wastage in relation to the savings achieved by implementing this strategy.	1.04767
Otpuštanje zaposlenih kao sledeći korak u cilju snižavanja troškova u doba krize ima drastičan uticaj na opšte stanje zaposlenih u kompaniji u vreme krize.	Employee dismissal as the next step in reducing costs in a recession has a dramatic effect upon a general state of employees in the company in the time of crisis.	2.08881
Daje najnegativnije posledice po produktivnost i poslovanje kompanije uopšte.	It producess by far the most negative consequences for the productivity and business operations of the company in general.	0.756338
Reflektuje se kroz pojavu straha i nesigurnosti zaposlenih i sa njima povezano drastično smanjenje produktivnosti.	It is reflected in the fear and uncertainty felt by the employees and, accordingly, in a dramatic fall in productivity.	1.04703
Napeta, nesigurna i stresna radna sredina dovodi do smanjene kreativnosti i entuzijazma zaposlenih.	A tense, uncertain and stressful work environment results in reduced creativity and enthusiasm in the employees.	0.908766
Nedostatak ideja i mogućnosti za njihovu realizaciju mogu dovesti i do toga da talentovani pojedinci napuste kompaniju, što je najčešće i slučaj, a što predstavlja ogroman gubitak za kompaniju, koji će ona kasnije morati da nadoknadi.	The lack of ideas and the opportunities for their realization may result in the talented individuals leaving the company, which most often is the case, and this means a massive loss for the company, one that it will have to compensate later.	1.01928
Odlaganje i/ili otkazivanje kapitalnih izdataka i/ili investicija, pored podržavanja ostvarivanja kratkoročnih ušteda, može da ima efekat propuštene, ili zastarele investicije, gde se veći gubitak ostvaruje u slučaju efekta propuštene investicije, investicije koju je konkurencija prva realizovala, i samim tim je došla u poziciju skidanja kajmaka na tržištu u postkriznom periodu.	Regardless of the fact that it supports the efforts to achieve short-term savings, postponing and/or cancelling capital expenses and/or investments may have the effect of a missed or expired investment, where a larger loss results from the effect of a missed investment, one that the competition managed to realize first and thus was in a position to reap success in the post-crisis period.	1.16868
Gubitak koji kompanija u ovom slučaju trpi ravan je propuštenom profitu koji bi ostvarivala da je ona prva realizovala investiciju, a koji umesto nje sada ostvaruje konkurencija.	The loss suffered by the company in this case equals to the missed profits it would have earned had it been the first to realize the investment, whose results are now enjoyed by the competition.	0.716959
U slučaju zastarele investicije, odnosno investicije koja sa prolaskom krize gubi na vrednosti i značaju, jedini gubitak koji kompanija trpi je ravan visini ostvarenog ulaganja do momenta krize.	In case of an expired investment, that is, an investment that loses value and importance with the end of the crisis, the only loss suffered by the company equals the amount invested by the time the recession started.	1.10994
Snižavanje troškova marketinga, prodaje i razvoja proizvoda, kao što je smanjivanje ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj, ekonomsku propagandu, putovanja, promotivne materijale i događaje, itd., takođe, pored ostvarenih kratkoročnih ušteda, može direktno da ima uticaja na slabljenje tržišne pozicije kompanije i gubitak buduće trke sa konkurentima, što je najveći i najopasniji fundamentalni gubitak koji kompanija može da doživi.	Reducing the costs of marketing, sales and the product development, such as reduction in investments into research and development, economic propaganda, travels, promotion materials and events, etc., whatever the short-term savings, may directly result into a weakened market position of the company and the loss of a future race with the competitors and this is the largest and the most dangerous fundamental loss the company can suffer.	0.856901
Ovo naročito važi u slučaju kompanije koja je mlada, ili još nedovoljno afirmisana, izgrađena, poznata i zastupljena na tržištu.	This is especially true for a company that happens to be relatively young or insufficiently affirmed, built, well-known or present in the market.	1.03475
Kompanije pri sprovođenju ove strategije moraju da pronađu balans sa konkurencijom.	In implementing this strategy companies have to find a balance with the competition.	0.787671
Tržište je dinamična kategorija i ovo naročito važi u slučaju da konkurencija i u vreme krize sprovodi jaču kampanju i vrši ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj.	Market is a dynamic category and this especially applies in case the competition is in a position to have a more powerful campaign even in a recession period and to invest into research and development.	1.13185
Kompanija koja primenom ove strategije zaostaje za konkurencijom, suočiće se sa povećanom opasnošću gubitka tržišne pozicije, čak i u vreme krize. [to je kriza duža, opisane negativne dugoročne posledice primene navedenih strategija će biti veće. 4.	The company that lags behind the competition due to having implemented this strategy will face an increased danger of the loss of its market position, even during a recession. ~~~ The longer the recession, the more serious the above described long-term consequences of the implementation of the above listed strategies. ~~~ 4.	0.0466216
	Effects of the most frequently implemented cost reduction strategies in a recession and challenges in the postcrisis period 5.	-0.3
Posledice najčešće korišćenih strategija redukcije troškova u doba krize i izazovi postkriznog perioda Sa oporavkom tržišta, kompanije se nalaze u takvoj situaciji da imaju rastuću potrebu da povećaju prihode, ali usled primene najčešće korišćenih strategija redukcije troškova u doba krize, nemaju potrebne ljudske i tehničke resurse za to.	Remedy to the consequences of the most frequently implemented cost reduction strategies in a recession With the recovery of the merket, companies are in such a situation that they have a growing need to increase their income, however, due to having implemented the most frequently implemented cost reduction strategies during a recession, they no longer have the necessary human and technical resources to achieve that.	1.17606
Sprovedene redukcije troškova od strane pojedinih menadžera u vreme krize urađene su u interesu opstanka ili ostvarivanja utvrđene potrebne uštede od strane top menadžmenta, a ne u interesu efikasnosti.	The cost reductions performed by some managers in a crisis period were aimed at survival or at achieving certain savings by the top management, not for the efficiency purposes.	1.33557
Smanjena produktivnost takođe možda može da se podigne na viši nivo u pojedinim poslovnim jedinicama, ali ona nije ni održiva ni efikasna.	The reduced productivity can well be raised to a higher level in certain business units, however, it is neither sustainable nor efficient.	0.939462
Odeljenja sa nedovoljnim brojem osoblja ili nedovoljnim finansijama možda mogu da posluju dobro u tekućem periodu, ali su nesposobna da ostvare dalji rast.	The departments with insufficient staff or finances may do business successfully in the present period, however, they are incapable of growing further.	0.940724
Budžeti, kadrovi i planovi za dugoročne projekte u marketingu, tehnologiji, infrastrukturi i drugim oblastima su trenutno veoma tanki.	The budgets, the personnel and the plans for long-term projects in marketing, technology, infrastructure and other areas are rather poor at the moment.	0.906579
Oni nisu samo neodgovarajući sa aspekta dostizanja njihovih nivoa pre krize, već i sa aspekta potrebnog vremena.	They are not inadequate only from the aspect of achieving their pre-recession levels, but also from the aspect of the time required.	1.09394
Polet je izgubljen.	There is no zest any longer.	0.2
Znanje je izgubljeno.	Knowledge is lost.	0.997059
Neko zauvek, a većem delu će trebati više vremena da se ponovo stvori.	Some of these is lost forever, most part will take more time to be created anew.	1.13779
Takođe, za vreme krize, tržišno učešće je možda palo na drugo mesto prioriteta kompanije, ali, sa oporavkom, menadžmentu postaje ponovo izazov da li zadržati ili povećati tržišni udeo.	In a recession, too, the market share may have fallen in importance to the second position on the companys list of priorities, however, with the recovery, management again faces the challenge to retain or increase the market share.	0.98002
Konkurencija se povećava u sve većem broju poslovnih segmenata.	In an inreasing number of business segments the competition becomes fiercer.	0.553448
Slabiji biznisi nestaju, a snažniji postaju još agresivniji.	Weaker businesses perish, the stronger become even more aggressive.	0.945238
Tradicionalni izvori kapitala, zajmodavci i investitori, još uvek su obazrivi, što čini još važnijim za kompaniju da ostvaruje prihode.	The traditional sources of capital, lenders and investors are still cautious, which makes it even more important for the company to earn revenues.	1.04512
Nakon velikog jaza, ništa ne može odmah da se nastavi tamo gde je stalo.	After a great gap, nothing can be continued where it stopped.	0.992308
U najjednostavnijim slučajevima, potrebno je vreme samo da se zaposleni dovedu u svoje pretkrizno stanje.	In the simplest cases, it needs time to only bring the employees into the pre-crisis condition.	1.19306
U mnogim slučajevima, međutim, timovi su raspušteni i može biti veoma teško da se ponovo izgrade.	In a large number of cases, however, teams are disbanded and building them again may prove to be a very difficult task.	1.14485
Ponovno obučavanje osoblja traži vreme...mesece, godine.	Training the staff again takes time ... months, years.	0.683891
Vreme ističe.	The time elapses.	0.257143
Odloženi projekti sada mogu biti nepotrebni, beskorisni.	The postponed project may now prove to be unnecessary, useless.	0.657692
Barem prinosi na investicije su se promenili, kako su konkurencija i proizvodi supstituti otišli dalje.	At least the returns on investments changed, as the competition and substitute products went on.	0.646084
Presecanja budžeta marketinga i prodaje znače i gubitak tržišnog prisustva, koje se mora ponovo izgraditi vremenom.	Cutting the marketing and sales budgets means the loss of presence in the market and this needs time to build again.	0.98114
Posledice reaktivnog delovanja na pojavu krize su veoma velike.	The consequences of the reactive approach to crisis are serious.	0.6
Kompanije se nalaze u situaciji prevazilaženja izgubljenog i prinuđene su da ulažu više resursa samo u cilju podizanja poslovanja na nivo pre krize.	The companies are in a situation that they have to just forget what is lost and are forced to invest more resources only to raise the business to the pre-crisis level.	0.908969
A da ne govorimo o tome, da li je konkurencija i u vreme krize otišla dalje. 5.	Not to mention that the competition may have gone further on during the recession period.	0.624231
Saniranje posledica najčešće korišćenih strategija redukcije troškova u doba krize Nakon krize svet je promenjen, tržišta su promenjena, neka možda čak do te mere, da se na njih kompanija možda više nikada neće moći vratiti Š2Ë.	The post-crisis world is changed, the markets are changed, some of them to such an extent that the company may never be able to return to them Š2Ë.	0.605046
Kompanije koje su primenjivale neke, ili sve od najčešće korišćenih strategija redukcije troškova u doba krize suočavaju se sada sa tri najveća problema: nedostatkom resursa, nedovoljnom profitabilnošću prihoda i gubitkom poleta zaposlenih.	The companies that implemented a number of, or all the most frequently implemented cost reduction strategies in a recession are now facing three biggest problems: the lack of resources, the insufficient profitability of income and the loss of zest in the employees.	1.56591
Dakle, u postkriznom periodu, kompanije moraju da se prvo usmere na saniranje posledica primene reaktivnih strategija redukcije troškova u vreme krize, da bi mogle kasnije da nastave dalje.	In a post-recession period, therefore, companies must first aim to find remedy to the consequences of implementing reactive cost reduction strategies in a recession period, in order that they should be able to continue further business.	1.36842
U cilju optimizacije resursa, menadžment kompanija prvo mora da redizajnira ključne poslovne procese i odredi pažljivo prioritete kako bi obuhvatio i neke rane dobitke.	In order to optimize the resources, the primary task for the managements of the companies is to redesign the key business processes and carefully define priorities in order that they should include some earlier profits.	1.0655
Takođe, potrebno je da promeni prioritete u radu, da primeni resurse tamo gde su potrebni onda kada su potrebni.	It is also necessary that they should change priorities in their work, implement resources where they are needed and when they are needed.	1.13438
Ne sme da se oslanja na prethodne pretpostavke.	The management must not rely on previous assumptions.	0.256098
U ovoj fazi, menadžment treba da identifikuje i eliminiše gubitke svih sedam vitalnih resursa: vremena, ljudi, prostora, energije, znanja, finansija i materijala.	It is in this phase that the management has to identify and eliminate the losses of all the seven vital resources: time, people, space, energy, knowledge, finances and materials.	1.19846
Treba da uključi svoje zaposlene širom kompanije u formalizovan program kontinualnog usavršavanja i da ih trenira u oblasti koncepata i alata efikasnosti, nakon čega može da planira sledeći poslovni ciklus.	They should include their employees throughout the company into a formalized continual improvement programme and train them in the fields of efficiency concepts and tools, after which they can plan the next business cycle.	0.774088
U cilju povećanja profitabilnih prihoda, menadžment kompanije mora da nastavi sa procesom analize tokova prihoda kako bi pronašao one koji su najviše i najmanje profitabilni.	In order that profitable income be increased, it is necessary that the company management should continue the process of the income flows analysis and identify the most and the least profitable ones.	1.42675
Treba da se usmeri na najprofitabilnije i da popravi ili napusti one koji su najmanje profitabilni.	They should be oriented to the most profitable ones and correct or abandon the least profitable.	0.641966
U tom smislu, i realizacija dobrih akvizicija je takođe put, uključujući kupovinu biznisa i proizvodnih linija.	Here, good acquisitions may also prove to be a good solution, including the acquisition of businesses and the production lines.	0.802412
Svaki industrijski segment prihvata konsolidaciju do izvesnog stepena.	Every industrial segment accepts consolidation to a certain extent.	0.946667
Agresivna promocija i prodaja sa apsolutnom preciznošću na tržišnim segmentima koji su uzdrmani industrijskom konsolidacijom i promenom umnogome će doprineti ostvarenju ovog cilja i povećanju profitabilnosti prihoda.	Agressive promotion and sales with an absolute accuracy in terms of market segments upset by industrial consolidation and change will significantly contribute to achieving this goal and increasing the income profitability.	0.829497
U ovom periodu, kompanije koje su opstale treba da daju naglasak na potrošače koji su ostali sami, da iskoriste prednost zbunjenosti potrošača i da im pomognu da ih odaberu, pošto im je prethodni ili alternativni dobavljač otišao, jednom rečju, da nastupe kao jedino rešenje njihovog problema, kao kompanija koja će brinuti o njima i njihovim potrebama.	It is in this period that the companies that have survived should pay special attention to customers who were left alone, take the advantage from the customer confusion and help them choose these companies, as their previous or alternative supplier left the market. ~~~ They should present themselves as the only solution to the customers problems, as the companies that will take care of them and their requirements.	0.3792
Ponovna procena tržišta će otkriti nove tokove prihoda i nove mogućnosti.	A re-assessment of the market will reveal new income flows and new opportunities.	2.04118
Tržišta su prošla kroz promene i menadžment kompanije toga mora da bude svestan, neka su čak doživela drastične preokrete i predstavljaju potpuno novu situaciju sa kojom se kompanija susreće i za koju je potrebno da razvije odgovarajuću poslovnu strategiju.	The markets under went changes and the company management has to be aware of that; certain markets have even lived through dramatic turmoils and now present an entirely new situation the company faces and has to develop an adequate business strategy for.	0.653972
U cilju vraćanja poleta i entuzijazma zaposlenih, treba znati da u periodu trajanja krize, zaposleni gube poverenje u kompaniju i menadžment.	In order that the zest and enthusiasm in the employees should be awaken again, it is important to know that during the recession, the employees have lost trust into the company and its management.	1.29413
Polet je izgubljen.	The zest is lost.	0.24
Zato je od urgentne važnosti uspostaviti ponovo pozitivne veze i odnose sa radnom snagom.	Hence it is urgent that positive connections and relations with labour force should be re-established.	0.257692
Ovo može biti teško, ali se mora uraditi.	This may be difficult, nevertheless, it has to be done.	0.218919
Da bi ovo postigao, menadžment mora da se suoči sa poremećajima kroz koje su zaposleni prošli.	In order to achieve this, the manager has to face the disturbances the employees have suffered.	0.465359
Mora da sluša pažljivo šta njegov tim govori i posmatra kako se tim oseća.	He has to listen carefully to what his team are saying and observe their feelings.	0.886364
Može biti potrebno mnogo vremena da se prevaziđe stres od otpuštanja obzirom da on vodi ka gubitku poverenja.	It may take the employee a considerable time to overcome the stress of being made redundant as it results into the loss of trust.	0.581414
Neophodno je preduzeti akcije sa dobro razmotrenim planom oporavka, pre nego da se dozvoli da stvari krenu svojim tokom.	It is necessary that steps be taken with a well analysed plan of recovery, before things are left to their own course.	0.884694
Ključni element je dobar odabir prioriteta i obezbeđenje resursa sa kojima će se ostvariti progres, obezbeđivanje odgovarajućih uslova rada u kojima će svaki zaposleni imati tačno definisane ciljeve i zadatke, praćene adekvatnim resursima neophodnim za njihovo nesmetano izvršenje.	The key element is a proper selection of priorities and the provision of resources to make progress with, as well as creating appropriate work conditions in which each employee will have clearly defined goals and tasks, followed by adequate resources necessary in their unobstructed accomplishment.	1.37574
Potreban je entuzijazam i saradnja kako bi ponovo pridobili polet.	Enthusiasm and collaboration are necessary so that new zest should be born again.	0.510658
Dobro upravljanje će dovesti do ponovne izgradnje poverenja i entuzijazma.	Good management will result into trust and enthusiasm building again.	1.3614
U tome će mnogo pomoći pokretanje ambicioznih projekata.	Of great help can be the launching of ambitious projects.	0.948299
Umesto da samo restartuje ustaljene tehnološke, marketinške, proizvodne i druge poslovne projekte, menadžment kompanije treba da ih pretvori u projekte sledeće generacije, preskakanjem prethodnih ciljeva i postavljanjem sledećih ciljeva, čime se značajno podiže motivacija zaposlenih.	Instead of only restarting the usual technological, marketing, manufacturing and other business projects, the company management should turn them into the next generation projects, overcoming the previous goals and setting the new goals, which will enhance motivation in the employees.	1.20209
Opasnost u ovoj fazi postoji od vezivanja za bespovratne troškove postojećih prevaziđenih projekata, koji neće doneti ništa dobro u budućnosti, već će delovati samo kao ogromna kočnica rastu i razvoju kompanije.	There is a danger in this phase from linking to the infinite costs of the existing, outdated projects that will not bring anything good in the future but will only hinder the growth and development of the company.	1.21377
Menadžment treba da ovo spreči tako što će odvojti vreme da utvrdi šta je sada najbolje i promeni projektne ciljeve u skladu sa tim.	It is the task of the management to prevent this in that they will devote some time to determining what is currently the best and change the project goals accordingly.	0.957391
Naravno, biće potrebno uraditi i nove proračune prinosa na investicije i odgovarajuća prilagođavanja.	It will, of course, be necessary to run new calculations of returns on investments and make adequate adjustments.	1.14757
Nove odluke na osnovu novih informacija su pokretač rasta i razvoja u ovoj fazi. 6.	New decisions made on the basis of new information are the drivers of growth and development in this phase.	1.53222
Proaktivni pristup redukciji troškova Da bi se izbegle opisane negativne posledice primene kratkoročnih reaktivnih strategija redukcije troškova sa pojavom krize, najbolje kompanije primenjuju strateški proaktivni pristup upravljanju i redukciji troškova koji im obezbeđuje stabilno poslovanje bez turbulencija i negativnih efekata kako u dobrim, tako i u kriznim vremenima.	6. ~~~ Proactive approach to cost reduction In order that the described negative consequences of the reactive cost reduction strategies implementation with the onset of the crisis be avoided, the best companies employ a strategically proactive approach to cost management and reduction which allows for steady business doing, without turbulences and negative effects, in both good times and in the times of crisis.	0.422284
Proaktivni pristup strateškog upravljanja i redukcije troškova u dobrim vremenima kompanijama obezbeđuje odgovarajuću stabilnost i spremnost za delovanje u kriznim vremenima bez opasnosti od suočavanja sa negativnim efektima brzopletog, nasilnog, kratkoročnog i nasumičnog, neplaniranog snižavanja troškova, troškova koji su od vitalnog značaja za opstanak, rast i razvoj kompanije Š2Ë.	In good times, a proactive approach of strategic management and cost reduction ensures companies an adequate stability and readiness for action in the times of crisis without the danger of facing the negative effects of a rash, aggressive, short-term and random, unplanned reduction of costs, the costs that are of vital importance for the company survival, growth and development Š2Ë.	1.23903
Postavlja se pitanje: ~~~ Koje troškove možemo sniziti?	The question is: which costs can be reduced?	0.553448
Pri planskom, proaktivnom, strateškom pristupu redukciji troškova, kompanije će redukovati samo one troškove precizno određene kao nepotrebne sa stanovišta vrednosti potrošača.	In a planned, proactive, strategic approach to cost reduction the companies will reduce only those costs that are clearly defined as unnecessary from the aspect of the customer value.	0.96451
Dakle, preporučuje se strateškoj redukciji troškova prići sa marketinške perspektive u smislu da ako menadžment kompanije želi da utvrdi šta je to što je nepotrebno, bezvredno, suvišno u kompaniji, on mora da zna šta je vrednost iz perspektive potrošača.	Hence the strategic cost reduction should be approached from the marketing perspective in that if the management of the company wants to establish what is unnecessary, worthless, dispensable in the company, they have to know the customer perception of the value.	0.815583
Ako kompanija zaista otkrije i zna šta je to što ne donosi vrednost potrošačima, tada će tačno znati i šta je to čega može da se reši.	In case the company really learns and knows what does not bring any value to customers, it will know precisely what it can get rid of.	1.16434
U suprotnom, samo će vršiti redukciju troškova, nevezano za njihov značaj sa krajnjeg aspekta poslovanja i posledice koje mogu da nose.	Otherwise, it will only reduce costs regardless of their importance from the ultimate aspect of business doing and the consequences this act may cause.	0.822955
Sa stanovišta menadžmenta kao naučne discipline neophodno je ukazati na strategijsku važnost kontinualnih programa sniženja troškova, umesto trenutnih reakcija na nepovoljne događaje Š4Ë. ~~~ U sve većoj meri vrhovni menadžeri u kompanijama širom sveta prihvataju ovo stanovište i donose odluku o tome da troškovna disciplina, u smislu programa stalnog snižavanja troškova, bude program koji čak može postati jezgro kompetentnosti kompanije.	From the point of view of management as a scientific discipline it is necessary to stress the strategic importance of permanent programmes of cost reduction as opposed to spur-of-the- moment reaction to unfavourable events Š4Ë. Top managers worldwide increasingly adopt this point of view and make decisions that cost discipline, in terms of a continual cost reduction, should be a programme that can even become a core competence of the company.	0.437635
U praksi se pokazalo da poslovanja sa uspešnim programima neprekidne redukcije troškova mogu ostvariti i polovinu svog povećanja godišnjeg profita direktno zahvaljujući sniženju troškova.	The practice has shown that business doing with successful programmes of permanent cost reduction can result into earning as much as a half of the annual profit due to the very cost reductions.	0.881481
Pored toga, a što je posebno značajno u uslovima ekonomske krize, ovakvi biznisi se brže stabilizuju u situaciji ekonomskog pada, odnosno pogoršanja.	Besides, what is especially important in the conditions of recession is that such businesses stabilize faster in a situation of economic failure or deterioration.	1.32769
Kompanije sa jakom troškovnom disciplinom lakše se prilagođavaju i u slučajevima uvođenja novih tehnologija u domenu proizvodnje ili usluga, kao i kod iznenadnog zaoštravanja konkurencije Š3Ë.	Also, companies with a strict cost discipline adapt more easily in the conditions of introducing new technologies in the fields of production or services, as well as in case competition has suddenly become fiercer Š3Ë.	1.39236
Ključne oblasti u okviru kojih se mogu primeniti metode redukcije troškova uz značajne rezultate date su sledećom raspodelom troškova Š4Ë: ~~~ Sirovine: ~~~ 60% Gorivo: ~~~ 6% Radna snaga: ~~~ 11% Reklama: ~~~ 5% Logistika: ~~~ 9% Porezi: ~~~ 5% U nastavku su date glavne oblasti redukcije troškova u proizvodnoj kompaniji Š1,4Ë: ~~~ 1. ~~~ Kupovina sirovina: ~~~ Kupovina na veliko omogućava postizanje nižih cena pri kupovini veće količine sirovina, poluproizvoda ili proizvoda, u odnosu na njihovu pojedinačnu cenu.	The key domains in which the cost reduction methods can be implemented to achieve significantly good results are given by the following cost allocation Š4Ë: Raw materials: 60% Fuel: 6% Labour force: 11% Advertising: 5% Logistics: 9% Taxes: 5% Below are presented the major domains of cost reduction in a manufacturing company Š1,4Ë: 1.Raw materials procurement: Bulk purchase allows for obtaining discounts when buying a larger quantity of raw materials, semiproducts or products compared to their individual prices.	-0.209633
Zato je potrebno pronaći najpovoljnijeg dobavljača i zatim od njega otkupiti najveću potrebnu količinu sirovina, poluproizvoda i proizvoda.	Hence it is important to find a most favourable supplier and buy the largest necessary quantity of raw materials, semiproducts and products.	1.07197
Oportunitetna kupovina odnosi se na mogućnost ostvarivanja ušteda putem obavljanja potrebnih nabavki onako kako se naiđe na povoljne cene, nevezano od trenutnih potreba kompanije za istim.	Opportunity purchase an opportunity to save by purchasing as you find goods at favourable prices, regardless of the current needs of the company for these particular goods.	0.370295
Kao nedostatak ovog načina strateške redukcije troškova mogu se javiti povećani troškovi skladištenja, usled čega je potrebno prethodno izvršiti njihovu nivelaciju sa ostvarenim potencijalnim uštedama putem realizacije oportunitetne kupovine i ispitati njenu isplativost.	The disadvantage of this method of strategic cost reduction may be the increased storage costs, hence it is necessary that these costs be levelled with the potential savings achieved by opportunity purchase and that the profitability of such purchase be examined prior to the purchase itself.	0.563496
Napravi, ili kupi odnosi se na ispitivanje iznosa troškova potrebnih za proizvodnju određenog proizvoda od strane same kompanije i njihovog poređenja sa nabavnom cenom tog istog proizvoda kod drugih dobavljača.	Make or buy refers to the assessment of costs necessary to produce a product by the company itself and their comparison with the acquisition cost of this same product at other suppliers.	0.919727
Ušteda se ostvaruje odabirom troškovno povoljnije alternative.	The savings are achieved by opting for a more cost-effective alternative.	0.649576
Godišnji ugovori sa utvrđenim stopama omogućavaju kupovinu sirovina, poluproizvoda ili proizvoda na godišnjem nivou po tačno utvrđenoj ceni.	Annual contracts with fixed rates allow for the purchasing of raw materials, semiproducts and products on an annual basis and at a precisely fixed price.	1.56316
Nabavka sirovina, poluproizvoda i proizvoda se u ovom slučaju vrši kontinualno tokom cele godine, ali po istim prethodno ugovorom utvrđenim cenama, bez obzira na njihovu moguću promenu kasnije u toku godine.	In this case, the procurement of raw materials, semiproducts and products is continual, throughout a year, however, at the same, previously contracted prices, regardless of their possible change over a year.	1.13701
Nova promenjena cena će važiti samo za nove kupce, ali ne i za kompaniju koja ima prethodno sklopljen ugovor sa dobavljačem.	The new, changed price will be of effect only for the new customers, not for the company that has an already signed contract with the supplier.	0.951263
Ako se uzme u obzir da većinu sirovina, poluproizvoda i proizvoda karakterišu sezonske varijacije cena, najveća ušteda se može postići sklapanjem ugovora o nabavci najveće potrebne količine sirovina, poluproizvoda i proizvoda u vreme kada su njihove cene najniže.	In view of the fact that the seasonal price variations are characteristic of a majority of raw materials, semiproducts and products, the largest savings can be achieved by contracting the procurement of a largest required quantity of raw materials, semiproducts and products at the time their prices are lowest.	0.956714
E-kupovina omogućava ostvarivanje značajnih ušteda putem automatizacije procesa identifikacije, evaluacije, pregovaranja i konfiguracije optimalnog miksa dobavljača, proizvoda i usluga putem korišćenja savremenih Internet tehnologija, što povećava brzinu reagovanja kompanije na novonastale tržišne prilike.	E-procurement this allows for substantial savings via an automation of the processes of identification, evaluation, negotiations and configuration of an optimum mix of suppliers, products and services using modern Internet technologies, which enhances the speed at which the company responds to newly arisen market conditions.	0.737996
Jednostavnim objavlji vanjem tendera preko Interneta, kompanija sebi omogućava prikupljanje većeg broja ponuda i odabir najpovoljnije.	By a simple announcement of a tender on the Internet the compa ny can collect a large number of offers and select the most favourable ones.	0.45821
Uštede se ostvaruju i u pogledu smanjenih troškova transakcije, smanjenih troškova držanja nepotrebnih zaliha, skraćenja vremena reagovanja na potrebe tržišta, i dr. 2.	Savings can also be achieved by reducing transaction costs, reducing the costs of storing unnecessary stocks, shortening the time required to respond to the market demands, etc.	0.546053
Logistika:	2.	-0.5
Mapiranje ruta odnosi se na ispitivanje mogućih načina transporta sirovina, poluproizvoda i proizvoda i odabir optimalnog, optimalnog u pogledu troškova i potrebnog vremena.	Logistics: Route mapping refers to exploring possible means of transport of raw materials, semiproducts and products and the selection of the optimum one optimum in terms of costs and the required time.	1.2671
To uključuje i unutrašnji i spoljašnji transport.	It includes both internal and external transport.	1.40455
Troškovi su uključeni u transport sirovina od dobavljača do skladišta fabrike.	The costs are included in the raw material transport from the supplier to the factory warehouse.	1.01301
Mogu se voditi na samog dobavljača ili kupca.	They can be assigned either to the supplier or to the customer.	0.535833
Dalje, u samom procesu rada, takođe se vrši transport nabavljenih sirovina i poluproizvoda u okviru same fabrike, što takođe uključuje troškove transporta.	Furthermore, the transport of raw materials and semiproducts takes place within the factory during the work process itself, which also incures transportation costs.	1.20879
Gotovi proizvodi se zatim transportuju do velikih distributera, zatim do maloprodajnih objekata i konačno do potrošača.	Final products are then transported to large distributor companies, then to retail objects and finaly to the customers.	0.991319
Optimalna organizacija celog lanca logistike je izuzetno važna za poslovanje.	An optimum organization of the entire logistic chain is of substantial importance for the business.	0.776883
Popunjenost/kapacitet suština za ostvarivanje ušteda jeste transportovanje u potpunosti popunjenih kapaciteta kontejnera i drugih sredstava transporta.	Full capacity essential in saving is the transport of fully loaded containers and other means of transport.	1.02909
Npr., roba se pakuje u kontejnere od 12 tona i ne šalje se 30% pun kontejner. 3.	For example, goods are loaded into 12 ton containers, and a 30% loaded container is never dispatched.	2.37576
Robne kuće i prodavnice:	3.	-0.6
Niske zalihe nose sa sobom automatski niske troškove skladištenja, manje potrebe za skladišnim prostorom, njegovim održavanjem, obezbeđivanjem opreme za regulisanje temperaturnih i drugih uslova u skladištu, manjim brojem radnika u skladištu, manjim brojem potrebnih transportnih vozila u skladištu, manjim transportnim troškovima u skladištu, itd.	Department stores and shops: Low stocks result in automatically low storage costs, less storage room required, less maintenance of this space, less equipment to regulate temperature and other conditions in the warehouse, a smaller number of employees in the warehouse, a smaller number of transport vehicles in the warehouse, lower transportation costs in the warehouse, etc.	1.36192
Upravljanje prostorom odnosi se na ostvarivanje trajnih ušteda i redukcija troškova uvođenjem optimalnog sistema za rukovanje materijalom, potrebnim fizičkim uređajima i optimalnim planom prostornog rasporeda u cilju osiguranja nesmetanog toka materijala.	Facility management refers to permanent savings and cost reduction by introducing an optimum system for handling raw materials, required physical devices and the optimum plan of space arrangement to ensure an unobstructed flow of material.	0.826092
EOQ - Economic order quantity - veličina koja određuje nivo zaliha na kome su ukupni troškovi naručivanja i čuvanja zaliha minimalni. 4.	EOQ Economic Order Quantity the value that determines the level of stocks at which the total costs of ordering and storing stocks are lowest. ~~~ 4.	0.323608
Proizvodni proces: ~~~ Proizvodnja odnosi se na odgovarajuću alokaciju poslova, mašina i materijala u cilju postizanja troškovno efikasne proizvodnje u kojoj neće dolaziti do gubitaka u vidu škarta, kvara, loma, ras tura ili nepotrebno izgubljenog vremena uzrokovanog lošom organizacijom proizvodnog procesa.	Production process: Manufacturing includes an adequate allocation of jobs, machinery and materials to ensure a costeffective production where there will be no waste, failures, breakages, wastage or unnecessary waste of time caused by a poor organization of the manufacturing process.	0.186185
Automatizacija sa razvojem softverske industrije javile su se nove mogućnosti za ostvarivanje trajnih redukcija troškova poslovanja u domenu proizvodnog procesa.	Automation the development of software industry brought forth new opportunities for permanent business cost reductions in the production process domain.	1.13252
Automatizacija je dovela do povećanja produktivnosti, povećanja efikasnosti, smanjenja potreba za radnom snagom, ranog uočavanja grešaka i njihovog ispravljanja, sigurnih operacija, prikupljanja podataka u cilju ostvarivanja boljih rezultata, itd.	Automation helped improve productivity, increase efficiency, reduce the labour force demand; it allowed for an early identification and correction of errors, safe operations, data collecting for the purpose of achieving better outputs, etc.	0.878469
OEE - Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) predstavlja hijerarhiju mera koje su fokusirane na to koliko efektivno se proizvodna operacija obavlja.	OEE Overall Equipment Effectiveness refers to a hierarchy of measures focused on how effec tively the manufacturing operation is carried out.	0.997073
Rezultati se daju u opštoj formi, koja omogućava poređenje proizvodnih jedinica različitih industrija.	The results are presented in a generalized form, thus allowing for comparison between production units of different industries.	1.10662
Kao takva, OEE mera se često koristi kao ključni indikator performansi. 5.	As such, the OEE measure is frequently used as a key indicator of performance.	1.22308
Pakovanje odnosi se na optimizaciju primarnog i sekundarnog pakovanja, kako bi se osigurala bezbednost proizvoda u toku utovara, istovara i transporta i sama privlačnost proizvoda.	5. ~~~ Packaging: refers to the optimization of the primary and the secondary packagings in order to ensure the safety of the product during the loading, unloading and transport, as well as the product attractivenes itself.	0.263778
Uštede u troškovima pakovanja mogu se postići na razne načine uzimajući u obzir sve parametre, kao što su oblik i veličina proizvoda, jačina, vodootpornost, lakoća upotrebe i drugo.	Savings in the costs of packaging can be achieved in different ways, taking into account all the parame tres, such as the product shape and size, its toughness, waterproof qualities, user-friendliness etc.	1.10746
Pre svega, uštede se u ovom domenu ostvaruju preko dizajna pakovanja i odabira materijala. 6.	The savings in this domain are primarily achieved via the packaging design and the choice of materials.	1.21157
Energija, gorivo & voda redukcije troškova u ovom domenu se ostvaruju pravilnim odabirom, praćenjem i optimizacijom opreme koja se u ovom domenu koristi: ~~~ Motori Osvetljenje Kompresori Goriva Reciklaža Upravljanje otpadnim vodama 7.	6. ~~~ Energy, fuel and water cost reductions in this domain are possible to achieve by a correct selection, monitoring and optimization of the equipment used in this domain: Engines Lighting Compressors (boosters) Fuels Recycling Waste water management 7.	0.135448
Upravljanje informacijama Upravljanje resursima preduzeća danas je moguće, sa pojavom novih tehnologija, obavljati optimalno upravljanje resursima preduzeća, putem instaliranja takvih softvera, kao što su Oracle, BAAN, SAP.	Information management: Company resources management with the rise of new technology it is today possible to manage the company resources in an optimum manner, by installing the software such as Oracle, BAAN, SAP.	1.33846
Oni obezbeđuju precizne informacije u sledećim oblastima, na osnovu kojih je moguće doneti najbolja rešenja: planiranje materijala, planiranje proizvodnje, planiranje finansija, planiranje prodaje. 8.	They provide accurate information in the following areas: material planning, production planning, finance planning, sales planning, on the basis of which it is possible to select the best solutions. ~~~ 8.	0.414
Ljudski resursi Outsourcing javlja se kao značajan izvor trajnih strateških redukcija troškova danas, koje se pre svega ogledaju u uštedama u fiksnim troškovima, troškovima održavanja, pravnim obavezama, lakoj promeni partnera, neograničenosti geografskim regionom.	Human resources: Outsourcing a significant source of permanent strategic cost reductions today, primarily reflected in the savings in fixed costs, maintenance costs, legal obligations, an easy change of partners, lack of restraint to one geographical region.	0.981775
Najčešće se ugovaraju sa spoljnim stranama sledeće poslovne aktivnosti u cilju korišćenja navedenih beneficija ostvarivanja trajne redukcije troškova: kadrovske usluge, knjigovodstvene usluge, proizvodne usluge.	The following business activities are most frequently outsourced to use the benefits of a permanent cost reduction: personnel services, bookkeeping services, manufacturing services.	0.9825
Jedan od ključnih elemenata uspešnosti ostvarenja ideje redukcije troškova jeste da ona mora da bude prihvatljiva.	One of the key elements of success in cost reduction is that this idea has to be acceptable.	1.07577
Prihvatanje ideje se dešava onda kada su oni koji moraju da implementiraju i podrže ideju uključeni u njeno generisanje i evaluaciju. 7.	The idea is accepted when everybody who has to imple ment and support the idea are included in its generation and evaluation. ~~~ 7.	0.247108
Zaključci i preporuke Formulisanje reaktivnih strategija redukcije troškova donosi kratkoročne efekte.	Conclusions and recommendations Formulating reactive cost reduction strategies brings short-term effects.	1.3
Hitne redukcije troškova su korisne za smanjenje odliva novca, međutim, ukoliko nisu učinjene strukturne promene na način na koji kompanije u stvari funkcionišu, one neće biti trajne.	Urgent cost reductions are useful in reducing the money outflows, however, if the structural changes are not implemented in the manner in which companies generally function, they will not last.	1.04817
Rezultati su često manji od očekivanih i većina ovih strategija neće rezultirati u trajnoj, odnosno, održivoj redukciji troškova.	The results are often poorer than expected and the majority of these strategies will not result in a permanent, that is, sustainable cost reduction.	1.07183
Pored toga, istorija pokazuje da značajan procenat kompanija koje smanjuju troškove u periodu krize tako što smanjuju glavne nosioce troškova, otkriju da su njihovi troškovi u stvari viši posle krize nego što su bili pre nje.	Besides, history shows that a considerable percentage of companies that cut costs during a recession by cutting the major cost incurrers discover that their costs are even higher in the post-crisis period than they used to be before.	1.19037
Najbolje kompanije pristupaju strateškoj redukciji troškova i povećanju profita pre krize i menjaju način poslovanja, kako bi postale još efikasnije kada dođu teža vremena.	The most successful companies implement the strategic cost reduction and increase profits before the crisis and change their method of business doing in order that they should become even more efficient when harder times come.	1.19121
Kompanije koje su proaktivne u svom pristupu upravljanju i redukciji troškova, kako u lošim, tako i u dobrim vremenima, mnogo bolje rezultate ostvaruju posmatrano na dugi rok, nego kompanije koje reaktivno prilaze ekonomskim ciklusima.	The companies that are proactive in their approach to cost management and reduction in both bad and good times, achieve significantly better long-term outcomes in comparison with those whose approach to economic cycles is reactive.	0.975108
LITERATURA Š1Ë Cost Reduction and Control Best Practices: ~~~ The Best Ways for a Financial Manager to Save Money, IOMA, 2006 Š2Ë Hart R., Cutting Costs Effectively in Recession and Recovery:	REFERENCES Š1Ë Cost Reduction and Control Best Practices: The Best Ways for a Financial Manager to Save Money, IOMA, 2006 Š2Ë Hart R., Cutting Costs Effectively in Recession and Recovery: Finding Hidden Potential, Making Trade-Offs and Managing the Process, Recession Storming Media, 2009 Š3Ë Ilić B., Milićević V., Menadžment troškova - strate gijski okvir, FON, Beograd, 2009.	1.1797
Finding Hidden Potential, Making Trade-Offs and Managing the Process, Recession Storming Media, 2009 Š3Ë Ilić B., Milićević V., Menadžment troškova - strate gijski okvir, FON, Beograd, 2009. Š4Ë Milićević V., Ilić B., Effective Cost Management and Customer Profitability Measurement, Management-časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta, br. 53, Godina XIV, FON, Beograd, Decembar 2009. Š5Ë www.shumaonline.com, decembar 2010. ~~~ Dinamika rasta i problemi razvoja malih i srednjih preduzeća UDK: ~~~ 330.34:334.012.63/. ~~~ ; 005.334 Ivan Stefanović1, Dragan Milošević2 1Naftna industrija Srbije NIS a.d. Novi Sad Ivan. ~~~ Stefanovic¿NIS.	Š4Ë Milićević V., Ilić B., Effective Cost Management and Customer Profitability Measurement, Management, br. 53, Year XIV, FOS, Belgrade, December 2009 Š5Ë www.shumaonline.com, december 2010 Growth Dynamics and Development Problems of Small and Medium Enterprises UDC: 330.34:334.012.63/.64 ; 005.334 Ivan Stefanović1, Dragan Milošević2 1Petroleum Industry of Serbia NIS a.d. Novi Sad Ivan.Stefanovic¿NIS.RS 2Business Economy and Entrepreneurship College, Beograd Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have a great significance for developed market economies and represent the basis of their economic development.	0.115755
RS 2Visoka škola za poslovnu ekonomiju i preduzetništvo, Beograd Mala i srednja preduzeća (MSP) su od velikog značaja za ekonomije razvijenih tržišno orijentisanih zemalja i predstavljaju osnovu njihovog celokupnog ekonomskog razvoja.		-0.3
Ona čine oko 99% u ukupnom broju preduzeća jedne zemlje i zapošljavaju preko dve trećine radno sposobnog stanovništva.	They make around 99% of the total number of enterprises within these countries and employ more than two-thirds of the available workforce.	0.900738
U ovom radu se analizira rast i preživljavanje MSP-a, kao i problemi sa kojima se ova preduzeća susreću tokom svog razvoja.	This paper analyses the growth and survival of SMEs and the problems of their development.	0.933117
Na kraju rada ukazuje se na značaj marketing orijentacije kao osnove za stabilan rast i razvoj MSP-a i potrebe za usađivanjem marketing koncepta u kulturološke norme ovih preduzeća. 1.	In the end of the paper, the marketing orientation as a foundation for steady growth and development of SMEs is emphasized, as well as the need for implanting the marketing concept into cultural norms of these enterprises.	1.05155
Uvod Postoji veliki broj načina na koji se mogu pojmovno odrediti mala i srednja preduzeća (MSP), pri čemu osnovna podela zavisi od toga da li je reč o kvantitativnom ili kvalitativnom pristupu njihovom definisanju.	1. ~~~ Introduction There are many categorizations by which small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can be defined. ~~~ These categorizations can be quantitative, as well as qualitative.	0.107005
Međutim, pristup koji se ustalio, kako u domaćoj, tako i u evropskoj praksi, je kvantitativan i to sa aspekta broja zaposlenih.	Nevertheless, the main criterion for the size categorization of an enterprise is quantitative and is focused on the number of employees.	0.553636
U tom smislu, najčešća podela je ona koja razgraničava preduzeća na: mikro preduzeća (1-9 zaposlenih), mala preduzeća (10-49 zaposlenih), srednja preduzeća (50-249 zaposlenih) i velika preduzeća (250 i više zaposlenih).	According to this categorization, there are: (1) micro enterprises (1-9 employees), (2) small enterprises (10-49 employees), medium enterprises (50-249 employees) and large enterprises (250 or more employees).	1.12943
Mala i srednja preduzeća (prve tri pobrojane kategorije, odnosno do 249 zaposlenih) predstavljaju glavnu razvojnu snagu razvijenih tržišnih privreda.	SMEs, which represent the first three categories listed, i.e. up to 249 employees, are the main force of the development of market economies.	2.5125
Ona obično čine veliku većinu ukupnog broja preduzeća, usled čega predstavljaju osnovni pokretač preduzetništva i privrede u celini.	They usually make a large majority of the total number of companies, which makes them the fundamental driver of entrepreneurship and the whole economy.	1.23273
Ovo je i osnovni razlog zbog koga je neophodno u većoj meri razumeti način funkcionisanja MSP-a, odnosno način i dinamiku njihovog rasta, ali i probleme sa kojima se suočavaju tokom svog razvoja.	This is the main reason why it is necessary to understand more comprehensively the manner in which they operate, as well as their growth dynamics and development problems.	0.767586
Bolje razumevanje ove problematike će u velikoj meri povećati šanse dugoročnog rasta i razvoja MSP-a, a samim tim i privreda u okviru kojih se ova preduzeća nalaze. 2.	In-depth knowledge on these issues will greatly increase the chances of long-term growth and development of SMEs, and therefore the whole economic system in which they operate.	0.932583
Značaj MSP-a u tržišnoj ekonomiji MSP predstavljaju veoma značajan privredni segment svake države, pri čemu je njihova osnovna uloga slična za svaku zemlju u kojoj ona deluju.	2. ~~~ The importance of SMEs in a market economy SMEs are a very important economic segment of each country and their primary role is similar throughout the world.	0.400162
Iako nemaju veliki broj zaposlenih, MSP zbog svoje masovnosti, u ukupnoj sumi zapošljavaju obično većinu radno sposobne snage u zemlji, čime značajno utiču na porast stope zaposlenosti.	Although not a large number of employees are working in small or medium enterprises, a large number of these enterprises causes that the majority of workforce within each country is working in an enterprise of this size.	0.90852
Pored ove uloge, njihova bitna uloga se mo že sagledati i kroz njihovo preduzetničko delovanje, u doprinosu podizanju ukupnog nivoa konkurentnosti zemlje.	This means that SMEs do contribute significantly to the total employment rate.	0.230769
To se ostvaruje njihovom brojnošću, kroz povećanu ponudu različitih proizvoda i usluga Š16Ë.	In addition to this role, their other role can be seen through their entrepreneurial activities and contribution to raising the overall level of competitiveness.	0.334975
MSP su izuzetno značajna i na međunarodnom planu, jer svojom fleksibilnošću i sposobnošću međusobnog povezivanja mogu predstavljati veoma snažnu konkurenciju velikim multinacionalnim i transnacionalnim korporacijama u pojedinim segmentima njihovog poslovanja.	This is accomplished by their massiveness, as well as their increased offer of competitive products and services Š16Ë. SMEs are also very important in international context because their main characteristics, such as flexibility and networking ability, are enabling them to be a strong competitive threat to a number of large multinational and transnational corporations in various aspects of their operations.	0.833068
Zbog svoje veličine, preduzeća manjih dimenzija su obično adaptabilnija i spremnija na promene u okruženju.	Because of their size, SMEs are usually more adaptable and better prepared for the changes in their environment.	1.04375
Zbog svoje neposredne blizine tržišima koja opslužuju, mnogo lakše i obično pravovremeno dolaze do informacija koje su relevantne za njih ili okruženje u kome posluju. ~~~ Ovo im dalje omogućava da odreaguju pre konkurencije i izvrše promene u sopstvenom uređenju ili u načinu funkcionisanja Š24Ë. ~~~ MSP predstavljaju jednu od vodećih snaga ekonomskog razvoja u razvijenim tržišnim ekonomijama.	Their proximity to markets enable them to obtain information regarding their environment in a much more simple manner., which allows them to respond more promptly in comparison with their larger counterparts and make all the necessary changes in their organization and processes in a timely manner Š24Ë. SMEs are one of the driving forces of economic development in already developed market economies.	0.139797
Ona stimulišu inicijativu, inventivnost i ukupan preduzetnički duh. ~~~ Njihove specifičnosti im omogućavaju da budu daleko fleksibilnija od velikih preduzeća, što je jedan od osnovnih uslova adaptabilnosti na promene u relevantnom okruženju.	They stimulate initiative, inventiveness and entrepreneurship, while their characteristics enable them to be much more flaxible than large companies, which is one of the main preconditions for adaptability to changes in the environment.	0.325325
Ovo su samo neki od razloga zbog kojih veliki broj MSP-a egzistira u svim razvijenim tržišnim ekonomijama, što ujedno i ukazuje na njihov izuzetan značaj.	These are only some of the reasons why a large number of SMEs exist in all developed countries, thus indicating their extreme importance.	1.12586
U 2005. godini, unutar EU-27 bilo je aktivno skoro 20 miliona preduzeća unutar nefinansijskog sektora, od čega su 99,8% činila MSP.	In the year 2005, within the EU-27, almost 20 millions of enterprises were active within the nonfinancial sector, out of which 99.8% were SMEs.	1.10253
Njihov udeo u zapošljavanju je iznosio 67,1% svih radnih mesta, dok je njihova dodata vrednost činila 57,6% ukupne dodate vrednosti.	Their share in employment was 67.1% of available workplaces at that moment, while their value added amounted to 57.6% of the total value added.	1.00135
MSP unutar EU-27 su tokom 2005. godine zapošljavala u proseku 4,3 osobe.	In 2005, SMEs within EU-27 employed 4.3 persons on average.	1.04759
Ovaj prosek je značajno varirao unutar zemalja članica Unije.	This average had significant variations between the member countries, e.g. the highest average of 12 employees per SME was in Slovakia, while the lowest average of 3 employees per SME was in Czech Republic (data from 2004) and Greece Š22Ë. ~~~ Some of these indicators are illustrated in Table 1.	0.35625
	Σ SMEs Micro 1-9 Small 10-49 Middle 50-249 Large >249 terprises, 63% of the total employment, while at the same time provided over 40% of total exports and 60% of total imports of the non-financial sector.	-0.3
Npr. najveći prosek zaposlenih u MSP imala je Slovačka sa 12 osoba, dok su najmanji prosek od 3 osobe imale Češka (podatak iz 2004. godine) i Grčka Š22Ë.	Viewed from the prism of these data, it is clear that SMEs are the most profitable segment of the Serbian economy Š13Ë. ~~~ In 2007, SMEs (excluding entrepreneurs) accounted for 99.29% of the total number of employees.	0.0814249
	These data clearly emphasize the great importance of SMEs for the Serbian economy.	-0.3
Neki od ovih pokazatelja su ilustrovani u tabeli 1. MSP Mikr o 1-9 Mala 10-49 19,60 18,04 Broj preduze ća (u milionima) Udeo u procentima (%) Broj zaposlenih (u milionima) Udeo u procentima (%) Σ 19,65 100,0 99,8 126,7 85,0 100,0 67,1 91,8 37,5 29,6 Sredn ja 50249 0,21 1,1 21,3 16,8 17,8 44,8 Velik a >249 0,04 0,2 41,7 32,9 42,4 54,4 1,35 6,9 26,1 20,6 38,7 91,5 105,9 128,6 Dodata vrednost (u milijardama evra) Udeo u procentima (%) 100,0 57,6 20,9 18,9 Produktivnost radne snage (1000 evra po zaposlenom) Udeo u procentima u odnosu na ukup no (%) 42,3 36,4 100,0 86,1 29,9 70,7 Tabela 1.	Table 2 shows some Serbian enterprise key indicators according to their size. ~~~ Number of enterprises (in millions) Share in percents (%) Number of employees (in millions) Share in percents (%) Value added (in billions of euro) Share in percents (%) Workforce productivity (1000 euros per employee) Share in percents (%) 19.65 19.60 18.04 100.0 99.8 91.8 1.35 6.9 126.7 85.0 100.0 67.1 37.5 29.6 26.1 20.6 100.0 57.6 20.9 18.9 0.21 1.1 21.3 16.8 17.8 42.3 36.4 100.0 86.1 29.9 70.7 38.7 91.5 44.8 105.9 0.04 0.2 41.7 32.9 42.4 54.4 128.6 Table 1.	0.195691
Ključni pokazatelji preduzeća prema veličini u nefinansijskom poslovnom sektoru unutar EU-27 za 2005. godinu Š22Ë Potrebno je napomenuti da se broj MSP-a u 2007. godini povećao u manjoj meri i sada iznosi 20.409.000, što je impozantan procenat u odnosu na svega 43.000 velikih preduzeća, koliko ih je bilo na teritoriji EU-27 tokom 2007. godine Š1Ë.	Enterprise key indicators according to their size within the nonfinancial business sector in EU-27 in 2005 Š22Ë It ought to be noted that the number of SMEs within the EU-27 in 2007 increased to a lesser extent and now amounts to 20,409,000 which is an impressive percentage when compared to 43,000 large enterprises Š1Ë.	1.40919
Na bazi ovih činjenica, lako možemo da uočimo da je značaj MSP-a u ekonomiji EU izuzetno veliki, pre svega usled njihovog udela u ukupnom broju preduzeća, zbog čega se za njih kaže da su kičma ekonomskog razvoja EU.	Based on these facts, one can easily comprehend the great importance of SMEs for the EU economy, primarily due to their share in the total number of enterprises. ~~~ This is why SMEs in the EU are usully called the backbone of economic development.	0.562912
Značaj MSP-a za ukupnu ekonomiju Srbije je takođe veliki.	The importance of SMEs for the overall economy of Serbia is also high.	1.15962
U Srbiji, MSP sektor postaje sve značajniji segment ekonomije u sprovođenju strukturnih reformi, posebno u funkciji oživljavanja ukupnog privrednog rasta, otvaranja novih radnih mesta i smanjenja stope siromaštva.	The SMEs sector is becoming an increasingly important segment of the economy during the structural reforms implementation, specificially its function of reviving the overall economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction.	0.807817
Zbog toga su MSP od velikog značaja za uspešnu implementaciju celokupnog procesa tranzicije u kome se naša zemlja nalazi, iako su ekonomski rezultati tranzicije daleko od očekivanih.	SMEs are therefore very important for the success of the transition process in Serbia, although the fact is that the economic results of the transition are far from expected.	1.12857
MSP sektor u Srbiji predstavlja najprofitabilniji segment privrede.	The SME sector in Serbia is the most profitable segment of the economy.	1.96167
U 2006. godini, MSP (uključujući i preduzetnike) su u ukupnom broju preduzeća učestvovala sa 99,7%, u ukupnoj zaposlenosti sa 63%, dok su istovremeno omogućila preko 40% ukupnog izvoza i 60% ukupnog uvoza nefinansijskog sektora.		-0.3
Posmatrano kroz prizmu ovih podataka, jasno je da su MSP najvitalniji, odnosno najrentabilniji deo srpske privrede Š13Ë. ~~~ U 2007. godini, MSP (bez preduzetnika) su u ukupnom broju preduzeća učestvovala sa čak 99,29%. ~~~ Ovaj podatak jasno govori o velikom značaju MSP-a u srpskoj ekonomiji. ~~~ Na tabeli 2 prikazani su neki ključni pokazatelji preduzeća prema veličini u Srbiji u 2007. godini. ~~~ Ukupno Mikro 1-9 Mala 10 Srednja 50-249 Velika >249 Broj preduzeća Broj zaposlenih Ostvareni promet (u mil. din.) Bruto dodata vrednost (u mil. din.) Tabela 2:	In 2006, SMEs (including entrepreneurs) accounted for 99.7% of the total number of en Total Number of enterprises 84,109 Micro 1-9 71,065 Small 10-49 Middle 50-249 Large >249 9,874 2,572 Number of employees Income (in millions of RSD) Gross value added (in millions of RSD) 1,097,913 146,307 203,091 271,543 5,079,482 886,631 1,213,891 1,013,667 476,972 1,965,2 1,062,559 120,500 200,105 226,341 515,611 Table 2: Enterprise key indicators according to their size within Serbia in 2007 Š13Ë The importance of SMEs clearly indicates the need for studying their growth and development as the basic dimensions of their long-term survival.	0.0928571
Ključni pokazatelji preduzeća prema veličini u Srbiji za 2007. godinu Š13Ë Značaj MSP-a nedvosmisleno ukazuje na potrebu proučavanja njihovog rasta i razvoja, kao osnovnih dimenzija njihovog funkcionisanja, pri čemu je potrebno prethodno razumeti da je rast kvantitativna, a razvoj kvalitativna kategorija.	Before doing so, it is most important to comprehend that the growth is a quantitative and development is a qualitative category.	0.25221
Razumevanje dinamike ovih kategorija će u velikoj meri olakšati upravljanje njima, što će u krajnoj instanci smanjiti stopu njihovog propadanja. 3.	Knowledge on the dynamics of these categories will greatly facilitate the process of their control, which will contribute to the reduction of the rate of their deterioration.	0.943182
Rast i preživljavanje MSP-a Rast i preživljavanje su osnovni problemi sa kojima se suočavaju sva preduzeća malih dimenzija.	3. ~~~ The growth and survival of SMEs Growth and survival are the main problems faced by SMEs.	0.277941
Priroda malih dimenzija ovih preduzeća uslovljava potrebu za rastom kao uslovom njihovog preživljavanja i daljeg razvoja.	The nature of small dimensions of these enterprises implies the need for growth as a basic condition for their survival and further development.	1.67323
Simon i Bonini Š23Ë su proučavali 500 najvećih preduzeća u SAD-u periodu 1954-1956 i zaključili da ne postoji razlika u stopi rasta između preduzeća različite veličine.	Simon and Bonini Š23Ë have studied 500 largest companies in the U.S. in the period 1954-1956 and concluded that there was no difference in growth rates between companies of different sizes.	3.06219
Evans Š5, 6Ë je međutim došao do sasvim suprotnog zaključka.	Evans Š5, 6Ë has, however, come to a completely opposite conclusion.	1.09713
On je ustanovio da je stopa rasta u negativnoj korelaciji sa veličinom preduzeća, odnosno da mala preduzeća rastu brže od velikih.	He has found that the growth rate negatively correlated with the size of enterprise, i.e. small companies grow faster than larger ones.	1.11818
Do ovog zaključka je takođe došao i Hall Š8Ë, koji je posmatrao samo proizvodna preduzeća.	This conclusion has been also obtained by Hall Š8Ë, who observed only manufacturing firms.	1.08875
Preživljavanje preduzeća je takođe tema koja je bila od velikog interesovanja za istraživače u proteklim godinama.	The survival of companies is also a topic that has obtained a particular interest by scholars in recent years.	0.614231
Rezultati istraživanja proizvodnih preduzeća su pokazali da je stopa preživljavanja novoosnovanih preduzeća veća od stope njihovog propadanja Š3Ë.	The results of the research into manufacturing companies have shown that the survival rate of newly established companies is higher than the rate of their deterioration Š3Ë.	0.903112
Do sličnog zaključka su došli Phillips i Kirchhoff Š19Ë, koji su ustanovili i da stopa preživljavanja preduzeća ra ste sa rastom preduzeća i njegovim starenjem, pri čemu se ova stopa razlikuje u odnosu na industriju u kojoj se preduzeće nalazi, kao i u odnosu na njegovu veličinu.	A similar conclusion came from Phillips and Kirchhoff Š19Ë, who have found that the survival rate increases along with the size of an enterprise and its age. ~~~ They have also found that this rate differs between different industries, as well as between different sizes of firms.	0.293644
Headd i Kirchhoff Š9Ë su sproveli istraživanje na teritoriji SAD-a u periodu 1992-2002 i došli do brojnih zaključaka koji imaju veliku važnost za razumevanje dinamike rasta i preživljavanja malih i srednjih preduzeća.	Headd and Kirchhoff Š9Ë conducted a study in the U.S. in the period 1992-2002 and came to many conclusions that are of great importance for understanding the growth dynamics and survival of SMEs.	1.15668
Ovde izdvajamo samo neke od njih:	We highlight a few of them: 1.	0.252
1. ~~~ Broj MSP-a u kojima je evidentiran rast broja zaposlenih je sličan broju MSP-a u kojima je zabeleženo smanjene broja zaposlenih. 2.	The number of SMEs in which the increase in empoloyees is recorded is similar to the number of SMEs in which the decrease in employees is evident.	0.672608
Ne može se empirijski govoriti o zakonitosti po kojoj MSP rapidno rastu u prvim godinama postojanja, a onda se ova stopa rasta obavezno smanjuje. 3.	2. ~~~ One cannot speak of the regularities from the empirical point of view according to which SMEs are rapidly growing in their first years of existance, after which the decline of this rate takes place.	0.298535
Stope preživljavanja MSP-a su slične u različitim vremenskim periodima. 4.	3. ~~~ The survival rates of SMEs are similar in different time periods. ~~~ 4.	0.248636
Nije pronađena značajna korelacija između industrija koje imaju veliku stopu rasta i MSP-a u toj industriji koje imaju veliku stopu rasta. 5.	Significant correlation between industries that have a high rate of growth and SMEs within these industries that also have a high rate of growth has not been discovered. ~~~ 5.	0.62919
Industrije sa velikim brojem MSP-a koja brzo rastu imaju i veliki broj MSP-a koja se brzo smanjuju.	Industries with a large number of fast growing SMEs also have a large number of SMEs that are shrinking rapidly.	1.59762
Sve ove činjenice na određen način oslikavaju rast i preživljavanje MSP-a.	All these facts reflect the growth and survival of SMEs.	0.714205
Međutim, pored dimenzije rasta, veoma je važno sagledati i dimenziju razvoja MSP-a, odnosno probleme sa kojima se suočavaju MSP tokom svog razvoja. 4.	Nevertheless, in addition to the growth dimension, it is very important to take a closer look on the development dimension of SMEs, i.e. the problems faced by SMEs during their development. ~~~ 4.	0.655682
Problemi razvoja MSP-a Problemi sa kojima se MSP suočavaju tokom svog funkcionisanja i razvoja su brojni.	Development problems of SMEs The problems faced by SMEs during their functioning and development are numerous.	0.992839
S obzirom na njihove specifičnosti, ona su daleko osetljivija na nastanak akutnih kriznih situacija nego što je to slučaj sa velikim preduzećima, zbog čega je poželjno ukazati na najčešće probleme sa kojima se suočavaju.	Due to their specific nature, they are far more sensitive to the occurence of acute crisis situations than their larger counterparts. ~~~ Thus, the need to emphasize some of the common problems they face is desirable.	0.0940191
Kada su problemi poznati i kada su poznati njihovi uzroci, proces donošenja odluka o izboru skupa upravljačkih akcija, kojima će se problem izbeći ili sanirati, postaje daleko lakši.	When problems are known, as well as their causes, the decision-making process regarding management actions that will contribute to avoiding or solving the issue an stake, is far easier.	1.01844
U velikom broju istraživanja konstatovano je da su dva primarna uzroka prestanka funkcionisanja MSPa: nedostatak adekvatnih menadžerskih veština i nedostatak finansijskih sredstava Š26Ë.	It has been concluded in many studies that the two primary causes of SMEs bankruptcy are the lack of adequate managerial skills and lack of financial resources Š26Ë.	1.4883
Ovo su dva osnovna problema sa kojima se suočavaju MSP u svim tržišnim ekonomijama, što između ostalog potkrepljuje činjenicu da je za MSP neophodna spoljna podrška, odnosno neophodna je primena autsorsinga, pre svega u vidu znanja i informacija koji se odnose na razli čite aspekte funkcionisanja preduzeća (menadžment, finansije, marketing, proizvodnja, itd).	These are two main problems faced by SMEs in all market economies, which among other things supports the fact that SMEs need external support, i.e. outsourcing, primarily in the form of information and knowledge related to various aspects of the firms operations (management, finances, marketing, production, etc).	1.30451
Drugim rečima, u savremenim uslovima poslovanja MSP često nisu u stanju da se razvijaju samostalno, odnosno da samostalno nastupaju na tržištu.	In other words, in contemporary conditions, SMEs are often not capable of developing and acting independently in the market.	1.44112
Ona treba da poseduju sopstveno jezgro kompetencija koje moraju neprekidno da razvijaju i time postanu konkurentski superiorna u svom domenu poslovanja, a da pritom stupaju u različite oblike kooperantskih odnosa sa drugim pojedincima, preduzećima i institucijama, kako bi zajedno ostvarivali unapred definisane ciljeve.	They ought to have their own core competencies they must continue to develop and thus become competitively superior in their respective business. ~~~ They also need to establish different forms of cooperation with other individuals, companies and institutions in order to achieve the set objectives.	0.310793
Međutim, istraživanje koje je sprovedeno tokom novembra i decembra 2006. godine, u 27 zemalja EU, na uzorku od 16339 MSP-a, pokazalo je drugačije rezultate Š25Ë.	However, the survey that was conducted during November and December 2006 in the EU-27 on a sample of 16,339 SMEs revealed different results Š25Ë.	0.8568
Ovim istraživanjem se došlo do zaključka da su ograničena kupovna moć stanovništva (46% uzorka), neadekvatna zakonska regulativa (36% uzorka), nedostatak radne snage (35% uzorka), kao i visoka cena radne snage (33% uzorka) najčešći problemi sa kojima se MSP suočavaju.	This research has indicated that limited purchasing power (46% of the sample), inadequate legislation (36% of the sample), lack of workforce (35% of the sample), and high labour costs (33% of the sample), are the most common problems that SMEs face.	1.38071
Na petom mestu se našla neadekvatna infrastruktura (23% uzorka), dok se nedostatak finansijskih sredstava (21% uzorka) našao tek na šestom mestu, što je u potpunosti atipično kada su u pitanju razvojni problemi MSP-a.	In the fifth place, inadequate infrastructure has been revealed (23% of the sample), while the lack of financial resources (21% of the sample) has been found in the sixth place, which is totally atypical when it comes to development problems of SMEs.	1.06427
Lista problema se nastavlja implementacijom novih tehnologija (17% uzorka), implementacijom novih formi organizovanja (16% uzorka) i nedostatkom kvalitetnih menadžera (11% uzorka). ~~~ Legenda:	The problem list continued with new technologies implementation (17% of the sample), new forms of organizing implementation (16% of the sample), and finally the lack of adequate managers (11% of the sample).	0.599747
1 kupovna moć stanovništva; 2 neadekvatna zakonska regulativa; 3 nedostatak radne snage; 4 visoka cena radne snage; 5 neadekvatna infrastruktura; 6 nedostatak finansijskih sredstava; 7 implementacija novih tehnologija; 8 implementacija novih formi organizovanja; 9 nedostatak kvalitetnih menadžera.	Legend: 1 population purchasing power; 2 inadequate legislation; 3 lack of workforce; 4 high labor costs; 5 inadequate infrastructure; 6 lack of financial resources; 7 new technologies implementation; 8 new forms of organizing implementation; 9 lack of adequate managers.	1.68003
Slika 1.	Figure 1.	2.2625
Problemi razvoja MSP-a u EU-27 tokom 2006. godine S druge strane, istraživanja koja se sprovode u našoj zemlji pokazuju da je nedostatak finansijskih sredstava jedan od osnovnih problema razvoja MSP-a. ~~~ Kao primer, navešćemo istraživanje koje je tokom 2006. godine realizovala Agencija za razvoj malih i srednjih preduzeća i preduzetništva, sa ciljem da utvrdi najveće probleme poslovanja MSP-a i preduzetnika na teritoriji Republike Srbije Š4Ë.	Development problems of SMEs within EU-27 in 2006 for SMEs the Agency On the other hand, research studies conducted in this country show that the lack of financial resources is one of the main problems of SMEs development; e.g. research conducted by and Entrepreneurship Development in 2006 in order to determine the major problems of SMEs and entrepreneurs in Serbia Š4Ë.	0.557419
Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 1404 ispitanika koji angažuju ukupno 14485 zaposlenih, odnosno prosečno 13 zaposlenih po firmi.	The study included 1,404 respondents who provide employment to a total of 14,485 people, which makes 13 employees per firm on average.	0.821304
Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da su najveći problemi za anketirane: nedostatak sredstava (38,5%), zakonska regulativa (27,5%), nedostatak tržišnih informacija (9,4%), nedostatak kvalifikovane radne snage (9,4%), neusklađenost sa standardima (7,1%), nedostatak informacija o tehnologijama (4,1%). ~~~ Legenda:	The results have shown that the biggest problems for respondents are: lack of financial resources (38.5%), legislation (27.5%), lack of market information (9.4%), lack of skilled labour (9.4%), non-compliance with the standards (7.1%), lack of information on technologies (4.1%).	0.452214
1 nedostatak sredstava; 2 zakonska regulativa; 3 nedostatak tržišnih informacija; 4 nedostatak kvalifikovane radne snage; 5 neusklađenost sa standardima; 6 nedostatak informacija o tehnologijama.	Legend: 1 lack of financial resources; 2 legislation; 3 lack of market information; 4 lack of skilled labour; 5 non-compliance with the standards; 6 lack of information on technologies Figure 2.	1.36
Slika 2. ~~~ Problemi razvoja MSP-a u Srbiji tokom 2006. godine Š4Ë Na bazi predstavljenih rezultata sprovedenih istraživanja, možemo konstatovati da su problemi sa kojima se suočavaju MSP brojni, ali istovremeno i da su u pitanju uglavnom generički problemi, odnosno problemi koji su imanentni prirodi MSP-a.	Development problems of SMEs within Serbia in 2006 Š4Ë Based on the presented results, we conclude that the problems faced by SMEs are numerous, but mostly generic, i.e. these problems are inherent in the very nature of SMEs.	0.368103
Međutim, pored navedenih problema koji predstavljaju kočnicu razvoja MSP-a, nedostatak orijentacije ka ciljnom tržištu, odnosno marketing orijentacije, takođe može da predstavlja faktor usporavanja rasta i razvoja preduzeća.	Nevertheless, in addition to the above mentioned problems that represent the specific hindrance in SMEs development, the evident lack of marketing orientation is also a factor that contributes to the growth and development slowdown.	1.46957
Sva preduzeća, bez obzira na veličinu, moraju da usvoje marketing koncept kao osnov svog rasta i razvoja. 5.	All companies, regardless of their size, need to adopt the marketing concept as a basis of their growth and development.	1.06394
Marketing orijentacija kao osnov rasta i razvoja MSP-a Marketing orijentacija predstavlja snažan izvor održive konkurentske prednosti iz sledećih razloga: teško je imitirati sve njene specifičnosti, fokusira preduzeće na pronalaženje prilika za rast i smanjuje vremensko kašnjenje koje postoji između uočavanja prilike za rast i iskorišćavanja ove prilike Š15Ë. ~~~ Implementacija marketing orijentacije u preduzeću, kao i njeno održavanje, zahtevaju od lidera da prethodno institucionalizuju vrednosti i ponašanja koja su neraskidivo povezana sa marketing orijentacijom Š14Ë.	5. ~~~ Marketing orientation as a basis of growth and development of SMEs Marketing orientation is a powerful source of sustainable competitive advantage for the following reasons: it is difficult to imitate all of its specifics, the firm focuses on finding opportunities for growth, and reduces the time delay between identifying and exploiting the growth opportunities Š15Ë. Implementation of the marketing orientation in the firm and its fostering require leaders to pre viously institutionalize the values and behaviours that are inextricably linked to marketing orientation Š14Ë.	0.292901
Drugim rečima, marketing orijentacija mora da bude duboko usađena u kulturu preduzeća, kako bi zaživela u praksi.	In other words, marketing orientation must be deeply embedded in the organizational culture in order to come to life in practice.	1.77647
U tom smislu, brojni autori govore o marketing orijentaciji kao o skupu vrednosti i verovanja koje su duboko usađene u kulturu jedne organizacije i koje usmeravaju ponašanje svih članova te organizacije Š18, 27Ë, odnosno o permanentnoj orijentaciji preduzeća prema stvaranju i isporučivanju superiornih vrednosti svojim potrošačima Š17Ë.	In this regard, many authors advocate marketing orientation as a set of values and beliefs that are deeply incorporated in the culture of an organization.	0.598415
Oslanjajući se na koncept organizacione kulture Š20, 21Ë, veliki broj autora je posmatrao marketing orijentaciju kao kritičan aspekt kulture unutar preduzeća Š10, 7Ë.	These values and beliefs direct the behavior of all organization members Š18, 27Ë, i.e. they are part of the permanent orientation of a firm towards creating and delivering superior values to its customers Š17Ë. Relying on the concept of organizational culture Š20, 21Ë, numerous scholars have observed the marketing orientation as a critical aspect of culture within the company Š10, 7Ë. Marketing orientation enables organizations to develop skills that will help them define their internal processes and link them with the environment.	1.05526
Marketing orijentacija omogućava organizacijama da razviju sposobnosti koje će im pomoći da definišu interne procese i povežu ih sa okruženjem, pri čemu će takođe postati konkutentni usled povezivanja sa svojim potošačima, distributerima i dobavljačima Š2Ë.	This will allow for them to become more competitive due to the establishment of connections with their customers, distributors and suppliers Š2Ë.	0.689969
Ove organizacije u potpunosti razumeju značaj korišćenja informacija o potrošačima i konkurentima prilikom formiranja sopstvenih strategija.	These organizations fully understand the importance of using information on customers and competitors when forming their own strategies.	1.33132
Na ovaj način, one su u stanju da stvore bolju ponudu i isporuče veću vrednost na svojim ciljnim tržištima, u odnosu na njihovu konkurenciju Š11Ë.	Thus, they are able to create a better offer and deliver more value to their target markets than their competitors Š11Ë.	1.03954
S obzirom da je marketing orijentacija distinktivna vrsta resursa u organizaciji, ona joj omogućava da razvije specifičnu konkurentnu prednost Š14Ë, koju je teško kopirati, usled čega ona dobija epitet održive konkurentske prednosti Š12Ë.	Considering that the market orientation is a distinctive type of resource within the organization, it enables the organization to develop a specific competitive advantage Š14Ë, which is hard to imitate, causing it to become sustainable competitive advantage Š12Ë.	0.808578
Na bazi svega što je navedeno, jasno je da marketing orijentacija predstavlja bazu za rast i razvoj svih preduzeća, a posebno MSP-a, koja su zbog svoje veličine daleko osetljivija na promene koje se dešavaju na tržištu.	Based on aforementioned, it is quite clear that marketing orientation is the basis of growth and development of all enterprises, especially SMEs, which are far more sensitive to the market changes because of their size.	1.29194
Naravno, pritisak koji usmerava preduzeća da implementiraju marketing koncept u sve svoje procese zapravo potiče od povećanja nivoa konkurencije na posmatranom tržištu.	Therefore, the pressure toward firms to implement marketing concept in all their processes actually originates from the increased level of competition in the market.	1.45293
Zaključna razmatranja Danas je više nego ikada ranije svima jasno da je bez jakih malih i srednjih preduzeća praktično nemoguće ostvariti dugoročnu ekonomsku poziciju na međunarodnom planu.	Conclusion It is clear today more than ever that it is virtually impossible to achieve long-term economic position internationally without strong SMEs.	1.12144
Zbog svoje izrazite preduzetničke uloge, ona čine solidnu osnovu za razvoj celokupne ekonomije jedne zemlje, putem privlačenja direktnih stranih investicija, smanjivanja stope nezaposlenosti, povećanja BDP-a i izvoza, kao i još mnogih drugih stvari.	Their outstanding entrepreneurial role makes them a solid basis for the development of a countrys overall economy, through attracting foreign direct investments, employment reduction, increase in GDP and exports, as well as many other things.	0.897551
Značaj MSP-a se pre svega oslikava u njihovom procentu u ukupnoj populaciji preduzeća. ~~~ Npr. u EU preko 99% svih preduzeća čine MSP.	The importance of SMEs is primarily reflected in their percentage of the total population of firms; e.g. in the EU over 99% of all enterprises are SMEs.	0.522894
Između 2002. i 2007. godine, njihov broj je porastao za 2 miliona, dok je broj velikih preduzeća porastao za svega 2000.	Between 2002 and 2007, their number increased by 2 million, while the number of large companies rose by only 2,000.	0.995729
Oko dve trećine svih zaposlenih radi u malim i srednjim preduzećima, pri čemu je njihov doprinos rastu zaposlenosti u periodu 2002-2007. godine iznosio 84% Š1Ë.	About two-thirds of all employees work in SMEs. ~~~ Their contribution to employment growth during the period 2002-2007 amounted to 84% Š1Ë.	0.523237
Na bazi ovih činjenica jasna je motivacija, kao i interesovanje za istraživanje problematike rasta i razvoja MSP-a kao osnovnih dimenzija njihovog funkcionisanja.	Based on these facts, the motivaton, as well as interest in researching issues regarding the growth and development, as basic dimensions of SMEs functioning, ought to be clear.	1.33098
Bez zdravih preduzeća malih dimenzija, privreda jedne zemlje ne može da se razvija u dugoročnom pogledu i da obezbeđuje sebi stabilnu poziciju u svetu koji se sve više menja.	Without healthy SMEs, the economy of any country cannot achieve long-term development and secure itself a stable position in the world that is increasingly changing.	1.20195
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Š14Ë Jaworski, B. J., Kohli, A. K. (1993), Market Orientation:	Š14Ë Jaworski, B. J., Kohli, A. K. (1993), Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences, Journal of Marketing, 57(3), 5370.	2.72192
Antecedents and Consequences, Journal of Marketing, 57(3), 5370. Š15Ë Kirca, A. H., Jayachandran, S., Bearden, W. O. (2005), Market Orientation:	Š15Ë Kirca, A. H., Jayachandran, S., Bearden, W. O. (2005), Market Orientation: A Meta-Analytic Review and Assessmentof Its Antecedents and Impacton Performance, Journal of Marketing, 69(2), 24-41.	2.33504
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Strategijski koncept upravljanja i tržišno restrukturiranje kao odgovor na izazove u uslovima svetske finansijske krize 1 UDK:	Š27Ë Zhou, K., Yim, C., Tse D. (2005), The Effects of Strategic Orientations on Technology and MarketBased Breakthrough Innovations, Journal of Marketing, 69(2), 4260.	0.209735
005.591.4:339.13 ; 338.124.4(100) Ivana Domazet2, Ivan Stošić3, Jovan Zubović4 ivana.domazet¿ien.bg.ac.rs Negativni efekti svetske finansijske i ekonomske krize aktueliziraju primenu savremenih koncepata strategijskog menadžmenta.	Strategic Management Concept and Market Restructuring as a Response to New Challenges of the World Financial Crisis1 UDC: 005.591.4:339.13 ; 338.124.4(100) Ivana Domazet, Ivan Stošić, Jovan Zubović ivana.domazet¿ien.bg.ac.rs The negative effects of global financial and economic crises foster the application of modern concepts of strategic management.	1.28762
Naime, radikalne promene poslovnog okruženja, u kome se ispoljavaju brojni diskontinuiteti i turbulentne izmene uslova poslovanja, neminovno nameću sprovođenje značajnih strukturnih promena u načinu poslovanja.	In fact, radical changes of business environment, which are manifested by numerous discontinuities and turbulent changes of business environment, justify the implementation of significant structural changes in principles of business activities.	0.95637
Pri tome, primena koncepata strategijskog menadžmenta, u sklopu neophodnih strukturnih promena, predstavlja racionalan analitički okvir za odgovore na izazove iz okruženja.	In addition, the application of strategic management concepts, within the necessary structural changes, represents a rational analytical framework to challenges from the environment.	1.24493
Pre svega kroz obezbeđenje distinktivne konkurentske prednosti i satisfakcije sve zahtevnijih potrošača, u novoizmenjenim tržišnim uslovima pada tražnje, jača potreba za implementacijom sveobuhvatnih procesa poslovnog restrukturiranja koje je u značajnoj meri zasnovano na tržišnom restrukturiranju.	In order to achieve distinctive competitive advantage and satisfaction of diminishing consumer demands, it is necessary to implement a comprehensive business restructuring process, to a large extent based on market restructuring.	0.46725
Naime, tržišno restrukturiranje, koje obuhvata niz strukturnih promena u tržišnoj orijentaciji i marketing aktivnostima, može da obezbedi novi strategijski leveridž, odnosno da se kroz inovacije poslovnog portfolija, strukture ciljnih tržišta i kombinaciju instrumenata marketinga, doprinese opstanku i daljem rastu i razvoju brojnih privrednih subjekta. 1.	Specifically, market restructuring, which includes a series of structural changes in market orientation and marketing activities, may provide a new strategic leverage, that is, through innovation of the business portfolio, the structure of the target market and marketing mix instruments, contribute to the survival and further growth and development of numerous business entities. ~~~ 1.	0.420186
Uvod Aktuelna globalna finansijska kriza dovela je do brojnih promena u načinu vođenja makroekonomske politike, ali i do promena u načinu upravljanja poslovanjem brojnih privrednih subjekta.	Introduction The current global financial crisis has led to many changes in the ways macroeconomic policy is implemented, however, also in the ways the business of numerous econimoc entities are conducted.	1.28757
Neka rešenja, koja su bila «nezamisliva» sve do pre jedne ili dve godine, postala su danas realnost.	Certain solutions, impossible only one or two years ago, have today become a reality.	0.838356
Istovremeno, brojni provereni recepti, koji su uspešno primenjivani u ranijem periodu, danas ne daju željene rezultate.	Simultaneously, numerous verified solutions, successfully applied in the past period, do not ensure favourable results today.	0.818197
Tako na primer u SAD, bastionu tržišnog fundamentalizma i liberalne ekonomije, država je kroz snažne finansijske injekcije postala suvlasnik nekih vodećih kompanija (i banaka), a neutralna ekonomska politika je zamenjena snažnim intervencionizmom u mnogim sferama privrede.	Thus, for example, in the USA, the country that was a champion of market fundamentalism, the state became a co-owner of a number of leading companies (and banks) through powerful financial injections, and the neutral economic policy was replaced by a vigorous interventionism in many an economic sector.	1.1772
SAD su intervenisale sredstvima koja iznose 6,3% njihovog GDP, Velika Britanija je intervenisala čak sa 17,7%, a Nemačka sa 4,2% svog bruto proizvoda, i to do juna 2009. godine Š8Ë.	By June 2009, the USA intervened with resources that amounted to 6.3% their GDP, Great Britain spent as much as 17.7%, and Germany intervened with 4.2% of its gross product Š8Ë.	0.673097
Polazeći od analize različitih koncepata poslovnog planiranja i iskustava u sprovođenju procesa restrukturiranja, težnja ovog rada je da pokuša da pruži odgovor, kako preduzeća, u uslovima svetske finansijske krize, pomoću implementacije savremenih koncepta strategijskog upravljanja i tržišnog restrukturiranja mogu proaktivno i uspešno da odgovore na šokove iz eksternog okruženja, odnosno kako ne ograničavajući se na standardne metode «kresanja» troškova, smanjenja broja zaposlenih i prodaju imovine, kompanije mogu da obezbede uspešno poslovanje u novonastalim tržišnim okolnostima.	Starting from the analysis of different concepts of business planning and experiences in carrying out restructuring processes, the aim of this paper is to provide an answer as to how companies in the conditions of global economic crisis implement modern concepts of strategic management and market restructuring to proactively and successfully respond to the shocks coming from external environmens, that is, how companies can ensure success in business in these new market conditions without implementing the standard methods of cutting on costs, reducing the number of employees and sales of their property.	1.23754
Naime, jedna od polaznih hipoteza ovoga rada je da tržišno restrukturiranje, koje obuhvata niz strukturnih promena u tržišnoj orijentaciji i marketing aktivnostima, predstavlja u savremenim uslovima poslovanja, jedan od ključnih načina prevazilaženja brojnih problema koji nameću negativni efekti svetske finansijske krize.	Namely, one of the starting hypotheses in this paper is that market restructuring that entails a succession of structural changes in the market orientation and marketing activities is one of the key solutions in resolving a plethora of problems arising due to negative effects of the world financial crisis in the modern conditions of business operations.	1.43361
S obzirom da bi razvoj naše zemlje u narednom periodu trebalo da bude zasnovan na stvaranju efikasnije privredne strukture, u kojoj će znatno veću ulogu nego do sada imati proizvodnja razmenljivih proizvoda (posebno prerađivačke industrije, naročito visokih i srednje-visokih tehnologija, koje karakteriše veća dodatna vrednost), od bitnog značaja je sprovesti niz strukturnih promena u oblasti tržišnog poslovanja privrednih subjekata iz Srbije.	Since the development of this country in the period to come should be based on the creation of a more efficient economic structure in which the production of exchangeable goods (especially manufacturing industry, high and medium-high technologies characterised by higher added value) will be assigned a more important role, it is important that a number of structural changes be conducted in the domain of market-oriented business of the economic entities in Serbia.	1.12107
Imajući sve navedeno u vidu, u drugom delu radu su detaljnije analizirani osnovni koncepti planiranja razvojnog ponašanja preduzeća, kao i karakteristike koncepta strategijskog upravljanja.	In view of all the above listed, the second chapter of the paper will present a detailed analysis of the basic concepts of planning the development behaviour of a company, as well as the characteristics of the strategic management concept.	0.845294
U trećem delu rada posebna pažnja bila je usmerena ka uticaju svetske finansijske krize na način poslovnog planiranja i naročito koncipiranja tržišnog nastupa.	The third chapter of the paper focuses upon the impact of the world financial crisis on the methods of business planning and especially on designing the access to the market.	1.04583
Naime, postojeći uslovi poslovan 1 Ovaj rad je deo istraživačkih projekata pod šiframa 179015 (Izazovi i perspektive strukturnih promena u Srbiji:	The current conditions of business doing in which the vital interests of many a companys survival is endangered require prompt and concrete proactive actions to be applied.	0.536086
Strateški pravci ekonomskog razvoja i usklađivanje sa zahtevima EU) i 47009 (Evropske integracije i društveno-ekonomske promene privrede Srbije na putu ka EU) i finansiranih od strane Ministarstva za nauku i tehnološki razvoj Republike Srbije. ~~~ 2 Naučni saradnik, Institut ekonomskih nauka, Zmaj Jovina 12, Beograd, ivana.domazet¿ien.bg.ac.rs 3 Viši naučni saradnik, Institut ekonomskih nauka, Zmaj Jovina 12, Beograd, ivan.stosic¿ien.bg.ac.rs 4 Naučni saradnik, Institut ekonomskih nauka, Zmaj Jovina 12, Beograd, jovan.zubovic¿ien.bg.ac.rs ja, u kojima su ugroženi vitalni interesi opstanka mnogih preduzeća, zahtevaju brze i konkretne proaktivne akcije.	Furthermore, structural changes must not, according to the authors, be restricted to only defensive activities; on the con 1 this paper is part of research project under the codes 179015 (Challenges and prospects of structural changes in Serbia: Strategic orientation of economic development and adjusting to the EU requirements) and 47009 (European integrations and socio-economic changes in the economy of Serbia on its path to the EU) financed by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. trary, they must primarily be oriented towards the implementation of offensive changes in business, largely based on market restructuring, which is the topis of the fourth chapter of this paper.	0.277375
Pri tome, strukturne promene se, po mišljenju autora, ne smeju ograničiti isključivo na defanzivne aktivnosti, već moraju biti prevashodno usmereni na implementaciju ofanzivnih promena u poslovanju, u velikoj meri zasnovanih na tržišnom restrukturiranju, a čemu je posvećen četvrti deo ovoga rada.		-0.3
Peti deo se bavi problematikom definisanja biznisa preduzeća kao osnove za sprovođenje procesa tržišnog restrukturiranja.	The fifth chapter is dedicated to the problems of defining the company business as basis for implementing a market restructuring process.	0.846429
Na kraju, u sklopu zaključaka ukazano je na značaj i ulogu koje tržišno restrukturiranje može i mora da ima u savremenim uslovima poslovanja u kojima se još uvek ispoljavaju negativni efekti svetske finansijske i ekonomske krize. 2.	Finally, in the conclusion chapter, the authors stress the importance and role the market restructuring can and must play in the modern conditions of business operations in which the negative effects of the world financial and economic crises are still sorely felt.	1.21486
Evolucija koncepta poslovnog planiranja Koncepti, metodi i tehnike planiranja razvojnog ponašanja preduzeća su evoluirali tokom vremena.	2. ~~~ Evolution of business planning concept The concepts, methods and techniques of the developmental behaviour of the company evolved over time.	0.526953
Pod uticajem brojnih faktora, a pre svega promena u okruženju, te akumuliranog znanja i iskustva, formalni sistem planiranja postepeno i unapređivan Š7Ë.	Under the impact of numerous factors, primarily of the changes in the environment and accumulated knowledge and experience, the formal system of planning has gradually changed and improved Š7Ë.	1.53646
U literaturi (npr. Day Š3Ë, Ansoff Š1Ë, Todorović Š15Ë) koja se bavi ovom problematikom veoma često se ukazuje na postojanje četiri faze u evoluciji sistema planiranja: je menjan budžetsko planiranje dugoročno planiranje strategijsko planiranje strategijsko upravljanje Budžetsko planiranje je prvenstveno bilo usmereno na utvrđivanje kratkoročnog, godišnjeg finansijskog plana - budžeta u okviru koga su projektovani prihodi, rashodi i potrebna sredstva za investicije.	The literature (e.g., Day Š3Ë, Ansoff Š1Ë, Todorović Š15Ë) dealing with this topis often quotes the four phases in the planning system evolution: budgetary planning long-term planning strategic planning strategic management Budgetary planning was primarily oriented towards creating a short-term, annual financial plan budget, within which revenues, expenditures and investment resources were projected.	1.46623
Ukoliko je razmatran duži vremenski period, vršila se jednostrano ekstrapolacija postojećih trendova.	In case a longer time period was taken into consideration, a unilateral extrapolation of the existing trends was made.	0.508429
Uporedo sa godišnjim finansijskim planom sačinjavani su taktički planovi za pojedina funkcionalna područja.	Alongside the annual financial plan, tactical plans for individual functional sectors were devised.	0.473377
Ovaj model planiranja ne podrazumeva odsustvo strategijskog razmišljanja.	This model of planning does not mean the absence of strategic thinking.	1.26557
Međutim, strategije su samo implicirano prisutne, što koncept čini prihvatljivim uglavnom u uslovima stabilnog i lako predvidljivog tržišnog okruženja, i to pre svega kad su u pitanju manja, funkcionalno organizovana preduzeća.	Strategies, however, are only implicitly present, which makes the concept acceptable mainly in the conditions of steady and easily predictable market environment, primarily in case of small, functionally organized companies.	1.25397
Tokom šezdesetih i početkom sedamdesetih godina veliki broj kompanija u SAD, a i u drugim razvijenim zemljama, je odbacio budžetski baziran sistem planiranja i oslonio se na koncept dugoročnog planiranja.	In the 1960s and at in the early 1970s, a large number of companies in the USA and in other developed countries abandoned the budget-based planning system in favour of the long-term planning concept.	1.53471
Sistemom dugoročnog planiranja bilo je omogućeno sagledavanje finansijskih implikacija postojećih tren dova.	The longterm planning system allowed for an insight into financial implications of the existing trends.	1.18641
Ipak, planovi su bili mnogo kratkoročniji nego što je to bilo ko želeo da prizna!	Nevertheless, plans were considerably shorter-termed than anybody cared to admit.	0.837004
Prevashodna pažnja je bila usmerena na nastupajuću godinu, s obzirom da je prva godina dugoročnog plana bila istovremeno striktno budžetirana.	The prime attention was paid to the year to come, since the first year of the long-term plan was at the same time strictly budgeted.	0.819135
Osim toga, merenje rezultata u prvoj godini, bio je osnov za većinu nagrada i priznanja menadžmenta.	Besides, per formance measuring in the first year was a basis for the majority of awards and recognition for the management.	0.947928
Kasnije sve postaje lakše i odstupanja od plana se mogu pravdati brojnim razlozima.	Later, everything is much easier and deviations from the plan could be justified by numerous reasons.	0.885323
Brojni nedostaci ovog sistema poslovnog planiranja, ubrzo su uticali na razvoj i implementaciju novog koncepta - strategijskog planiranja.	Massive weaknesses of this business planning system brought forth the development and implementation of a new concept strategic planning.	0.926579
Dugoročno planiranje bazirano na dugim procedurama i pretpostavci da će budućnost predstavljati nastavak trendova iz prošlosti, bilo je jedno od prvih žrtava pojave diskontinuiteta u razvoju, koje je karakterisalo sredinu sedamdesetih godina.	The long-term planning based on long procedures and on the assumption that the future will be only a continuation of the past trends was one of the first victims of dicontinuity in the development, characteristic of the mid-1970s.	1.08261
Najpre naftni šokovi, zatim promene cena sirovina, nedostatak pojedinih materijala, te bujanje inflacije i recesija, kao i rast kamatnih stopa su samo neki od fenomena koji su karakterisali okruženje u ovom periodu.	First the petroleum shocks, then changes in the raw material prices, the shortages of certain materials, fierce inflation and recession and the rise of interest rates are only some of the phenomena characteristic of the environment in that period.	1.35401
Kao odgovor, a u cilju prilagođavanja novonastalim uslovima privređivanja, došlo je do promena u sistemu poslovnog planiranja, čiji je fokus pomeren sa upravljanja rastom na centralizovano upravljanje resursima.	In response, and for the purpose of adapting to newly emerged conditions of business, the business planning system underwent certain changes the focus of which was shifted from growth management to a centralized resource management.	1.00826
U tom kontekstu, težište aktivnosti bilo je na: analizi postojeće poslovne, a pre svega tržišne situacije i oceni konkurencije (kroz preciznu identifikaciju i ocenu šansi i pretnji iz okruženja, te ocenu snaga i slabosti kompanija, kao i komparativnih prednosti u odnosu na konkurenciju), te generisanju, razmatranju i oceni brojnih strategijskih opcija, zatim izradi strategijskih tržišnih planova i utvrđivanju zadataka pojedinih SBJ i to ne na unificiran način, kao što je to bio slučaj u sistemu dugoročnog planiranja Š10Ë.	In this context, the focus of activities was on: the analysis of the existing business and, primarilly, market situation and the assessment of competition (through a precise identification and assessment of opportunities and threats from the environment, and the assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the company as well as its comparative advantages in comparison with the competition), the generation, discussion and assessment of numerous strategic options, devising strategic market plans and setting the tasks for individual SBJs, and not in a uniform way as was the case in the long-term planning system Š10Ë.	1.17156
Poslednju, četvrtu fazu, u evoluciji sistema razvojnog planiranja predstavlja strategijsko upravljanje, kojim se pokušavaju da prevladaju određene slabosti, odnosno pojačaju prednosti prethodnog koncepta planiranja.	The last, fourth phase in the evolution of the developmental planning system is strategic management meant to overcome certain weaknesses, i.e., improve the strengths of the preceding planning concept.	0.860345
Nastajanje strategijskog upravljanja se uglavnom vezuje za osamdesete godine u kojima su izazovi okruženja postali još veći Š2Ë.	The emergence of strategic manageent is dated in the 1980s when the environmental challenges increased Š2Ë.	0.936409
U prvom redu, u uslovima sporog ekonomskog rasta koji se manifestuje u ovom razdoblju, pritisci konkurencije postaju izraženiji.	In the first place, in the conditions of slow economic growth manifested in this period, the pressures of competition has become heavier.	1.71043
U isto vreme, tehnološki napredak, globalizacija tržišta, deregulacija u ekonomskim odnosima sa inostranstvom, smanjena uloga države, visoki troškovi energije, promene demografskih faktora i brojni drugi faktori predstavljaju nove izazove.	Simultaneously, technological progress, market globalization, deregulation in external economic relations, reduced role of the state, high energy costs, changes in demographic factors and numerous other factors have become new challenges.	1.29
Kao rezultat svega toga, konkurentska borba postaje izuzetno oštra i kompleksna, a ostvarivanje ili održanje konkurentske prednosti veoma teško.	All these result into a fierce and complex competition, where achieving and maintaining competitive advantages becomes really hard to accomplish.	0.892913
U cilju prevazilaženja uočenih slabosti i suočavanja sa sve većim izazovima, sistem planiranja je evoluirao u pravcu fokusiranja procesa planiranja prema pronalaženju konkurentskih prednosti.	In order to overcome the perceived weaknesses and face the increasing challenge, the planning system evolved towards focusing upon finding competitive advantages.	0.884568
To, u prvom redu, podrazumeva sagledavanje promena u ključnim faktorima poslovnog uspeha, potrebama pojedinih tržišnih segmenata, strategijama konkurencije, te u zahtevima menadžera.	This primarily means recongizing the changes in the key factors of business success, in the needs of in dividual market segments, in competition strategies and finally, in the managers demands.	1.21123
Pojedini autori, a najpre I. Ansoff Š1Ë ukazuju na značaj upravljanja strategijskom pozicijom i planiranje sposobnosti, koje se dodaje strategijskom planiranju.	Certain authors, Ansoff Š1Ë in the first place, highlight the importance of strategic position management and competence planning, that is added to strategic planning.	1.11193
Sa promenom turbulentnog nivoa, potrebno je planirati nove sposobnosti preduzeća.	With the change in the turbulent level, it is necessary that new competencies of the company be planned.	1.06143
U tom kontekstu se takođe ukazuje na značaj upravljanja strategijskim pitanjima (tj. pravovremenog reagovanja na uočeni problem, nezavisno od redovnog ciklusa strategijskog planiranja), zatim na upravljanje putem slabih signala ili upravljanja na bazi iznenađenja Š16Ë .	It is in this context that the importance of strategic issues management (i.e., the timely response to an identified problem, independently of the regular strategic planning cycle) is stressed, together with the management via weak signals or management on the basis of surprise Š16Ë.	1.18941
Suštinu strategijskog upravljanja u osnovi čini sagledavanje efekata različitih sadašnjih odluka u svetlu njihovih mogućih i verovatnih reperkusija u budućnosti.	The essence of strategic management is in fact the perception of effects of different present decisions in the light of their possible and likely consequences in the future.	1.29592
To obuhvata izbegavanje uočenih opasnosti i usmerenje ka korišćenju postojećih mogućnosti i sposobnosti preduzeća.	It includes avoiding identified dangers and orientation towards exploiting the existing strengths and competences of the company.	1.08333
Naravno, to ne znači da je strategijsko upravljanje način izbegavanja ili minimiziranja rizika.	Naturally, this does not imply that strategic management is only a method of risk avoiding or minimizing.	0.714618
Naprotiv, ono uključuje prihvatanje rizika.	On the contrary, it includes risk acceptance.	0.2925
Pri tome se kroz ovaj sistem planiranja teži da se na osnovu najboljih trenutno raspoloživih informacija, donesu odluke koje sada treba da obezbede adekvatni odgovor na nepredvidljivu budućnost.	This system of planning tends to allow for making decisions which will in turn provide an adequate response to unpredictable future, on the basis of the best information available at the moment.	1.21823
Stoga se, kao osnovne karakteristike koncepta strategijskog upravljanja, navode Š3, str.3; 5, str. 11Ë:	Hence the basic characteristics of the strategic management concept are the following Š3, pp.3,5.	1.07558
Eksterna orijentacija - Primarna odgovornost strateškog planiranja prevashodno leži u njegovoj usmerenosti ka ukupnom i neposrednom okruženju i obezbeđenju održavanja konkurentnosti biznisa sa anticipiranim promenama.	P 11Ë: External orientation The primary responsibility of strategic planning lies in its orientation towards an entire and direct environment as well as towards maintaining the same level of business competition with anticipated change.	1.4448
Formulisanje strategija - Rešavanje problema sa kojima se preduzeće susreće zasniva se na širokom korišćenju strategija, a pitanjima formulisanja i izbora strategijskih opcija posvećuje se najveća pažnja.	Strategy formulation Resolving problems the company encounters is based upon a broad implementation of strategies, most attention being paid to the issues of strategy formulation and selection of strategic options.	0.939631
Razvoj analitičkih metoda koje treba da omoguće generiranje, strukturiranje i evaluaciju strategija Posebno veliki napredak učinjen je u domenu tehnika i koncepata planiranja (koncept životnog ciklusa proizvoda i grane, koncept krive iskustva i ekonomije obima), analitičkih modela planiranja (portfolio, model pet faktora i scenario tehnika) i analitičkih tehnika za identifikaciju strategijskih pitanja i pretpostavki (koncept strukturne analize grane - strategijskih grupa i sl.).	Development of analytical methods meant to enable strategy generation, structuring and evaluation Especially significant progress has been made in the domain of planning techniques and concepts (the product and branch life cycle concept, experience curve and economy of scope concepts), analytical models of planning (portfolio, five factor model and technique scenario) and analytical techniques for strategic issues and assumptions identification (the concept of strauctural analysis of branch strategy groups, etc.).	1.45575
Usmerenost na akciju - Formalni planovi, analize, prognoze i utvrđeni zadaci biće samo pusto slovo na papiru bez adekvatne implementacije.	Orientation to action Formal plans, analyses, prognoses, and set tasks will be useless without an adequate implementation.	0.924611
Imajući u vidu da je implementacija planova u ingerenciji menadžera na operativnom nivou, sam proces planiranja mora se odvijati kroz kombinaciju pristupa od vrha nadole i od najnižih operativnih nivoa ka vrhu, kako bi se obezbedilo puno razumevanje utvrđenih planova i motivacija operativnih menadžera za njegovo izvršenje.	Having in mind that the plan implementation is the competence of operations managers, the planning process itself has to develop via a combination of top-down and bottom operations level-up approaches, so that a full understanding of agreed plans and a motivation of operations managers for their execution are ensured.	0.973162
U osnovi reč je o tesnom povezivanju strategijskog planiranja sa tekućim poslovanjem i orkestraciji svih aktivnosti u sklopu strateških okvira utvrđenih na nivou preduzeća. 3.	Basically, strategic planning here is closely related to the current business operationsand orchestration of all the activities in the scope of strategic frameworks set on the company level.	0.978932
Uticaj svetske finansijske krize na koncept poslovnog planiranja i poslovanja Kriza, koja se ispoljavala na pojedinim svetskim finansijskim tržišta, kulminirala je u prvoj polovini oktobra 2008. godine, kada je došlo do kraha na najvećim berzama i gotovo potpune obustave međubankarskog kratkoročnog kreditiranja.	3. ~~~ Effects of world financial crisis upon business planning and business operations concept The crisis present in certain world financial markets culminated in the first half of 2008, when the largest and most important exchange markets collapsed and almost all inter-bank short-term crediting ceased.	0.510415
Finansijskim tržištima zavladalo je nepoverenje, a u mnogim slučajevima i panika.	The financial markets were dominated by lack of trust, in many cases even by panic.	0.778571
Mada postoje različite ocene, čini se da osnovni uzroci krize leže u krahu tržišta nekretnina u SAD i nemogućnosti kreditora da naplate svoja potraživanja.	Evaluations differ, however, it appears that the major causes of the crisis lie in the collapse of real estate market in the USA where it was not possible for the creditors to get their money back.	0.970714
Narastanju krize, doprinelo je potpuno liberalizovano finansijsko tržište SAD, u kome je trgovina tzv. finansijskim derivatima (od strane banaka, investicionih fondova, hipotekarnih i osiguravajućih društava i sličnih finansijskih institucija) nije bila adekvatno regulisana.	The spread of the crisis was especially intensified by an entirely liberated USA financial market in which the trade in the socalled financial derivatives (performed by banks, investment funds, hypothecary and insurance companies and similar financial institutions) was not regulated in an adequate manner.	1.16428
Negativni efekti krize u SAD vrlo brzo su se proširili na ostala finansijska tržišta u svetu i ekonomije vodećih zemalja.	The negative effects of the crisis in the USA promptly spread to other financial markets throughout the world as well as to the economies of leading countries.	1.2243
To je dovelo do stečaja mnogih uglednih finansijskih institucija i banaka i/ili njihove dokapitalizacije od strane državnog sektora.	This resulted in the bankruptcy of many a respectable financial institution and banks, or in their recapitalization by the state sector.	0.77112
Posledice svetske finansijske krize su se vrlo brzo prelile u realni sektor, a ispoljile su se prevashodno kroz smanjene efektivne tekuće tražnje za velikim brojem proizvoda i usluga.	In almost no time, the consequences of the global financial crisis spread to the real sector and were reflected primarily in the fall of the effective current demand for a large number of products and services.	1.19896
Usled toga, kao posledica negativnih kretanja u finansijskom i realnom sektoru ekonomije, praktično svih vodećih privreda sveta, ušle su u recesiju.	The result of these negative trends in the financial and real sectors was that the economies of practically all the leading world economies have consequently suffered recession.	0.936364
Krajem 2008. godine, posledice ove krize su prisutne širom sveta i njih osećaju, praktično svi učesnici na finansijskim tržištima, te privreda, kao i građani i zaposleni.	Towards the end of 2008, the consequences of this crisis were present worldwide and were felt by actually all the players on financial markets, by the economies and finally, by citizens and employees.	0.713072
Stoga su vlade mnogih zemalja preduzele različite mere za savlađivanje krize, a državna intervencija u oblasti finansija ponovo je, nakon mnogo godina postala vidno prisutna, čak i u SAD, u kojoj su koncept neoliberalizma i odbacivanja uloge države u oblasti privrede, bili aksiomi dugi niz godina vođenja ekonomske politike.	Hence the governments of many countries undertook various measures to exit the crisis, and the state intervention in the finance sector became evident again, after many years, even in the USA where the concept of neoliberalism and abandoning the role of the state in economy were for years axiomatic in the economic policy implementation.	1.13789
Početkom 2009. godine negativni efekti svetske ekonomske krize prelili su se i na ekonomiju i finansije Srbije.	At the beginning of 2009, the negative effects of the global economic crisis spread to the economy and finances of Serbia, too.	0.769072
Oni se ispoljavaju prevashodno na izvozno orijentisanu proizvodnju, kretanja na finansijskim tržištima, te na ostvarivanje prihoda budžeta.	They are primarily reflected in the export-oriented production, financial market trends and budget revenues.	0.803125
Kako vreme prolazi, tako negativni efekti svetske finansi jske postaju sve veći i snažno utiču na ukupna privredna kretanja i poslovanje preduzeća Srbije.	Over time, the negative effects of the global financial crises have increased and strongly affected the ovarall economic trends and the business operations of the Serbian companies.	0.633394
Mnoga preduzeća se susreću sa krizom plasmana, nelikvidnošću, problemima u otplati dugova, a sve češći su slučajevi obustavljanja proizvodnje i otpuštanja zaposlenih.	A large number of companies encounter the placement crisis, insolvency, problems in debt repayment, and the cases of discountinuing production and massive redundancies are no longer rare.	0.808191
Tabela 1.	Table 1.	2.2625
Pokazatelji osnovnih privrednih kretanja u Srbiji u periodu 2008-2010. godine (indeksi, prethodna godina=100) Društveni proizvod - stalne cene 2002. 105,5 Fizički obim proizvodnje Industrija Poljoprivreda Građevinarstvo Trgovina na veliko i malo 101,1 108,5 104,2 96,9 87,9 101,0 80,1 101,51) 102,9 98,31) 88,11) Promet robe na malo - stalne cene 106,6 88,4 99,6 Spoljnotrgovinska robna razmena Izvoz u USD Uvoz u USD Zaposleni Potrošačke cene - kraj perioda Prosečne realne zarade ukupno 124,3 124,0 99,9 108,6 103,9 76,0 70,7 94,5 106,6 100,2 117,4 104,2 95,1 110,3 100,7 Procena za 2010. ~~~ Izvor:	Indicators of basic economic trends in Serbia in 2008-2010 period (indices, previous year=100) Social product fixed prices 2002. ~~~ Physical scope of production Industry Agriculture Construction industry Wholesale and retail trade 105.5 101.1 108.5 104.2 96.9 87.9 101.0 80.1 101.51) 102.9 98.31) 88.11) Retail trade fixed prices 106.6 88.4 99.6 Export trade Exports in USD Imports in USD Empolyees Customer prices end of period Average real earnings total 124.3 124.0 99.9 108.6 103.9 76.0 70.7 94.5 106.6 100.2 117.4 104.2 95.1 110.3 100.7 1)Estimate for 2010.	-0.00531627
Podaci RZS KC 10 29.12. ~~~ I mada privreda Srbije u 2010. godini, nakon recesije koja se ispoljavala od kraja 2008. i tokom cele 2009. godine, počinje da beleži blagi oporavak i prve znake izlaska iz recesije, situacija je daleko od povoljne.	Source: RSO KC 10.29.12.10 After the recession that was evident from the end of 2008 and over the entire 2009, the Serbian economy records a slight recovery and the first signs of exiting crisis, nevertheless, the situation is still far from desired.	0.423815
Pokazatelji osnovnih privrednih kretanja u Srbiji u periodu 2008-2010. godine prikazani su u Tabeli 1.	The indicators of basic economic trends in Serbia in the 2008-2010 period are presented in Table 1.	1.78214
Nivo domaće tražnje je još uvek nizak, što uz prisutnu nelikvidnost i iznimno dug period naplate potraživanja limitira mogućnosti uspešnijeg poslovanja značajnog broja privrednih subjekata.	The level of domestic demand is still rather low, which with the problems of insolvency and of an exceptionally long period of receivable collection limits the chances for a more successful business of a large number of econimic entities.	1.06114
Istovremeno, kretanja na tržištu rada su još uvek nepovoljna i za sada ne uočavaju vidniji pozitivni pomaci.	Simultaneously, the trends on the labour market are still unfavourable and no visible positive trends have been observed so far.	0.759794
Postojeća svetska finansijska kriza aktualizirala je primenu koncepta intenzivnih promena u poslovnom planiranju i poslovanju preduzeća, kao odgovor na šokove iz okruženja.	The existing global economic crisis brought forth the implementation of the concept of intensive change in a companys business planning and business operations, in resposne to environmental shocks.	0.792893
Poslovno planiranje, zasnovano na konceptu gradualnih i inkrementalnih transformacija je prepustio mesto konceptu radikalnih promena, u kome središnje mesto zauzimaju zalaganja za intenzivne procese restrukturiranja.	Business planning, based on the concept of gradual and incremental transformations gave way to the concept of radical change in which the appeals for intensive restructuring processes are dominant.	0.488416
Veoma su izraženi procesi restrukturiranja kroz koje se, u relativno kratkom roku, pokušava izvršiti korenita promena celokupne anatomije i fiziologije preduzeća.	Restructuring processes meant to bring a crucial change of the entire anatomy and physiology of the company in a rather short period proved to be extremely painful.	0.691825
Naime, u savremenim uslovima promenjenog eksternog okruženja, brojnih turbulentnih promena i diskontinuiteta, promena u navikama potrošača, oštre konkurencije i sl., neophodno izvršiti radikalan rez u pogledu dosadašnjeg načina konstituisanja i funkcionisanja preduzeća.	Namely, in the modern conditions of changed business environment, numerous turbulent changes and discontinuities, change in customers habits, fierce competition, etc., a radical move is necessary to change the so far prevailing method of company establishment and operations.	1.01598
Značajan broj preduzeća pokušao je da savlada teškoće kroz organizacione promene (prevashodno kroz racionalizaciju broja zaposlenih) i finansijsko re strukturiranje.	A significantly large number of companies have tried to resolve problems through organizational change (pri marily through the employee number rationalization) and through financial restructuring.	0.829981
Nažalost, napori ka ofanzivnijim promenama izmene strategije preduzeća, u kome procesi tržišnog restrukturiranja treba da zauzmu jedno od središnjih mesta, su u velikoj meri, izostali. 4.	Unfortunately, the steps towards offensive changes in the strategy of the company in which the market restructuring processes are to occupy a central position, are largely missing. ~~~ 4.	0.324843
Tržišno restrukturiranje kao odgovor na nove izazove Jedan od vidljivijih efekata globalne svetske devastacije je intenzivna degradacija poslovanja brojnih domaćih preduzeća, koja su bila prinuđena da smanje plasman svojih proizvoda (usluga), pa čak da se povuku sa brojnih svetskih tržišta, svodeći svoju proizvodnju ne retko na svega 40-50% instaliranih kapaciteta.	Market restructuring as response to new challenges One of the evident effects of the global world devastation is an intensive degradation of business in numerous national companies that were forced to reduce placement of their products (services) and even withdraw from numerous world markets, often reducing their production to only 40-50% of capacities installed.	1.10915
Sve to je imalo negativne posledice na ukupna privredna kretanja u Srbiji, naročito u 2009. pa i 2010. godini.	All this has had negative effects upon the overall economic trends in Serbia, especially in 2009 and even in 2010.	1.64362
Globalna ekonomska kriza je značajno potresla privredu Srbije.	The global economic crisis has had a dramatic effect upon the Serbian economy.	0.580702
Nakon više godina dinamičnih stopa rasta, zasnovanih većim delom na potrošnji (umesto na investicijama), relativno visokom prilivu kapitala po osnovu privatizacije, te snažnom porastu kredita i zaduživanja, svetska kriza je indukovala pad privredne aktivnosti, što je imalo za posledicu povećanje ionako velike nezaposlenosti.	Following a succession of years of dynamic growth rates, based largely on consumption (instead on investments), a relatively high inflow of capital from privatization processes, and an ever increasing number of credits and growing indebtedness, the world crisis induced a fall in the economic activity, which in turn resulted in the rise in the already high unemployment rate.	1.02235
Postojeći ključni ekonomski problemi Srbije leže prvenstveno u realnom sektoru privrede, u neadekvatnim strukturnim promenama i nedovoljnom restrukturiranju preduzeća i modernizaciji proizvodnih kapaciteta tokom prve decenije 21. veka.	The existing key econimic problems of Serbia are primarily found in the real sector of economy, in inadequate structural changes as well as in insufficient level of company restructuring and modernization of production capacities in the first decade of the 21st century.	1.51744
Poseban problem predstavlja činjenica da je u periodu sprovođenja intenzivnih tranzicionih promena (nakon 2000. godine) razvoj razmenljivih proizvoda bio zanemaren.	A specific problem is that the development of exchangeable goods was neglected during the period of intensive transition changes (after 2000).	0.810453
Veliki deo preduzeća iz realnog sektora ostao je na proizvodnji svojih tradicionalnih, u najboljem slučaju kozmetički inoviranih, proizvoda koji su, posmatrano sa svetskog stanovišta, u brojnim slučajevima tehnološki zastareli, neprilagođeni izmenjenim tržišnim zahtevima, i sl.	A large number of real sector companies remained stuck in the production of their traditional, at best cosmetically innovated products that, viewed from the global market point of view, are technologicaly obsolete in numerous cases and incompatible with the changed market requirements, etc.	1.12853
U pitanju je struktura ponude koja nema realne šanse za veći uspeh ni u normalnim tržišnim uslovima, a naročito ne u uslovima izuzetno zaoštrenih tržišnih odnosa, koji postepeno, ali neminovno dobijaju na značaju u slučajevima ekstremnih tržišnih okolnosti.	The structure of offer is such that it does not stand any chances even in normal market conditions, and even less so in the conditions of exceptionally fierce marker relations that gradually, but inevitably, gain in importance in the cases of extreme market conditions.	0.984378
Prema oceni Evropske banke za obnovu i razvoj (EBRD) za Srbiju krajem 2010. godine Š6Ë, ocena indikatora restrukturiranje preduzeća, ostala je na niskom nivou od 2+ i potpuno ista kao i 2005. godine, što svedoči da u ovoj oblasti nije bilo napretka tokom poslednjih pet godina.	According to the assessments of the European Bank for Restructuring and Development (EBRD) for Serbia at the end of 2020 Š6Ë, the rate for the company restructuring indicator remained on a low level of 2+ and is the same as in 2005, the evidence that there has been no progress in this field in the last five years.	1.35611
Sporo restrukturiranje preduzeća glavni je razlog sporog dinamiziranja industrijske proizvodnje i vrlo ograničenih promena obima i strukture izvoza Srbije.	A slow company restructuring is a major reason for a slow dynamics of industrial production and of a very limited change in the scope and structure of Serbian exports.	1.65
Potencijalno rešenje može predstavljati proces tržišnog restrukturiranja preduzeća, jer preduzeće u tržišnoj privredi vredi samo ako ima tržište i u stanju da je, u datom poslovnom ambijentu, ostvaruje profit.	A potential solution can be a process of market restucturing of companies, since the company in market economy has a value only on condition it has a share in the market and is capable of making profit in a given business environment.	1.09687
Stoga je poželjno da se uz pomoć tržišnog restrukturiranja obezbedi novi strategijski leveridž, tj. da se kroz inovacije poslovnog portfolija, strukture ciljnih tržišta i kombinaciju instrumenata marketinga, poboljša tržišna pozicija, odnosno vrednost preduzeća.	Hence it is desirable that new strategic leverage is ensured through market restructuring, i.e., that the improvements in the business portfolio, in the market structure and a combination of marketing tools be employed to improve the market position, i.e., the value of the company.	1.00338
Shodno tome, tržišno restrukturiranje mora biti sastavni, nezaobilazni deo šireg procesa odgovora preduzeća na negativne efekte svetske finansijske krize.	Consequently, market restructuring should be an indispensable component of a broader process of the companys response to negative effects of the world financial crisis.	1.18936
Pri tome, u sklopu procesa sprovođenja opsežnih strukturnih promena u preduzeću, tržišno restrukturiranje mora da zauzme polazišno mesto.	In addition, in the process of implementing extensive structural changes in the comapny, market restructuring has to be a starting point.	1.06659
Naime, od načina prevazilaženja problema i sprovođenja promena u domenu tržišnog restrukturiranja u velikoj meri zavisi odvijanje procesa upravljačkog organizacionog, proizvodnog i finansijskog restrukturiranja.	Namely, the method of overcoming the problem and change implementation in the domain of market restructuring will largely precondition the flow of management, organizational, production and financial processes.	0.762065
Ovakav stav u prvom redu opredeljuje činjenica da se kroz procese tržišnog restrukturiranja najneposrednije i najdirektnije ispoljava uloga marketinga i uspostavlja poslovanje zasnovano na marketing konceptu.	Such an attitude is in the first place conditioned by the fact that the processes of market restructuring best mirror the role of marketing and set up marketing-based business operations.	0.913836
Marketing podrazumeva analizu tržišta i zadovoljenju potreba potrošača, koje u prvom koraku treba identifikovati.	Marketing means the market analysis and customer needs satisfaction, and these have to be identified already in the first step.	1.08857
Bez poslovanja zasnovanog na marketing konceptu teško je obezbediti zadovoljenje zahteva tržišta, a još manje obezbeđenje konkurentne prednosti Š12, str. 121Ë. ~~~ Tržišno restrukturiranje je usmereno ka redefinisanju tržišta, područja poslovanja, preuređenju ponude, zatim izmeni marketing strategija, i izmeni uloge marketinga u miksu poslovnih funkcija.	Without a marketing-based business it is not possible to satisfy the market demand, let alone ensure competitive advantages Š12, p.121Ë. Market restructuring is oriented towards market redefinition, towards the business sector, towards offer restructuring, change in the marketing strategies and the change of the marketing role in the mix of business functions.	0.307245
Time se prevashodno želi postići radikalno unapređenje efektivnosti poslovanja, zadovoljenje zahteva tržišta i sticanja konkurentskih prednosti.	All these are predominantly meant to radically improve the effectiveness of business operations, satisfy the market demand and achieve competitive advantage.	0.999216
Strategija tržišnog restrukturiranja obuhvata definisanje bazičnih načina da se, kroz niz strukturnih promena u tržišnoj orijentaciji i marketing aktivnostima, preduzeće osposobi za fleksibilno zadovoljenje potreba okruženja i ostvarivanje konkurentske prednosti na redefinisanom tržištu, području poslovanja i/ili izmenjenom programskom portfoliju.	The market restructuring strategy entails the defining of basic methods to make the company flexible in meeting the needs of the environment and achieve competitive advantage in a redefined market, business sector and/or a changed busines portfolio, through a succession of structural changes in the market orientation and marketing activities.	1.32264
Upravo formulisanje, izbor i implementacija ovih promena predstavlja srž uspešnog sprovođenja procesa tržišnog restrukturiranja.	It is the formulation, selection and implementation of these changes that make the core of a successful market restructuring process implementation.	1.28017
Reč je o izuzetno kompleksnom setu pitanja i problema, posebno ako se imaju u vidu negativne efekte svetske finansijske krize i stanje u privrednom okruženju Srbije, ali i zatečena situacija u preduzećima, koja nisu bila adekvatno pripremljena ni menadžerski ni tehnološki za nove, krizne, uslove poslovanja.	This is an extremely complex set of issues, especially in view of the negative effects of the world financial crisis and the conditions in the economic environment of Serbia, however, also of the actual situation in companies that were not adequately prepared, either managerially or technologically, for new, crisis-characterised, business conditions.	1.15695
Upravo imajući u vidu brojnost problema i prepreka sa kojima se susreću domaća preduzeća, posebno u uslovi ma ispoljavanja negativnih efekata svetske finansijske krize, javlja se potreba sprovođenja brojnih strukturnih promena.	It is in view of the number of problems and barriers the national companies encounter especially in the conditions of the negative effects of the world economic crisis that a need emerges to implement numerous structural changes.	1.31733
Ovo je od posebnog značaja kada su u pitanju preduzeća koja se nalaze u problemima ili krizi poslovanja, a čija je konkurentnost poslovanja ugrožena.	This is especially important in case of companies undergoing problems or business crisis, with their competitiveness in business being endangered.	1.15011
Shodno praksi u svetu promene treba da budu usmerena pre svega ka:	In accordance with the world practice, changes should be predominantly oriented towards: the company restructuring, therefore it is necessary that the strengths that define the present and future characteristics of the business milieu in the branch should be anticipated and analysed.	0.210577
	The condition of competition in a branch depends on five basic factors, namely Š11, p. 45Ë: intensity of competition, possibility of a product substiture emergence, conditions of access, negotiating strength of customers and the negotiating strengths of suppliers.	-0.3
1. promenama u poslovnoj strategiji preduzeća usmerenim ka transformaciji zatečene, često prevaziđene, strukture poslovnog portfolia, 2. traženje novih ciljnih tržišta, segmenata tržišta i tržišnih niša, 3. ubrzanom razvoju novih i adaptiranju postojećih proizvoda i strukture proizvodnje, 4. unapređenju kvaliteta proizvoda i poslovanja zasnovano na paradigmi TQM, aktivnostima reinžinjeringa usmerenih ka racionalizaciji troškova poslovanja npr. kroz JIT (Just-In-Time), CTR (Cycles Time Reduction), i sl.	1. changes in the companys business strategy oriented towards the transformation of the found, often obsolete business portfolio structure; 2. search for new target markets, market segments and market niches; 3. accelerated development of new and adaptation of the existing products and production structure; 4. product and business quality improvement based on the TQM paradigm, reengineering activities oriented towards the operations costs rationalization, e.g., through the JIT (Just-In-Time), CTR (Cycles Time Reduction), etc.	1.6112
Takođe stalni napori moraju biti usmereni ka uspostavljanju savremenih organizacionih struktura, racionalizaciji broja zaposlenih, unapređenju motivacije zaposlenih i staranju o ključnim kadrovima preduzeća (ljudskim resursima), otvorenosti prema novim inicijativama i promenama zasnovanim na konceptu organizacije koja uči, itd.	Permanent efforts should also be made towards establishing modern organizational structures, rationalizing the number of employees, improving the employee motivation and care about the key personnel of the company (human resources), openness towards new initiatives, learning organization concept-based changes, etc.	0.970725
Sve ovo ukazuje da se pitanju poslovnog restrukturiranja mora pristupiti na planski način i uz posebnu skrupuloznost, a da se razvojno ponašanje domaćih preduzeća treba više zasnivati na savremenoj praksi iz oblasti strategijskog upravljanja, uključujući tu i strategije poslovnog restrukturiranja.	All the above said proves that the issue of business restructuring has to be approached in a planned manner and highly scrupulously and that a developmental behaviour of the domestic companies should to a higher extent be based on the modern strategic management practice, including the business restructuring strategies.	0.877501
Složen proces kao što je tržišno restrukturiranje treba planski izvesti, sa ciljem da se minimiziraju eksterni nepovoljni uticaji iz poslovnog okruženja, uz potenciranje jakih internih strana preduzeća.	A complex process such as market restructuring should be implemented according to a plan, with an aim to minimize external unfavourable impacts coming from the business environment, stressing the high internal strengths of the company.	1.01885
Promena tržišne orijentacije može biti uslovljena Š15, str. 68Ë: stagnacijom ili iščezavanjem postojećih ciljnih tržišta, pomeranjem granica kritičnih faktora uspeha, erozijom konkurentskih prednosti, promenom nekih tehnoloških i faktora nabavke inputa, pojavom novih konkurenata, razvojem novih tržišta i sl.	The change in the market restructuring may be conditioned by Š15, p.68Ë: stagnation or disappearance of the existing target markets; shifting the boundaries of the critical success factors; erosion of competitive advantages; change in certain technological and input supply factors; emergence of new competition; development of new markets, etc.	1.20949
Struktura konkurentskog okruženja direktno utiče na izbor pravca, metoda i tempa restrukturiranja preduzeća, te je potrebno anticipirati i analizirati snage koje određuju sadašnje i buduće karakteristike poslovnog ambijenta u grani.	The structure of competitive environment directly affects the selection of orientation, method and rate of A cummulative strength of these forces determines the profit potential of the branch.	0.530827
Stanje konkurencije u nekoj grani zavisi od pet osnovnih faktora, a to su Š11, str. 45Ë: intenzitet konkurencije; mogućnost pojave supstitut proizvoda; uslovi ulaska; pregovaračka snaga kupaca i pregovaračka snaga dobavljača.		-0.3
Zbirna snaga ovih sila određuje profitni potencijal te grane. ~~~ On se kreće od intenzivnog, u granama kao što su softverska industrija, telekomunikacije, reciklaža, preko srednje intenzivnog u granama kao što su terensko servisiranje i oprema, osvežavajuća pića i drogerije, do tekstilne industrije gde nema prostora za visoke povraćaje novca.	It ranges from intensive, in branches such as software industry, telecommunications, recycling, to medium, in branches such as field servicing and equipment, refreshment drinks and drugstores, to textile industry where there is no space for high cash returns.	0.405588
Na konkurentskom tržištu, manevrisanje za bolji položaj je neograničeno i ulaz u granu je veoma lak.	On a competitive market, manouvring for the purpose of finding a better position is unlimitted and an access to the branch is rather easy.	0.919216
Međutim, ova vrsta industrijske strukture nudi slabe izglede za dugoročnu profitabilnost.	This type of industrial structure, however, offers poor chances of a long-term profitability.	1.3
Što su slabije kolektivne snage to je jača mogućnost za superiorniju individualnu karakteristiku.	The weaker the collective forces, the stronger the opportunity for a more superior individual characteristic.	0.49069
Poznavanje fundamentalnih izvora konkurentnog pritiska obezbeđuje pripremne radove za menadžment preduzeća, koji će definisati strategijski program rada u uslovima nepovoljnih tržišnih okolnosti.	The knowledge of the fundamental sources of competition pressure creates an opportunity to perform the preparatory activities for the company management who will define the strategic programme of work in the conditions of unfavourable market conditions.	1.28049
Strategijskim programom se ističu kritične snage i slabosti preduzeća, pokreće pozicioniranje preduzeća u grani, otkrivaju područja gde strateške promene mogu biti najlukrativnije, i ističu mesta gde privredni trendovi obećavaju najviše bilo kao mogućnosti bilo kao pretnje.	The strategic programme highlights the critical strengths and weaknesses of the company, prompts the positioning of the company within the branch, discovers the sectors where strategic change may prove most lucrative and highlights the points where economic trends are most promising, whether as opportunities or as threats.	1.15843
Menadžer kreira plan akcije koji može sadržati: ~~~ Pozicioniranje preduzeća tako da se obezbedi najbolja odbrana od snaga konkurencije; i/ili Uticaj na ravnotežu sila pomoću strateških poteza, čiji je zadatak da poboljšaju poziciju preduzeća; i/ili Anticipiranje promena u faktorima okruženja sa nadom da će se, biranjem odgovarajuće strategije za novu konkurentnu ravnotežu, iznenaditi konkurencija.	The manager creates the action plan that can include: Company positioning so that the best defence from competition forces be ensured; and/or Impact upon the balance of forces through strategic moves, whose task is to improve the company position; and/or Anticipating change in environemental factors in hope that the selection of an appropriate strategy for a new competition balance will help surprise competition.	0.348106
Prvi pristup uzima strukturu grane kao datu i usklađuje sa njom prednosti i slabosti preduzeća.	The first approach takes the branch structure as a given and adjusts the strengths and weaknesses of the company to it.	0.992857
Strategija se može sagledati kao izgrađivanje odbrane od konkurencije i kao traženje pozicije u grani gde su te sile najslabije.	Strategy can be viewed as building a defence from competition as well as searching for a position within the branch where the forces are weakest.	1.27611
Znanje o mogućnostima preduzeća i o uticaju konkurentnih faktora će osvetliti područja gde bi preduzeće trebalo da se suprostavi konkurenciji, a gde bi trebalo da je izbegne.	The knowledge on the companys competences and the effects of competition factors will help identify the sectors in which the company should confront the competition, as well as those it should avoid.	0.913636
Ako je preduzeće proizvođač sa niskim troškovima proizvodnje, onda može izabrati da se suoči sa moćnim kupcima, s tim da im se ne prodaju proizvodi koji su podložni konkurenciji, tj. smanjiti opasnost od supstitut proizvoda.	In case the company is a manufacturer with low production costs, it may choose to confront powerful buyers, provided they are not sold the products subject to competition, i.e., it may reduce the threat from a product substitute.	0.624007
Kada se savladaju sile koje pokreću konkurenciju, preduzeće može razmisliti o strategiji koja sa sobom nosi ofanzivu.	When the forces driving the competition are defeated, the company may think of the strategy which is offensive in nature.	0.794175
Inovacije u marketingu mogu poboljšati identifikaciju robne marke, ili u suprotnom da učini da se proizvod razlikuje.	Innovations in marketing may improve the identification of the brand, or make the product diverse from any other.	1.11168
Kapitalne investicije u kapacitete velikog obima ili u vertikalnu integraciju utiču na ulazne barijere.	Capital investments into large scale capacities or vertical integration affect access barriers.	0.967602
Ravnoteža sila je delimično rezultat eksternih faktora a delimično je pod kontrolom preduzeća.	The balance of forces is partly a result of external factors, and partly is under the control of the company.	1.35764
Industrijska evolucija je strateški važna zato što sa sobom donosi promene u izvorima konkurencije.	The industrial revolution is strategically important because it brings forth the change in the competition sources.	1.06333
U obrascu životnog ciklusa proizvoda, na primer, menjaju se stope rasta, diferencijacija proizvoda je u padu kada biznis postaje zreliji i preduzeće ima tendenciju da se integriše vertikalno.	In the pattern of the product life cycle, for example, growth rates change; product differentiation falls as the business matures and the company tends to integrate vertically.	0.694797
Proizvode i tehnologije koje su u prošlosti bile hit inovacije u svetu konkurenti su počeli da interpretiraju, kopiraju i time obezbeđuju da oni imaju široku primenu.	The products and technologies that in the past were top in the world came to be interpreted, copied by the competition, and thus made widely applicable.	0.702257
Period vremena koji je bio potreban da se proizvod imitira je skraćen, tako da je počelo da dolazi do standardizacije proizvoda visoke tehnologije Š17, str. 429Ë.	The space of time required to copy the product is shortened, and this resulted into the standardization of high technology products Š17, p. 429Ë.	1.2192
U tom smislu je u razvijenoj industriji informacionih tehnologija došlo do vertikalne integracije, kako u proizvodnji tako i u razvoju softvera.	Hence the developed industry of high technologies underwent a vertical integration, both in production and in the software development.	1.02966
Ovaj veoma značajan trend znatno uvećava obim ekonomije kao i količinu neophodnog kapitala da bi se konkurisalo u grani, što povećava ulazne barijere i može izbaciti neke manje konkurente iz grane.	This very important trend significantly increases the scope of economy as well as the amount of necessary capital to compete in the branch, which in turn raises the access barriers and may force certain minor competitors out of the business.	1.09375
Proces definisanja nove strategijske orijentacije ne sme biti rigidan, odnosno strategijsku orijentaciju mora odlikovati adaptibilnost, jer je to preduslov za kreiranje konkurentske prednosti u dužem roku Š13, str. 566Ë.	The process of defining a new strategic orientation must not be rigid, that is, strategic organization has to be adaptable, since this is a precondition for creating a long-term competitive advantage Š13, p. 566Ë.	1.07869
Očigledno, trendovi koji nose oznaku najvišeg prioriteta sa strateške tačke su oni koji utiču na većinu važnih izvora konkurencije u grani.	Obviously, the trends marked as highest priority trends from the strategic point of view are those affecting the majority of competition sources in the branch.	1.23329
Analiza konkurencije može se takođe koristiti za predviđanje eventualne profitabilnosti neke grane.	The competition analysis can also be applied to anticipate a possible profitability of a branch.	1.19055
U dugoročnom planiranju, zadatak preduzeća je da istraži svaki faktor konkurentnosti, predvidi amplitudu svakog uzroka, i da se onda konstruiše potpunu sliku profitnog potencijala grane.	In long-term planning, the task of the company is to explore each competition factor, predict the magnitude of each cause and then devise a complete picture of the profit potential of the branch.	0.871435
Kao ilustracija može poslužiti posao sa solarnim grejanjem, kojim se danas u Evropi bavi na desetine preduzeća, ali nijedna sa vodećom ulogom na tržištu.	An illustration can be a business in solar heating, conducted today by a large number of companies, however, none with the leading role in the market.	1.23381
Ulazak je lak, konkurenti se bore da ustoliče solarno grejanje kao zamenu za konvencionalne metode grejanja.	The access is easy, the competitors struggle to ensure the position of solar heating as replacement for the conven tional hrating methods.	0.403839
Potencijal ove grane će u velikoj meri zavisiti od oblika budućih ulaznih barijera, od poboljšanja pozicije grane u odnosu na substitute, od intenziteta konkurencije i od snage koju poseduju kupci i dobavljači.	The potential of this branch will largely depend on the shape of the future access barriers, on the improvent of the branch position over the substitutes, on the intensity of competition and on the strength of both the customers and the suppliers.	0.717045
Na ove karakteristike će povratno uticati sledeći faktori: uspostavljanje identiteta robne marke, značajan nivo ekonomije obima ili niiskustva u proizvodnji opreme postignut vo tehnološkim napretkom, kao i cena kapitala.	A feedback effect upon these factors will come from the following factors: establishing the brand identity, a significant level of the economy of scope or a level of experience in the production of equipment achieved via technological progress, as well as the cost of capital.	1.24518
Okvir za analizu granske konkurencije ima direktne prednosti u koncipiranju diversifikacione strategije.	The framework for the branch competition analysis has direct advantages in conceiving the diversification strategy.	1.19755
To obezbeđuje mapu za odgovor na kompleksno pitanje koje je nerazdvojivo od diversifikacionih odluka: ~~~ Koji je potencijal ciljnog biznisa?	This provides a map for an answer to a complex question which is inseparable from diversification oriented decisions:What is the potential of the target business?	0.180488
5.	5.	1.8
Definisanje biznisa preduzeća kao polazne osnove za tržišno restrukturiranje Menadžeri posvećuju puno pažnje definisanju svojih biznisa kao najvažniji korak u formulaciji strategije.	Defining company business as starting point in market restructuring Managers devote a lot of attention to defining their businesses, this being the most important step in strategy formulation.	1.20762
Teodor Levit Š9, str. 26Ë, zastupa izbegavanje kratkovidosti tj. produktivno orijentisanu definiciju grane.	Theodor Levitt Š9, p.26Ë advocates avoiding myopia, i.e., he pleads for a productivity-oriented definition of the branch.	0.697959
Mnogi drugi autori su naglasili potrebu da pogledaju preko proizvoda u funkciji definisanja biznisa, kroz granice potencijalne međunarodne konkurencije, i izvan trenutne liste neposrednih konkurenta, a sve u cilju eksploatacije novih tržišta, gde je najznačajniji motiv bojazan da se previde latentni izvori konkurentnosti.	Numerous other authors stressed the need to look over the product in the function of defining the business, over the borders of potential international competition and outside the current list of direct competitors, all for the purpose of exploiting the new markets, where the most important motive is the fear of overlooking the latent sources of competition.	1.16643
Veliki broj menadžera se isključivo koncentriše na svoje direktne konkurente u borbi za podelu tržišta, tako da propuste da shvate da se oni takođe bore i za svoje kupce i dobavljače u procesu pregovaranja.	A large number of managers exclusively concentrate upon their direct competitors in their struggle for the market share, so they fail to understand that they also fight for both their customers and their suppliers in the negotiation process.	0.945935
Takođe, oni zanemaruju da obrate pažnju na nove konkurente kao i na pretnju od novih proizvoda koji mogu uspešno supstituisati njihove proizvode.	Similarly, they neglect paying attention to new competitors, as well as to the threat coming from new products that can successfully substitute their own products.	1.31535
Ključna stvar za rast, pa čak i za opstanak, je da se stavi pod prismotru pozicija koja je manje izložena za direktan napad konkurenta, bilo da su odavno osnovani ili su novi, i koja je manje ranjiva od strane kupaca, dobavljača, i novih substituta proizvoda.	The key issue for the growth, and even for the survival, is to closely watch the position that is less exposed to the direct attack of the competitor, regardless of whether they are newly established or long present in the market, and consequently less vulnerable as regards customers, suppliers and new substitutes of the produt.	0.744012
Treba uspostaviti takvu poziciju koja može uzeti mnoge oblike kao što su: izgradnja solidnih odnosa sa najboljim kupcima, diferencijacija proizvoda na tržištu, integrisanje unapred ili unazad kao i preuzimanje tehnološkog vođstva.	A position should be established that can take on various forms, such as: building solid relations with best customers, product differentiation on the market, forward or backward integration and taking over the technological leadership.	0.858088
Preduzeća moraju biti fleksibilna da brzo odgovore na izazove konkurenata i tržišne promene.	Companies must be flexible in order that they should respond promptly to the challenges coming from competition as well as to market changes.	0.814286
Ona moraju konstantno unapređivati repere poslovanja da bi postigli najbolju praksu, ali i da nastupaju agresivno da bi stekli efikasnost, i sami moraju gajiti nekoliko najvažnijih konkurentnih osobina kako bi ostali lideri.	They must con stantly improve the landmarks of their operations to achieve best practice, but also to be agressive in order that they should become efficient, and they themselves have to nurture certain most important features to remain leaders.	0.917996
Pozicioniranje je odbačeno kao suviše statično za današnja dinamična tržišta i tehnološke promene.	Positioning is abandoned as too static for the todays dynamic markets and technological changes.	0.903571
U skladu sa novom dogmom, rivali mogu brzo da kopiraju bilo koju tržišnu poziciju, pa je konkurentna prednost u najboljem slučaju privremena.	In accordance with the new dogma, rivals can quickly copy any market position, hence competitive advantage is at best temporary.	1.40468
Preduzeće treba da blagovremeno otkriva nove šanse, odnosno opasnosti, te da planski pristupa njihovom iskorišćavanju, odnosno minimiziranju.	Therefore the company must timely identify new opportunities, or threats, and develop a planned approach to their exploitation, or minimization.	0.790476
Neophodna je analiza svake od strategijskih opcija koje opredeljuju ponašanje preduzeća, a koja podrazumeva sledeće: analizirati i anticipirati okruženje; oceniti slabe i jake strane preduzeća; spoznati kritične faktore poslovnog uspeha; identifikovati područja za sticanje konkurentskih prednosti; utvrditi strategijske opcije; izabrati odgovarajuću alternativu; institucionalizovati realizaciju izabrane strategijske opcije.	The analysis of each od the strategic options that determine the customer behaviour is necessary, and that means the following: Analyse and anticipate environment; Assess the strengths and the weaknesses of the company; Identify the critical business success factors; Define strategic options; Select the appropriate alternative; Institutionalize the implementation of the selected strategic option.	0.576189
Pošto strategija treba da konkretizuje razvojno ponašanje preduzeća u domenu efikasnosti poslovanja, odnosno da usmeri njegovu aktivnost na prave potrebe i prave instrumente, značajno je da se analizom relevantnih parametara dođe do poslovno-konkurentskog profila preduzeća.	As the task of the strategy is to make the developmental behaviour of the company concrete in the domain of business efficiency, that is, to orient its activities towards real needs and real tools, it is important that the analysis of relevant parametres should provide a business-competitive profile of the company.	0.859042
Otuda, definisanje posla (biznisa) svodi se na definisanje tržišta koje čini bazu poslovanja.	Hence the business definition becomes the definition of the market that makes the basis of the business.	1.35731
Najznačajniji pristup definisanju biznisa uključuje koristi ili funkcije za kupce, grupe kupaca i tehnologiju i četvrtu dimenziju koja se odnosi na stadijum u sistemu dodate vrednosti na proizvodu.	The most important approach to business definition includes the benefits and functions for the customers, clusters of customers and technology and also a fourth dimension that refers to the stage in the system of added value to the product.	0.87069
Prva dimenzija se odnosi na identifikovanje koristi koje kupac očekuje, te umesto proizvoda ili usluge, analizira se skup funkcija za potrošača koje proizvod poseduje.	The first dimension refers to identifying the benefits the customer expects, hence a set of functions the product has for the customer, rather than the product or a service.	0.89589
Druga dimenzija (grupa kupaca) upućuje na potrebu da se prepozna tržišni segment koji će po svojim karakteristikama biti u fokusu orijentacije preduzeća.	The second dimension (customer cluster) stresses the need to recognize the market segment that will, due to its characteristics, be the focus of the company orientation.	0.676087
Tehnološka dimenzija se odnosi na razmatranje alternativnih načina zadovoljavanja datih potreba, odnosno problema kupaca.	The technological dimension refers to the analysis of alternative methods of satisfying the needs, i.e., problems of customers.	0.9
Otuda je bitno da se u cilju sticanja konkurentskih prednosti na tržištu opredeli odgovarajuća tehnologija.	Hence it is important that an adequate technology is adopted for the purpose of achieving competitive advantages in the market.	0.825387
Pri definisanju biznisa preduzeća potrebno je i da se uzme u obzir stadijum koji biznis predstavlja u ukupnim fazama dodavanja vrednosti od sirovina do kompletiranja finalnog proizvoda.	In defining the company business it is necessary that the stage the business presents in the overall phases of value adding from raw materials to finished product completion be taken into consideration.	0.92236
Uvažavajući ovaj okvir preduzeće definiše ciljeve povezujući sadašnji i potencijalni biznis preduzeća, ali i doprinosi da menadžeri bolje percipiraju stanje na tržištu, položaj preduzeća u odnosu na kupce i konkurenciju kao i efikasnost obavljanja biznisa. 6.	In respect to this framework the company defines its goals connecting its present business and its prospective business, however, it also helps managers better perception of the market conditions, the position of the company in relation to the customers and competition as well as efficiency in business operations.	1.15139
Zaključna razmatranja U cilju opstanka i razvoja preduzeća, pre svega kroz obezbeđenje distinktivne konkurentske prednosti, sa jedne strane, i satisfakcije sve zahtevnijih potrošača sa druge strane, u novoizmenjenim tržišnim uslovima pada agregatne tražnje, jača potreba za implementacijom intenzivnih promena u poslovanju, u velikoj meri zasnovanih na tržišnom restrukturiranju.	6. ~~~ Concluding considerations The need for intensive change implementation in business, largely based on market restructuring becomes ever more urgent in order that the company should survive and develop, primarily through ensuring a distinctive competitive advantage, on one hand, and satisfy ever more demanding customers, on the other, in the newly changed market conditions of fall in aggregate demand.	0.397087
Naime, tržišno restrukturiranje, koje obuhvata niz strukturnih promena u tržišnoj orijentaciji i marketing aktivnostima, može da omogući preduzećima da se osposobe za fleksibilno zadovoljenje izmenjenih potreba okruženja i ostvarivanje konkurentske prednosti na redefinisanom tržištu, području poslovanja i/ili izmenjenom programskom portfoliju.	Namely, market restructuring that entails a succession of structural changes in market orientation and marketing activities is meant to enable companies to be flexible in satisfying the changed environmental needs and achieve competitive advantage in a redefined market, business sector and/or altered programme portfolio.	1.28368
Pri tome, jedna od ključnih pretpostavki poslovnog uspeha, čak i u uslovima globalne krize i recesije, predstavlja (re)definisanje konkretnog biznisa preduzeća, koje će uz optimalnu razvojnu strategiju unaprediti njegovu tržišnu poziciju Š4Ë.	One of the key preconditions of success here, even in the conditions of global crisis and recession is the (re)definition of a concrete business of the company which will, together with an optimum developmental strategy, improve its market position Š4Ë.	0.932216
Imajući u vidu da se kroz menadžment aktivnosti konkretizuje tržišna dimenzija tekućeg i razvojnog poslovanja, neophodno je da dođe do značajnih promena u miksu poslovnih funkcija, a shodno promenama okruženja i analogno prevladavajućoj poslovnoj praksi u razvijenim tržišnim privredama.	Having in mind that the management activities help make the market dimension of the current and developmental business operations concrete, it is necessary that considerable changes in the mix of business functions be made, in accordance with the changes in the environment and, by this analogy, the prevailing business practice in developed market economies.	1.14713
Promene u poslovanju preduzeća, polazeći od osnovne hipoteze ovoga rada, ne smeju da se fokusiraju isključivo na finansijsko restrukturiranje, koje se sprovodi kroz prodaju delova aktive za nagomilane dugove, smanjenje broja zaposlenih, kao i pojačanom kontrolom i (racionalizacijom) troškova ukupnog poslovanja, pri čemu su često prvi na meti troškovi marketinga, a posebno oglašavanja.	The changes in the company business, starting from the basic hypothesis of this paper, must not be focused exclusively upon financial restructuring carried out via sales of part of the assets to repay accumulated debts, upon reducing the number of employees and a stricter control (and rationalization) of total costs of business operations, where the first victims are the marketing costs, especially advertizing.	0.95971
Postojeći uslovi poslovanja, u kojima su ugroženi vitalni interesi opstanka mnogih preduzeća, zahtevaju brze i konkretne proaktivne akcije.	The existing business conditions in which the vital interests of survival od numerous companies are threatened, require prompt and concrete actions.	1.08233
Neophodno je posegnuti ka traženju izmenjene vizije, te definisanju novih ciljeva i proaktivnih strategija, kojim će se problemi, izazvani promenama u eksternom okruženju, transformisati u šanse.	It is necessary to opt for searching for an altered vision and defining new objectives and proactive strategies to transform the problems induced by changes in external environment into opportunities.	0.628101
U skladu sa principima strategijskog upravljanja, preduzeća treba da pokušaju da otkriju nove šanse, odnosno opasnosti, te da planski pristupa njihovom iskorišćavanju, odnosno minimiziranju.	In accordance with the principles of strategic management, companies should attempt to identify new opportunities, or threats and devise a planned approach to their exploitation, or minimization.	1.25471
Kroz izmenu razvojne strategije i definisanje strategije tržišnog restrukturiranja, i na bazi toga promene interne organizacije i načina korišćenja ljudskih resursa, te racionalizaciju troškova poslovanja i promena u načinu finansiranja, treba proaktivno delovati na poboljšanja postojećeg tržišnog položaja i ukupne poslovne pozicije kompanija.	The change in the developmental strategy and in the defining of the market restructuring strategy, and, on this basis, the change in internal organization and the method of human resource exploitation and the rationalization of costs of business operations and change in the financing pattern are all meant to proactively support the improvement of the existing market position and the overall business position of companies.	1.21087
Pri tome, implementacija ovih primena ne sme se ograničiti samo na firme u teškoćama, već mora da postane realnost i uspešnih kompanija.	Furthermore, the implementation of these must not be restricted to only those firms that are in difficulties, but must become a reality of successful companies too.	1.0355
LITERATURA Š1Ë Ansoff Igor:	REFERENCES Š1Ë Ansoff Igor: Management Strategy, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1985.	2.22222
	Š2Ë Dess G., Lumpin G i Eisner A, Strategic Management, Data status, Beograd, 2007.	-0.3
	Š3Ë Day S. G. Strategic Management Planning, West Publishing Company, 1984.	-0.3
	Š4Ë Domazet I., Faktor unapređenja konkurentske pozicije preduzeća - operativni menadžment, Anali Ekonomskog fakulteta u Subotici (journal no.	-0.3
Management Strategy, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 1985. godina Š2Ë Dess G., Lumpin G i Eisner A, Strategic Management, Data status, Beograd, 2007. Š3Ë Day S. G. Strategic Management Planning, West Publishing Company, 1984. Š4Ë Domazet I., Faktor unapređenja konkurentske Š12Ë Slatter S, Corporate Recovery, Penquin Books, pozicije preduzeća - operativni menadžment, Anali Ekonomskog fakulteta u Subotici (časopis br. 18/2007), (str.93-101), Ekonomski fakultet u Subotici, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, 2007. Š5Ë Domazet I, Zubović J, Drašković B (2009) CRM koncept u funkciji unapredjenja direktnog marketinga, časopis Managemet, str 29-37, 4/2009. Š6Ë EBRD Transition report for 2010. Š7Ë Erić D, Stošić I, Brnjas Z, Strategijski menadžment u agrobiznisu, monografija, Institut ekonomskih nauka, Beograd, 2007. Š8Ë IMF, Data on Public Intervention, 2009. Š9Ë Levitt T. Marketing Myopia, Harvard Business Review, Sept - Oct.	18/2007), (str.93-101), Ekonomski fakultet u Subotici, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, 2007. ~~~ Š5Ë Domazet I, Zubović J, Drašković B (2009) CRM koncept u funkciji unapredjenja direktnog marketinga, časopis Managemet, pp. 29-37, 4/2009. ~~~ Š6Ë EBRD Transition report for 2010. ~~~ Š7Ë Erić D, Stošić I, Brnjas Z, Strategijski menadžment u agrobiznisu, monografija, Institut ekonomskih nauka, Beograd, 2007. ~~~ Š8Ë IMF, Data on Public Intervention, 2009. ~~~ Š9Ë Levitt T. Marketing Myopia, Harvard Business Review, Sept - Oct. 1975.	-0.0431639
1975. Š10Ë Porter M. E. Competitive Advantage, The Free Prees, New York, 1985. Š11Ë Porter M.:	Š10Ë Porter M. E. Competitive Advantage, The Free Prees, New York, 1985.	2.97548
What is Strategy, Harvard Business Review, Nov.	Š11Ë Porter M.: What is Strategy, Harvard Business Review, Nov.-Dec. 1996.	2.37143
	Š12Ë Slatter S, Corporate Recovery, Penquin Books, New York, 2000.	-0.3
-Dec.	Š13Ë Stojanović-Aleksić V, Erić J, Šapić S, Definisanje strategijske orijentacije novih poduhvata u oblasti visokih tehnologija, Ekonomske Teme, Niš, no.	-0.6
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New York, 2000. Š13Ë Stojanović-Aleksić V, Erić J, Šapić S, Definisanje strategijske orijentacije novih poduhvata u oblasti visokih tehnologija, Ekonomske Teme, Niš, br. 4/2010. Š14Ë Arthur A. Thompson, Jr. and A. J. Strickland III: «Strategic Management, Concepts and Cases», 13th edition, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2004. Š15Ë Todorović J., Stošić I. i Milosavljević S. :	Š14Ë Arthur A. Thompson, Jr. and A. J. Strickland III: «Strategic Management, Concepts and Cases», 13th edition, McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2004.	2.51269
Perspektive procesa restrukturiranja u Srbiji, Savetovanje SEJ, jun, Miločer, 2001. Š16Ë de Wit B i Meyer R: «Strategy- Process, Content, Context» -III izdanje, Thompson 2004. Š17Ë Zubović J, Domazet I, Bradić-Martinović A, Globalization of Business Activities, u Babić i Maksimović, urednici Inostrani kapital kao faktor razvoja zemalja u tranziciji, Ekonomski fakultet, Kragujevac, 2009.	Š15Ë Todorović J., Stošić I. i Milosavljević S. : Perspektive procesa restrukturiranja u Srbiji, Savetovanje SEJ, June, Miločer, 2001. ~~~ Š16Ë de Wit B i Meyer R: «Strategy- Process, Content, Context» -III edition, Thompson 2004.	0.634756
Optimizacija troškova korišćenja elektronskih pristupnih kanala sistema REP i HP UDK:	Š17Ë Zubović J, Domazet I, Bradić-Martinović A, Globalization of Business Activities, in Babić and Maksimović, editors Inostrani kapital kao faktor razvoja zemalja u tranziciji, Ekonomski fakultet, Kragujevac, 2009.	0.105696
005.591.1:656.8 ; 656.8:004.738.5 Mihailo Jovanović1, Siniša Rankov2 1JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija mihailo.jovanovic¿ptt.rs 2Fakultet za poslovne studije, Megatrend Univerzitet Globalni obimi pismonosnih usluga koje podrazumevaju manipulaciju poštom u fizičkoj formi neprestano se smanjuju.	Cost Optimization of the REM and HM Systems Electronic Access Channels UDC: 005.591.1:656.8 ; 656.8:004.738.5 Mihailo Jovanović1, Siniša Rankov2 1PE of PTT communications Srbija mihailo.jovanovic¿ptt.rs 2Faculty of Business Studies, Megatrend University The global scope of letter-mail services which imply the manipulation by post in physical form is continuously diminishing.	1.40052
Eksplozivni razvoj informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija, koji je najviše prepoznatljiv u svetskoj ekspanziji Interneta i mobilne telefonije, doveo je do toga da se, često previše tradicionalno orijentisani, javni poštanski operatori opredele za razvoj svoje bazične delatnosti u domenu integrisanih tehnološko-informatičkih rešenja.	The explosive development of IC technologies, which is the most obvious in the development of the Internet and mobile telephony, caused the often traditionally oriented PPOs (public postal operators) to opt for the development of their core activity in the field of integrated IT solutions.	0.90334
S obzirom na specifične zahteve korisnika, koji su zahvaljujući elektronskim pristupnim kanalima Internet i mobilnoj komunikaciji, odnosno elektronskoj pošti i SMS porukama, prestali da koriste tradicionalnu pisanu komunikaciju, poštanskim operatorima ne preostaje ništa drugo nego da omoguće elektronsku komunikaciju korisnika u svrhu održanja pismonosnih pošiljaka u svojim sistemima, odnosno zaštite svojih prihoda.	Following the specific requirements of the users, who ceased to use the traditional written communication owing to the electronic access channels (Internet and mobile communications, i.e. e-mails and SMS messages), the POs have no other option but to facilitate the electronic communication of users in order to keep letter-mail items within their systems and thus protect their income.	0.879914
Dva sistema koja omogućavaju korisnicima elektronsko slanje podataka su registrovna elektronska pošta (REP) i hibridna pošta (HP).	The two systems which enable users to send the electronic data are Registered Electronic Mail (REM) and Hybrid Mail (HM).	0.922977
Primena modela integracije ova dva sistema, koji se ogleda u korišćenju zajedničkih elektronskih pristupnih kanala i koji je predmet ovog rada, ima značajne ekonomske efekte i tehnološko-tehničku opravdanost za javnog poštanskog operatora. 1.	The implementation of the model of integration of these two systems, that is reflected in the use of integrated electronic access channels and which is the subject of this paper, has significant economic effects and technical justification for the public postal operator.	1.07623
Funkcionisanje sistema REP i HP javnog poštanskog operatora Registrovana elektronska pošta (REP) je takva vrsta elektronske usluge koja omogućava potpunu elektronsku razmenu podataka između krajnjih korisnika po principima razmene registrovane pošte u fizičkoj formi.	1. operations of the public postal operators REM and HM systems Registered Electronic Mail (REM) is a type of electronic service that ensures an integrated electronic data exchange between end users on the principles of the exchange of registered mail in a physical form.	1.48428
Osnovne karakteristike ove usluge su da je ona u u potpunosti elektronska i da obezbeđuje pouzdanu i sertifikovanu razmenu podataka između pošiljaoca pošte, pružaoca usluge i primaoca pošte.	The basic features of this service are that it is entirely electronic and provides a reliable and certified data exchange between the mailer, the service provider and the mailee.	0.779493
U odnosu na tradicionalnu uslugu razmene elektronske pošte, sistem REP obezbeđuje uslugu poverljive elektronske komunikacije koja sadrži evidenciju slanja i prijema pošte između prethodno autentifikovanih korisnika.	In comparison with the traditional service od mail exchange, the REM system provides the service of confidential electronic communication that contains bothe the mailing evidence and receiving mail evidence between previously authenticated users.	1.60425
U svakom delu sistema REP, prilikom prenosa ili razmene elektronske pošte, vrši se evidentiranje i arhiviranje svih događaja i operacija i na taj način se omogućava pouzdano praćenje statusa pošte.	Evidence and archival of all the events and operations is performed in each section of the REM system, in the transfer or exchange of electronic mail, thus ensuring a reliable tracking of the mail status.	1.1622
Zbog toga se može reći da je sistem REP elektronska verzija tradicionalne registrovne pošte u fizičkoj formi, značajno unapređena strogim procedurama autentifikacije i visokim stepenom zaštite integriteta i poverljivosti pošte, koja obezeđuje neporecive evidencije o svim događajima i operacijama u sistemu primenom savremenih kriptografskih tehnologija.	Hence the REM system can be said to be an electronic version of traditional registered mail in the physical form, significantly improved through strict authentication procedures and a high level of protection of the mail integrity and confidentiality, which provides irrevocable evidence on all the events and operations in the system implementing modern cryptographic technologies.	1.53165
Š1Ë, Š3Ë, Š4Ë Svetski poštanski savez (Universal Postal Union UPU, www.upu.int) je na kongresu održanom 1994. godine u Seulu doneo odluku o formiranju Telematik kooperative (Telematics Cooperative).	Š1Ë,Š3Ë,Š4Ë. ~~~ At the congress held in Seoul in 1994, the Universal Postal Union UPU (www.upu.int) adopted a decision on forming the Telematics Cooperative.	0.316924
Razlog njenog formiranja je pružanje pomoći poštanskim operatorima u unapređenju poslovnih procesa kroz primenu i korišće nje savremenih informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija.	The reason for establishing the Cooperative is to help postal operators improve business processes through the modern information and communication technologies implementation.	0.568407
Zadatak Telematik kooperative je saradnja sa poštanskim operatorima na razvoju novih elektronskih proizvoda i usluga koji bi se ponudili korisnicima.	The task of the Telematics Cooperative is to collaborate with postal operators in developing new electronic products and services to be offered to customers.	0.86461
U okviru Telematik kooperative postoje tri radne grupe: ~~~ 1.	The Telematics Cooperative includes three work groups: 1.	0.160784
Grupa za međunarodne poštanske usluge (The International Mail Services IMS User Group).	The international Mail Services IMS User Group.	1.53571
Zadatak IMS grupe je definisanje strategije i poslovnih procesa sistema za elektronsko praćenje pošiljaka (EMS, pisama i paketa) u međunarodnom poštanskom saobraćaju. 2.	The task of the IMS group is to define the strategies and business processes for the electronic tracking of mail (EMS, letters and packages) in the international postal handling. ~~~ 2.	0.310539
Grupa za međunarodne finansijske usluge (The International Financial Services IFS User Group).	The International Financial Services IFS User Group.	1.93245
Zadatak IFS grupe je definisanje strategije i poslovnih procesa sistema za međunarodni elektronski transfer novca. 3.	The task of the IFS group is to define strategies and business processes for the international money transfer systems.	0.820501
Grupa za napredne elektronske usluge (The Advanced Electronic Services User Group AES User Group), u okviru koje postoje sledeće podgrupe:		-0.3
3.1.	3.	0.1
Podgrupa za UPU standard S43 Secure Electronic Postal Services SEPS Interface Specification koji definiše interfejs za elektronsku poštansku marku (Electronic Postal Certification Mark EPCM) i druge S43 elektronske usluge, kao što je poštanska registrovana elektronska pošta PREP (Postal Registered Electronic Mail PReM). ~~~ 3.2. ~~~ Podgrupa za Globalnu hibridnu poštu (Glo bal Hybrid Mail). ~~~ 3.3. ~~~ Podgrupa za RFID (Radio Frequency Identi fication).	The Advanced Electronic Services User Group AES User Group that comprises the following subgroups: 3.1 Subgroup for UPU standard S43 Secure Electronic Postal Services SEPS Interface Specification whose task is to define the interface for the Electronic Postal Certification Mark EPCM and other S43 services such as Postal Registered Electronic Mail PReM.	0.0813401
3.4. ~~~ Podgrupa za Internet domen .post najvišeg nivoa (.post Top Level Domain TLD). ~~~ 3.5. ~~~ Podgrupa za bazu znanja o studijama slučaja (Case Study Knowledge Base).	3.2 Subgroup for the Global Hybrid Mail 3.3 Subgroup for RFID Radio Frequency Identification 3.4 Subgroup for the Internet .post Top Level Domain TLD.	0.0145928
Poštanska registrovana elektronska pošta (PREP) treba da obezbedi poverljivu i sertifikovanu elektronsku komunikaciju između pošiljaoca, javnog poštanskog operatora i primaoca.	3.5 Subgroup for Case Study Knowledge Base The Postal registered electronic mail (PReM) is to provide a confidential and certified electronic commu nication between the mailer, the public postal operator and the mailee.	0.968273
Pored ovoga, slično kao i kod sistema REP, sistem PREP mora da obezbedi i evidentiranje i arhiviranje svih događaja i operacija u sistemu.	In addition, similarly to the REM system, the PReM system is to provide evidence and archival of all the events and operations in the system.	1.04746
Sistem PREP podrazumeva sledeće karakteristike: bezbedno prosleđivanje i dostavljanje pošte bez mogućnosti kompromitovanja ili izmene sadržaja (garantuje se integritet pošte) između autentifikovanih i neporecivih korisnika (pošiljaoca i primaoca) i pružaoca usluge PREP javnog poštanskog operatora, vođenje evidencije, zahvaljujući kojem se mogu zabeležiti svi značajni događaji u sistemu, notifikaciju događaja, kojom se pojedinačni zabeleženi događaji ili operacije u sistemu prosleđuju drugim učesnicima u procesu, arhiviranje evidencije, kojim se skladište i čuvaju sve evidencije radi eventualnih naknadnih pretraga i analiza, arhiviranje poruka, kojim se skladište i čuvaju poruke sistema PREP radi eventualne pretrage i analize i centralizovanu pretragu autorizovanih javnih poštanskih operatora, kojom se obezbeđuje centralizovana usluga žutih strana sa potpunim informacijama o autorizovanim javnim poštanskim operatorima.	The PReM system comprises the following features: secured message forwarding and delivery without compromising or change in the contents (mail integrity guaranteed) between authenticized and irrevocable users (mailer and mailee) and the PReM service provider public postal operator, evidence generation, due to which any important events in the system are recorded, event notification, by which individual recorded events or operations in the system are sent to corresponding parties in the process, archival of evidence, providing the storage and safekeeping of the evidence for possible further search or analysis, archival of messages, providing the storage and safekeeping of the PReM system messages for possible subsequent search or analysis and centralized search of authorized public postal operators, providing the centralized service of yellow pages with integral information on authorized public postal operators.	1.05664
Š1Ë Arhitektura sistema PREP se definiše pomoću konceptualnog modela koji se sastoji od pošiljaoca, primaoca, autorizovanih trećih lica, javnih poštanskih operatora primaoca i pošiljaoca i tačke distribucije liste poverljivih (Trust) javnih poštanskih operatora.	Š1Ë The architecture of the PReM system is defined using the conceptual model that consists of mailer, mailee, authorized third parties, authorized public postal operators of both the mailer and the mailee and the distribution point of the Trust list of public postal operators.	1.61975
Podaci o pošiljaocu i/ili primaocu su smešteni u serveru adresa (Directory Server) javnog poštanskog operatora i njima mogu pristupati registrovani korisnici po različitim kriterijumima (elektronska adresa ili ime i prezime).	The data on the mailer and/or mailee are stored in the Directory Server of the public postal operator and accessible to registered users following different criteria (electronic address or name and surname).	1.13029
Da bi se identifikovao autorizovani javni poštanski operator primaoca, konceptualni model sistema PREP podrazumeva postojanje tačke razmene liste poverljivih javnih poštanskih operatora u kojoj se nalazi lista javnih poštanskih operatora koju održava i oglašava Svetski poštanski savez.	To identify the authorized public postal operator of the mailee, the PReM system conceptual model assumes the presence of the point of exchange of confidential/trust public postal operators which contains the list of public postal operators maintained and announced by the Universal Postal Union.	1.32159
Pošiljalac i primalac mogu biti korisnici istog ili različitih (ovaj model je prikazan na slici 1) javnih poštanskih operatora.	The mailer and mailee may be users of the same or different (this model is presented in figure 1) public postal operators.	1.76765
Slika 1.	Figure 1.	2.2625
Konceptualni model sistema PREP u slučaju kada se pošiljalac i primalac nalaze kod različitih poštanskih operatora.	The PReM system conceptual model in case mailer and mailee are users of different postal operators.	1.46471
Vođenje evidencija svih operacija i transakcija je suštinska karakteristika sistema PREP.	Evidence generation of all the operations and transactions is the core characteristic of the PReM system.	0.767073
Da bi se to obezbedilo, neophodno je da se svi učesnici u procesu prenosa PREP pošte autentifikuju (pošiljalac, primalac, javni poštanski operatori primaoca i pošiljaoca), kao i da postoji neporecivost transakcija između učesnika u prenosu PREP pošte.	In order that these be provided, it is necessary that all the participants in the PReM mail forwarding process should be identified (mailer, mailee, mailers and mailees public postal operators) as well as that irrevocability of transactions between the participants in the PReM mail transfer be present.	1.20183
U tom smislu postoji nekoliko modela autentifikacije: ~~~ 1.	In view of the above, several authentication models can be implemented: 1.	0.340385
Autentifikacija koja se bazira na lozinki.	Password-based authentication.	0.22
Korišćenje korisničkog imena i lozinke ili nekog drugog mehanizma autentifikacije sa dva faktora je prvi nivo modela autentifikacije.	The use of user name and password or any other authentication mechanism with two factors is the first level of authentication model.	1.69962
Kod ovog tipa osnovne autentifikacije neophodan prvi korak je pristup usluzi koji podrazumeva direktnu identifikaciju kako bi javni poštanski operator proverio identitet primaoca ili pošiljaoca. 2.	The first step in this type of basic authentication is the access to service that means a direct authentication so that the public postal operator can check the identity of mailer or mailee.	1.93648
Elektronsko potpisivanje korišćenjem elektronskih sertifikata.	2. ~~~ Electronic signature using electronic cerificate.	0.451087
Ovaj model autentifikacije se ne primenjuje samo kod primaoca ili pošiljaoca već i kod javnog poštanskog operatora.	This authentication model is not used only with mailer and mailee, but also with the public postal operator.	1.09746
Format i pravila koje elektronski potpis treba da ispuni su definisani u RFC 5280 i Evropskoj direktivi 1999/93/EC. 3.	The format and rules the electronic signature should satisfy are defined in RFC 5280 and the European Directive 1999/93/EC.	2.98515
Kvalifikovano elektronsko potpisivanje korišćenjem kvalifikovanih elektronskih sertifikata.	3. ~~~ Qualified electronic signature using qualified electronic certificate.	0.321923
Ovaj model autentifikacije je najviši nivo upravljanja identitetom koji može biti primenjen na korisnike sistema poštanske registrovane elektronske pošte.	This authentication model is the highest level of identity management applied to the postal registered electronic mail users.	1.47508
U skladu sa RFC3739, ETSI TS 101 862 i Evropskom direktivom 1999/93/EC korisnik kvalifikovanog elektronskog sertifikata se mora identifikovati u direktnom kontaktu prilikom izdavanja sertifikata, dok medijum za smeštanje sertifikata mora biti u skladu sa Secure Signature Creation Device (defined in European Committee for Standardization, CEN/ISSS Workshop Agreement CWA14169).	In accordance with the RFC3739, ETSI TS 101 862 and the European Directive 199/93/EC, the user of the qualified electronic certificate has to identify himself in a direct contact on occasion of certificate issuing, whereas the medium for certificate storage has to be consistent with the Secure Signature Creation Device (defined in European Committe for Standardization, CEN/ISSS workshop Agreement CWA14169).	2.44193
Š1Ë Primena različitih modela autentifikacije i upravljanja identitetom zavise od politike pružaoca usluge PREP, ali se preporučuju prethodno definisani modeli autentifikacije.	Š1Ë The implementation of different authentication models and identity management depend on the PReM service provider policy, however, the above-defined authentication models are recommended.	1.37424
Svakako, na pružaocu usluge PREP je da odabere koji nivo sigurnosnih mehanizama želi da primeni u svom sistemu PREP.	It is certainly the right of the PReM service provider to choose the level of security mechanisms he wishes to implement in his PReM system.	0.852475
Nivo poverenja između različitih javnih poštanskih operatora se upravo određuje na osnovu primenjenih mehanizama autentifikacije.	It is on the basis of the security mechanisms implementation that the level of trust among different public postal operators is determined.	1.42248
Hibridna pošta (HP) je takva vrsta delimično elektronske razmene pošte gde se, za razliku od tradicionalnog načina prenosa pošiljaka, sadržaj pošte šalje i prenosi u elektronskoj formi, štampa i pakuje na lokaciji koja je blizu destinacije dostavljanja i, na kraju, isporučuje primaocu u fizičkoj formi.	Hybrid mail (HM) is a type of partially electronic mail exchange where, contrary to the traditional manner of mail forwarding, the mail contents is forwarded and transmitted in an electronic form, printed and packaged on a location in the vicinity of the delivery destination and finaly delivered to the mailee in a physical form.	1.14008
Na ovaj način kombinovani elektronski i fizički način dostavljanja pošiljaka u sebi sadrži tehnološke faze prijema, obra de i pripreme elektronskih podataka, štampanja pošte, kovertiranja ili pakovanja pošte, adresiranja i dostavljanja pošte.	In this way, the combined electronic and physical method of mail delivery includes the technological phases of receipt, processing and preparation of electronic data, mail printing, putting the mail into envelope or packing it, addressing and delivery.	1.02036
Iako je eksploatacija prvih sistema hibridne pošte počela još osamdesetih godina XX veka, tek je ekspanzija Interneta dovela do njenog intezivnog razvoja.	Although the exploitation of the earliest hybrid mail systems dates back to the 1980s, it is only with the expansion of the Internet that its development has been intensified.	0.797652
Ovaj razvoj je bio vođen jednostavnošću slanja hibridne pošte putem Interneta, ali i značajnim smanjenjem troškova transporta i prerade.	This development was guided by the simplicity of sending the hybrid mail via the Internet, but also by a significant cost reduction in transposrt and processing.	1.1712
Međutim, bez integrativnog pristupa pružanju usluga poštanski operatori ne mogu da dostignu pun potencijal hibridne pošte, a samim tim njihov uspeh na tržištu je ograničen.	Without an integrative approach to service delivery, however, postal operators are unable to achieve a full potential of hybrid mail; consequently their success in the market is limitted.	1.44423
Integracija sa mrežom dostave zahteva da poštanski operator proizvodi pošiljku na taj način da je ona optimizovana za transport, preradu i dostavu.	The integration with the delivery network requires that the postal operator produce the mail in such a way that it is transport-, processing, and delivery-optimized.	0.926983
To znači da se u sistemu određuju gde će se, kada i kako pošta štampati.	This means that the system decides where, when and how the mail will be printed.	1.03594
Korišćenje opcije gde će se pošta štampati podrazumeva implementaciju distribuirane hibridne pošte (DHP), odnosno korišćenje više distribuiranih centara za štampanje i pakovanje pošte, kao i mogućnosti izbora jednog centra na osnovu njegove opremljenosti ili adresnih podataka. ~~~ Š2Ë, Š3Ë, Š4Ë.	The option of where mail will be printed implies the implementation of the distributed hybrid mail (DHM), i.e., the use of a number of distributive centres for mail printing and packaging, as well as the option of selecting one centre on the basis of the quality of its equippment or address data.	0.481628
U okviru aktivnosti Svetskog poštanskog saveza (UPU) u domenu elektronskih poštanskih usluga pripremljena je regulativa RL253 Hybrid Mail, koja se bavi standardizacijom hibridne pošte na svetskom nivou.	Š2Ë,Š3Ë,Š4Ë Within the scope of activities of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) the RL253 Hybrid Mail regulations were prepared, for hybrid mail standardization on the world level.	1.0125
Naime, više od 80 članica Svetskog poštanskog saveza nudi usluge hibridne pošte u različitim formama i oblicima.	Namely, more than 80 member states of the Universal Postal Union offer hybrid mail services in different forms and shapes.	3.12745
Zbog toga je Svetski poštanski savez prepoznao domen hibridne pošte kao rastuće tržište za poštansku industriju u narednom periodu.	Hence the Universal Postal Union recognized the hybrid mail domain as a growing market for the postal industry in the period to come.	1.02857
Pored toga, pod okolnostima trenutnog stanja svetske ekonomije, kao i rastuće intencije racionalnog korišćenja svetske energije i zaštite životne sredine, hibridna pošta se savršeno uklapa kao poslovno rešenje za svetsku poštansku organizaciju u 21. veku.	Futhermore, in the current conditions of the world economy as well as under a growing intention to rationalize the world energy consumprion and protect the environmental, hybrid mail fits perfectly as a business solution for the world postal organization in the 21st century.	1.2961
Projekat Globalne hibridne pošte (Global Hybrid Mail GHM) se zasniva na ideji formiranja mreže globalne hibridne pošte, koja bi omogućila članicama Svetskog poštanskog saveza da ponude usluge hibridne pošte i preko svojih granica.	The Global Hybrid Mail (GHM) project is based on the idea of forming a global hybrid mail network that would allow for the member states of the Universal Postal Union to offer hybrid mail services beyond their borders.	0.878087
Krajnji korisnici bi, zahvaljujući ovoj mreži, bili u mogućnosti da pristupe mreži međunarodnih poštanskih usluga putem Interneta.	Owing to this network, end users would be in a position to access the network of international postal services via the Internet.	1.26389
Zbog toga je Svetski poštanski savez već definisao hibridnu poštu kao moguću poštansku uslugu u okviru regulativa poštanskog pisma Letter Post Regulations.	Hence the Universal Postal Union has already defined hybrid mail as a possible postal service within the Letter Post Regulations.	1.64749
Sledeći korak u projektu GHM je definisanje potpunog regulativnog okvira i poslovnog modela za rad mreže Globalne hibridne pošte.	The next step in the GHM project is to define an integral regulatory framework and a business model for the Global Hybrid Mail network operations.	1.17913
Dodatne mogućnosti mreže Globalne hibridne pošte bi mogle da budu integracija sa elektronskom poštanskom markom (EPCM) i drugim tehnologijama za bezbednu komunikaciju elektronskim dokumentima radi podrške definisanju i razvoju hibridne verzije registrovane elektronske pošte. 2.	The additional potentials of the Global Hybrid Mail network could be its integration with the electronic postal mark (EPCM) and other technologies for safe communication of electronic documents for the purpose of supporting the definition and development of a hybrid version of registered electronic mail.	1.03685
Modeli elektronskog poslovanja u funkciji upravljanja elektronskim pristupnim kanalima Elektronsko poslovanje (e-poslovanje, e-bussiness) se definiše kao kupovina i prodaja informacija, proizvoda ili usluga putem računarske mreže i podrška za bilo koju vrstu poslovnih transakcija putem digitalne (elektronske) infrastrukture, odnosno posredstvom elektronskih pristupnih kanala.	2. ~~~ Electronic business models in electronic access channel management Electronic business (e-business) is defined as purchase and sales of information, products or services via a computer network and as a support to any types of business transactions via a digital (electronic) infrastructure, that is, via electronic access channels.	0.550699
Masovni razvoj i primena Interneta, kao jednog od najrasprostranjenijih elektronskih pristupnih kanala, uticali su na motivaciju sve većeg broja korisnika da, u potrazi za ekonomičnijim i efikasnijim radom, koriste i mogućnosti koje pruža elektronsko poslovanje.	A mass development and implementation of the Internet as one of the most widely spread electronic access channels have motivated an increasing number of users, who are in search of a more economic and a more efficient manner of work, to exploit the opportunities offered by electronic business.	0.86402
Elektronsko poslovanje predstavlja razmenu standardizovanih elektronskih poruka između fizičkih i pravnih lica u postupku pregovaranja, ugovaranja, kupovine, prodaje, plaćanja, komunikacije sa upravom i sudovima i vršenju drugih poslovnih transakcija, čija primena je zakonom dozvoljena.	Electronic business entails the exchange of standardized electronic messages between physical and legal entities in the procedures of negotiations, contracting, purchase, sales, payments, communication with administration and courts and performing other legally allowed business transactions.	1.07027
Ono se zasniva na efikasnoj i modernoj organizaciji rada, prilagođenoj primeni savremenih informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija, korišćenju Interneta u obavljanju većine poslovnih transakcija, organizaciji i primeni savremenog informacionog sistema, primeni elektronskog potpisa i korišćenju kripografskih mehanizama zaštite.	It is based on an efficient and modern organization of work, adjusted to implementation of modern information and communication technologies, use of the Internet in performing a majority of business transactions, organization and implementation of the modern information system, implementation of electronic signature and using the cryptographic mechanisms of protection.	1.27807
Š5Ë Elektronsko poslovanje se razlikuje u odnosu na tradicionalno poslovanje na taj način što eliminiše problem vremenske razlike i geografske udaljenosti među poslovnim partnerima u postupku naručivanja, plaćanja i isporuke robe i usluga.	Š5Ë Electronic business differs from traditional business doing in that it eliminates time differences and geographical distance between business partners in the procedures of ordering, payment and delivery of goods and services.	1.1867
Na ovaj način se granice poslovanja proširuju na robu i usluge koje ranije nisu postojale elektronske proizvode.	The business boundaries are in this way extended to goods and services that did not exist earlier electronic products.	1.29394
Korišćenjem elektronskog poslovanja potrošači dobijaju kvalitetnije proizvode prilagođene njihovim potrebama i to po nižim cenama i uz bolji kvalitet usluge.	The electronic business provides quality products to its customers, adjusted to their needs and at lower prices and a higher quality service.	1.52621
Postoji više modela elektronskog poslovanja, a neki od njih su Š5Ë: B2C elektronsko poslovanje između kompanija i korisnika (business to customer), koje označava prodaju robe ili usluga krajnjim korisnicima putem elektronskih pristupnih kanala.	Electronic business models are varied, among them Š5Ë: 1. ~~~ B2C business to customer electronic business that means the sales of goods or services to end users via electronic access channels.	0.471672
Zadatak ovog modela elektronskog poslovanja je širenje tržišta, kao i zadovoljenje potrebe postojećih korisnika, kako u domenu prodaje robe i usluga, tako i domenima pružanja informacija, usluga i podrške u eksploataciji.	The task of this electronic business model is to expand the market and satisfy the needs of the existing customers both in the domain of sales of goods and services and in the domains of providing information, services and support in exploitation.	1.41136
Ovaj model podrazumeva usluge brze i pouzdane komunikacije, sofisticiranog dizajna i provere validnosti podataka.	This model includes services of fast and reliable communication, sophisticated design and data validity attestation.	1.49406
Osnovna forma ovog modela elektronskog poslovanja su automatizovane on-line prodavnice.	The basic form of this model of electronic business are automated on-line shops.	1.34743
Prednosti ovog modela poslovanja su: ušteda vremena, visoka konkurentnost, niže cene robe, usluga i transakcija.	The advantages of this business model are the following: time saving, high competitiveness, lower prices of goods, services and transactions.	0.984653
C2B elektronsko poslovanje između korisnika i kompanija (customer to business), koje predstavlja model elektronskog poslovanja u kojem korisnik zahteva proizvod ili uslugu od pružaoca usluge tako što putem elektronskih pristupnih kanala postavlja svoj zahtev sa odgovarajućim budžetom, na koji onda pružalac usluge daje ponudu.	2. ~~~ C2B customer to business electronic business is a model of electronic business in which the customer orders a product or a service from the servce provider in that he places his order with the appropriate budget via electronic access channels, upon which the service provider places his offer.	0.539946
B2B elektronsko poslovanje između kompanija (business to business), koje predstavlja model elektronskog poslovanja koji podrazumeva korišćenje elektronskih pristupnih kanala za kupovinu ili prodaju, kao i jeftiniju, bržu i pouzdaniju saradnju poslovnih partnera.	3. ~~~ B2B business to business electronic business is a model of electronic business that implies the use of electronic access channels for sales or purchasing, as well as for a less expensive, faster and more reliable cooperation between business partners.	0.530034
Ovaj model je orijentisan ka efikasnijoj elektronskoj podršci postojećim poslovnim aktivnostima i visokom stepenu operativnosti u razmeni informacija, roba i usluga.	This model is oriented towards a more efficient electronic support to the existing business activities and a high level of operation in the exchange of information, goods and services.	1.78176
Najčešće okruženje za razvoj ovog model elektronskog poslovanja je extranet.	The most common environment for the development of this electronic business model is the Extranet.	1.60947
C2C elektronsko poslovanje između korisnika (customer to customer), koji predstavlja model u kojem korisnici međusobno vrše prodaju robe putem elektronskih kanala.	4. ~~~ C2C customer to customer electronic business is a model in which users perform the sales of goods among themselves, using electronic access channels.	0.591371
U suštini ovaj model bi se mogao nazvati i C2B2C obzirom da posrednik naplaćuje proviziju, a najbolji primer ovog modela je eBay.	Basically, this model can be titled C2B2C as well, since the mediator charges commission, and the best example of this model is the eBay.	1.0718
	5. ~~~ B2A business to administration electronic business is a model that includes a large number of services in the fields of social welfare, employment, public registres, etc.	-0.3
B2A elektronsko poslovanje između kompanija i državnih organa (business to administration), koji predstavlja model elektronskog poslovanja koji uključuje veliki broj usluga u oblastima socijalna zaštite, zapošljavanja, javnih registra i dr. C2G elektronsko poslovanje između potrošača i uprave (consumer to government), koji predstavlja model koji uključuje veliki broj usluga u sledećim oblastima: socijalno osiguranje (davanje informacija i novčane isplate), zdravstvo (zakazivanje pregleda, davanje informacija o bolestima i plaćanje zdravstvenih usluga), obrazovanje (davanje informacija i učenje na daljinu), porezi (podnošenje poreskih prijava i plaćanje poreza).	6. ~~~ C2G consumer to government electronic business is a model that includes a large number of services in the following areas: social insurance (provision of information and cash payments), health care (making appointments, provision of information on illnesses and payment of health care services), education (provision of information and distance learning), taxes (submission of tax declarations and tax payment).	0.301991
B2E elektronsko poslovanje između kompanija i zaposlenih (business to employee), koji predstavlja model elektronskog poslovanja koji zaposlenima u kompanijama omogućava dostupnost različitim informacijama i uslugama putem elektronskih pristupnih kanala.	7. ~~~ B2E business to employee electronic business is a model that provides the employees in companies with an access to varied information and services via electronic access channels.	0.568347
Taj kanal je najčešće intranet, odnosno interni web portal kojem pristupaju zaposleni u kompaniji putem lokalne računarske mreže.	This channel is most frequently the Intranet, that is, an internal web portal accessed by the employees via a local computer network.	1.23409
Ovaj model obezbeđuje i integraciju internog segmenta poslovanja sa B2B ili B2C modelom.	This model also provides for the integration of the internal segment of business with the B2B or B2C models.	1.53571
Na taj način se omogućava permanentna replikacija podataka između internih i eksternih izvora podataka, analiza podataka i podrška prilikom odlučivanja u cilju povećanja obima ili kvaliteta uslu ga.	It is in this way that a permanent replication of data between the internal and the external data sources is ensured, as well as data analysis and support in making decisions for the purpose of increasing the scope or quality of services.	1.61112
Ovaj vid elektronskog poslovanja ima za cilj povećanje efikasnosti i eliminisanje troškova koji se javljaju ukoliko su interni i eksterni segmenti odvojeni.	The aim of this type of electronic business is to improve the efficiency and eliminate costs incurred in case the internal and the external systems are separated.	0.819549
Elektronski pristupni kanali za korišćenje i plaćanje usluga integrisanih sistema registrovane elektronske i hibridne pošte mogu se realizovati na više načina, što uveliko zavisi od tipa uređaja kojim korisnik pristupa uslugama ali i od lokacije sa koje se pristupa.	The electronic access channels for using and payment of the services of integrated systems of registered and hybrid electronic mail can be effected in various ways, which largely depends on the type of device the user accesses, but also on the location from which an access is made.	1.34873
Ipak, moguće je na sledeći način klasifikovati elektronske pristupne kanale za pristup integrisanim sistemima REP i HP: ~~~ 1. elektronski pristupni kanal putem Interneta, 1. elektronski pristupni kanal putem mobilne tele fonije, 1. elektronski pristupni kanal putem fiksne telefo nije, 1. elektronski pristupni kanal putem uređaja za sa mousluživanje korisnika i 1. elektronski pristupni kanal putem dvosmernih kablovsko-distributivnih sistema tj. putem interaktivne televizije (VoD video on demand, NVoD near video on demand).	It is, however, possible to classify the electronic access channels for access to the REM and PM integrated systems in the following way: 1. electronic access channel via the Internet, 2. electronic access channel via mobile telephony, 3. electronic access channel via fixed telephony, 4. electronic access channel via user self-service de vices, 5. electronic access channel via two-way cable-distribution systems, that is, via interactive television (VoD video on demand, NVoD near video on demand).	0.73228
Korišćenjem univerzalnih elektronskih pristupnih kanala integrisanih sistema REP i HP moguće je pristupiti različitim uslugama ova dva sistema, ali i izvršiti plaćanje usluga.	Using these universal electronic access channels of the integrated REM and HM systems it is possible to access different services offered by these two systems, but also to pay for the services.	1.41937
U tabeli 1. je dat pregled elektronskih pristupnih kanala integrisanih sistema, interfejs pristupnog elektronskog kanala, mogući način plaćanja usluge i tip plaćanja usluge.	Table 1 presents a survey of electronic access channels of integrated systems, the interface electronic access channel, a possible method of payment for a service and the type of payment for the service.	1.64423
Kao što se može videti iz tabele 1., Internet kao pristupni elektronski kanal podrazumeva različite načine pristupa korisnika kao što je web orijentisana aplikacija, klijent elektronske pošte ili aplikacija za velike korisnike.	As can be seen in Table 1, the Internet, as an electronic access channel offers different methods of user access, such as web-oriented application, electronic mail client or application for large users.	1.42775
Istovremeno, način plaćanja usluge integrisanih sistema REP i HP putem Interneta može biti direktno on-line sa računa u banci korisnika, korišćenjem kreditne, debitne ili lojaliti kartice, slanjem SMS poruke ili indirektno plaćanjem računa za korišćenje usluge Internet pristupa.	Simultaneously, the method of payment for the services of the integrated REM and HM systems via the Internet can be directly on-line, from the users bank account, by using a credit, a debit or a loyalty card, by sending an SMS message, or indirectly, by payment for the use of the Internet access service.	0.992308
Plaćanje računa putem Internet elektronskog pristupnog kanala podrazumeva bilo prepaid (karakteristično kod plaćanja sa računa u banci, SMS porukom ili lojaliti karticom), bilo postpaid način plaćanja (karakteristično za plaćanje kreditnom ili debitnom karticom ili indirektno uz račun za Internet usluge).	Payments via the Internet electronic access channel means either a prepaid (characteristic of payments from bank accounts, by an SMS message or a loyalty card), or a postpaid manner of payment (characteristic of payments by a credit or debit cards or indirectly, with the Internet services bill).	0.999436
Tarifiranje integrisanih usluga, u slučaju da se plaćanje vrši indirektno uz račun za Internet usluge, može biti po usluzi (tada se evidentira broj mesečno obavljenih transakcija, odnosno usluga) ili paušalno, tzv. flat rate usluga.	Billing integrated services, in case payments are made indirectly, payments of the Internet services bill, may be upon service (in which case a number of transactions or services that are provided monthly is evidenced), or lump sum payment, the so-called flat rate service.	0.949482
Mobilna telefonija kao elektronski pristupni kanal pruža mogućnost korišćenja veoma različitih interfejsa od strane korisnika.	As an electronic access channel, mobile telephony offers the user an opportunity of using a wide variety of interfaces.	0.627941
Počev od govornog automata, odnosno kontakt centra kojem, kao i kod fiksne telefonije, korisnici pristupaju i komuniciraju putem govornog kanala, pa do SMS poruka, WAP Internet portala ili specijalizovane mobilne aplikacije za plaćanje računa.	Starting from the IVR, or a contact centre to which, in the same way as in fixed telephony, the users access and communicate via a voice channel, to SMS messages, to WAP Internet portal or a specialsed mobile application for bill payment.	1.39004
	In case of mobile telephony, or in case of payments in mobile banking, there is a difference between micro and macro payments.	-0.3
	In the former case, the payment is effected from the account of the mobile subscriber (prepaid or postpaid) by which the bill for mobile telephony increases for the amount to be paid for the bill of the integrated REM and HM system service.	-0.3
	Due to a relatively limited indebtedness of the mobile user, thie model is suitable for the prepaid method of payment for the integrates services of the REM and HM systems.	-0.3
Kada je u pitanju mobilna telefonija, odnosno načini plaćanja u mobilnom bankarstvu, razlikuju se Elektronski pristupni kanal integrisanih sistema REP i HP (DHP) Internet Mobilna telefonija Fiksna telefonija Samouslužni uređaj Interaktivna televizija Interfejs elektronskog pristupnog kanala Način plaćanja usluge Tip plaćanja usluge Model elektronskog poslovanja web orijentisana aplikacija, klijent elektronske pošte, aplikacija z a velike korisnike.	The latter method entails the order for payment of integrated services of the REM and HM systems from the bank account of the debit or a credit cards of the user. ~~~ Electronic access channel of integrated REM and HM (DHM) systems Internet Mobile telephony Fixed telephony Self-service device Interactive television electronic access channel interface Method of payment for Type of payment Electronic business service for service model web oriented application, electronic post client, application fro large users. WAP, SMS, mobile application, IVR, contact centre. ~~~ IVR, contact centre. Self-service device application.	0.17963
WAP, SMS, mobilna aplikacija, kontakt centar. govorni auto mat, govorni automat, kontakt centar. aplikacija samouslužnog uređaja. elektronski programski vodič digitalnog televizijskog prijemnika. račun u banci, kreditna ili debitna kartica, SMS, lojaliti kartica, račun za Internet usluge (po usluzi ili flat rate). mikro plaćanje, makro plaćanje (račun u banci, kreditna ili debitna kartica). račun za usluge fiksne telefonije (po usluzi ili flat rate), račun u banci. kreditna ili debitna kartica, lojaliti kartica. račun za usluge KDS sistema (po usluzi ili flat rate), kreditna ili debitna kartica, SMS, lojaliti kartica. prepaid, postpaid. prepaid, postpaid. prepaid, postpaid. prepaid, postpaid. prepaid, postpaid.	Electronic programme guide of a digital television connection. credit or debit card, bank account, SMS, loyalty card, internet service bill (on service or flat rate). micro payment, macro payment (bank account, credit or debit card). ~~~ Bill for fixed telephony services (on service or flat rate), račun u banci. credit or debit card, loyalty card. Bill for the CDS system services (on service or flat rate), credit or debit card, SMS, loyalty card. prepaid, postpaid. ~~~ C2C, C2B, C2G, B2C, B2B, B2E, G2C. prepaid, postpaid. prepaid, postpaid. prepaid, postpaid. prepaid, postpaid.	0.158276
C2C, C2B, C2G, B2C, B2B, B2E, G2C. C2C, C2B, C2G. C2C, C2B, C2G. C2C, C2B, C2G. C2C, C2B, C2G. Tabela 1.	C2C, C2B, C2G. C2C, C2B, C2G. C2C, C2B, C2G. C2C, C2B, C2G. Table 1.	2.94464
Univerzalni elektronski pristupni kanali za objedinjeni pristup uslugama integrisanih sistema REP i HP (DHP). mikro i makro plaćanje.	Universal electronic access channels for an integrated access to services of the integrated REM and HM (DHM) systems.	1.03898
Kod prvog načina naplata račun se vrši sa računa mobilnog pretplatnika (prepaid ili postpaid) čime se uvećava račun za korišćenje mobilne telefonije na račun plaćanja usluge integrisanih sistema REP i HP.		-0.3
Ovaj način je, zbog relativne ograničenosti zaduženja mobilnog korisnika, podesan za prepaid način plaćanja integrisane usluge sistema REP i HP.		-0.3
Drugi način podrazumeva davanje naloga za plaćanje računa za korišćenje integrisanih usluga sistema REP i HP sa računa kreditne ili debitne kartice korisnika u banci.		-0.3
Ovaj način plaćanja, obzirom da ne utiče na račun za korišćenje mobilne telefonije, podesan je kako za prepaid, tako i za postpaid način plaćanja integrisanih usluga sistema REP i HP.	This type of payment is suitable for both prepaid and postpaid payments of integrated services of the REM and HM systems as it does not affect the mobile telephony services bill.	0.755683
Samouslužni uređaji, takođe, mogu biti elektronski pristupni kanal za pristup uslugama integrisanih sistema REP i HP.	Self-service devices, too, can serve as electronic access channels to access the services of the REM and HM integrated systems.	0.997392
Ovi uređaji, koji se u zavisnosti od hardverskih karakteristika i primarnog načina korišćenja mogu nazivati bankomati, postomati, automati i sl., omogućavaju pristup uslugama putem korisničke aplikacije samog uređaja, dok se za plaćanje koristi kreditna, debitna ili lojaliti kartica.	These devices, depending on their hardware properties and a primary method of use, are be called ATMs, postomats, automatic cash machines etc., and they enable the access to services via a user application of the device itself, while payment is made using a credit, a debit or a loyalty card.	0.746784
Ukoliko se samouslužni uređaj koristi za pristup uslugama, najčešći način plaćanja je prepaid, odnosno korisnik pre korišćenja usluge izvršava njeno plaćanje.	In case the selfservise device is used to access services, the most common way of payment is prepaid, that is, the user pays for the service prior to using it.	1.3474
Međutim, samouslužni uređaj može služiti i za postpaid plaćanje računa za korišćenje usluga integrisanih sistema REP i HP (npr.. celokupnog mesečnog zaduženja).	The self-service device, however, can serve for postpaid payments of bills for using the services of integrated REM and HM systems (e.g. the overall monthly debits).	0.930897
Najzad, implementacijom dvosmernih kablovsko-distributivnih sistema (KDS) na kojima su se razvile različite bidirekcione usluge (kablovski internet, interaktivna televizija), širom su otvorena vrata za korišćenje televizijskog prijemnika kao interfejsa pristupnog elektronskog kanala.	Finally, the implementation of two-way cable-distribution systems (CDS) on the basis of which various bidirectional services were developed (cable Internet, interactive television), opened the prospects for using a television set as an interface of a electronic access channel.	0.465093
Naime, interaktivna televizija, odnosno aplikacija elektronskog programskog vodiča digitalnog televizijskog prijemnika (ili analognog televizijskog prijemnika u kombinaciji sa odgovarajućim set-top boksom), predstavlja elektronski pristupni kanal za korišćenje usluga integrisanih sistema REP i HP.	Namely, interactive television, that is, the application of an electronic program guide of a digital television set (or an analogue television receiver combined with an appropriate set-top box) is an electronic access channel for using the services of the REM and HM integrated systems.	0.972686
Način plaćanja usluge može biti on-line korišćenjem kreditne, debitne ili lojaliti kartice, slanjem SMS poruke ili indirektno preko računa za usluge kablovsko-distributivnog sistema.	Payment for the service can be either on-line, using the credit, debit or loyalty cards, sending an SMS message, or indirectly, paying the bill for the cable-distribution system services.	0.911875
U tabeli 1. je, pored pregleda univerzalnih elektronskih pristupnih kanala za pristup uslugama integrisanih sistema REP i HP, dat i mogući model elektronskog poslovanja.	In addition to the survey of electronic access channels for the REM and HM integrated systems, Table 1 presents a potential model of electronic business.	1.21846
Kao što se iz tabele može videti, za razliku od Interneta koji podržava gotovo sve modele elektronskog poslovanja (C2C, C2B, C2G, B2C, B2B, B2E, G2C) predstavljajući univerzalnu infrastrukturu elektronskog poslovanja, mobilna i fiksna telefonija, samouslužni uređaj i interaktivna televizija predstavljaju elektronski pristupni kanal za pojedinačne korisnike građane, koji na ovaj način pristupaju objedinjenim uslugama integrisanih sistema REP i HP, komunicirajući za drugim korisnicima, pravnim licima ili državnom upravom, lokalnom samoupravom i administracijom (C2C, C2B, C2G).	As seen in the table, contrary to the Internet that supports almost all models of electronic business (C2C, C2B, C2G, B2C, B2B, B2E, G2C) and is a universal infrastructure for electronic business, mobile and fixed telephonies, a selfservice device and interactive television are electronic access channels for individual users citizens that use these devices to access the integrated services of the REM and HM integrated systems, communicating with other users, legal entities, or state administration, local autonomy and administration (C2C, C2B, C2G).	1.57415
3.	3.	1.8
Integracija sistema REP i HP sa ciljem optimizacije elektronskih pristupnih kanala Integracija sistema REP i HP javnog poštanskog operatora korisnicima ranije pojedinačnih, neintegrisanih sistema omogućava sledeće značajne prednosti:	The REM and HM systems integration in electronic access channel optimization The integration of the REM and HM systems of public postal operator offers the following significant advantages to the users of once individual, non-integrated systems: 1.	1.33307
1. ~~~ Mogućnost izbora na integrisanom pristupu ova dva sistema, da li žele da obave potpunu elektronsku komunikaciju, odnosno da primaocu pošalju registrovanu elektronsku poštu ili žele da se elektronski poslata pošta dostavi u fizičkoj formi kroz sistem hibridne pošte.	Option of choice of the integrated access of these two systems, as to whether they need to perform an integrated electronic communication, that is, to send the recipient the registered electronic mail, or they want the electronically sent mail to be delivered in a physical form, through a hybrid mail system.	0.446981
Na ovaj način, dobija se dodatna vrednost za korisnike ovih sistema, koji na jednostavan način, zahvaljujući izvršenoj integraciji, mogu da odaberu kako način isporuke tako i karakteristike svoje pošte. 2.	It is in this way that added value is obtained for the users of these systems who have an opportunity, due to the integration of the systems, to choose both the method of delivery and the characteristics of their mail, and in a simplified way. ~~~ 2.	0.373162
Mogućnost izbora brzine dostavljanja i atributa pošiljke.	Option of choice of the speed of mail delivery and attributes.	1.04434
Brzina dostavljanja pošiljke je najveća kod sistema REP, potom kod sistema DHP, dok je najmanja kod sistema HP.	The speed of mail delivery is highest in the REM system, followed by the DHM system, and lowest in the HM system.	0.918676
Ovo je razumljivo jer je komunikacija u sistemu REP u potpunosti elektronska, u sistemu DHP je većim delom elektronska a delom se zasniva na fizičkom dostavljanju pošte, dok je u sistemu HP podjednako zastupljena elektronska komunikacija i fizička dostava.	This is understandable because communication in the REM system is entirely electronic, in the DHM system it is electronic to a large degree, while in the HM system electronic communication and physical delivery are present in equal degrees.	0.887443
Sa druge strane, mogućnost upravljanja atributima pošiljke, koja se najviše ogleda u dodatnoj personalizaciji, izboru tipa koverte i načina kovertiranja pošiljke, korišćenju štampe u boji, kao i u, eventualno, dodatnim prilozima i informacijama, najveća je kod sistema HP, nešto manja kod sistema DHP i najmanja kod sistema REP. 3.	On the other hand, the opportunity to manage the mail attributes which is mostly reflected in an additional personalization, in the choice of the type of an envelope and the manner in which the mail will be put into it, in the use of colour print and in, perhaps, additional annexes and information is best in the HM system, slightly inferior in the DHM system and the least in the REM system.	1.11041
Smanjenje troškova dostavljanja pošte korišćenjem dostavnih kanala sistema REP, uz zadržavanje tehnologije dostavljanja pošte u fizičkom obliku kroz sistem HP onim korisnicima koji nisu spremni da primaju poštu elektronski.	3. ~~~ Cost reduction in mail delivery using the REM system delivery channels, with retaining the technology of mail delivery in a physical form via the HM system to those users who are not willing to receive their mail in an electronic form.	0.793878
Ova mogućnost je veoma bitna velikim korisnicima (billing tipa) integrisanih sistema REP i HP (DHP) koji na jednostavan način mogu da odaberu format dostavljanja pošte elektronskim putem ili na tradicionalni način.	This option is very important for the large REM and HM (DHM) system users (of billing type) because they are offered a simple way in which they can choose the format in which their mail is to be delivered electronically or in a traditional way.	1.59345
Ti korisnici su najčešće velike telekomunikacione kompanije, pružaoci usluge distribucije električne energije, komunalna preduzeća, poslovne banke, osiguravajuća društva ili lokalne poreske administracije, koji na mesečnom nivou generišu veliku količinu pošiljaka. 4.	Such users are mostly large telecommunication companies, electrical energy distribution service providers, utility companies, business banks, insurance companies or local tax administrations that generate a large amount of mail on a monthly basis. ~~~ 4.	0.40142
Brže dostavljanje pošte korišćenjem dostavnih kanala sistema REP, pa samim tim i brži i veći ekonomski tj. finansijski efekti koje ta pošta treba da ostvari: brža naplata računa, smanjenje vremena marketiranja tržišta ili efikasnije informisanje.	A faster delivery of mail using the REM system delivery channels and consequently faster and better economic, i.e., financial effects the post has to achieve: a faster collection, reduction in the market marketing time or a more efficiend distribution of information.	1.29464
Istovremeno, korišćenjem potencijala sistema HP ili DHP za personalizaciju pošiljke i insertovanje reklamnih flajera, korisnicima sistema je ostavljena mogućnost efikasnog upravljanja marketinškim kampanjama i ostvarivanja dodatnog prihoda (posebni finansijski efekti).	At the same time, by using the REM and HM systems potentials for mail personalization and inserting advertising flyers, the system users are given an opportunity to efficiently manage the marketing campaigns and earn additional incomes (specific financial effects).	0.663413
5.	5.	1.8
Mogućnost arhiviranja pošte.	Mail archival option.	0.915
Postojanje opcije arhiviranja pošte korisnicima sistema omogućava dve vrste pogodnosti.	The option of mail archival offers the system users two types of facilities.	1.86252
Prvo, kroz sistem REP korisniku je omogućeno da naknadno pristupiti digitalnim arhivama, koje su elektronski potpisane i koje imaju dodeljen vremenski žig.	First, the REM system allows the user a subsequent access to the digital archives which are electronically signed and assigned a time stamp.	0.645926
Drugo, kroz sistem HP ili DHP korisniku je na lak i pristupačan način omogućeno izdavanje i dostavljanje duplikata pošte.	Second, the HM or DHM systems allow the user to receive the duplicate of his mail in an easy and user-friendly manner.	0.869388
Ove pogodnosti predstavljaju dodatnu vrednost (value added services) za korisnike integrisanih sistema. 6.	These facilities are in fact value added services for the integrated system users. ferent formats is conducted in the HM system, and archival and storage are performed in the REM system.	0.961353
	It is very important for the public postal operator to offer all the additional services of mail archival, storage, processing, search, subsequent access, repeated mailing, formatting and personalization which he will find much easier due to the integration of additional services characteristic of the individual REM and HM (DHM) systems.	-0.3
Zaštitu životne sredine korišćenjem sistema REP usled smanjene ekploatacije papirnih formi i emisije štetnih gasova nastalih transportom pošiljaka u fizičkoj formi sa jedne strane, odnosno sprečavanje digitalnih podela i zaštita ljudskih prava za one primaoce koji ne koriste elektronski način komunikacije i koji i dalje primaju poštu u fizičkoj formi isključivo kroz sistem HP ili DHP, sa druge strane.	6. ~~~ Environmental protection as a result of the REM system implementation due to the reductions in exploitation of paper forms and pollutant gases emissions in the transport of mail in a physical form, on one hand, and prevention of digital divisions and human rights protection for those mailees who do not use electronic communications and still receive their mail in a physical form via the HM or DHM systems, on the other.	0.447025
Ove pogodnosti su dodatni motiv velikim korisnicima integrisanih sistema REP i HP (DHP) da se uključe u akciju zaštite životne sredine, ali i da istovremeno, zadrže neizmenjeni, tradicionalni način dostavljanja pošte svojim klijentima. 7.	These facilities are an additional motive to large users of the REM and HM (DHM) integrated systems to join the environmental protection campaign, and simultaneously retain the same traditional method of mail delivery to their clients. ~~~ 7.	0.294878
Mogućnost korisnika da poštu, koja je poslata pristupnim kanalima sistema REP sa namerom da se njena priprema i dostavljanje izvrši kroz sistem HP ili DHP, prati prvo kroz sistem REP, potom kroz podsistem za prijem, obradu i pripremu podataka u sistemu HP (DHP), a zatim i kroz track&trace sistem javnog poštanskog operatora.	An option for the user to track the mail sent via the REM system electronic access channels to be prepared and delivered via the HM or DHM systems, first through the REM system, then through the subsystem for data receiving, processing and preparation in the HM (DHM) system and finally through the track&trace system of the public postal operator.	1.30596
Na ovaj način korisnici, bez obzira na izbor načina dostavljanja pošte, zadržavaju vrlo bitnu mogućnost korišćenja usluge praćenja statusa svoje pošte koja je bitna za jačanje poverenja pružaoca i korisnika usluge.	It is in this way that the users, regardless of the method of mail delivery, retain a very important option to use the services of tracking their mail status which is very important for building up trust between the service provider and the service user.	1.02704
Sa druge strane integracija sistema REP i HP donosi i mnogobrojne prednosti javnim poštanskim operatorima među kojima se mogu izdvojiti sledeće Š6Ë, Š7Ë, Š8Ë, Š9Ë, Š10Ë, Š11Ë, Š12Ë, Š13Ë: tem integrisanih elektronskih pristupnih kanala.	On the other hand, the integration of the REM and HM systems offers numerous advantages to public postal operators, among which the following stand out Š6Ë, Š7Ë, Š8Ë, Š9Ë, Š10Ë, Š11Ë, Š12Ë, Š13Ë: 1.	1.3467
Postojeći korisnici usluga sistema REP ili HP, na ovaj način zadržavaju osećaj da i dalje koriste svoje stare sisteme za slanje pošte, dok novi korisnici vrlo lako prihvataju integrisani pristup obzirom da im na raspolaganju stoji mogućnost izbora načina dostavljanja pošte, uz praćenje statusa i istovremeno monitorisanje performansi oba sistema. 2.		-0.3
Mogućnost različite obrade i čuvanja podataka tj. pošiljaka: priprema pošiljaka u različitim formatima u sistemu HP, odnosno arhiviranje i čuvanje u sistemu REP.	Both large users of the billing type and physical entities of the mailing type are in a position to receive their mail in a simple way, via the integrated electronic access channels.	0.664796
Za javnog poštanskog operatora je veoma bitno da ponudi sve dodatne usluge arhiviranja, čuvanja, obrade, pretrage, naknadnog pristupa, ponovnog slanja, formatiranja i personalizacije pošte, što mu je značajno olakšano integracijom dodatnih usluga koje su karakteristične za pojedinačne sisteme REP i HP (DHP).	In this way, the existing users still feel that they use the old mailing systems they are used to, while the new users accept this integrated approach easily since they are offered the option of choice of the delivery method, together with the facility of tracking the status and monitoring the performance of both systems.	0.431757
3.	2.	0.3
Značajno povećanje operativnosti i pojednostavljenje i pojeftinjenje eksploatacije integrisanih sistema kroz korišćenje sledećih mogućnosti: istovremeno procesiranje podataka i generisanje pošiljaka različitih korisnika bilo u elektronskoj, bilo u fizičkoj formi; laka obrada pošiljaka (obrada elektronskih podataka, sortiranje, grupisanje, umetanje bar-kôdova i OCR zapisa, adresiranje, arhiviranje); automatsko transportovanje pošiljaka (do različitih mašina za štampanje i pakovanje u različitim distributivnim centrima hibridne pošte, u različitim formatima za štampanje); upravljanje dostavom pošte (mogućnost dostavljanja pošiljaka u elektronskoj ili fizičkoj formi, u željenom vremenskom opsegu, u različitim fizičkim formatima, automatsko obeležavanje neuručene pošte, odnosno generisanje statusa neuručene ili odbijene registrovane elektronske pošte, analiza adrese neuručene fizičke pošte i mogućnost ponovnog uručenja); mogućnost arhiviranja dokumenata i izdavanja duplikata pošte; mogućnost organizovanja različitih marketinških kampanja kroz različite usluge direktne pošte sa mogućnošću izbora forme dostavljanja pošte. 4.	The option of different methods of data, or mail, processing and storage: the preparation of mail in dif 3. ~~~ A significant operations improvement and simplification and a less expensive exploitation of integrated systems using the following options: a simultaneous data processing and different users mail generating either in electronic or in physical forms; an easy mail processing (electronic data processing, sorting, clustering, inserting bar-codes and OCR inscriptions, addressing, archival); automatic mail transmission (to various devices for printing and packaging in different hybrid mail distribution centres, in different printing formats); mail delivery management (the options of mail delivery in either electronic or physical form, in a desired time space, in different physical formats, automatic marking of undelivered mail, or generating the status of undelivered or rejected registered electronic mail, the analysis of the address of undelivered mail and an option of subsequent delivery); the option of document archival and delivery of mail duplicate; the option of organizing various marketing campaigns via different direct mail services with an option of choosing the form in which the mail will be delivered. ~~~ 4.	0.189059
Značajno smanjenje troškova planiranja, projektovanja, razvoja, eksploatacije, održavanja i upravljanja elektronskim pristupnim kanalima i informacionim sistemima, odnosno značajna ekonomska opravdanost, zahvaljujući integraciji sistema REP i HP (DHP) kroz korišćenje univerzalnih elektronskih pristupnih kanala i delova informacionog sistema koji se mogu koristiti za potrebe dva sistema (kao npr. podsistema za nadzor i upravljanje i podsistema za naplatu).	A significant cost reductions in planning, designing, development, exploitation, maintenance and management of electronic access channels and information systems, that is, a significant economic justification, due to the integration of the REM and HM (DHM) systems using universal electronic access channels and sections of information system that can be used for the needs of two systems (e.g., subsystem for supervision and subsystem for collecting).	1.12518
1.	5.	0.3
Jednostavan prijem pošte kako velikih korisnika (billing tipa) tako i fizičkih lica (mailing tipa) pu 5.		-0.3
Mogućnost integracije podsistema za nadzor i upravljanje i podsistema za naplatu integrisanih sistema REP i HP u jednistveni informacioni sistem javnog poštanskog operatora, čime se postiže kontrola svih tehnoloških i informacionih resursa, optimizacija procesa i smanjenje troškova, odnosno povećava ekonomska isplativost.	An option of integrating the REM and HM (DHM) integrated systems subsystem for supervision and subsystem for collecting into an integrated information system of the public postal operator, thus gaining control over all technological and information resources, process optimization and cost reduction, and improving economic profitability.	0.939764
Integracija upravljačko-kontrolnih elemenata sistema sa informacionim sistemom operatora (primena modela i strategija elektronskog poslovanja) u kojem se nalaze softveri za upravljanje resursima preduzeća ERP, upravljanje odnosima sa klijentima CRM1 i upravljanje lancem snabdevanja SCM, predstavlja snažnu informatičku integraciju koja dovodi do lakšeg i efikasnog upravljanja integrisanim sistemom, povećanja pouzdanosti, profitabilnosti i produktivnosti, smanjuje troškove razvoja, eksploatacije i održavanja, ali i obezbeđuje kontrolu svih tehnoloških i informacionih resursa i optimizaciju procesa i troškova. 6.	The integration of management and control elements of the systems with the operators information system (implementation of electronic business models and strategies) which contains the software for enterprise resource management ERP, customer relation management - ERM1 and supply chain management SCM, is a powerful information integration that results into an easier and efficient managemnt of an integrated system, reliability improvement, profitability and productivity, reduces costs of development, explotation and maintenance, and also provides control of all the technological and information resources as well as process and cost optimization.	1.1465
Značajno povećanje profitabilnosti, konkurentnosti, uspešnosti i bolje tržišno pozicioniranje savremenog javnog poštanskog operatora, zahvaljujući primeni modela univerzalnih elektronskih pristupnih kanala i integraciji sistema REP i HP. 4.	6. ~~~ A significant improvements in profitability, competitiveness, success and a better market positioning of a modern public postal operator, due to the implementation of the universal electronic access channels and the REM and HM systems integration. ~~~ 4.	0.112451
Optimizacija troškova integrisanih elektronskih pristupnih kanala sistema REP i HP Svi razlozi uvođenja integrisanih elektronskih pristupnih kanala sistema REP i HP su sporedni u odnosu na cenu koštanja po obavljenoj transakciji (ekonomski aspekti optimizacije).	Cost optimization of integrated REM and HM systems electronic access channels All the reasons for the introduction of integrated electronic access channels of the REM and HM systems are marginal in comparison with the cost on transaction (economic aspects of optimization).	0.984427
Za analizu optimizacije troškova koristimo dijagram na slici 2. sa kojeg se vidi da je cena jedne transakcije (u konkretnom slučaju bankarske) koja je urađena preko Interneta ili putem WAP servisa mobilne telefonije čak za 97% jeftinija od cene transakcije koja je sprovedena u ekspozituri banke Š14Ë!	For the purposes of cost optimization analysis, a graph in Figure 2 is used, and it shows that the cost of one transaction (banking in this case) via the Internet or via the WAP service of the mobile telephony is by as much as 97% lower compared to the cost of transacaction in the bank branch office!	1.03049
Ovo jer razumljivo jer je, u slučaju pristupa preko Interneta ili putem mobilne telefonije, korisnik sam svoj likvidator, sam kupuje i održava svoju opremu (računar ili mobilni telefon) i snosi sve troškove ostvarivanja elektronske konekcije sa bankom (prednosti elektronskog poslovanja, odnosno korišćenja elektronskih pristupnih kanala).	Š14Ë This can be easily understood because, in case of access via the Internet or via the mobile telephony, the user himslef acts as a liquidator, he purchases and maintains his equipment (computer or mobile phone) and covers all the costs of connection with the bank (advantages of electronic business, i.e., using electronic access channels).	1.33426
Odnos cena transakcija koja se obave putem šaltera i elektronskog pristupnog kanala, prikazan na dijagramu sa slike 2., primenjujemo i kod optimizacije troško va poslovanja javnog poštanskog operatora koji nastaju u slučaju korišćenja integrisnih elektronskih pristupnih kanala sistem REP i HP.	The relations among costs of transactions effected via the counter vs. the electronic access channel, presented in the graph in Figure 2, are also applied in the public postal operators business cost optimization incurred during the use of integrated electronic access channels of the REM and HM systems.	1.08223
Utvrđeno je da kod JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija broj pismonosnih pošiljaka koje se procesiraju (prime, obrade, transportuju i dostavljaju) u fizičkoj tj. tradicionalnoj formi u 2010. godini iznosio približno 290.000.000, a da je cena koštanja procesiranja jednog pisma oko 25 dinara Š15Ë.	The number of processed letter-mail (received, processed, transported and delivered) in a physical, traditional form in 2010 in the PE of PTT communications Srbija approximated 290,000,000, and the cost of processing for one letter amounted to 25 dinars.	1.94552
Slika 2.	Š5Ë Figure 2.	2.075
Dijagram troškova bankarske transakcije u zavisnosti od vrste elektronskog pristupnog kanala.	The graph of bank transaction costs de pending on the type of electronic access channel.	0.76
Š14Ë Plan ovog preduzeća je da tokom 2011. razvije integrisane sisteme REP i HP sa objedinjenim elektronskim pristupnim kanalima, u prvom redu kontakt centar, samuslužni uređaj (postomat) i Internet.	Š14Ë The plan of the company for 2011 is to develop integrated REM and HM systems using integrated electronic access channels, among them the contact centre, the self-service device (postomat) and the Internet primarily.	1.87797
Kako bi se uradilo predviđanje smanjenja troškova poslovanja ovog operatora u narednih pet godina moguće je pretpostaviti procenat tj. broj pošiljaka koje će, umesto u fizičkom obliku, biti realizovane putem nekog od elekronskih pristupnih kanala.	In order to forecast cost reductions in the business of this operator in the next five years, it is possible to assume the amount of that will, instead in a physical form, be realized via an electronic access channel.	1.23333
U tabeli 2. su prikazani parametri uzeti u ovoj analizi u tri različita slučaja tj. predviđanja (umereno, pesimističko i optimističko) koji su bazirani na podacima JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija iz 2010. godine (statistički bazna godina je 2010.).	Table 2 presents the parametres taken in this analysis for three different cases, i.e., forecasts (moderate, pessimistic, optimistic) based on the data available for the PE of PTT communications Srbija for 2010 (statistically basic year is 2010).	0.849788
Sa dijagrama sa slike 3. vidi se da se smanjenje troškova poslovanja JP PTT saob raćaja Srbija u periodu od 5 godina, u zavisnosti od predviđanja, kreće od 1,5 pa do čak 3,2 milijarde dinara. 1 Blery, E.K.& Michalakopoulos, M.G.	The graph in Figure 3 shows that the cost reductions in the business of the PE of PTT communications Srbija in the five-year period, and according to forecasts, ranges from 1.5 to as much as 3.2 billion dinars.	0.879178
2006, An e-CRM application in the Greek telecommunications sector, Management - Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta, vol. 11, br. 44, str. 55-60. Š11Ëmanagement thory and practice, vol. 11, no. 44, pp. 55-60. Š11Ë Godina Internet Samouslužni uređaj Kontakt centar Internet Samouslužni uređaj Kontakt centar Internet Samouslužni uređaj Kontakt centar % broj % broj % broj % broj % broj % broj % broj % broj % broj I II III Umereno predvi đanje IV V 17.400.000 34.800.000 43.500.000 52.200.000 58.000.000 1,5 4,5 4.350.000 8.700.000 11.600.000 13.050.000 14.500.000 3,5 10.150.000 20.300.000 26.100.000 31.900.000 34.800.000 Pesimističko predviđanje 8.700.000 17.400.000 23.200.000 26.100.000 29.000.000 2,5 3,5 2.900.000 5.800.000 7.250.000 8.700.000 10.150.000 5.800.000 11.600.000 14.500.000 17.400.000 20.300.000 Optimističko predviđanje 20.300.000 40.600.000 58.000.000 66.700.000 72.500.000 8.700.000 17.400.000 23.200.000 26.100.000 29.000.000 11.600.000 23.200.000 31.900.000 37.700.000 43.500.000 Tabela 2.	1 Blery, E.K.&Michalopoulos, M.G., 2006, An e-CRM application in the Greek telecommunications sector, Management journal for management thory and practice, vol. 11, no. ~~~ 44, pp. 55-60. ~~~ Š11Ë Year Internet Self-service device Contact centre Internet Self-service device Contact centre Internet Self-service device Contact centre % I II III Moderate forecast IV V number 17,400,000 34,800,000 43,500,000 52,200,000 58,000,000 % 1.5 4.5 number 4,350,000 8,700,000 11,600,000 13,050,000 14,500,000 % 3.5 number 10,150,000 20,300,000 26,100,000 31,900,000 34,800,000 Pessimistic forecast % number 8,700,000 17,400,000 23,200,000 26,100,000 29,000,000 % 2.5 3.5 number 2,900,000 5,800,000 7,250,000 8,700,000 10,150,000 % number 5,800,000 11,600,000 14,500,000 17,400,000 20,300,000 Optimistic forecast % number 20,300,000 40,600,000 58,000,000 66,700,000 72,500,000 % number 8,700,000 17,400,000 23,200,000 26,100,000 29,000,000 % number 11,600,000 23,200,000 31,900,000 37,700,000 43,500,000 Table 2.	0.0781846
Procenat i broj transakcija realizovanih putem integrisanih elektronskih pristupnih kanala u periodu od 5 godina.	Percentage and number of transactions via integrated electronic access channels in the five-year period Figure 3.	1.23447
Slika 3. ~~~ Smanjenje troškova poslovanja JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija kod korišćenja integrisanih elektron skih pristupnih kanala sistema REP i HP.	Cost reductions in the business of the PE of PTT communications Srbija in the conditions of in tegrated REM and HM systems electronic access channels implementation.	0.526382
Slika 4.	Figure 4.	2.2625
Procenat smanjenja troškova poslovanja javnog poštanskog operatora kod korišćenja integrisanih elektronskih pristupnih kanala sistema REP i HP.	Percentage of cost reductions in the business of the PE of PTT communications Srbija in the conditions of integrated REM and HM systems electronic access channels implementation.	0.918939
Dijagram sa slike 4., koji daje relativno smanjenje troškova poslovanja, pokazuje da rezultat na bazi pretpostavljenog modela u periodu od 5 godina dovodi do smanjenja troškova u opsegu od 15% do čak 40%.		-0.3
Naime, u pesimističkom predviđanju procenta transakcija koji se ostvari putem integrisanih elektronskih pristupnih kanala dobija se oko 15% smanjenja troškova, u optimističkom predviđanju čak do 40%, dok umereno predviđanje daje smanjenje troškova poslovanja operatora od oko 30%.		-0.3
5.	5.	1.8
Zaključak Integracija sistema REP i HP omogućava optimizaciju troškova, odnosno ima značajnu ekonomsku opravdanost prilikom korišćenja zajedničkih elektronskih pristupnih kanala dva sistema.	Conclusion The integration of REM and HM systems provides for the optimization of costs, hence it is highly economically justified in the conditions of implementation of integrated electronic access channels of the two systems.	1.18254
Ovi kanali se mogu realizovati na više načina, što zavisi od tipa uređaja kojim korisnika pristupa uslugama, ali i od lokacije sa koje se pristupa.	These channels can be implemented in a number of ways, depending on the type of device the user chooses to access the services, but also on the location from which the user accesses these services.	1.36947
Posmatrani model zajedničkih elektronskih pristupnih kanala klasifikuje sledeće pristupe: ~~~ Internet, mobilna i fiksna telefonija, uređaj za samousluživanje korisnika i dvosmerni KDS sistema.	The observed model of integrated electronic access channels classifies the following accesses: the Internet, the mobile and fixed telephonies, self-service device, and a two-way CDS system.	0.312338
Za razliku od Interneta koji podržava gotovo sve modele elektronskog poslovanja predstavljajući univerzalnu infrastrukturu elektronskog poslovanja, mobilna i fiksna telefonija, samouslužni uređaj i interaktivna televizija predstavljaju elektronski pristupni kanal za pojedinačne korisnike građane, koji na ovaj način pristupaju objedinjenim uslugama integrisanih sistema REP i HP, komunicirajući za drugim korisnicima, pravnim licima ili državnom upravom, lokalnom samoupravom i administracijom.	Contrary to the Internet that supports nearly all the models of electronic business and makes a universal infrastructure for electronic business operations, the mobile and fixed telephonies, self-service device and interactive television are the access channels for individual users citizens, to access the integrated services of the REM and HM integrated systems, communicate with other users, legal entities or state administration, local autonomy and administration.	1.18422
Model integracija sistema REP i HP, prikazan u ovom radu, omogućava poštanskom operatoru višestruko uvećanje obima usluga, a samim tim i prihodaŠ12Ë: zahvaljujući integraciji sistema omogućen je jednostavan prijem pošte velikih korisnika (billing tipa) i fizičkih lica (mailing tipa) putem integrisanih elektronskih pristupnih kanala, postoji mogućnost različite obrade i čuvanja podataka tj. pošiljaka, postoji značajno smanjenje troškova planiranja, projektovanja, razvoja, eksploatacije, održavanja i upravljanja univerzalnih elektronskih pristupnih kanala i delova informacionog sistema (podsistema za nadzor i upravljanje i podsistema za naplatu).	The model of REM and HM systems integration described in this paper allows for the postal operator to increase the scope of his services and consequently his income Š12Ë: due to the integration of the system, the reception of mail of large users (billing type) and physical entities (mailing type) via integrated electronic access channels is simplified, they offer an option of different ways of data or mail processing and storage, there is a significant cost reduction in planning, designing, development, exploitation, maintemence and management of universal electronic access channels and sections of the information system (subsystem for supervision and subsystem for collection).	1.2131
Model optimizacije troškova usled korišćenja integrisanih elektronskih pristupnih kanala (Interneta, samouslužnih uređaja i kontakt centra) sistema REP i HP, primenjen na obimu usluga JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija u periodu od pet godina i baziran na podacima iz 2010. godine, proizvodi takve ekonomske efekte koji dovode do smanjenja troškova poslovanja javnog poštanskog operatora u opsegu od 15- 40%.	Due to the implementation of integrated electronic access channels (the Internet, self-service devices and contact centre) of the REM and HM systems, the cost optimization model implemented on the scope of services provided by the PE of PTT communications Srbija in the five-year period and based on the 2010 data, produces such econonic effects that result in cost reductions in the business of this public postal operator ranging from 15% to 40%.	1.67347
LITERATURA Š1Ë Universal postal union, Postal registered e-mail (PReM) functional specifications draft, 2009. Š2Ë Jacob Johnsen-Senior Consultant, Hybrid Mail, World Mail Review, Nov.	REFERENCES Š1Ë Universal postal union, Postal registered e-mail (PReM) functional specifications draft, 2009.	2.67343
2008. Š3Ë M. Jovanović, S. Rankov, Z. Mišić, Upravljanje sistemom distribuirane hibridne pošte JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija, XVII telekomunikacioni forum Telfor 2009., Beograd.	Š3Ë M. Jovanović, S. Rankov, Z. Mišić, Upravljanje sistemom distribuirane hibridne pošte JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija, XVII telekomunikacioni forum Telfor 2009., Beograd.	2.37715
Š4Ë M. Jovanović, V. Petrović, S. Rankov, P. Milošević, Z. Mišić, Distribuirana hibridna pošta integrisana usluga Pošte Srbije, XXVII simpozijum o novim tehnologijama u poštanskom i telekomunikacionom saobraćaju PosTel 2009., Beograd.	Š4Ë M. Jovanović, V. Petrović, S. Rankov, P. Milošević, Z. Mišić, Distribuirana hibridna pošta integrisana usluga Pošte Srbije, XXVII simpozijum o novim tehnologijama u poštanskom i telekomunikacionom saobraćaju PosTel 2009., Beograd.	2.3625
Š5Ë dr \orđe Mazinjanin, Metode komunikacije vlade i građanja u elektronskom poslovanju gradske uprave, Modeli i forme e-poslovanja, str. 15-18, 2008.	Š5Ë dr \orđe Mazinjanin, Metode komunikacije vlade i građana u elektronskom poslovanju gradske uprave, Modeli i forme e-poslovanja, pp. 15-18, 2008.	1.93185
	Š6Ë Projektni tim JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija, Projekat sistema hibridne pošte, 2002.	-0.3
Š6Ë Projektni tim JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija, Proje kat sistema hibridne pošte, 2002. Š7Ë mr Dragan Spasić, Profil kvalifikovanog elektronskog sertifikata, Centar za elektronsko poslovanje pošte, JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija, Telfor, 2008. Š8Ë Brian R. Smith and group of authors, iSeries e-bu siness handbook, IBM, 2001. Š9Ë Madeep Singh, A primer on developing an e-business strategy, Western Illinois Univeristy USA, 2002. Š10Ë Murrell G. Shields, E-business and ERP, John Wiley & Sons, 2001. Š11Ë Blery, E.K.& Michalakopoulos, M.G.	Š7Ë mr Dragan Spasić, Profil kvalifikovanog elektronskog sertifikata, Centar za elektronsko poslovanje pošte, JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija, Telfor, 2008. ~~~ Š8Ë Brian R. Smith and group of authors, iSeries e business handbook, IBM, 2001. ~~~ Š9Ë Madeep Singh, A primer on developing an e-business strategy, Western Illinois Univeristy USA, 2002. ~~~ Š10Ë Murrell G. Shields, E-business and ERP, John Wiley & Sons, 2001. ~~~ Š11Ë Blery, E.K.& Michalakopoulos, M.G. 2006, An e-CRM application in the Greek telecommunications sector, Management journal for management theory and practice, vol. 11, no. ~~~ 44, pp. 5560. ~~~ Š12Ë Zuzák, R. 2006, Analyses in the process of strategic management, Management - časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta, vol. 11, no.	0.0264242
2006, An e-CRM application in the Greek telecommunications sector, Management - časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta, vol. 11, no. 44, pp. 55-60. Š12Ë Zuzák, R. 2006, Analyses in the process of strategic management, Management - časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta, vol. 11, no. 42, pp. 49-54. Š13Ë Jill Dyshe, The CRM handbook: a business guide to customer relationship management, Addison Wesley, 2001. Š14Ë Merrill Warkentin, Business to business electronic commerce: challenges and solutions, Mississippi University - USA, Idea Group Publishing, 2002. Š15Ë E-business strategy, Department of enterprise, trade and employment, 2004. Š16Ë dr Vojkan Vasković, Sistemi plaćanja u elektronskom poslovanju, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Beograd, 2007. Š17Ë Godišnji izveštaj JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija za 2010. godinu.	42, pp. 4954. ~~~ Š13Ë Jill Dyshe, The CRM handbook: a business guide to customer relationship management, Addison Wesley, 2001. ~~~ Š14Ë Merrill Warkentin, Business to business electronic commerce: challenges and solutions, Mississippi University - USA, Idea Group Publishing, 2002.	0.538889
Vrednovanje rezultata neprofitnih organizacija UDK:	Š15Ë E-business strategy, Department of enterprise, trade and employment, 2004.	0.14375
	Š16Ë dr Vojkan Vasković, Sistemi plaćanja u elektronskom poslovanju, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Beograd, 2007.	-0.3
	Š2Ë Jacob Johnsen-Senior Consultant, Hybrid Mail, Š17Ë Godišnji izveštaj JP PTT saobraćaja Srbija za World Mail Review, Nov. 2008.	-0.3
005.6:061.2 ; 005.52:330.133.1 Milka Ivanović, Zorana Antić Beogradska poslovna škola Visoka škola strukovnih studija milka.ivanovic¿bbs.edu.rs S obzirom na to da uslužni sektor beleži stalni rast u okviru globalne ekonomije, nameće se potreba za detaljnijim unapređenjem kvaliteta usluga i prikazivanja rezultata jer su zahtevi upućeni neprofitnim organizacijama sve veći.	2010. godinu. ~~~ Evaluation of Results of Nonprofit Organizations UDC: 005.6:061.2 ; 005.52:330.133.1 Milka Ivanović, Zorana Antić Belgrade Business College milka.ivanovic¿bbs.edu.rs The service sector is constantly growing in the global economy, and this imposes the need for a detailed improvement of service quality and presentation of results, since the requirements addressed to non-profit organizations are growing higher.	0.54037
Oni se odnose na poboljšanje performansi u smislu postizanja veće efikasnosti i efektivnosti, na kvalitet usluge i odgovornost u odnosu prema svim stejkholderima, kao i na vrednovanje izlaza (outcome).	They refer to improving the performance in terms of achieving greater efficiency and effectiveness, the quality of service and responsibility in relation to all stakeholders, as well as to the evaluation of outcomes.	1.38466
Ovaj rad ima za cilj da istakne važnost primene modela menadžmenta kvalitetom sa aspekta vrednovanja efikasnosti i efektivnosti neprofitnih organizacija, što implicira konkurentnu održivost na tržištu. 1.	This paper aims to highlight the importance of applying the model of quality management in terms of evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of non-profit organizations, which implies competitive sustainability in the market.	1.56463
Uvod Oblast delovanja neprofitnih organizacija pozicionirana je između državnih institucija i organizacija koje su pod direktnom kontrolom i nadležnošću države, s jedne strane i privatnog sektora koji slobodno učestvuje na tržištu, s druge.	1. ~~~ Introduction The field of work of non-profit organizations lies between the state institutions and the organizations under a direct state control and jurisdiction, on one hand, and the private sector that has a free access to the market, on the other.	0.525166
Uloga i značaj neprofitnih organizacija bitno se razlikuje od pomenutih segmenata, jer one svoje aktivnosti baziraju na principu primarne neprofitabilnosti, što nije svojstveno ni državnoj niti privatnoj svojini.	The role and the importance of non-profit organizations significantly differs from the above mentioned institutions since they base their activities on the principle of primary non-profitability, which is not characteristic of either state or private types of ownership.	0.952709
Plemeniti ciljevi ovih organizacija čine takođe značajnu razliku u poslovanju neprofitnih organizacija u odnosu na ostale entitete u društvu.	The noble goals of these organizations also distinguish them from other entities in the society.	1.07485
Stoga efektivan i kvalitetan sistem upravljanja u neprofitnim organizacijama treba da bude posvećen kontinuiranim poboljšanjima performansi i zadovoljstvu korisnika, pri čemu se kao nužnost nameće i vrednovanje rezultata.	Hence an affective and quality system of management in nonprofitable organizations is dedicated to continual improvement of performance and customer satisfaction, where outcome assessment is one of basic preconditions.	0.803105
Kompetititvna prednost na tržištu moguća je samo ukoliko je izgrađen kvalitetan menadžment sistem koji je dinamičan i osposobljen da se adaptira i menja u skladu i vanjima potrošača/korisnikaŠ1Ë. sa potrebama, zahtevima 2.	A competitive advantage in the market is possible to achieve only if a quality management system is established, a system that is dynamic and able to adapt and change in accordance with the customer/user needs, requirements and expectations Š1Ë. 2.	1.19424
Kvalitet i problem evaluacije usluga neprofitnih organizacija U uslovima povećane konkurencije, promenjenih vrednosnih sistema i, u skladu sa tim, povećanih zahteva korisnika kvalitet je postao fundamentalni faktor opstanka na tržištu, profitabilnosti i ukupnog razvoja.	Quality and the problem of non-profit organizations services evaluation In the conditions of an increased competition, the changed value systems and, consequently, the increased customer requirements, quality has become a fundamental factor of survival in the market, of profitability and of an overall development.	1.37586
Da bi opstale na tržištu, organizacije treba da svoje veštine asimiluju sa upravljanjem u poslovanju.	In order to survive in the market, organizations are forced to employ all their skills in the management of the business.	1.01374
U odnosu na vremensku dimenziju, efektivnost organizacione kompetitivnosti može se postići pomoću kreiranja i ocenjivanja vrednosti usluge, isporuke i tržišnih performansiŠ1Ë (Summers, 2009.), što na izvestan način vodi ka izvrsnosti u radu.	As regards the time dimension, the effectiveness of organizational competitiveness can be achieved by creating and evaluation of the values of the service, delivery and market performances Š1Ë (Summers, 2009), which in a sense results into excellence in work.	0.930909
U tom smislu mnoge organizacije koriste različite strategije, kao što su timski rad, obezbeđenje kvaliteta, kvalitetno upravljanje i ocenu kvaliteta usluga.	It is for this reason that many onganizations implement various strategies such as team work, quality assurance, quality management and service quality assessment.	0.704805
A. Anderson,et.al. (1994.)Š2Ë primećuju da su neke organizacije već prepoznale značaj efektivnog upravljanja kvalitetom u cilju dostizanja kompetitivne prednosti na tržištu, što je značajno sa aspekta konkurentske održivosti.	A. Anderson et al., (1994) Š2Ë perceive that certain organizations have already recognized the importance of an effective quality management for the purpose of achieving a competitive advantage in the market, which is important from the aspect of competitive sustainability.	1.3963
Povećana konkurencija i globalno poslovanje koje zadire i u pore neprofitnog sektora ima povećane zahteve u odnosu na formalnu evaluaciju okončanog projekta, što podrazumeva relevantna merenja izlaza i kontinualno prikupljanje podataka za sve projekte koji su u toku, dok je raniji fokus bio uglavnom usmeren na inpute.	A fiercer competition and the global business operations that penetrates into the non-profit sector too impose certain increased demands in comparison with the formal evaluation of a completed project, which means the relevant output measurements and a continual collecting of data for any projects under way, whereas the former focus was mainly on inputs.	0.771942
Pored toga i osnivači očekuju merenja koja mogu da pomognu u vrednovanju uticaja na uslugu ili projekatŠ3Ë. ~~~ Od neprofitnih organizacija se traže iscrpne informacije o rezultatima njihovih aktivnosti (broj usluženih klijenata, finansijski izveštaji, projektni planovi, broj distribuiranih brošura, broj održanih prezentacija i slično).	Besides, the founders also expect the measurements that can facilitate the assessment of impacts upon a service or a project Š3Ë. Non-profit organizations are required to provide detailed information on the outcomes of their activities (the number of clients served, financial reports, project plans, the number of brochures distributed, the number of presentations organized, etc.).	0.236721
U određenim slučajevima eksterni konsultanti izrađuju i periodične evaluacije kako bi se procenio uticaj i efekat njihovih programa, usluga i aktivnosti.	In certain cases, external consultants prepare periodical evaluations to estimate the effect of the non-profits programmes, services and activities.	0.883969
Dosadašnja praksa je pokazala da se ovi podaci najčešće prikupljaju na zahtev osnivača, a retko za sopstvenu analizu i upotrebu u cilju unapređenja poslovanja.	The practice so far has proved that such data are most frequently collected on demand of the founders, rarely for the purpose of either the analysis conducted by the organization itself or the improvement of further operations.	0.677203
Međutim, ključno je da rezultati merenja budu upotrebljeni za donošenje menadžerskih odluka, kako bi raspoloživi resursi, metode i pristupi omogućili postizanje unapređenja efektivnosti i efikasnosti i obezbedili benefite svim stejkholderima.	What is essential, however, is that the measurement results should be used in managerial decision making so that the available resources, methods and approaches allow for achieving improved efficiency and effectiveness and ensure benefits for all the stakeholders.	1.25824
S obzirom na kompleksnost sistemskog pristupa kvalitetu i njegovu raznolikost u odnosu na oblasti u kojima se primenjuje značajna su dva aspekta.	In view of the complexity of the system approach to quality and its diversity as regards the areas in which it is implemented, two aspects are important.	0.816977
Prvi se odnosi model upravljanja koji će omogućiti unapređenje efektivnosti i efikasnosti organizacija čija je primarna svrha briga o ljudima, a drugi na implementaciju usvojenog sistemskog pristupa u upravljanju koji će biti u skladu sa organizacionom misijom, vizijom i vrednostima i na osnovu kog će neprofitne organizacije moći da odgovore zahtevima koje pred njih postavlja sam osnivač ili donator.	One refers to the management model meant to improve the effectiveness and efficincy of the organizations whose primary purpose is care about people; the other refers to the im plementation of the adopted system approach in management that will be adjusted to organizational mission, vision and values and on the basis of which the non-profit organizations will be in a position to meet the requirements set before them by the founder or a sponsor.	1.3822
Implementacija i unapređenje kvaliteta bazira se na učenju o samoj organizaciji, o njenim snagama i mogućnostima za unapređenje.	The quality implementation and improvement are based on the learning of the organization itself, on its strengths and capabilities for improvement.	0.900544
Da bi bile respektabilne, neprofitne organizacije treba da imaju za cilj da obezbede kvalitetnu uslugu svojim korisnicima i da pokažu da rade po visokim standardima.	In order that they should be respectable, non-profit organizations should aim to provide a quality service to their clients and prove they work up to high standards.	0.985879
Ovaj zahtev se postavlja kao imperativ i iz razloga što neprofitne organizacije treba da budu odgovorne prema zakonodavcu, osnivačima, donatorima, poverenicima i javnosti.	This requirement is imperative because non-profit organizations are expected to be accountable to the legislator, the founders, the sponsors, the trustees and finally to the public.	0.665132
Implementacija sistema kvaliteta kao napredni način vođenja neprofitne organizacije obezbeđuje da se stalnim praćenjem i evaluacijom performansi i prikupljanjem objektivnih dokaza u formi zapisa i podataka, organizacija preispituje i kontinuirano poboljšava kvalitet svojih usluga.	As an advanced method of managing a non-profit organization, the quality system implementation provides a continual monitoring and evaluation of performance as well as collecting objective evidence in the form of documents and data in order that the organization can evaluate itself and constantly improve the quality of its services.	1.29078
Pored toga, ovakav pristup poslovanju obezbeđuje i način poređenja organizacije sa drugim organizacijama u okviru neprofitnog sektora, kao i način provere u kojoj meri se organizacija prilagođava standardima i zahtevima koji se permanentno razvijaju. 3.	Besides, such an approach to operations allows for the organization to compare itself with other organizations in the non-profit sector, as well as to determine the extent to which the organization adjusts to the permanently developing standards and requirements. tions that do not dispose of adequate technology (knowledge, skills, techniques, hardware and software) usually face difficulties in creating, in the implementation and in the evaluation of their services or outcomes.	1.13267
Različiti modeli i pristupi u unapređenju kvaliteta neprofitnih organizacija Prilagođavajući se brojnim zahtevima za unapređenje kvaliteta usluge, neprofitne organizacije moraju da dokažu da njihovi programi doprinose pozitivnoj promeni u životima ljudi, dok je prioritet devedesetih godina dvadesetog veka bilo samo praćenje rezultata i troškovaŠ4Ë.	Making allowances for all the reasons that make the implementation of the quality improvement model in the non-profit sector necessary, as well as for all the benefits and restraints that hinder the implementation of these approaches, it can still be maintained that the majority of the European non-profit organizations have already adopted certain quality standards that allow them to improve their performance as well as their affectiveness Š4Ë.	0.638871
Stoga, zahtevi i očekivanja od neprofitnih organizacija uslovljavaju njihovu fleksibilnost i odgovornost, preispitivanje i prestrukturisanje u smislu donošenja važnih menadžment odluka koje će pomoći u implementaciji sistema kvaliteta.	In practice, various models and approaches in the non-profit organizations quality improvement are implemented; some of them include all the aspects of organizational management and all its activities, whereas some quality standards refer to only certain aspects of operations.	0.472013
Uspešno uvođenje i primena standarda kvaliteta zavise od pet prediktora: organizacione kulture, podrške rukovodstva, tehnologije, uključenosti i pristupa fondovima.	Also, a number of organizations in the non-profit sector implement generic models of the quality system, others adopt specific standards concerning concrete activities, and there are still some that develop their own in-house systems.	0.498675
Podrška rukovodstva, pored uloženog napora u adaptaciju i prihvatanje promena, treba da se ogleda i u pružanju povratnih informacija u kojoj je meri načinjen napredak u postizanju cilja.	In accordance with the model they implement, non-profit organizations evaluate their systems either through external evaluation or through certification, or, on the other hand, through a self-evaluation process.	0.261585
Efektivni menadžeri komuniciraju u organizaciji vrednost nove poslovne prakse i preduzimaju sve što je potrebno da bi zaposleni implementirali u praksi ono što je planirano.	4. ~~~ Standards for implementation and evaluation 3.	-0.348913
Organizacije koje ne raspolažu adekvatnom tehnologijom (znanje, veštine, tehnike, hardver i softver) obično imaju poteškoća u kreiranju, implementaciji i evaluaciji svojih usluga ili rezultata.	Different models and approaches to improving of non-profit organizations quality the quality of non-profit organizations In adapting to numerous requirements for service quality improvement, non-profit organizations attempt to prove that their programmes contribute to a positive change in the lives of the people, while the priority in the 1990s was only the monitoring of outcomes and expenses Š4Ë.	0.490227
Uzimajući u obzir sve razloge zbog kojih je neophodno primeniti model unapređenja kvaliteta u neprofitnom sektoru, kao i sve benefite i ograničenja koja stoje na putu impementaciji ovih pristupa, ipak se može reći da se većina evropskih neprofitnih organizacija već opredelila za neki od standarda kvaliteta koji im omogućava unapređenje performansi i veću efektivnostŠ4Ë.	Hence the requirements and expectations from non-profit organizations actually precondition their flexibility and liabilities, their re-examination and restructuring in terms of making important managerial decisions meant to facilitate the quality system implementation.	0.457727
U praksi su zastupljeni različiti modeli i pristupi u unapređenju kvaliteta neprofitnih organizacija, od kojih neki obuhvataju sve aspekte vođenja organizacije i sve njene aktivnosti, dok postoje i standardi kvaliteta koji se tiču samo određenih aspekata poslovanja.	A successful introduction and implementation of quality standards depend on five predictors: organizational culture, management support, technology, involvement and access to funds.	0.421118
Takođe, jedan broj organizacija neprofitnog sektora implementira generičke modele sistema kvaliteta, druge se opredeljuju za specifične standarde koji uređuju konkretne delatnosti, a takođe je moguće razviti i sopstvene (inhouse) sisteme.	In addition to the efforts made in accepting and adapting to change, the management support should be reflected in the provision of feedback information as to the extent to which the advances are made towards achieving the goal.	0.456048
U zavisnosti od toga koji model primenjuju, neprofitne organizacije svoje sisteme proveravaju eksternim ocenjivanjem ili sertifikacijom, ili sa druge strane, samoevaluacijom. 4.	Effective managers in the organization communicate the value of new business practice and take any steps necessary that the employees implement the planned activities in practice.	0.817868
Standardi za primenu i ocenu kvaliteta neprofitnih organizacija Prve teorije o kvalitetu usluga i njihovim dimenzijama postavljene su osamdesetih godina.	The organiza The earliest theories on the quality of services and their dimensions were postulated in the 1980s.	0.809704
Groonroos je predstavio dve dimenzije kvaliteta: tehničku i funkcionalnuŠ5Ë.	Groonroos offered two dimensions of quality: the technical and the functional Š5Ë.	1.49167
Tehnički kvalitet se odnosi na rezultat dobijene usluge, a funkcionalni na proces pružanja usluge.	The technical quality refers to the outcome of the service delivered, whereas the functional quality deals with the service delivery process.	0.584091
Jedan od najrasprostanjenijih modela za ocenu kvaliteta usluge SERVQUAL (skraćeno od: service quality) sastoji se od pet determinanti kvalitetaŠ6Ë (opipljivost prisustvo fizičkih elemenata (materijalizacija usluge), pouzdanost sposobnost da se obećana usluga isporuči na odgovarajući način, odgovornost brižljivost, spremnost da se pomogne i pruži brza usluga, sigurnost znanje i sposobnost zaposlenih, poverenje u njih, i saosećanje (empatija) pružanje personalizovane usluge, posmatranje korisnika kao pojedinca).	A most widely used service quality assessment model SERVQUAL (abbreviated from: service quality) consists of five quality determinants Š6Ë (tangibility the presence of physical elements (service materialization), reliability the ability to deliver the promised service in an adequate manner, responsibility responsiveness, readiness to help and deliver a service promptly, credibility employees knowledge and competence, assurances, and empathy delivery of personalized service, viewing customer as an individual).	1.13446
SERVQUAL metodologija zahteva da se formulišu 22 para pitanja, od kojih se ispitanicima prvo postavlja jedna serija od 22 pitanja pre korišćenja usluge, čime se mere očekivanja, a zatim, nakon korišćenja usluge, druga serija od 22 pitanja po navedenim kategorijama, čime se mere iskustva, odnosno percepcije (stavovi) korisnika o izvršenoj usluzi.	The SERVQUAL methodology requires that 22 pairs of questions be formulated, of which customers are expected to answer a series of 22 questions prior to consuming a service, in order to measure expectations, and to answer another series of 22 questions concerning the quoted categories, after they have consumed the service, to measure the experience, i.e., the consumers percep tions (attitudes) of the service provided.	1.46268
Iako je ovaj model, postavljen 1985. godine, model sa najširom primenom u merenju kvaliteta usluga velikog broja uslužnih organizacija, on doživljava i brojne kritike, pre svega sa konceptualnog i metodološkog aspekta.	Although this model dates back to 1985 and is a most widely implemented model in service quality assessment by a large number of service providing organizations, it is subject to much criticism, primarily from the conceptual and the methodological aspects.	1.01114
Jedna od osnovnih primedaba je broj i značenje determinanti kvaliteta, odnosno njegova primenjivost u različitim uslužnim delatnostima. je moguće modifikovati SERVQUAL model i prilagoditi ga karakteristikama usluga u specifičnoj uslužnoj delatnosti.	One of the basic points of criticism is about the number and meanings of the quality determinants, namely, its applicability in different service activities.	0.697778
Stoga Da bi se opredelile za najadekvatniji standard kvaliteta u okviru postojećih sistema, neprofitne organizacije treba da odgovore na sledeća pitanja koja mogu da im olakšaju donošenje odlukeŠ7Ë: (cid:	Therefore, it is possible to modify the SERVQUAL model to adjust it to the characteristics of services in a specific service provision activity.	0.403659
U kojoj meri je ponuđeni sistem u skladu sa njenim poslovanjem? (cid: ~~~ Da li je jednostavno integrisati ponuđeni sistem u postojeću poslovnu praksu? (cid: ~~~ Koliko će sistem uticati na organizacionu kultu ru i obratno? (cid:	In order that they should decide upon a most adequate quality standard within the existing systems, it is necessary that non-profit organizations answer the following questions meant to facilitate decision making Š7Ë: (cid:123) how far does the system address their main con cerns? (cid:123) how easily can the system be integrated with ex isting working practices? (cid:123) how sensitive is the system to the culture of the organisation? (cid:123) how simple or complex is the system?	-0.150566
Koliko je sistem jednostavan ili komplikovan? ~~~ Koliko odgovara organizaciji? (cid:	How does that fit our organisation? how resource intensive is the approach to implement?	-0.002
Koliko angažovanje resursa zahteva imple mentacija sistema?		-0.3
Generički modeli sistema kvaliteta neprofitnih organizacija obuhvataju standarde koji se odnose na celokupno poslovanje i koji obezbeđuju kvalitativno poređenje sa drugim organizacijama u okviru sektora.	The generic models of quality systems entail standards relating to the entire business and ensuring a quality comparison with other organizations within a sector.	1.04786
Ovde najčešće spadaju: standard ISO 9001 i model poslovne izvrsnosti (Evropska fondacija za menadžment kvaliteta - European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Excellence Model).	The most frequent are the following: the ISO 9001 standard and the business excellence model (European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Excellence Model).	2.74894
Standardi kvaliteta koji se tiču samo određenih aspekata poslovanja obuhvataju: (1) standard za kvalitet usluge (standard Customer first britanski nacionalni sertifikacioni standard za kvalitet uslugeŠ8Ë.	The quality standards related to only certain aspects of business include: (1) service quality standard (Customer first standard the British national certification service quality standard Š8Ë.	1.08313
Moguće je primeniti ga u svim organizacijama u okviru svih delatnosti.); (2) standard za zaposlene (standard Investors in People britanski nacionalni standard koji se odnosi na menadžment ljudskih resursa i razvoj zaposlenih)Š9Ë.	It can be implemented by any organization in any industry); (2) standard for employees (Investors in People the British national standard related to human resource management and employee development) Š9Ë.	0.743648
Najzastupljenija primena standarda kvaliteta u organizacijama neprofitnog sektora jeste britanski standard PQASSO (Practical Quality Assurance System for Small Organisations1 Praktični sistem obezbeđenja kvaliteta za male organizacije)Š10Ë.	The most frequently implemented quality standard in the non-profit sector organizations is the British PQASSO standard (Practical Quality Assurance System for Small Organizations1) Š10Ë. ~~~ This self-evalu 1 The PQASSO standard was published by the British association CES (Charities Evaluation Services) in 1997, and the third edition of the standard appeared in 2008.	0.671205
Ovaj standard za samoocenjivanje obuhvata sve aspekte poslovanja, kao i ostali generički standardi, ali je specifično kreiran za male i srednje neprofitne organizacije ili projektne timove u većim organizacijama.	This standard, which promotes a continual quality improvement in the organization, includes 12 chapters and 3 levels. ation standard entails all business aspects, as do all other standards, however, it is specifically created for small and medium-sized non-profit organizations or for project teams in larger organizations.	1.15479
Mogu ga koristiti organizacije različitih profila iz oblasti socijalne zaštite, zaštite životne sredine, zdravstva ili milosrdne organizacije.	It can be implemented in the organizations of various profiles in the fields of social welfare, environmental protection, health care and charities.	0.459635
U ostalim zemljama Evrope ovaj standard je, nakon prilagođavanja specifičnostima, adaptiran za primenu Š11Ë u Mađarskoj (pod nazivom MINTA) i Hrvatskoj 1 Standard PQASSO je objavilo britansko udru enje CES (Charities Evaluation Services) 1997. godine, a tre?e izdanje standarda bilo je 2008. godine.	In other European countries, this standard was adjusted to certain specific features, and adapted to be implemented Š11Ë in Hungary (under the name of MINTA) and Croatia (named SOKNO the Structure of Quality Assurance for Nonprofit Organizations, published by the TREF network) Š12Ë, and it can also be applied in Japan, India and Bangladesh Š13Ë.	0.666886
U okviru ovog standarda, kojim se promoviše kontinuirano poboljšanje kvaliteta u organizaciji, nalazi se 12 poglavlja i 3 nivoa. (pod nazivom SOKNO Sustav osiguranja kvalitete za neprofitne organizacije, objavljen od strane mreže TREF) Š12Ë, a isto tako se koristi i u Japanu, Indiji i Bangladešu Š13Ë.		-0.3
Standard PQASSO je osmišljen tako da pomoću samoevaluacije podstakne veću uključenost i odgovornost svih u organizaciji da se kroz diskusiju planiraju promene i razvijaju ideje o efikasnijem radu organizacije.	The PQASSO standard is created in such a manner that it uses self-evaluation to encourage a broader commitment and responsibility of all members of the organization to plan changes and develop ideas for a more efficient work of the organization, and through discussion.	1.13226
Efekti i koristi od primene pomenutog standarda u neprofitnoj organizaciji biće mnogostrukiŠ14Ë: ~~~ Jasno definisana i usaglašena svrha organizacije; Bolje organizovana i koordinisana organizaciona struktura i struktura upravljanja; Bolji odgovor na potrebe korisnika i pružanje kvalitetnijih usluga; Unapređeni timski odnosi i interna komunikacija; Motivisani zaposleni i volonteri koji u organizaciji mogu razvijati svoje potencijale; Veće priznanje lokalne zajednice, korisnika i donatora i u skladu sa tim veća podrška za rad.	The effects and benefits from the application of the above mentioned standard in a non-profit organization will be manifold Š14Ë: A clearly defined and reconciled purpose of the organization; A better organized and coordinated organizational structure as well as management structure; A better response to the customer needs and the delivery of higher quality services; Improved team relations and internal communication; Motivated employees and volunteers that can develop their potentials within the organization; Higher recognition from the part of the local community, the users and the sponsors, and accordingly, a greater support in work.	0.413222
Rezultati studije, koja se bavi razlozima za implementaciju programa kvaliteta, kao i izazovima i ograničenjima u njegovoj implementaciji, a koja je sprovedena u okviru organizacija neprofitnog sektora u Velikoj Britaniji, pokazuju da većinu organizacija za implementaciju kvaliteta motivišu različiti i mnogobrojni interni i eksterni faktoriŠ15Ë.	The findings of the study that dealt with the reasons for the quality programme implementation as well as the challenges and restraints in its implementation, conducted in the non-profit sector organizations in Great Britain, have shown that the majority of organizations are motivated to implement quality via various and numerous internal and external factors Š15Ë.	0.946367
Učesnici studije kao razloge za usvajanje programa kvaliteta naveli su i: neophodnost strukturisanog pristupa u razvoju organizacije, pružanje najkvalitetnije usluge korisnicima, razumevanje kako korisnici doživljavaju najbolju praksu, uspostavljanje stabilnosti nakon kriznih perioda.	According to the participants in the study, the reasons to adopt the quality programme, among other things, are: the necessity of a structured approach in the development of the organization, the delivery of a highest possible quality service to the customers, the understanding of how the customers perceive the best practice, the stabilization after the periods of crisis.	1.04841
Neprofitne organizacije koje su implementirale neki od programa kvaliteta ističu sledeće benefite: mogućnost uticaja na performanse i njihovo unapređenje, bolji odnos sa eksternim okruženjem, bolja reputacija u okviru sektora i bolji odnos sa partnerskim organizacijama.	The non-profit organizations that implemented one of the quality programmes stress the following benefits: the opportunity to affect the performance and improve it, a better relationship with the external environment, a higher reputation within the sector and a better relationship with partner organizations.	1.3511
Ograničenja u implementaciji ideje kvaliteta u ispitivanim organizacijama se najčešće ogledaju u: neinformisanosti o raspoloživosti programa kvaliteta koji je moguće primeniti u neprofitnom sektoru, neusklađenosti programa kvaliteta sa organizacijom (njenom strukturom, misijom, vizijom, procesima, aktivnostima), a takođe, kao ograničenje navodi se i nedovoljna posvećenost i angažovanje zaposlenih na polju kvaliteta, što je najčešće prouzrokovano neopredeljenošću i nedovoljnim angažovanjem i požrtvovanošću nadređenih.	The limitations in the implementation of the quality idea in the respondent organizations are most frequently reflected in: the lack of information on the available quality programmes that can be implemented in the non-profit sector, the non-conformity of qualty programmes to the organization (its structure, mission, vision, processes, activities), and also in a poor employee commitment and engagement in the field of quality, which is most often the consequence of a lack of commitment, engagement and dedicaton of their superiors.	1.39452
U okviru prikaza implementacije standarda kvaliteta u nekim neprofitnim organizacijama u Velikoj Britaniji, zanimljivo bi bilo komparirati rezultate istraživanja koje je koautor Ivanović M. sprovela 2010. god. Ciljna grupa za koju je rađeno istraživanje bile su neprofitne organizacije na prostoru Srbije.	As regards the survey of the quality standards imple mentation in certain non-profit organizations in Great Britain, it would be interesting to compare these results with the findings of the study the co-author of this paper, M. Ivanović conducted in 2010. ~~~ The target group of the study were the non-profit organization on the territory of Serbia.	0.342698
Među anketnim pitanjima koja su bila predmet istraživanja bilo je sadržano i pitanje u vezi sa implementacijom sistema kvaliteta i vrednovanjem rezultata.	Among the questions in the questionnaire one dealt with the quality system implementation and outcome assessment.	0.890731
Na postavljeno pitanje da li su organizacije implementirale neki od modela sistema kvaliteta većina njih je odgovorila negativno.	The majority of responses to the question on whether organizations implemented any of the quality system models were negative.	0.917817
Opšti zaključak u odnosu na odgovore može se izvesti posle tabelarnog i grafičkog pregleda koji su prikazani u nastavku.	A general conclusion as to the responses can be drawn after a tabular and graphic survey presented hereinafter.	0.735789
Kao što se vidi u prikazu većina anketiranih organizacija, čak 61% i ne razmišlja o mogućnosti implementiranja sistema kvaliteta, dok je samo 10% njih implementiralo standard ISO 9001.	As can be learned from the survey, the majority of respondent organizations, as many as 61%, do not even think of a possibility to implement a quality system, while only 10% of the organizations have implemented the ISO 9001 standard.	0.859953
Tab.	Table 1.	0.12
Procenat neprofitnih organizacija koji je implementirao sistem kvaliteta ISO 9001 Graf.	The percentage of non-profit organizations that implemented the ISO 9001 quality system Graph 1.	4.27692
Grafički prikaz implementacije sistema kvaliteta u NO u Srbiji Međutim, gledišta istih anketiranih organizacija u vezi sa korelacijom između sistema kvaliteta i izgradnje imidža i pozicioniranja bila su u suprotnosti sa prethodno predstavljenim odlukama o implementaciji nekog od modela sistema kvaliteta.	The chart of the quality system implementation in the NO in Serbia The attitudes of these same respondent organizations as regards the correlation between the quality system and the image and position building were, however, opposite to the previously presented decisions on the implementation of any of the quality system models.	1.50322
Na pitanje koji faktori utiču na formiranje dobrog imidža i na pozicioniranje neprofitnih organizacija u javnosti, svi ispitivani elementi se ocenjuju kao vrlo značajni (raspon prosečnih ocena se kreće od 4.62 4.83), pri čemu je kultura kvaliteta ocenjena kao veoma značajan faktor (prosek 4.79).	As regards the question on which factors affect the build ing of a favourable image and the positioning of nonprofit organizations in public, all the observed elements were rated as very important (the average marks range from 4.62 to 4.83), with the quality culture rated as a highly important factor (average 4.79).	1.42644
Tab.	Table 2.	0.12
Prosek ocena važnosti faktora koji utiču na imidž i pozicioniranje neprofitnih organizacija (petostepena skala procene od 1 Potpuno beznačajno, do 5 Izuzetno značajno) Graf.	The average of the importance ratings of the factors affecting the image and positioning of non-profit organizations ( a five-level rating scale ranging from 1 absolutely unimportant to 5 highly important) Graph 2.	0.848077
Grafički prikaz proseka ocena važnosti faktora koji utiču na imidž i pozicioniranje neprofitnih organizacija Takođe, i na pitanje o značaju definisanih faktora predstavljenih na tabeli za pozicioniranje neprofitnih organizacija, većina ispitanika visoko je kotirala (prosek, 4.74) pitanje primene standarda kvaliteta i izgradnje kulture kvaliteta.	The chart of the average rates of the importance of factors affect ing the image and positioning of non-profit organizations Answering the question on the importance of the defined factors presented on the table for the positioning of non-profit organizations, a majority of respondents highly rated (the average 4.74) the issue of quality standard implementation and the quality culture building.	1.34071
Primarni faktori koje su ispitanici istakli jesu podizanje svesti političkog establišmenta o značaju neprofitnih organizacija za razvoj društva i poštovanje etičkih normi.	The most important factors the respondents stressed are raising the political establishment awareness of the importance of non-profit organizations for the development of the society and for observing ethical norms.	1.02528
Edukacija zaposlenih takođe se smatra važnim faktorom za pozicioniranje neprofitnih organizacija.	Employee education is also considered to be an important factor for the positioning of non-profit organizations.	1.77333
Iako većina ispitanih neprofitnih organizacija pitanje sistema kvaliteta smatra izuzetno važnim za izgradnju imidža i postizanje konkurentske prednosti, što doprinosi boljem pozicioniranju, samo 10% njih je implementiralo model kvaliteta ISO 9001.	Although the majority of non-profit organizations deem the issue of quality systems to be highly important and contributing to a better positioning, only 10% of them have implemented the ISO 9001 quality model.	1.07168
Ovakav rezultat, koji bi mogao da se objasni i nespremnošću menadžmenta da donese takvu odluku iz više razloga: neinventivnost, strah od promena, neodgovornost, sklonost ka improvizaciji i nespremnost za podelu odgovornosti, svakako bi trebalo da bude povod i za neka druga istraživanja koja bi rasvetlila postojeće dileme i rezignaciju.	This finding that can also be explained by the management reluctance to make such a decision for numerous reasons: lack of inventiveness, fear from change, lack of responsibility, inclination to improvising and unwillingness to share responsibility, should certainly be the reason for certain other research in order to get an insight into the existing dilemmas and resignation.	0.992635
Pristup primeni upravljanja kvalitetom u srpskim neprofitnim organizacijama i dalje je negativan, što značajno umanjuje njihove krajnje rezultate.	The approach to quality management implementation in the Serbian non-profit organizations is still negative, which significantly reduces their final outcomes.	1.22919
Da bi se to stanje promenilo, proaktivno orijentisane neprofitne organizacije u Srbiji moraju da prihvate i primene neki od modela upravljanja kvalitetom.	In order that such a situation should be changed, it is necessary that proactively oriented non-profit organizations in Serbia accept and implement some of the quality management models.	1.15483
Upravljanje kvalitetom predstavlja revoluciju kvaliteta Š16Ë, ili paradigmu promena u poslovanju, koju neki teoretičari metaforično nazivaju i novi način mišljenja u upravljanju organizacijama Š17Ë.	Quality management means quality revolution Š16Ë or a shift in the business paradigm that some theoreticians metaphorically term a new way of thinking in managing organizations Š17Ë.	1.33714
Tako shvaćen kvalitet usluga neprofitnih organizacija može usaglasiti kriterijume neprofitnog poslovanja sa evropskim.	Thus understood service quality of non-profit organizations can serve harmonize the non-profit business criteria with the European criteria.	1.33014
Fokusiranost na korisnike i njihove zahteve, na procese, kao i na timski radŠ18Ë, treba da bude zajednički imenitelj svih primenjenih modela upravljanja kvalitetom. 5.	The focus upon customers and their requirements, upon the processes, and upon the team work Š18Ë should be the basis of all the quality management models implementation. ~~~ 5.	0.177973
Zaključak Neprofitne organizacije treba ozbiljno da razmisle o održivom razvoju.	Conclusion It is important that non-profit organizations give a serious thought to the sustainable development.	0.748157
Savremeni trenutak nameće potrebu preispitavanja suštinske uloge koju imaju u društvu, što bi trebalo dodatno da ih obaveže na orijentaciju ka inovativnijim, odgovornijim i kvalitetnijim uslugama, što implicira potrebu njihove evaluacije i samoevaluacije. na tržištu.	Modern times impose the need to reconsider the crucial role these organizations play in the society, which should additionally make them oriented towards more innovative, more responsible and higher quality services, which implies the need for their evaluation and selfevaluation. for a timely reaction, correction of possible errors and adjustment to the requirements coming from the environment, which all contribute to achieving competive advantages in the marketplace.	1.42879
U cilju ostvarenja što boljih performansi i postizanja veće efikasnosti i efektivnosti preporuka autora ovoga rada jeste da neprofitne organizacije treba da primene neki od procesnih modela upravljanja kvalitetom.	The authors recommend that non-profit organizations implement one of the process models of quality management if they want to achieve better performance and higher efficiency and effectiveness.	0.8
A kako je pokazala dosadašnja praksa, i potvrdu je moguće naći i u brojnim stručnim časopisima, pravilno sistem kvaliteta omogućava vrednovanje svih performansi, a time i njihovo poboljšavanje Š19Ë. implementirani Stoga, bez obzira na brojne poteškoće na koje mogu naići neprofitne organizacije u procesu merenja performansi, efikasnosti i efektivnosti, važno je da se svaki pojedinac, zaposleni odnosi odgovorno prema onome što radi i da teži permanentnom poboljšanju kvaliteta svojih usluga i procesa.	The practice so far has proved that a properly implemented quality system allows for the evaluation of all performances, hence their improvement too.	0.422656
U tom smislu ključnu ulogu može i treba da odigra menadžment neprofitnih organizacija.	The evidence can be found in numerous journals in this field Š19Ë.	0.888859
	Regardless of a large number of problems non-profit organizations encounter in the process of measuring their performance, efficiency and effectiveness, it is important that each individual employee be accountable for the work he/she performs and strive towards a permanent improvement of the quality of services and processes they provide.	-0.3
Razmišljajući u tom pravcu, Drücker ističe Š20Ë:	The key role here is the role of the management of non-profit organizations.	0.202041
Zadatak menadžmenta nije da svakog učini šefom, već da od svakog stvori onog koji doprinosi.	In his contemplations concerning this matter, Drücker stresses Š20Ë: The task of management is not to make everybody boss, but to make everyone a contributor.	0.476205
LITERATURA Š1Ë Summers D., Quality Management:	REFERENCES Š1Ë Summers D., Quality Management: Creating and Sustaining Organizational Effectiveness, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2009.	2.2987
Creating and Sustaining Organizational Effectiveness, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2009. Š2Ë Anderson, J.C., Rungtusanatham, M., Schroeder R. A., Theory of quality management underlining the Deming management method, Academy of Management Review, Vol.	Š2Ë Anderson, J.C., Rungtusanatham, M., Schroeder R. A., Theory of quality management underlining the Deming management method, Academy of Management Review, Vol.19, No,3, 2004., 472-509 Š3Ë Hatry, H., Lampkin, L., An agenda for action Outcome management in nonprofit organizations, The Urban Institute Washington, D.C., dec.2001.	2.07005
No,3, 2004., 472-509 Š3Ë Hatry, H., Lampkin, L., An agenda for action Outcome management in nonprofit organizations, The Urban Institute Washington, D.C., dec.2001.	Š4Ë Poole D. L., Davis J. K.,,Reisman J., Nelson J. E., Improving the Quality of Outcome Evaluation Plans, Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 11(4), Summer 2001.	0.539286
Š4Ë Poole D. L., Davis J. K.,,Reisman J., Nelson J. E., Improving the Quality of Outcome Evaluation Plans, Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 11(4), Summer 2001. Š5Ë Groonroos, C., Strategic Management and Marketing in the Service Sektor, Swedish School of Economic and Business Administration, Helsinki, 1982. Š6Ë Foster S. T., Managing quality integrating the sup ply chain, 4th ed., Pearson, USA, 2004.	Š5Ë Groonroos, C., Strategic Management and Marketing in the Service Sektor, Swedish School of Economic and Business Administration, Helsinki, 1982. ~~~ Š6Ë Foster S. T., Managing quality integrating the sup ply chain, 4th ed., Pearson, USA, 2004.str. 257.	1.17857
str. 257.	Š7Ëhttp://www.knowhownonprofit.org/organisation/qua lity/quality/models Š8Ëhttp://www.customerfirst.org/CustomerFirstStandar d.aspx The implementation of any quality standard model and the service quality evaluation creates an opportunity Š9Ëhttp://www.investorsinpeople.co.uk/needs/3min utes/pages/standardbeyond.aspx Š10Ë http://www.pqassoqualitymark.org.uk Š11Ë ECNL Study on Recent Public and Self-regulatory Initiatives and Accountability of Non-profit Organisations in the European Union, april 2009.	-0.6
Š7Ëhttp://www.knowhownonprofit.org/organisation/qua lity/quality/models Š8Ëhttp://www.customerfirst.org/CustomerFirstStandar d.aspx Š9Ëhttp://www.investorsinpeople.co.uk/needs/3min utes/pages/standardbeyond.aspx Primena nekog modela standarda kvaliteta i evaluacija kvaliteta usluga stvara prostor za pravovremeno reagovanje, otklanjanje eventualnih propusta i usklađivanje sa zahtevima koji dolaze iz okruženja, što doprinosi većim mogućnostima za obezbeđivanje konkurentnosti Š10Ë http://www.pqassoqualitymark.org.uk Š11Ë ECNL Study on Recent Public and Self-regulato ry Initiatives Improving Transparency and Accountability of Non-profit Organisations in the European Union, april 2009. Š12Ëhttp://www.trenerski-forum.hr/hr/eticki-kodeks-i Š16ËSpencer B., Models of Organization and Total standardi-kvalitete/sokno Š13Ëhttp://www.oneworldtrust.org/csoproject/cso/initiatives/332/practical_quality_assurance_system_for_s mall_organisations_quality_mark_pqasso Š14Ë http://www.ces-vol.org.uk/index.cfm?pg=413 Š15Ë Cairns, B., Harris M., Hutchison R., Tricker M., Improving Performance?	Improving Transparency Š12Ëhttp://www.trenerski-forum.hr/hr/eticki-kodeks-i standardi-kvalitete/sokno Š13Ëhttp://www.oneworldtrust.org/csoproject/cso/initiatives/332/practical_quality_assurance_system_for_s mall_organisations_quality_mark_pqasso Š14Ë http://www.ces-vol.org.uk/index.cfm?pg=413 Š15Ë Cairns, B., Harris M., Hutchison R., Tricker M., Improving Performance?	2.59654
The Adoption and Implementation of Quality Systems in UK Nonprofits Centre for Voluntary Action Research, Aston Business School, Birmingham,England, november 2004 Quality Management: ~~~ A comparison and critical evaluation, Academy of Management Review,1994.	The Adoption and Implementation of Quality Systems in UK Nonprofits Centre for Voluntary Action Research, Aston Business School, Birmingham,England, november 2004 Š16Ë Spencer B., Models of Organization and Total Quality Management: Acomparison and critical evaluation, Academy of Management Review,1994.	1.89938
Vol. ~~~ No 3 446-471 http://www.jstor.org/pss/258935, 20.02.	Vol.1 No 3 446-471 http://www.jstor.org/pss/258935, 20.02.2011.	3.46939
14.50 Š17ËHorn, Reger, et.al., Academy of Management Review Vol. ~~~ No.	14.50 Š17Ë Horn, Reger, et.al., Academy of Management Review Vol.19.No.3.1994.	1.01695
Š18ËSlater, R., Integrated process management, McGrow-Hill, 1991. Š19Ë Juran , J.M., Managerial Breakthrough, Mc Graw Hill, 1994. Š20Ë Drucker, P., Postkapitalističko društvo, PS Grmeč Privredni pregled, 1995.	Š18Ë Slater, R., Integrated process management, McGrow-Hill, 1991. ~~~ Š19Ë Juran , J.M., Managerial Breakthrough, Mc Graw Hill, 1994.	0.90875
Održiva potrošnja vode u 21. veku UDK:	Š20Ë Drucker, P., Postkapitalističko društvo, PS Grmeč Privredni pregled, 1995.	-0.0514286
005.52:628.1120?	Sustainable Water Use in 21st Century UDC: 005.52:628.1120?	1.16471
Marko Barišić1, Andrea Toth1, Sanja \urić1 1Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu barmar333¿yahoo.com Razotkrivanjem skrivene veze između potrošnje i iscrpljivanja vode mogu se identifikovati argumenti za promene i stvoriti osnov za formulisanje novih strategija menadžmenta vodnih resursa.	Marko Barišić1, Andrea Toth1, Sanja \urić1 1Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade barmar333¿yahoo.com Exposing the hidden links between consumption and the depletion of water can provide arguments for change and create a basis for formulating new strategies for water resource management.	1.51164
Saznanje da se uticaj ljudi na sastav pitke vode može neposredno povezati sa ukupnom potrošnjom i da se problemi poput oskudice i zagađenja vode mogu bolje razumeti i rešiti posmatranjem lanca proizvodnje i snabdevanja kao celine, doveli su do stvaranja koncepta vodenog otiska.	The knowledge that the impact of people on the composition of drinking water can be directly linked to overall consumption and that problems such as scarcity and water pollution can be better understood and addressed by looking at the supply chain as a whole resulted in the creation of the water footprint concept.	1.2941
Vodeni otisak je indikator direktnog i indirektnog korišćenja vode proizvođača i potrošača.	The water footprint is an indicator of direct and indirect water consumption by a producer or a consumer.	1.21618
Misija vodenog otiska jeste promovisanje tranzicije ka održivom, pravičnom i efikasnom korišćenju resursa slatke vode širom sveta. 1.	The mission of water footprint is to promote water footprint transition to sustainable, equitable and efficient use of freshwater resources worldwide. ~~~ 1.	0.383671
Uvod Voda je obnovljiv, ali ograničen prirodni resurs.	Introduction Water is a renewable, however, a scarce natural resource.	0.887075
Potražnja različitih sektora privrede za vodom često prevazilazi lokalnu raspoloživost, što će verovatno još biti pojačano uticajima klimatskih promena Š1, 2Ë.	The demand of various sectors of economy for water frequently exceeds the local availability, which is likely to be further aggravated by the effects of climate changes Š1,2Ë. Exposing the hidden link between the consumption of water and the depletion of water can provide arguments for change and create a basis for formulating new water resource management strategiesŠ3Ë. 2.	0.772182
Razotkrivanjem skrivene veze između potrošnje i iscrpljivanja vode mogu se identifikovati argumenti za promene i stvoriti osnov za formulisanje novih strategija menadžmenta vodnih resursa Š3Ë. 2.	State and outlook The 2009 European Environment Agency (EEA) report on water resources reveals that the consumption of water in a large number of regions of the European continent is not sustainable Š4Ë.	0.629885
Pregled stanja i izazovi Izveštaj Evropske agencije za životnu sredinu (European Environment Agency EEA) o vodnim resursima iz 2009. godine pokazuje da korišćenje vode u mnogim delovima evropskog kontinenta nije održivo Š4Ë. [irom Evrope, iz površinskih voda, kao što su jezera i reke, crpi se 81% ukupnih količina sveže vode koja se pretežno koristi za industriju, proizvodnju energije i poljoprivredu.	Throughout the European continent, 81% of the total quantity of freshwater is pumped from surface waters such as lakes and rivers, to be mostly used in industry, energy production and agriculture.	0.802433
Nasuprot tome, javna snabdevanja prevashodno se oslanjaju na podzemne vode zbog njihovog, uglavnom, boljeg kvaliteta (Slika 1).	Contrary to this, public supplies primarily lean on ground waters due to their generally superior quality (Figure 1).	0.60066
Gotovo sva voda koja se koristi u proizvodnji energije vraća se u vodotok, dok to ne važi za veći deo vode crpljene za poljoprivredu Š4, 5Ë. ~~~ Slika 1.	While almost all the water used in energy production returns into the watercourse, this does not apply for a large portion of water pumped to be used in agriculture Š4,5Ë. Figure 1.	0.417906
Eksploatacija resursa pitke vode u Evropi 2009. god izdvojeno po sektorima (milion m³/god), izvor EEA. ~~~ U Evropi kao celini, 44% crpljene vode koristi se za proizvodnju energije, 24% za poljoprivredu, 21% za javno snabdevanje vodom i 11% za industriju.	Exploitation of freshwater resources in Europe in 2009 by sectors (million m3/year), source: EEA In Europe as a whole, 44% of pumped water is used in the energy production, 24% is used in agriculture, 21% water is used in public water supply and 11% is used in industry.	0.963333
Međutim, navedeni podaci prekrivaju značajne razlike u korišćenju vode prema regionima kontinenta.	The above listed data, however, do not reveal the significant differences in water consumprion among the regions of the continent.	1.38863
Tako u južnoj Evropi na poljoprivredu otpada 60% ukupne količine crpljene vode, a u nekim oblastima ta količina doseže čak i do 80% Š4, 5Ë. ~~~ Indeks eksploatacije vode (IEV), koji predstavlja godišnji ukupni vodozahvat izražen kao procent dugoročnih raspoloživih resursa slatke vode, pokazuje da se rečni slivovi preterano eksploatišu, u Evropi naročito u oblasti Mediterana (Slika 2).	Thus in Southern Europe, 60% of the total quantity of pumped water goes to agriculture; in certain regions the quantity amounts to as high as 80% Š4,5Ë. Water exploitation index (WEI), the indicator of the annual water catchment expressed as a percentage of longterm disposable freshwater resources, shows that river watersheds are over-exploited, especially in the Mediterranean region in Europe (Figure 2).	0.631999
Prag upozorenja, na osnovu kog se razlikuju oblasti koje nisu ugrožene ovim problemom od oblasti sa nestašicom vode, iznosi 20 %, dok je nestašica vode ozbiljna u oblastima gde IEV prevazilazi 40 % Š5, 6Ë.	The warning treshold, on the basis of which the regions that are not endangered by this problem are differentiated from those suffering shortages of water, amounts to 20%, whereas the shortage of water is serious in the regions where the WEI exceeds 40% Š5,6Ë. Figure 2.	0.880226
Slika 2. IEV u Evropi krajem osamdesetih/početkom devedesetih godina XX veka u poređenju sa poslednjim raspoloživim godinama (1998-2007.), izvor EEA Rešenje oskudice vode crpljenjem još većih količina vode iz površinskih i podzemnih tokova jeste kratkoročno budući da prekomerno korišćenje vode ima vrlo negativan uticaj na kvalitet i količinu preostale vode, kao i na ekološke sisteme koji zavise od nje.	WEI in Europe towards the end of 1980s/beginning of 1990s compared to the latest available years (1998-2007), source: EEA The solution to the shortage by pumping still larger quantities of water from the surface and ground watercourses is short-termed as overuse of water has a highly negative impact upon the quality and quantity of the remaining water, as well as upon ecosystems that depend on it.	1.22679
Neophodno je da se smanje zahtevi ne bi li se količine vode koju ljudi crpe svele na najmanju moguću meru, kao i da se poveća efikasnost korišćenja vode Š4, 5, 7Ë. 3.	It is necessary that requirements be reduced in order that the quantities of water people pump should be reduced to a minimum and the efficiency of water use be improved Š4,5,7Ë. 3.	1.00629
Koncept vodenog otiska Spoznaja da se uticaj ljudi na sastav pitke vode može neposredno povezati s ukupnom potrošnjom i da se problemi kao što su oskudica i zagađenje vode mogu bolje razumeti i rešiti posmatranjem lanca proizvodnje i snabdevanja kao celine doveli su 2002. godine do utemeljenja koncepta vodenog otiska kao indikatora potrošnje vode Š8Ë. 3. ~~~ Struktura vodenog otiska Vodeni otisak sadrži tri komponente Š3Ë: ~~~ 1. plavi, 2. zeleni i 3.	Water footprint concept The knowledge that the human effect upon the composition of drinking water can be directly related to the overall consumption and that the problems such as shortage and pollution of water can be better understood and resolved by observing the production and supply chain as a whole, resulted in 2002 in the creation of the water footprint concept as a water consumption indicator Š8Ë. 3.1 WATER FOOTPRINT STRUCTURE Water footprint has three components Š3Ë: 1. blue water footprint 2. green water footprint and 3. grey water footprint.	0.363809
sivi vodeni otisak. 1.	1.	0.1
Plavi vodeni otisak odnosi se na potrošnju pitke vode iz globalnih plavih resursa vode (površinska voda i podzemna voda).	The blue water footprint refers to the drinking water consumption from the global water resources (surface water and ground water).	1.33019
Potrošnja pitke vode obuhvata isparavanje, ugradnju u proizvode i nevraćanje u isti sliv ili nevraćanje u istom periodu godine. 2.	The consumption of drinkable water includes evaporation, water integration into products where it does return to the same watershed or does not return there over the same period of the year. ~~~ 2.	0.511429
Zeleni vodeni otisak označava količinu potrošene vode iz globalnih zelenih resursa vode (kišnica uskladištena u zemljištu kao vlaga) .	The green water footprint signifies the quantity of consumed water from the global green water resources (rainwater stored in the soil as moisture).	1.19024
3.	3.	1.8
Sivi vodeni otisak podrazumeva količinu vode koja je zagađena usled proizvodnje roba i usluga za pojedince ili društvenu zajednicu. 3.	The grey water footprint describes the quantity of water that is polluted due to the production of goods and services for individuals or a social community.	1.26723
Klasifikacija vodenog otiska Na osnovu kategorija potrošača kao kriterijuma, izdvajaju se sledeće vrste vodenog otiska Š3Ë:	3.2 Water footprint classification On the basis of the consumer categories as a criterion, the following types of water footprint can be distinguished Š3Ë: 1. individual water footprint 2. corporate water footprint and 3. national water footprint.	1.80155
1. individualni, 2. korporativni i 3. nacionalni vodeni otisak 1.	1.	-0.6
Individualni vodeni otisak predstavlja ukupnu količinu pitke vode koju direktno i indirektno upotrebi pojedina osoba.	The individual water footprint refers to the overall quantity of drinking water an individual consumes directly or indirectly.	0.848214
Direktna potrošnja vode je voda koju pojedinac koristi kod kuće.	The direct water consumption is the water consumed by the individual at home.	1.34953
Indirektna potrošnja vode je ukupna količina pitke vode koja se upotrebljava za proizvodnju roba i usluga koje koristi taj potrošač Š3Ë.	The indirect water consumption is the total quantity of drinking water used in the production of goods and services that this individual consumes Š3Ë.	1.64656
U periodu 1997-2001.godina, prosečni vodeni otisak u svetu iznosio je 1.240 m³ vode po osobi godišnje Š9Ë. 2.	In the 1997-2001 period, the average water footprint in the world was 1,240m3 water per capita annually Š9Ë. 2.	1.39901
Korporativni vodeni otisak se definiše kao ukupna količina pitke vode koja se direktno ili indirektno koristi za obavljanje i podržavanje biznisa.	The corporate water footprint is defined as the total quantity of drinking water directly or indirectly used in business doing and business support.	1.65655
Direktni korporativni vodeni otisak je količina vode koju upotrebljava proizvođač za proizvodnju ili pomoćne delatnosti, dok indirektni podrazumeva potrošnju vode u lancu snabdevanja proizvođača Š3Ë.	The direct corporate water footprint is the quantity of water the producer uses in manufacturing or ancillary activities, whereas the indirect water footprint refers to the consumption of water in the producers supply chain Š3Ë.	1.78054
Povećanje potrošnje vode i preterana upotreba vodnih sistema već ima za posledicu dramatično pogoršanje akvatornih ekosistema u svetu.	The increase in the water consumption and the excessive use of water systems has already resulted into a dramatic deterioration of aqueous ecosystems worldwide.	1.05289
Taj poremećaj je doveo do toga da slatka voda nije dostupna u nekim regionima.	This imbalance resulted in freshwater no longer being available in certain regions.	0.965442
Posledica preterane upotrebe vode biće višeslojna, već od izlaza, ponude padaju na znatno višim cenama za pitku vodu.	The consequence of the overconsumption of water will be manifold; at the very exit, the offers fall due to considerably higher prices for drinking water.	0.702256
To znači da kompanije moraju da posebno upravljaju rizikom visoke direktne potrošnje vode na svojim lokacijama i indirektne potrošnje vode u svojim lancima snabdevanja Š10Ë. 3.	This means that companies will have to separate the management of the risk of high direct water consumption at their own sites from that of indirect water consumption in their supply chains Š10Ë. 3.	1.72343
Nacionalni vodeni otisak pokazuje kolika se količina vode upotrebljava za robe i usluge koje troše pripadnici određene nacije.	The national water footprint indicates the quantity of water used in goods and services, consumed by the members of a certain nation.	1.40526
Razlikuju se unutrašnji i spoljašnji nacionalni vodeni otisak Š3, 9 Ë.	There are the internal and the external national water footprints Š3,9Ë.	1.05
Unutrašnji nacionalni vodeni otisak definiše se kao korišćenje domaćih resursa vode za prozvodnju dobara i usluga koje troše stanovnici te zemlje.	The internal national water footprint is defined as the use of domestic water resources in the production of goods and services consumed by the citizens of a certain nation.	1.22522
To je suma godišnje količine vode iz domaćih vodnih resursa upotrebljene u poljoprivredi, industrijskom sektoru i domaćinstvima koja je umanjena za količinu izvezene virtualne vode povezane sa izvozom domaćih proizvoda Š3, 9Ë.	It is the sum of the annual quantity of water from the domestic water resources used in agriculture, in the industrial sector and in the households, reduced for the quantity of exported virtual water related to the exports of national products Š3,9Ë.	1.28824
Spoljašnji nacionalni vodeni otisak predstavlja godišnju količinu inostranih vodnih resursa upotrebljenih u drugim zemljama za proizvodnju roba i usluga koje uvoze i troše stanovnici jedne zemlje.	The external national water footprint is the annual quantity of foreign water resources used in other countries in the production of goods and services imported and consumed by the citizens of a certain country.	1.29489
Jednaka je razlici količine uvezene virtualne vode u zemlju umanjene za količinu izvezene virtualne vode u druge zemlje (radi se o reeksportu uvezenih proizvoda) Š3, 9Ë. 1.	It is equal to the difference between the quantity of virtual water imported into the country reduced for the quantity of virtual water exported to other countries (the reexport of imported products) Š3,9Ë.	0.784059
Četiri glavna direktna faktora koji određuju vo deni otisak jedne države jesu Š9Ë: ~~~ 2. obim potrošnje (u vezi je sa bruto nacionalnim dohotkom), 3. obrazac potrošnje (na primer, visoka u odnosu na nisku potrošnju mesa), 4. klima (uslovi odgajanja) i 5. poljoprivredna praksa (efikasnost korišćenja vo de).	The four major factors determining the countrys water footprint are the following: 1. scope of consumption (related to the gross nation al income), 2. consumption pattern (e.g., high compared to low consumption of meat), 3. climate (conditions of growing) and 4. agricultural practice (water use efficiency).	0.245876
U bogatim državama, ljudi uopšte uzevši konzumiraju više roba i usluga, što se odmah pretvara u veći vodeni oisak.	In rich countries, people generally consume more goods and services, which is immediately reflected into a bigger water footprint.	1.47087
Ali, ne utiče samo obim potrošnje na to kolika je potražnja ljudi za vodom.	It is not, however, only the scope of consumption that affects the peoples demend for water.	0.445455
Takođe je relevantan sastav potrošačke korpe zato što je za proizvodnju ne kih dobara potrebno mnogo vode (goveđe meso, pirinač).	Also relevant is the contents of the consumer basket because the production of certain goods requires large quantities of water (beef meat, rice).	0.708059
U mnogim siromašnim državama kombinacija nepovoljnih klimatskih uslova (veliko isparavanje) i loša praksa u poljoprivredi (s posledično niskom vodnom produktivnošću) doprinose velikom vodenom otisku.	In many poor countries, the combination of unfavourable climate conditions (massive evaporation) and bad practices in agriculture (resulting into a low water productivity) contribute to a big water footprint.	1.37669
Osnovni činioci koji utiču na lošu poljoprivrednu praksu, pa stoga i na veliki vodeni otisak, jesu neodgovarajuća cena vode, postojanje subvencija, primena neefikasne vodne tehnologije i nemanje uvida u jednostavne mere štednje vode kod poljoprirednika.	The basic factors affecting bad agricultural practice, and consequently a big water footprint, are the inadequate price of water, subsidies, the implementation of an inefficient water technology and the lack of insight into simple water saving measures employed by farmars.	0.953333
Uticaj različitih determinanti varira od države do države.	The impact of different determinants varies from one country to another.	0.92303
Vodeni otisak po glavi stanovnika u SAD velik je delimično i zato što je velika potrošnja mesa (tri puta je veća od prosečne svetske potrošnje mesa).	The water footprint per capita in the USA is big partly because the consumption of meat is high (three times as high as the average world consumption of meat).	1.07549
Vodeni otisak po glavi stanovnika Irana relativno je velik delom zbog niskih prinosa useva a delom zbog velikog isparavanja Š9Ë.	The water footprint per capita in Iran is relatively big due to a low yield of crops and partly due to evaporation Š9Ë.	1.264
Problemi povodom vode često su usko povezani sa strukturom globalne ekonomije.	The problems concerning water are closely related to the structure of the global economy.	0.77
Mnoge zemlje značajno su smanjile svoj vodeni otisak uvozom vodno intenzivnih dobara iz drugih zemalja.	A large number of countries have significantly reduced their water footprint by importing water-intensive goods from other countries.	1.15179
To pak povećava opterećenje vodnih resursa u zemljama izvoznicama takvih proizvoda, gde često nedostaju mehanizmi očuvanja i mudrog upravljanja vodom Š11, 12Ë.	This in turn increases the burden on the water resources in the countries exporters of such products, where there is frequently a lack of mechanisms for preservation and prudent management of water Š11,12Ë.	1.40771
Ne samo vlade, nego i potrošači, poslovni subjekti i zajednice civilnog društva mogu da imaju značajnu ulogu u postizanju boljeg upravljanja vodnim resursima Š12, 13, 14Ë. ~~~ Slika 3.	Not only the governments, but also the consumers, business entities and the communities of the civil society can play an important role in achieving a better management of water resources Š12,13,14Ë. Figure 3.	0.316667
Udeo glavnih potrošača u globalnom vode nom otisku, izvor Hoekstra i Chapagain, 2007. ~~~ Procenjuje se da globalni vodeni otisak iznosi 7.450 Gm³ godišnje.	The share of major consumers in the global water footprint, source: Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007 Estimares are that the global water footprint amounts to 7,450 Gm3 annually.	1.57218
Osam država Indija, Kina, SAD, Rusija, Indonezija, Nigerija, Brazil i Pakistan zajedno imaju udeo od 50% u ukupnom globalnom vodenom otisku.	Eight countries India, China, the USA, Russia, Indonesia, Nigeria, Brasil and Pakistan together have a 50% share in the global water footprint.	1.25209
Najveći potrošači globalnih vodnih resursa jesu Indija, Kina i SAD (Slika 3) Š9Ë. ~~~ Apsolutni brojevi pokazuju da je Indija država sa najvećim vodenim otiskom u svetu od 987 Gm³ godišnje.	The biggest consumers of global water resources are India, China and the USA (Figure 3) Š9Ë. Absolute nimbers indicate that India is a country with the biggest water footprint in the world 987 Gm3 annually.	0.948007
Ali, pošto stanovništvo Indije čini 17% svetske popu lacije, učešće žitelja te zemlje u globalnom vodenom otisku je samo 13%.	However, as the population of India makes 17% of the world population, the share of this countrys population in the global water footprint is only 13%.	1.26579
Stanovništvo SAD ima najveći vodeni otisak u svetu po glavi stanovnika godišnje 2.480 m³, dok Kina ima relativno nizak godišnji vodeni otisak od 700 m³ po glavi stanovnika.	The population of the USA is characterised with the biggest per capita water footprint in the world 2,480 m3, whereas China has a relatively low annual water footprint of 700m3 per capita.	1.42609
Među državama postoje razlike kako po veličini nacionalnog vodenog otiska, tako i po njegovom sastavu (Slika 4) Š9Ë.	Countries differ both in the size of the water footprint and in its composition (Figure 4) Š9Ë. Figure 4.	1.19737
Slika 4. ~~~ Nacionalni vodeni otisak po glavi stanovnika i udeo različitih kategorija potrošnje nekih država, iz vor Hoekstra i Chapagain, 2007. U bogatim državama potrošnja industrijskih proizvoda relativno mnogo doprinosi ukupnom vodenom otisku u poređenju sa državama u razvoju.	National water footprint per capita and the share of different consumption categories of certain countries, source: Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007 The consumption of industrial products in rich countries contributes to a relatively high degree to the total water footprint in comparison with the developing countries.	1.12544
Tako potrošnja industrijskih proizvoda veoma značajno doprinosi ukupnom vodenom otisku SAD (32%), ali ne i u Indiji (2%).	Thus the consumption of industrial products contributes significantly to the total water footprint of the USA (32%), but not in India (2%).	1.52951
Doprinos eksternog vodenog otiska ukupnom vodenom otisku veoma je velik u Japanu (65%) u poređenju sa SAD (18, 4%), Kinom (6,5%) i Indijom (1,6%) Š9Ë. 3.	The contribution of external water footprint to the total water footprint is rather high in Japan (65%) in comparison with the USA (18.4%), China (6.5%) and India (1.6%).	1.05051
Vodeni otisak proizvoda Vodeni otisak proizvoda definiše se kao ukupna količina slatke vode koja se koristi direktno ili indirektno za stvaranje proizvoda Š3Ë.	3.3 Product waterprint The water footprint of a product is defined as the total quantity of freshwater used directly or indirectly in the manufacturing of a product Š3Ë.	1.54366
Analizom tehnoloških postupaka moguće je da se izračuna koliko vode se troši. za prozvodnju pojedinih vrsta dobara.	The analysis of technological procedures allows for calculating the quantity of water used in the production of certain types of goods.	0.765385
Ilustrativan primer su sledeči podaci Š15Ë: - za proizvodnju 1 kg goveđeg mesa potrebno je čak 16.000 L vode, - za proizvodnju 1 kg pšenice potrebno je 9001.350 L vode, - za proizvodnju 1 kg pirinča potrebno je oko 3.000 L vode, - za proizvodnju 1 kg kukuruza potrebno je približno 900 L vode, - za jednu šoljicu kafe potrebno je oko 140 L vode, - proizvodnja 1 L mleka zahteva približno 1.000 L vode, - za 10 L soka od pomorandže potrebna je 1 L goriva za proizvodnju i transport, kao i 220 L vode za navodnjavanje i pranje voća.	Good examples to illustrate this are the following data Š15Ë: as much as 16,000 l of water is required to produce 1 kg of beef meat, 900-1,350 l of water is required to produce 1 kg of weat, 3,000 l of water of water is required to produce 1 kg of rice, 900 l of water of water is required to produce 1 kg of corn, 140 l of water of water is required to produce 1 cup of coffee, tThe production of 1 l of milk requires 1,000 l of wa ter, 10 l of orange juice needs 1 l of fuel for production and transport and 220 l of water for irrigation and washing the fruit.	1.14956
Kvantifikovanje potrošnje vode po proizvodu omogćuje da se sagleda neracionalna potrošnja vode i ukaže na potrebu poboljšanja tehnoloških procesa. 4.	The quantification of water consumption per product provides an insight into an uneconomical consumption of water and stress the need to improve the technological processes.	1.27153
Misija vodenog otiska Godine 2008. uspostavljena je međunarodna mreža vlada, korporacija, nevladinih organizacija i tela Ujedinjenih nacija Water Footprint Network radi koordinacije napora za razvoj i širenje znanja o konceptu i metodima vodenog otiska Š3Ë. - unapređenjem koncepta vodeni otisak, koji je prostorno i vremenski eksplicitni indikator direktnog i indirektnog korišćenja vode od strane potrošača i proizvođača; - promovisanjem koncepta vodenog otiska kod zajednica ljudi, državnih organa i preduzeća i njihovim razumevanjem kako potrošnja roba i usluga, kao i proizvodni lanaci deluju na korišćenje vode i utiču na pitku vodu, i - podsticanjem vidova menadžmenta vodom koji smanjuju negativne ekološke i društvene uticaje vodenog otiska zajednica ljudi, država i preduzeća. 5.	4. ~~~ Waterprint mission An international network of governments, corporations, non-government organization and the United Nations bodies was established in 2008 the Water Footprint Network to coordinate the efforts in the development and dissemination of knowledge of the water footprint concept and methods Š3Ë.	0.734737
Zaključak Misija vodenog otiska jeste promovisanje tranzicije ka održivom, pravičnom i efikasnom korišćenju resursa slatke vode širom sveta Š15Ë:	The water footprint mission means the promotion of transition towards a sustainable, fair and efficient use of freshwater resources worldwide Š15Ë: by improving the water footprint concept that is spatial and time explicit indicator of direct and indirect water consumption by the consumers and producers; by promoting the water footprint concept in the communities of people, state bodies and companies and their understanding the manner in which the consumption of goods and services, as well as production chains affect water consumption and drinkning water; and fostering those types of water management that reduce the negative ecological and social effects of the water footprint by the communities of people, states and companies.	0.710294
Kriza vode mogla bi da se izbegne ili da se umanje njene posledice po ukupni razvoj ako bi se poštovali sledeći principi održivosti vode: smanjenje specifičnog utroška vode u svim sferama potrošnje postupnim prelaskom na tehnologije sa obaveznom recirkulacijom i višekratnim korišćenjem vode, planiranje urbanog i industrijskog razvoja prema raspoloživim vodnim resursima u skladu sa vodoprivrednim mogućnostima i problemima zaštite voda, zaštita postojećih i potencijalnih izvorišta vode za piće merama prostornog planiranja i ekonomskom politikom, pročišćavanje industrijskih i komunalnih voda pre njihovog upuštanja u vodotoke kao najvažnijom merom zaštite i unapređenja životne sredine, antieroziona zaštita slivova i regulacija reka uređenjem obala kao preduslov za urbanizaciju naselja.	5. ~~~ Conclusion Water crisis could be avoided or its consequences for the overall development could be mitigated if the following principles on water sustainability be observed: reduction of the specific consumption of water in all the consumption spheres by gradual transition to technologies with compulsory recirculation and reuse of water, planning urban and industrial development in view of the available water resources, in accordance with the capacities of water management and the problems of water protection, protection of existing and potential drinkable water sources using the measures of spatial planning and economic policy, purification of industrial and communal waters prior to their sinking into watercourses as the most important measure of environmental protection and improvement, antierosive protection of watersheds and river regulation by regulation of banks as a precondition for the urbanization of settlements.	0.429901
LITERATURA Š1Ë Hoekstra A. Water scarcity and international trade: ~~~ The need to extend the scope of water resources management, In:	REFERNCES Š1Ë Hoekstra A. Water scarcity and international trade: The need to extend the scope of water resources management, In: C. Bastian et al., Wasser Konfliktstoff Jahrhunderts, Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg, pp 121-141, 2008. des 21.	1.0681
C. Bastian et al., Wasser Konfliktstoff des 21.	Š2Ë Hoekstra A.	-0.16875
Jahrhunderts, Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg, pp 121-141, 2008.	The relation between international trade and freshwater scarcity, Working Paper ERSD-2010-05, January 2010, World Trade Organization, Geneva, 2010.	0.00454545
Š2Ë Hoekstra A. The relation between international trade and freshwater scarcity, Working Paper ERSD2010-05, January 2010, World Trade Organization, Geneva, 2010. Š3Ë Hoekstra A, Chapagain A, Aldaya M, Mekonnen M. Water footprint Manual, Enschede, 2009. Š4Ë European Environment Agency.	Š3Ë Hoekstra A, Chapagain A, Aldaya M, Mekonnen M. Water footprint Manual, Enschede, 2009. ~~~ Š4Ë European Environment Agency.	0.871875
Water resources across Europe, EEA Report No 2, Copenhagen, 2009. Š5Ë The European environment state and outlook .	Water resources across Europe, EEA Report No 2, Copenhagen, 2009. ~~~ Š5Ë The European environment state and outlook .	1.14242
Water resources:	Water resources: Quantity and flows.	1.98125
Quantity and flows.	EEA, Copenhagen, 2010.	0.25
EEA, Copenhagen, 2010. Š6Ë European Environment Agency. @ivotna sredina u Evropi: stawe i izgledi u 2010. godini, EEA, Copenhagen, 2010. Š7Ë Hoekstra A. The global dimension of water governance:	Š6Ë European Environment Agency. @ivotna sredina u Evropi: stawe i izgledi u 2010. godini?. ~~~ EEA, Copenhagen, 2010. ~~~ Š7Ë Hoekstra A.	0.388889
Why the river basin approach is no longer sufficient and why cooperative action at global level is needed, Water, Vol. ~~~ 3, No. 1, pp 21-46, 2011. ~~~ Š8Ë Hoekstra A, Hung P. Virtual water trade:	The global dimension of water governance: Why the river basin approach is no longer sufficient and why cooperative action at global level is needed, Water, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 21-46, 2011.	0.796381
A quantification of virtual water flows between nations i relation to international crop trade, HIE Research Report No. 11, Delft, 2002. Š9Ë Hoekstra A, Chapagain A. Water footprints of nations:	Š8Ë Hoekstra A, Hung P. Virtual water trade: A quantification of virtual water flows between nations i relation to international crop trade, HIE Research Report No. 11, Delft, 2002.	2.27692
Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern, Water Resources Management, Vol. ~~~ 21, No. 1, pp 3548, 2007.	Š9Ë Hoekstra A, Chapagain A. Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern, Water Resources Management, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp 3548, 2007.	1.27794
Š10Ë Liu J, Orr S. Water footprint overview in the governmental, public policy, and corporate contexts, In: ~~~ Lundqvist, J. (ed.) On the water front:	Š10Ë Liu J, Orr S. Water footprint overview in the governmental, public policy, and corporate contexts, In: Lundqvist, J. (ed.)	1.38954
Selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm, Stockholm International Water Institute, Stockholm, pp. 73-79, 2010.	On the water front: Selections from the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm, Stockholm International Water Institute, Stockholm, pp. 73-79, 2010.	2.92263
Š11Ë Chapagain A, Hoekstra A. The global component of freshwater demand and supply:	Š11Ë Chapagain A, Hoekstra A.	2.30714
An assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products, Water International, Vol.	The global component of freshwater demand and supply: An assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products, Water International, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp 19-32, 2008.	2.86116
33, No. 1, pp 19-32, 2008. ~~~ Š12Ë Verkerk M, Hoekstra A, Gerbens-Leenes P. Global water governance:	Š12Ë Verkerk M, Hoekstra A, Gerbens-Leenes P. Global water governance: Conceptual design of global institutional arrangements, UNESCO-IHE Research report No. 26, Delft, 2008.	1.15036
Conceptual design of global institutional arrangements, UNESCO-IHE Research report No. 26, Delft, 2008. Š13Ë SABMiller, WWF-UK.	Š13Ë SABMiller, WWF-UK.	1.4125
Water footprinting: ~~~ Identifying & addressing water risks in the value chain, SABMiller, Woking, UK / WWF-UK, Goldalming, 2009. Š14Ë SABMiller, GTZ, WWF.	Water footprinting: Identifying & addressing water risks in the value chain, SABMiller, Woking, UK / WWF-UK, Goldalming, 2009.	1.17603
Water futures:	Š14Ë SABMiller, GTZ, WWF.	0.0642857
Working together for a secure water future, SABMiller, Woking, UK / WWF-UK, Goldalming, 2010. Š15Ë www.waterfootprint.org Regrutovanje i izbor studenata-volontera: višekriterijumska Metodologija UDK:	Water futures: Working together for a secure water future, SABMiller, Woking, UK / WWF-UK, Goldalming, 2010.	2.31646
005.966.2:378.126 Violeta Cvetkoska, Biljana Sekulovska - Gaber, Marijana Sekulovska Ekonomski fakultet u Skoplju vcvetkoska¿eccf.ukim.edu.mk SPIN 11, 01-02, novembar 2011, Beograd, Srbija Centar za razvoj karijere koji radi u okviru Ekonomskog fakulteta Univerziteta Sveti ]irilo i Metodije u Skoplju, objavio je konkurs za angažovanje studenata-volontera i tako dao priliku studentima da aktivno učestvuju u radu Fakulteta i sledstveno tome dodaju vrednost svojim studijama.	Š15Ë www.waterfootprint.org Recruitment and Selection of Student-volunteers: a Multicriteria Methodology UDC: 005.966.2:378.126 Violeta Cvetkoska, Biljana Sekulovska - Gaber, Marijana Sekulovska Faculty of Economics-Skopje vcvetkoska¿eccf.ukim.edu.mk SPIN 11, 01-02 november 2011, Belgrade, Serbia The Career Center operating within the frameworks of the Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss. ~~~ Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, published an announcement for recruiting students-volunteers, thus giving the students an opportunity to actively participate in the Facultys operations and consequently add value to their studies.	0.469397
Kada se ima u vidu da regrutovanje podrazumeva potragu, privlačenje i kreiranje jedne baze kandidata koji će potom proći kroz proces selekcije da bi se izabrali oni kandidati koji u najvećoj meri zadovoljavaju zahteve, tim stručnjaka iz Centra za razvoj karijere postavio je okvire za proces izbora koji će teći u četiri faze.	Considering the notion that recruitment requires search, attraction and provision of pool of candidates who are to be further subjected to a process of selection the result of which will be selection of those candidates who best meet the requirements, the team of experts from the Career Center set a framework for making the selection process in four phases.	1.00208
Cilj ovog rada je da opiše i predstavi proces selekcije u kome se primenjuje jedan od najpoznatijih i najčešće primenjivanih metoda odlučivanja pomoću više kriterijuma, AHP metod (metod analitičke hijerarhije).	It is this papers objective to describe and present the selection process for the purpose of which one of the best known and most often applied methods of multicriteria decision making is being used i.e. the AHP Method (the Analytic Hierarchy Process Method).	0.73966
1.	1.	1.8
Uvod Povodom proglašenja 2011. godine za Evropsku godinu volonterstva pod geslom Dobrovoljnim radom stvaramo bolje društvo, Centar za razvoj karijere u okviru Ekonomskog fakulteta u Skoplju, Univerziteta Sveti ]irilo i Metodije u Skoplju objavio je konkurs za prijem studenata-volontera koji će se uključiti u rad u okviru poslovanja Fakulteta.	Introduction On the occasion of year 2011 announced by European Union as a European Year of Volunteering, under the motto: By volunteering we create better society, the Career Center at the Faculty of Economics-Skopje, Ss.	1.45556
Orijentisan u svom radu na postavljanje i postizanje već postavljenog cilja:	Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, published an announcement for recruiting students-volunteers who are to be engaged within the frameworks of the Facultys operations.	0.179412
Od studenata studentima od fakulteta fakultetu, Centar za razvoj karijere je objavio ovaj konkurs za regrutovanje studenata-volontera koji studiraju na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Skoplju i time sledio evropsku inicijativu za stvaranje boljeg društva u kome će studenti zaista moći nešto da promene tako što će aktivno učestvovati u radu u okviru svoje visokoškolske institucije.	Working in the direction of setting and fulfilling the already set goal: From the students to the students from the Faculty to the Faculty the Career Center published this announcement for recruiting students-volunteers studying at the Faculty of Economics-Skopje, thus following the European initiatives for creating a better society in which students can really make a difference by becoming active within the frameworks of their high-educational institution.	0.894545
Preduslov za prijavljivanje na konkurs bio je da su zainteresovani studenti završili prvu godinu studija, a bila su potrebna sledeća dokumenta: ~~~ 1.	The precondition for the students becoming eligible for applying to this announcement, was to have completed the first year of their studies, and the required application documents were the following ones: 1.	0.080979
Uverenje da je student ovog fakulteta (i na kojoj je godini studija); 2.	Certificate for being a student at the Faculty (with specified year of studies); 2.	0.679391
Kratka radna biografija (Curriculum Vitae); 3.	Short CV (Curriculum Vitae); 3.	1.65
Preporuka jednog profesora i 4.	Recommendation issued form one Professor; and 4.	0.639286
Kratak sastav (dužine od 100 do 150 reči) na temu: ~~~ Mogu da promenim svet ... počeću od sebe... ~~~ VOLONTIRA]U!	Short essay (containing not more than 100 to 150 words) on the topic: I can change the world…I will start with myself…I WILL VOLUNTEER!.	-0.140476
Da bi se napravio valjan izbor studenata-volontera, tim sastavljen of tri stručnjaka na ekonomskom fakultetu u Skoplju (šef Centra za razvoj karijere, prodekan za studentska pitanja i asistent na Organizacionim naukama i menadžmentu, na predmetima nauka o upravljanju i Ekonomski i matematički metodi i modeli, asistent sertifikovan u Republici Makedoniji kao stručnjak za ljudske resurse) napravio je okvire za proces selekcije koji treba da teče u četiri faze.	In order to make the right selection of students-volunteers, a team of three experts at the Faculty of EconomicsSkopje (Head of the Career Center, Vice-Dean of Academic Affairs and an Assistant at Organizational subjects Sciences and Management, at Management and Mathematical Methods and Models, the Assistant be and Economical Science the ing certified in the Republic of Macedonia as a Human Resources Professional) set a framework for carrying out the selection process in four phases.	0.85554
U prvoj fazi procesa selekcije vrši se pregled primljenih dokumenata; u drugoj se vrši rangiranje primenom AHP metoda; treća faza je faza u kojoj se studenti pozivaju na razgovor (za ovu svrhu primenjen je struktuirani intervju), a u četvrtoj, poslednjoj fazi, vrši se izbor kandidata i skladu s tim koliko njihove karakteristike odgovaraju poslu volontera.	In the first phase of the selection process, the submitted application documents are to be inspected; in the second phase the ranking is to be made by application of the AHP Method; the third phase is the phase when the candidates are to be interviewed (for this purpose a structured interview is to be applied) and in the last, fourth phase the final selection of candidates is to be made, in accordance with the suitability of their profile for the volunteers vacancies.	1.23727
Struktura ovog rada je sledeća: posle uvoda u poglavlju 1, u drugom poglavlju nalazi se kratak pregled procesa regrutacije i procesa selekcije.	This paper is structured as follows: besides the introduction in Section 1, the second part gives a short overview of both the recruitment process as well as the selection process.	1.01487
U trećem delu su detaljno predstavljene sve četiri faze procesa selekcije, a u 4.	The third part provides a detailed presentation of the four phases applied during the selection process, whereas the concluding remarks are given in Section 4.	1.22535
poglavlju data su zaključna razmatranja. 2.	2.	-0.6
Regrutovanje i selekcija Regrutovanje i selekcija su dva prilično složena procesa koje je teško uspešno sprovesti, čak i kada su dobro fokusirani.	Recruitment and selection Recruitment and selection of new candidates are two pretty complex processes that are difficult to be successfully realized, even when well focused.	1.29768
Organizacija koja pokuša da sprovede oba ova procesa istovremeno verovatno neće uspeti da sprovede ni jedan ni drugi Š6Ë. 2.	The organization which tries to carry out both of the processes at the same time will probably not carry out any of the two Š6Ë. 2.1.	0.868701
Proces regrutovanja Regrutovanje predstavlja proces privlačenja kandidata na upražnjena mesta, i to kandidata koji poseduju znanje, sposobnosti, veštine i osobine ličnosti neophodne za obavljenje ove grupe zadataka.	The recruitment process Recruitment is a process of attracting candidates for vacancies, the candidates possessing knowledge, abilities, skills and personality features necessary for task performance.	1.30965
Regrutovanje se može definisati i kao postupak ili aktivnost koju organizacija sprovodi da bi identifikovala i privukla potencijalne radnike Š1Ë.	Recruitment can also be defined as practice or activity carried out by the organization for the purpose of identifying and attracting its potential employees Š1Ë.	1.27462
Ipak, proces regrutovanja nema za cilj da privuče veliki broj kandidata.	However, it is not only that the recruitment process intends to attract large number of candidates.	1.45156
Naime, ako se tokom procesa prijavi ogroman broj kandidata koji ne poseduju željene kvalifikacije, organizacija će imati više muke da napravi izbor, a takva selekcija će za rezultat imati mali broj popunjenih radnih mesta.	Namely, if the process creates a multitude of non-qualified candidates, the organization should make greater efforts for selecting people, and this selection would fill in small number of job positions.	1.13648
Kao baza za procenu broja željenih prijava da bi se izabrao pravi kandidat često se koristi Piramida koristi u regrutovanju (slika 1), a detalji se mogu naći u Š10Ë.	What is often used as basis for assessing the number of required applications for the purpose of selecting the right candidates is the Pyramid of Recruitment Benefit (Figure 1), details can be found in Š10Ë.	1.23077
Iskustva velikog broja kompanija pokazuju da samo jedna šestina prijava zaista biva obuhvaćena detaljnim procesom selekcije. ~~~ Ovi pokazatelji se ipak mogu menjati u skladu sa brojem zainteresovanih kandidata koji se u datom trenutku prijavljuju Š4Ë. ~~~ Slika 1.	The experience of many companies shows that only 1/6 of the received applications are usually included in the detailed selection process; however these indicators can change in accordance with the number of interested candidates who apply at that moment Š4Ë. Figure 1.	0.253419
Piramida koristi u regrutovanju Značajno je ipak, kako ukazuje Barber Š1Ë, da poslodavci ne pomisle da je proces regrutovanja završen u trenutku kada se dobije baza prijava na konkurs.	Pyramid of Recruitment Benefit However, as Barber Š1Ë points out, it is important that employers do not consider the recruitment process to be finished at the point at which a pool of applications has been received.	0.659006
Ovaj proces se nastavlja kroz faze užeg izbora i razgovora sa kandidatima i završava se tek onda kada se da ponuda i dobije odgovor na nju.	It continues during the short-listing and interviewing stages and is only complete when an offer is made and accepted.	0.552475
Sve do tada postoji stalna potreba da se stvori dopadljiva predstava o organizaciji i da poslodavac ostane zapamćen među onima čije usluge želi da obezbedi.	Until that time there is an ongoing need to ensure that a favorable impression of the organization and an employer is maintained in the minds of those whose services they wishe to secure.	0.719933
Postoje dva osnovna izvora za regrutovanje kandidata: prvi je eksterno regrutovanje, t.j., regrutovanje kandidata van organizacije, onih koji se nalaze na stvarnom tržištu radne snage, a drugi se odnosi na interno regrutovanje, t.j., privlačenje potencijalnih kandidata u samoj organizaciji. ~~~ Više detalja može se naći u Š6 i 11Ë. 2.	There are two fundamental sources of candidate recruitment: the first one consists of external recruitment i.e. recruitment of candidates outside the organization, those who are present at the actual labour market, whereas the second one refers to internal recruitment i.e. attraction of potential candidates in the organization itself, for more details see Š6 and 11Ë. 2.2.	0.323771
Proces selekcije Sve pametne strategije i napredne tehnologije sveta neće biti toliko efikasne kao što jesu da iza njih ne stoje pravi, odgovarajući ljudi kao menadžeri.	The selection process All the wise strategies and advanced technologies in the world would not be as effective as they actually are if right people do not stand behind them as their managers.	1.16674
Jack Welch (bivši generalni direktor General Electric) Među najznačajnijim oblastima u upravljanju ljudskim resursima nalazi se selekcija pravih (odgovarajućih) ljudi za odgovarajuća radna mesta.	Jack Welch (Former Chief Executive Officer of General Electric) One of the most important areas in human resource management is the selection of right people for right job positions.	1.21548
Selekcija predstavlja postupak koji se sprovodi u skladu sa prethodno utvrđenim standardizovanim metodima i tehnikama, standardom za određeno radno mesto, a cilj je da se izaberu oni koji u najvećoj meri odgovaraju potrebama organizacije.	Selection is a procedure that is implemented in accordance with previously determined standardized methods and techniques, standard for certain job position, for the purpose of selecting those ones who best suit the needs of the organization.	1.06999
Proces selekcije obuhvata evaluaciju i procenu kandidata u smislu njihovog učinka u radu kao i na osnovu projekcije o njihovoj uspešnosti u budućem radu na radnom mestu u radnoj organizaciji.	The selection covers evaluation and candidates assessment in terms of their work performance as well as projections about their future success at the job position and the working organization.	1.09818
U skladu sa svojom strategijom, organizacionom kulturom i zahtevima konkretnog posla organizacija odlučuje ko će biti izabran, a ko neće Š4Ë. 1.	The organization is the one that decides who is to be selected and who is not, in accordance with the strategy, the organization culture and the concrete job requirements Š4Ë.	1.4274
Metodi u selekciji i postupci u prikupljanju relevantnih podataka mogu se podeliti u dve velike grupe: ~~~ 2.	The selection methods and procedures for collecting relevant data can be divided into two larger groups: 1.	0.346123
Standardni-konvencionalni i Nekonvencionalni-alternativni.	Standard-conventional, and 2. ~~~ Unconventional-alternative.	0
Konvencionalni metodi i izvori podataka su sledeći: formular za prijavu, pismo o namerama, kratka radna biografija (CV), dokumenti i diplome o stečenom zvanju, preporuke, psihološki testovi, razgovor, testovi slučaja, centri za procenu potencijala pojedinca, i sl.	Conventional methods and sources of data are the following ones: application form, Letter of Intent, short curriculum vitae (CV), documents and education degree diplomas, recommendations, psychological tests, interview, case tests, centers for individual potential assessment etc.	0.933264
Za razliku od standardnih metoda i izvora podataka, nekonvencionalni metodi i izvori podataka odnose se na: ispitivanja na poligrafu, analizu rukopisa, test na drogu, astrologiju, itd.	Unlike the standard methods and sources of data, the unconventional methods and sources of data refer to: polygraph examinations, graph analysis, drugs examination, astrology etc.	1.1
Gorenavedeni metodi i izvori podataka detaljno su opisani u Š3, 6 i 11Ë. 3.	The above mentioned methods and sources of data are explained in detail in Š3, 6 and 11Ë. 3.	2.04
Četiri faze procesa selekcije Pre nego što se sprovedu procesi regrutovanja i selekcije studenata-volontera, potrebno je da se odrede politike i strategije koje se odnose na volontiranje.	The four phases of the selection process Before carrying out the recruitment and the selection of students-volunteers activities, it is necessary that we determine the policies and strategies regarding volunteering.	0.900784
	Strategy as planned action governs the whole recruitment and selection processes because it determines the following: (cid:123) What kind of students institution needs; (cid:123) Whether the students are to be recruited internally or externally i.e. from the organization or outside it; (cid:123) Whether the students are to adapt to the job or the job is to adapt to them; (cid:123) Whether the activities are to be directed to developing the students or towards using their actual competences; (cid:123) Whether individuals or team players are to be preferred; (cid:123) Which criteria and methodological tools are to be used during the selection.	-0.3
	What is visible in our Announcement for recruiting students-volunteers, published at the web site of the Faculty of Economics-Skopje1, on 20.05.2011 is that we are applying the internal source of recruitment.	-0.3
	As advantages of the internal source of recruitment we outline the following ones: (cid:123) The student is well familiar with the institution, its strengths and weaknesses; (cid:123) It has positive influence on the internal motiva tion within the institution and (cid:123) It strengthens the perception that the institution takes care of good students.	-0.3
Kao planirana akcija, strategija upravlja celokupnim procesom regrutovanja i selekcije zato što ona određuje sledeće:	In the section that follows the four phases of the selection process are going to be explained in detail. ~~~ 3.1.	0.248864
Kakvi studenti su potrebni instituciji; Da li studente treba regrutovati interno ili ekster no, t.j., iz organizacije ili van nje; Da li studenti treba da se prilagode poslu ili će se posao prilagoditi njima; Da li aktivnosti treba da budu usmerene na razvoj studenata ili na korišćenje njihovih stvarnih sposobnosti; Da li prednost treba dati pojedincima ili timskim igračima; Kakve kriterijume i metodološke alatke će se ko ristiti prilikom selekcije.	FIrst phase checking the submitted documentation Within the frameworks of this phase, our team prepared a form for identification of the documents submitted on behalf of the candidates. ~~~ What was required to be filled in this document was the name and surname of the candidate, his/her index number, and in the table that contained the list of the required documents, it was necessary to circle the symbol (cid:57) if the candidate submitted that document or the symbol x if the document was not submitted. ~~~ At the end of the form two options were given: 1. ~~~ The candidate submitted the required application documents; 2.	-0.146187
Ono što se jasno sagledava u našem konkursu za prijem studenata-volontera, objavljenom na web-stranici Ekonomskog fakulteta u Skoplju1 20. maja 2011. godine jeste da mi primenjujemo interni izvor u regrutovanju.	The candidate has not submitted the required ap plication documents; Out of these two options, and in accordance with the circled symbols in the form of identification, it was necessary to select the appropriate one.	0.49027
Prednosti internih izvora u regrutovanju su, po nama, sledeći:	All the candidates who submitted the complete application documents qualified in phase two.	0.471429
Student dobro poznaje instituciju, njene snage i slabosti; Stvara se pozitivan uticaj na internu motivaciju u okviru institucije i 3.2.	1 http://www.eccf.ukim.edu.mk/ 3.2.	0.317647
Druga faza rangiranje kandidata: metod procesa analitičke hijerarhije (AHP) U drugoh fazi fazi rangiranja kandidata, naš tim je definisao 7 kriterijuma i po 5 potkriterijuma za svaki kriterijum na osnovu kojih će se kandidati rangirati i pripremio je formular za ocenjivanje kandidata.	Second phase - candidates ranking: analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method In the second phase candidates ranking, our team determined 7 criteria and 5 sub-criteria for each of the criteria according to which candidates were to be ranked, and prepared a form for their assessment.	1.05484
Da bismo odredili značaj svakog kriterijuma, primenili smo višekriterijumski metod koji se zove Metod procesa analitičke hijerarhije (AHP).	In order to be capable of determining the importance of each criterion we implemented the multicriteria method called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method.	0.747494
U odeljku 3.2.1. predstavljen je kratak prikaz AHP metoda, a odgovarajući AHP metod koji predstavlja pojednostavljenu sliku u realnosti predstavljen je u odeljku 3.2.2. 3.2.1.	In part 3.2.1 we give a short overview of the AHP Method, whereas the appropriate AHP model which represents a simplified image of reality is presented in part 3.2.2. ~~~ 3.2.1.	0.570801
Proces analitičke hijerarhije Proces analitičke hijerarhije Š7Ë predstavlja moćan i elastičan proces odlučivanja pomoću koga se mogu postaviti prioriteti i doneti najbolje odluke u slučajevima kada treba uzeti u obzir i kvalitativne i kvantitativne aspekte odluke.	The analytic hierarchy process The Analytic Hierarchy Process Š7Ë is a powerful and flexible decision making process which is helpful in setting priorities and making the best decision when both qualitative and quantitative aspects of a decision need to be considered.	0.938259
AHP je jedan od najčešće i najšire korišćenih metoda odlučivanja u slučajevima kada je odnuka (izbor datih alternativa i davanje prioriteta svakoj od njih) zasnovana na nekoliko kriterijuma/potkriterijuma Š2Ë. ~~~ Rešavanje problema donošenja složenih odluka koje je odlika ovog metoda, zasniva se na razlaganju problema na hijerarhijsku strukturu koja se sastoji od cilja, kriterijuma, potkriterijuma i alternative Š5Ë. ~~~ Pojačava se utisak da institucija posvećuje poseb nu pažnju dobrim studentima.	The AHP is one of the most widely exploited decision making methods in cases when the decision (the selection of given alternatives and their prioritising) is based on several criteria/subcriteria Š2Ë. Complex decision problem solving, which this method uses, is based on the problem decomposition into a hierarchy structure which consists of the goal, the criteria, sub-criteria and the alternatives Š5Ë.	0.125333
Način primene može se objasniti u četiri koraka Š9Ë: ~~~ 1.	The method of application can be explained in four steps Š9Ë: 1.	0.882
Definisanje problema i određivanje vrste znanja Četiri faze procesa selekcije biće detaljno opisane u narednom odeljku. 3.	Define the problem and determine the kind of knowledge sought.	0.534343
Prva faza provera podnete dokumentacije U okviru ove faze, naš tim je pripremio formular za identifikaciju dokumenata koje su kandidati predali.		-0.3
U ovom dokumentu bilo je potrebno navesti ime i prezime kandidata, broj indeksa, a u tabeli u kojoj je naveden spisak dokumenata trebalo je zaokružiti znak + ukoliko je kandidat podneo taj dokument ili znak x, ako dokument nije podnet. ~~~ Na kraju formulara date su dve opcije:		-0.3
1.	2.	0.3
Kandidat je podneo potrebna dokumenta za pri jem 2.		-0.3
Kandidat nije podneo potrebna dokumenta za prijem.		-0.3
Bilo je potrebno odabrati jednu od ove dve opcije, a u skladu sa zaokruženim simbolima na identifikacionom formularu.		-0.3
Svi kandidati koji su podneli sve dokumente za prijem kvalifikovali su se za ulazak u drugu fazu. 1 http://www.eccf.ukim.edu.mk/ koja se traži. 2.		-0.3
Struktuisanje hijerarhije odlučivanja od vrha, sa ciljem odluke, onda ciljevima sagledanim iz široke perspektive, preko srednjih nivoa (kriterijumi od kojih zavise naredni elementi) do najnižeg nivoa (koji obično predstavlja skup alternativa).	Structure the decision hierarchy from the top with the goal of the decision, then objectives from a broad perspective, through the intermediate levels (criteria on which subsequent elements depend) to the lowest level (which usually is a set of the alternatives).	0.760493
3.	3.	1.8
Konstruisanje skupa uparenih matrica poređenja.	Construct a set of pairwise comparison matrices.	0.286047
Svaki element na gornjem nivou koristi se za poređenje elemenata koji se nalaze na nivou neposredno ispod njega. 4.	Each element in an upper level is used to compare the elements in the level immediately below with respect to it. ~~~ 4.	0.673469
Korišćenje prioriteta dobijenih iz ovih poređenja da bi se odredili prioriteti na neposredno nižem nivou.	Use the priorities obtained from the comparisons to weigh the priorities in the level immediately below.	1.03
Ovo se radi za svaki element.	Do this for every element.	0.773913
Onda svakom elementu na nižem nivou treba dodati njegove ponderisane vrednosti i tako dobiti njegov ukupni ili globalni prioritet.	Then for each element in the level below add its weighed values and obtain its overall or global priority.	0.96573
Ovaj proces ponderisanja i dodavanja treba nastaviti dok se ne dobiju konačni prioriteti alternativa na najnižem nivou.	Continue this process of weighing and adding until the final priorities of the alternatives in the bottommost level are obtained.	0.785849
Da bi poređenje moglo da se vrši, potrebna je skala brojeva koja pokazuje koliko puta je jedan element značajniji ili dominantniji u odnosu na kriterijum ili koliko je data osobina značajnija u odnosu na onu s kojom se poredi.	To make comparisons, we need a scale of numbers that indicates how many times more important or dominant one element is over another element with respect to the criterion or property with respect to which they are compared.	0.982682
Osnovna skala vrednosti koja pokazuje intenzitet procene prikazana je na tabeli 1. Intenzitet značaja 2,4,6,8 Reciprociteti Definicija Jednak značaj Umereni značaj jednog u odnosu na drugi Veliki značaj jednog u odnosu na drugi Veoma veliki zna čaj jednog u odnosu na drugi Izuzetno veliki zna čaj jednog u odnosu na drugi Srednje vrednosti Reciprociteti za obrnuto pore đenje Tabela 1.	The fundamental scale of values to represent the intensities of judgements is shown in Table 1. Importance intensity 2,4,6,8 Reciprocals Definition Equal importance Moderate importance of one over another Strong importance of one over another Very strong another Extreme importance of one over another Intermediate values Reciprocals for inverse comparison importance of one over Table 1.	1.03594
Osnovna skala Više o AHP metodu može se pročitati u Š7,8 i 9Ë. 3.	The Fundamental Scale More on AHP Method see in Š7, 8 and 9Ë. 3.2.2.	1.1
Model za rangiranje studenata-volontera zasnovan na AHP Na osnovu 7 određenih kriterijuma, a to su: sastav CV, kompjuterske veštine, znanje stranih jezika, motivacija studenata da rade kao volonteri na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Skoplju, jasno i precizno izražavanje, kreativnost i inicijativa2, kao i na osnovu potkriterijuma za svaki od navedenih kriterijuma (loš, dobar, prosečan, vrlo dobar i odličan) razvijen je naš AHP model pomoću koga se vrši rangiranje kandidata (slika 2).	AHP based model for ranking student-volunteers On the basis of the determined 7 criteria, being the following ones: structure of CV, computer skills, foreign languages, students motivation to volunteer at the Faculty of Economics-Skopje, clear and precise expression skills, creativity and initiative2, as well as the subcriteria for each of the above listed criterion (poor, good, average, very good and excellent) we developed our AHP model that will enable us do the candidates ranking (Figure 2).	1.73233
2 Na osnovu podnetog CV, ocenjuju se prva tri kriterijuma (sastav CV, kompjuterska znanja i strani jezici), a na osnovu kratkog sastava ocenjuje se motivacija studenta da radi kao volonter na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Skoplju, koliko se jasno i precizno izražava i kakva je njegova inicijativa i kreativnost.	2 From the submitted CV we evaluate the first three criteria (the structure of CV, the computer skills and foreign languages), and from the short essay we assess the students motivation to volunteer at the Faculty of Economics-Skopje, how clear and precise his/her expression is, as well as his/her creativity and initiative.	1.56841
Primenom Saaty 9-stepene skale vrše se neophodna poređenja u skladu sa postavljenim kriterijumima i potkriterijumima u parovima i izračunavanjem modela moguće je dobiti odgovarajuće vrednosti za svaki od njih.	By using the Saatys scale that consists of 9 degrees, we make the necessary comparison regarding the stated criteria and sub-criteria in pairs and by calculating the model we get the appropriate values for each of them.	0.895109
Da bi se kandidati procenili i valjano rangirali napravljen je formular u kome, pored upisanih imena i prezimena kandidata, broja indeksa i pola, treba zaokružiti odgovarajući potkriterijum procene za svaki od 7 kriterijuma za koji je dato 5 potkriterijuma, u skladu sa prikupljenim podacima o kandidatu.	For the purpose of assessing the candidates and rank them appropriately we made a form that besides filling in the candidates name and surname, his/her index number and gender, it is necessary that for each of the 7 criteria for which 5 sub-criteria are given, and in accordance with the collected data about the candidate, the appropriate assessment sub-criteria be circled.	1.00413
Na istom formularu potrebno je upisati rezultate procene, t.j., mesto koje je kandidat dobio na osnovu AHP metoda, a to sve služi za procenu da li kandidata treba pozvati na razgovor ili ne.	In the same form, it is necessary to fill in the results from the assessment i.e. the rank of the candidate got with the AHP method, which serves for the purpose of deciding whether to invite the candidate to an interview or not.	1.12985
Na kraju formulara potrebno je da ocenjivači (ekspertski tim) upišu svoje ime i prezime, položaj na kome se nalaze i da potpišu formular.	At the end of the form, it is necessary that the evaluators (the expert team) state their name and surname, the position they hold, and sign the form.	0.665
Slika 2. AHP model za rangiranje kandidata 3.3.	Figure 2. ~~~ AHP Model for candidates ranking 3.3.	0.63554
Treća faza razgovor s kandidatima 4.	Third phase - interviewing 4.	1.21923
Zaključak U okviru treće faze vodi se struktuirani intervju, a u tu svrhu fokusirali smo se na kriterijume koji su od najvećeg značaja za to da li će kandidat postati volonter u našoj instituciji. ~~~ Kriterijumi su sledeći: upravljanje vremenom, poverljivost, sposobnost lične komunikacije i međuljudskih odnosa.	Conclusion Within the frameworks of the third phase we decided to make a structured interview and for the purpose of doing this we focused on four criteria that are essential for the candidate becoming a volunteer at our institution, the criteria being the following ones: time management, confidentiality, personal communication and interpersonal skill and organizational skills.	0.248067
Za svaki od ovih kriterijuma sastavljena su pitanja koja će se postaviti svakom kandidatu, a u skladu s kandidatovim odgovorima vrednovaće se i kriterijumi (ovim redom: ~~~ 0 nedovoljno; 1- manje od prihvatljivog; 2 prihvatljivo; 3 vrlo prihvatljivo; 4 izvanredno).	For each of these criteria we made questions that each of the candidates is to be asked, and in accordance with the candidates response the criteria are to be valued (as follows: 0-insufficiently; 1-less than acceptable; 2-acceptable; 3more than acceptable; 4-outstanding).	0.298478
Za procenu kandidata pripremljen je formular u kome se vrednuju gore navedeni kriterijumi. 3.	In order to be capable of assessing the candidates we prepared a form in which the above mentioned criteria are to be evaluated.	0.803704
Četvrta faza selekcija studenata-volontera i obaveštavanje primljenih kandidata Na osnovu rezultata intervjua i preporuke jednog profesora koji mu predaje, kandidat će biti ili izabran za volontera na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Skoplju, ili neće biti izabran, ili će biti stavljen na listu čekanja (slika 3).	3.4. ~~~ Fourth phase - selecting students-volunteers and informing them According to the results from the interview and the recommendation from one course professor, the candidate can be selected as a volunteer at the Faculty of Economics-Skopje, not accepted as a volunteer, or put on the waiting list (Figure 3).	0.262051
U ovoj fazi kandidate treba obavestiti o rezultatima koje su postigli.	It is in this phase that the candidates are to be informed about the result they achieved.	1.23115
Slika 3.	Figure 3.	2.2625
Rezultati procesa selekcije U ovom radu predstavili smo kako se proces regrutovanja i selekcije može sprovesti u jednoj visokoškolskoj instituciji sa ciljem odabira studenata-volontera koji će učestvovati u radu ove institucije.	Results from the selection process In this paper we presented how the processes of recruitment and selection can be carried out in a high-education institution for the purpose of selecting students volunteers who will participate in the institutions operations.	1.39397
Proces selekcije je predstavljen sa svoje četiri faze, uključujući višekriterijumski AHP metod, a rezultati koje ćemo dobiti biće tema narednog rada.	The selection process was presented with its four phases including the multicriteria AHP method, whereas the results that we will get are going to be subject topic in the next article.	1.21263
LITERATURA Š1Ë Barber, A.E., Recruiting Employees, Thousand Oaks, CA:	REFERENCES Š1Ë Barber, A.E., Recruiting Employees, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998.	2.95312
Sage, 1998. Š2Ë Begicevic, N., Blazenka Divjak and Tihomir Hunjak, Prioritization of e-learning forms: a multicriteria methodology.	Š2Ë Begicevic, N., Blazenka Divjak and Tihomir Hunjak, Prioritization of e-learning forms: a multicriteria methodology.	3.08472
Centarl European Journal of Operations Research, pp.1-15.	Centarl European Journal of Operations Research, pp.1-15.	2.55
Available at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/03111h2h3280 h556/fulltext.pdf, 2007 Š3Ë Bojadjioski, D., and Eftimov, Lj, Menadzment na covecki resursi, prvo izdanie, Ekonomski fakultetSkopje, 2009. Š4Ë Gligorovska, E., Regrutacija i selekcija (priracnik), CS Global HR Academy, 2010. Š5Ë Hunjak, T., and Jakovčević, D., AHP based model for bank performance evaluation and rating.	Available at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/03111h2h3280 h556/fulltext.pdf, 2007 Š3Ë Bojadjioski, D., and Eftimov, Lj, Menadzment na covecki resursi, prvo izdanie, Ekonomski fakultetSkopje, 2009. ~~~ Š4Ë Gligorovska, E., Regrutacija i selekcija (priracnik), CS Global HR Academy, 2010. ~~~ Š5Ë Hunjak, T., and Jakov?evi?, D., AHP based model for bank performance evaluation and rating. ~~~ ISAHP, Berne, Switzerland, 2001.	0.287869
ISAHP, Berne, Switzerland, 2001. Š6Ë Noe, R.A., Hollenback, J.R., Gerhart, B., and Wright, P.M., Human resource management, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000. Š7Ë Saaty, T. L., The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y., 1980. Š8Ë Saaty, T.L., and Vargas, G. L., Decision Making in Economic, Political, Social and Technological Environments with the AHP.	Š6Ë Noe, R.A., Hollenback, J.R., Gerhart, B., and Wright, P.M., Human resource management, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000. ~~~ Š7Ë Saaty, T. L., The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y., 1980. ~~~ Š8Ë Saaty, T.L., and Vargas, G. L., Decision Making in Economic, Political, Social and Technological Environments with the AHP.	0.75317
RWS Publications, Pittsburgh, PA, 1994. Š9Ë Saaty, T.L., Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process.	RWS Publications, Pittsburgh, PA, 1994. ~~~ Š9Ë Saaty, T.L., Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process.	1.2803
Int. ~~~ J. Services Sciences, Vol.	Int. J. Services Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.83 98, 2008.	1.05
1, No. 1, pp.83 98, 2008. Š10Ë Siber, F.B., Menadžment ljudskih potencijala, Zagreb, 1999. Š11Ë Torrington, D., Hall, L., and Taylor, S., Human resource management, Pearson Education, 7 th ed, 2008.	Š10Ë Siber, F.B., Menadjment ljudskih potencijala, Zagreb, 1999. ~~~ Š11Ë Torrington, D., Hall, L., and Taylor, S., Human resource management, Pearson Education, 7 th ed, 2008.	1.12234
Uticaj ekonomske krize na preduzetništvo u kulturi UDK: ~~~ 330.322.1:008(497.11) ; 338.124.4 Kočović Milica Istitut za osiguranje i aktuarstvo, Beograd mickocovic¿gmail.com Predmet analize ovog rada je uticaj makroekonomskog okruženja na nivo razvijenosti tržišta kulture u nekoj zemlji.	Effects of Economic Crisis on Entrepreneurship in Culture UDC: 330.322.1:008(497.11) ; 338.124.4 Kočović Milica Istitute of Insurance and Actuaries, Belgrade mickocovic¿gmail.com The subject of this work is the effect of macroeconomic environment on cultural market development level in a country.	0.618952
U radu je data analiza uticaja ekonomske krize na pojedine segmente kulture u izabranim razvijenim zemljama sa akcentom na izvorima finansiranja.	The work presents the analysis of the influence of economic crises on certain segments of culture in chosen developed cultures with the stress on financial resources.	0.807359
Takođe je analizirana složena situacija usled ispoljenih problema na tržištu kulture u Srbiji, kao i značaj preduzetništva u kulturi u pronalaženju dopunskih izvora finansiranja kulture. 1.	The work also analyses the complex situation caused by problems on the cultural market in Serbia as well as the importance of entrepreneurship in culture for finding additional financial resources for funding culture. ~~~ 1.	0.432235
Uvod Stanje i prespektive tržišta kulture neophodno je sagledati u makroekonomskom okruženju u okviru koga ono funkcioniše.	Introduction The condition and prospects of the culture market should be viewed in a macroeconomic environment in which it operates.	1.29464
Nerazvijenost i stagnacija tržišta kulture u Srbiji posledica je dugogodišnje krize u našoj zemlji što je dodatno pojačano globalnom ekonomskom krizom.	The underdevelopment and stagnation of the culture market in Serbia is a result of a decades long crisis in this country, which was additionally aggravated by the global economic crisis.	1.62016
Savremena makroekonomska kretanja u Srbiji rezultat su višegodišnjeg delovanja loše vođene politike, ratova, sankcija, zakasnele tranzicije, problematične privatizacije.	Modern macroeconomic trends in Serbia are the result of a long lasting poor policies, wars, sanctions, delayed transition, problematic privatization.	1.34343
Kriza u kojoj se Srbija nalazi već dve decenije isprepletana negativnim uticajima globalne ekonomske krize, koja se prelila i na našu zemlju, razotkrila je sve unutrašnje ekonomske slabosti i dovela do opšte ekonomske nesigurnosti praćene socijalnim nezadovoljstvom.	The crisis Serbia has suffered for the last twenty years, permeated by the negative impacts of the global economic crisis that spilled over to this country too, revealed all economic weaknesses and resulted into a general economic uncertainty accompanied with social displeasure.	0.690923
Ovakva ekonomska situacija imala je drastične negativne posledice u oblasti kulture.	These economic conditions have certainly affected the field of culture in a most negative manner.	0.768421
Stoga je predmet analize ovoga rada uticaj ekonomske krize na stanje u kulturi uopste i na na tržište kulture.	The topic of this paper hence is the effects of economic crisis upon the conditions in culture in general, and upon the culture market in particular.	1.10526
Efekti tog uticaja biće analizirni pre svega sa aspekta problema izvora finansiranja na primeru odabranih razvijenih zemalja da bi se sagledale mogućnosti za razrešenje nepovoljne situacije u kojoj se nalazi kultura u Srbiji.	The effects of this impact will primarily be analysed from the aspect of the financial source problems on the example of the selected developed countries in order to get an insight into the opportunities to resolve this unfavourable situation the culture in Serbia.	1.14124
Stručna literatura obiluje teorijskim i empirijskim radovima posvećenim uticaju kulture i kulturnih vrednosti na ekonomski razvoj zemlje.	The effects of culture and cultural values upon the economic development of a country have been the topis of many an academic and empiric work.	0.79
Studije ekonomskih efekata kulture i umetnosti predstavljaju instrument planiranja kulturnog razvoja i stimulisanja javnog finansiranja aktivnosti kulturnih institucija.	The studies on the economic effects of culture and art are the instrument for planning the cultural life and stimulating public financing of the cultural institutions activities.	1.08947
Među ključnim kulturnim faktorima koji determinišu ekonomske performanse izdvajaju se zaposlenost i prihodi samog sektora kulture, elementi kulturne baštine posmatrani u svojstvu realne imovine, kao i kulturni turizam. (Herrero et al., 2006).	Distinguished among the key cultural factors that determine the economic performance are the employment and the earnings of the culture sector itself, the elements of cultural heritage viewed in terms of real property, as well as cultural tourism (Herrero et al., 2006).	1.18965
Myerscough (1998) je dokazao da direktni izdaci na sektor umetnosti i kulture podstiču potrošnju u drugim sektorima, čime se doprinosi celokupnom ekonomskom i društvenom razvoju zemlje.	Myerscough (1998) has proved that direct investments into the sectors of art and culture stimulate spending/consumption in other sectors, which contributes to the countrys overall economic and social development.	1.26364
Sa druge strane, relativno su ređi naučni radovi koji se bave problematikom suprotnog, tj. uticaja ekonomskih kretanja na oblast kulture.	On the other hand, scientific works dealing with the problem of counter effects, i.e., the effects of economic trends upon the sector of culture are relatively rare.	0.967178
Ukoliko je moguće dokazati da postoji povratna sprega kulture i ekonomije, razmatranja pozitivnih ekonomskih efekata kulturnog razvoja gube svrsishodnost u nepovoljnim ekonomskim uslovima.	If it is possible to prove that there is a feedback between culture and economy, the analyses of positive economic effects of the cultural development become meaningless in the unfavourable economic conditions.	1.27857
Aktuelna svetska ekonomska kriza je upravo intenzivirala istaživanja problematike kulture u makroekonomskom ambijentu. (Madden, 2009) Imajući u vidu globalnu aktuelnost teme perspektiva kulturnog razvoja u nepovoljnim ekonomskim uslovima, od interesa je ispitati da li je i u kojoj meri ekonomska kriza imala odraz u oblasti kulture i umetnosti, kako u odabranim razvijenim zemljama tako i u Srbiji.	The current world economic crisis has just intensified the research into the problem of culture in a macroeconomic environment (Madden, 2009). ~~~ In view of the global pertinence of the issues of prospects of cultural development in unfavourable economic conditions, it is interesting to explore whether and to which extent the crisis was reflected upon the culture and art sectors, both in the selected developed countries and in Serbia.	0.330071
2.	2.	1.8
Uticaj makro-ekonomskog ambijenta na tržište kulture Kultura se u najširem smislu shvata kao skup tradicija, verovanja, vrednovanja i odgovarajućih obrazaca ponašanja kada se uzima kao skup obeležja jedne date, unapred određene grupe.	Effects of macroeconomic environment on the culture market In its broadest sense, culture is understood as a set of traditions, beliefs, valuations and respective patterns of behaviour when taken as a set of features of a given, already defined group.	0.93352
Kada se radi o kulturi kao delatnosti,ona se uzima kao onaj skup ljudskih aktivnosti kojima se proizvode i reprodukuju znanja, umetničke vrednosti i verovanja (uključujući religijska) i vrednosna opredeljenja.	As a trade (activity), culture is described as a set of human activities employed in producing and reproducing knowledge, artistic values and beliefs (including religious beliefs) and preferences as to values.	1.09167
To je najšire shvatanje kulture kao delatnosti koje, uz ostalo, obuhvata obrazovne, umetničke i religijske ustanove, kao i deo medija okrenut nauci,umetnosti i religiji ( Madžar 2004. str 23).	This is the broadest understanding of culture as an activity which, among other things, includes educational, artistic and religious institutions, as well as a number of science-, art- and religion-oriented media (Madžar, 2004, p.23).	0.7375
Moguće je izdvojiti više područja delovanja ekonomske situacije na oblast kulture u jednoj zemlji.	In a number of areas economic conditions do affect the sector of culture in a country.	0.829167
Budući da se direktan uticaj nepovoljnih ekonomskih kretanja prvenstveno reflektuje kroz smanjenje prihoda kulturnih institucija akcenat naše analize će biti pre svega na izvorima finansiranja kulture.	Since the direct effect of unfavourable economic trends is primarily reflected in the reduced incomes of cultural institutions, this analysis will primarily focus upon the sources for financing culture.	1.62476
Izvori prihoda kulturnih institucija vezuju se za sopstvenu zaradu, ali značajnim delom i za prilive koji potiču od državnih organa i agencija, privrednog sektora, fizičkih lica i zadužbina i fondacija.	The sources of income of cultural institutions are in the first place their own earnings, however, there are substantial inflows coming from state institutions and agencies, from the economic sector, physical entities and foundations and legacies.	0.920436
Insistiranje na sopstvenim izvorima kulture uvodi termin tržište kulture, koji izaziva i pozitivne i negativne reakcije.	The stress on the own sources of culture introduces the term culture market which provokes both positive and negative reactions.	1.00033
Uvođenjem tržišta kulture preti opasnost da se zanemare interesi umetnika, umetnosti, kulture, pred jednim jedinim ciljem da se ostvari novac.	The implementation of the culture market threatens to neglect the interests of artists, art, culture, for one and only goal to make money.	0.988645
Takođe, veoma je teško vrednovati umetnička dela.	Similarly, it is rather difficult to value the works of art.	0.649468
Sa druge strane finansijska kriza je uticala na značajno smanjenje iznosa sredstava javnog finansiranja kulture ugrožavajući opstanak mnogih njenih segmenata.	On the other hand, the effect of the financial crisis was that the funds for public financing of culture have significantly shrunk, threatening the survival of many of its segments.	1.13616
U takvoj situaciji ima mesta uvođenju tržišta kulture i preduzetništva u kulturi.	It is in such a situation that the introduction of culture market and entrepreneurship in culture are justified.	1.60062
Logično polazište izučavanja uticaja ekonomske na kulturnu sferu jesu finansijski izvori kulturnih institucija.	A logical starting point in studying the impact of the economic upon the cultural spheres are the financial sources of cultural institutions.	1.319
Razlike u načinu definisanja i razvrstavanja kategorija izdataka za kulturu značajno otežavaju sprovođenje njihove komparativne analize između zemalja.	The differences in the method of defining and classifying the categories of expenditures allocated to culture make a comparative analysis among countries extremely difficult.	1.37955
Većina prethodno sprovedenih istraživanja u okviru kojih je vršeno poređenje ovih izdataka na internacionalnom nivou pod pojmovima kulture i umetnosti podrazumeva: muzeje i galerije, pozorišta, vizuelne umetnosti, festivale, podršku promociji i kreaciji literature i podršku filmskoj produkciji.	A majority of previously conducted research within which a comparison was made between these expenditures on an international level classifies culture and art as follows: museums and galleries, theatres, visual arts, festivals, support to literature promotion and creation as well as support to film production.	1.24624
Primetno je da se iz objašnjenja finansiranja kulture uglavnom izostavljaju izdaci za biblioteke, arhive, kulturnu baštinu, profesionalno usavršavanje u oblasti umetnosti, kapitalne investicije (npr. izgradnja novog pozorišta) i indirektno finansiranje putem poreskih olakšica. (Galloway, 2000, str. 7-9) Koncept kulture koji je UNESCO definisao u svrhe međunarodne uporedivosti ekonomskih statistika obuhvata devet kategorija: kulturna baština, štampani materijali i literatura, muzika, pozorišna umetnost, audio mediji, audio-vizuelni mediji, aktivnosti, sportovi/igre i okruženje/priroda. (Haydon, 2000.). društvene Javni izvori finansiranja kulturnih institucija i dešavanja su u nepovoljnim ekonomskim uslovima ugroženi po dva osnova.	The alarming fact is that the reports on financing culture do not inform about the expenditures meant for libraries, archives, cultural heritage, professional improvement in the field of art, capital investments (e.g., building of a new theatre) and indirect financing through tax reliefs. ~~~ (Galloway, 200, pp. 7-9) The concept of culture the UNESCO defined for the purposes of an international comparability of economic statistics includes nine categories: cultural heritage, printed materials and literature, music, theatric art, audio media, audio-visual media, social activities, sports/games and environment/nature. ~~~ (Haydon, 2000). ~~~ The falling trend in public financing of culture and art was recorded as early as 1990s in the majority of member countries of the European Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). ~~~ This trend was especially visible in the United States of America, contrary to Germany and Ireland in which the endowments for cultural purposes were significantly increased over the same period. ~~~ The interpretation of the data on the national spending in the field of culture, however, is closely connected to broader socio-economic and political systems of a respective country.	-0.109623
	For example, the fact that the estimated public expenditure for culture in 2000 amounted to 85 dollars per capita in Germany and only 6 dollars per capita in the USA is explained by a different ratio in the participation of the private and public sectors in the economies of these two countries (National Endowments for the Arts, 2000, p.1).	-0.3
	In the unfavourable economic conditions, the public sources of endowments to cultural institutions and events are impared in two ways.	-0.3
Kao prvo, nadležna ministarstva za kulturu sve učestalije ograničavaju subvencije za kulturu.	First, the ministries in charge of culture increasingly cut the subsidies for culture.	0.717538
Kao drugo, niži, lokalni organi vlasti redukuju iznos sredstava namenjen finansiranju svoje kulturne politike, čime se dodatno opterećuju budžeti institucija za kulturu.	Second, the lower level, local governments reduce the funds meant to fund their cultural policies, thus additionally burdening the budgets of cultural institutions.	0.80076
U uslovima otežanog rešavanja egzistencijalnih pitanja značajnog dela populacije, argumenti u prilog javnog finansiranja oblasti kulture imaju veoma slabu potporu.	In the conditions when the population finds it more and more difficult to solve the problems of making the ends meet, the arguments in favour of public funding for culture gain very little support.	0.979826
Suočene sa aktuelnom ekonomskom krizom, većina evropskih zemalja se odlučuje na smanjenje izdvajanja sredstava iz državnog budžeta za kulturne svrhe.	Faced with the current economic crisis, the majority of European countries resort to reducing the expenditures from the state budget for cultural purposes.	1.15267
Tokom 2010. godine, ovakva smanjenja su sprovedena, između ostalog, u Estoniji (smanjenje budžeta od 9% usledilo je nakon značajnog povećanja stope poreza na dodatu vrednost u 2009. godini, koje se dovodi u vezu sa padom stope posećivanja muzeja za oko 30%), Belgiji (4,4 miliona evra je «zamrznuto», uz trenutnu nemogućnost daljeg odobravanja subvencija), Nemačkoj (pojedine savezne države su smanjile svoje izdatke, prvenstveno za filmsku umetnost za oko 15%), [paniji i Portugaliji. (SICA Dutsh Centre for International Cultural Activities , 2010, str. 1-2) U Velikoj Britaniji se gotovo sve oblasti kulture i umetnosti suočavaju sa opasnošću finansijske neodrživosti. ~~~ Interesantno je da su do sada sprovedena smanjivanja izdataka relativno više pogodila umetnost u odnosu na oblasti sporta i medija.	In 2010, such restrictions were carried out, among others, in Estonia (the reduction of budget by 9% followed a significaant raise of the tax rate for added value in 2009, which is brought into connection with the fall in the rate of visits to museums by about 30%), Belgium (4.4 million euros were frozen, whereas further grants are currently out of the question), Germany (certain federal states reduced their expenditures, primarily for the film industry, by about 15%), Spain and Portugal.	0.2655
Praktično, sve je više pristalica stanovišta prema kome bi celokupan sektor kulture u ovoj zemlji trebao biti prepušten isključivo tržišnom načinu for International Cultural Activities , 2010, str. 4) finansiranja. (SICA Dutsh Centre U većini zemalja Organizacije za ekonomsku saradnju i razvoj (OECD) je već tokom 90-ih godina zabeležen silazni trend u pogledu javnog finansiranja kulture i umetnosti.	(SICA Dutch Centre for International Cultural Activities, 2010, pp. 1-2) Nearly all sectors of culture and art in Great Britain face the danger of financial unsustainability.	1.10822
Takav trend je posebno došao do izražaja u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, nasuprot Nemačkoj i Irskoj u kojima su izdaci za kulturne namene u istom periodu značajno povećani.	An interesting fact is that the reduction of expenditures so far have hit art to a relatively higher extent compared to the segments of sports and media.	0.448661
Ipak, tumačenje podataka o nacionalnoj potrošnji u oblasti kulture je neraskidivo povezano sa širim društvenoekonomskim i političkim uređenjem zemlje na koju se oni odnose.	Practically, there is an increasing number of people who support the attitude that the entire cultural sector should be left to an entirely market method of financing.	0.270423
Na primer, činjenica da su u 2000. godini procenjeni javni rashodi za kulturu iznosili 85 dolara po stanovniku u Nemačkoj i svega 6 dolara po stanovniku u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama objašnjava se različitim odnosom učešća privatnog i javnog sektora u ekonomijama dveju zemalja. (National Endowment for the Arts, 2000, str. 1) Različiti segmenti kulture nisu podjednako pogođeni ograničavanjem i redukovanjem finansijskih izdataka države.	(SICA Dutch Centre for International Cultural Activities, 2010, p.4) The reductions and restraints in the state expenditures hit different cultural segments differently.	0.591334
U Holandiji, na primer, tokom 2010. godine sprovedeno je smanjenje državnog budžeta za kulturu od 20% (oko 200 miliona evra).	In the Netherlands, for example, the state budget allocated for the culture was reduced by 20% (about 200 million euros) in 2010.	1.3
Pri tome, najveći deo ovog smanjenja odnosi se na žive umetnosti, dok je u oblastima kulturnog nasleđa i amaterskih umetnosti zadržan najveći deo prethodno pripadajućih sredstava iz javnih izvora.	Here, the largest portion of this reduction refers to live arts, whereas the fields of cultural heritage and amateur arts retained the major portion of the previously allocated funds from the public sources.	0.998286
Sa druge strane, [vedska se odlučila za nešto drugačiji pristup rešavanju problema smanjene mogućnosti finansiranja kulture, u poređenju sa većinom drugih evropskih zemalja.	On the other hand, Sweden decided in favour of a somewhat different approach to solving the problem of reduced ability to finance culture, in comparison to other European countries.	1.79026
Naime, dok su manji gradovi redukovali sopstvena izdavanja za kulturu, na regionalnom, ali čak i na nivou većih gradova, je ostvareno povećanje budžeta za kulturu.	Namely, while smaller cities reduced their own expenditures for culture, an increase in the budgets for culture was achieved on the regional level as well as on the levels of bigger cities.	0.961058
Time je prepoznata in ovativna uloga kulture i kreativnih industrija, ali na uštrb tradicionalnih oblika umetnosti koji su prethodno preovlađivali.	This means the recognition of the innovative role of culture and of creative industries, however, to the detriment of the traditional forms of art that previously prevailed.	1.11821
Slična tendencija je prisutna u Norveškoj, gde je državni budžet za kulturu upravo povećan tokom 2010. godine.	A similar tendency is observed in Norway, where the state budget for culture was increased in that very 2010.	1.27391
Ipak, i dalje ostaje prisutan problem obezbeđenja subvencija koje potiču iz privrednog sektora. (SICA Dutsh Centre for International Cultural Activities , 2010, str. 3) Promene ponašanja korisnika kulturnih sadržaja, izazvane nepovoljnim ekonomskim ambijentom, mogu imati značajne negativne posledice na finansijski položaj i mogućnosti razvoja kulturnih institucija.	The problem of ensuring subsidies from the private sector, however, still remains. ~~~ (SICA Dutch Centre for International Cultural Activities, 2010, p3) The changes in the behaviour of the consumers of cultural contents, caused by an unfavourable economic environment, may have substantial negative effects for the financial position and the development opportunities of cultural institutions.	0.558322
Istraživanja pokazuju da su tokom 2008. godine kulturne institucije u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama zabeležile pad prihoda po osnovu članarina i prodatih ulaznica u iznosu od 5-30%.	According to the research, the cultural institutions in the United States of America recorded a 5-30% fall in the income from the membership fees and sales of tickets in 2008.	1.04512
Ostali oblici prihoda, poput prihoda od izdavanja prostora i komercijalne prodaje su takođe smanjeni za 10-20%.	Other forms of earnings, such as earnings from renting facilities and commercial sales were also reduced by 10-20%.	0.826351
Posebno značajan pad ostvarile su korporativne donacije i sponzorstva (20-50%), dok je smanjenje prihoda koji potiču iz javnih izvora iznosilo 10%, uz očekivanu tendenciju daljeg pada. (Helicon, 2009b, str. 4) U uslovima smanjenog interesovanja publike, u posebno osetljivoj poziciji se nalaze one organizacije čije pokriće operativnih troškova zavisi od avansne prodaje ulaznica.	An especially substantial fall was observed in corporate donations and sponsorships (20-50%), whereas the reduction in incomes coming from public sources amounted to 10%, with an expected tendency of further fall. ~~~ (Helicon, 2009b, p.4) In the conditions of the reduced interest of the public, the organizations that cover their operative expenses by advance sales of tickets are in a specifically sensitive position.	0.344837
Pri tome, smanjenje ukunih prihoda od prodaje kulturnih institucija je rezultantna kombinovanog delovanja smanjenja obima prodaje, ali i cena usluga.	Here, the reduction in total incomes from the sales of cultural institutions is a result of a combined effect of the reduced sales scope and the service prices.	0.864558
Ulaznice za kulturna dešavanja se u teškim ekonomskim uslovima smatraju luksuznim dobrom, zbog čega se javlja potreba za smanjenjem njihove cene.	In gloomy times, tickets for cultural events are considered to be luxury goods, hence the demand that their price should be lowered.	0.254464
Pored toga, zaoštravaju se uslovi odobravanja kreditnih linija, dok se institucije koje su već korisnici kredita suočavaju sa problemom dovoljnosti novčanih tokova za redovno izmirenje preuzetih obaveza.	Besides, the terms of granting credit lines become increasingly stricter, while the institutions the credit users face the problem of money flows necessary to repay loans regularly.	0.785714
	One method of mitigating the negative effect of the reduction in the average amount of donations upon the financial standing of cultural institutions can be attracting as many individual sponsors as possible, through marketing activities.	-0.3
	The employees in the cultural sector are especially badly hit by the economic crisis.	-0.3
Način za ublažavanje negativnog efekta smanjenja prosečnog iznosa donacija na finansijski položaj kulturnih institucija može biti privlačenje što većeg broja pojedinačnih donatora, posredstvom marketinških aktivnosti. cija koji bivaju otpušteni u uslovima recesije zaposlen na administrativnim, pa tek zatim na poslovima umetničke ili edukativne prirode. (Helicon, 2009a, str. 6) Iz navedenih razloga preduzetništvo u kulturi sve više dobija na značaju budući da su mnogi segmenti kulture prepušteni sebi i da moraju naći načine samostalnog finansiranja radi opstanka.	In order to gain material savings, cultural institutions are forced not only to stop further hiring, but also to reduce compensation, reorganize and consolidate the existing jobs. ~~~ Furthermore, research show that the largest number of the employees in cultural institutions that are made redundant were actually engaged in administrative jobs, and only then in the jobs of artistic or educational nature. ~~~ (Helicon, 2009a, p.6) It is for the above described reasons that entrepreneurship gains in importance since numerous segments of culture are left to their own means and have to find ways of independent financing to survive.	0.108598
Preduzetnik u kulturi sam predlaže projekte, nosilac je inicijativa za realizaciju određenih ideja, bilo da su one profitne ili neprofitne, te da fandrejzingom ostvari novac za realizaciju svog projekta, ali i honorar za samog sebe kao za autora i realizatora projekta.([ešić M., Stajković B.,Beograd 2007., str.116).	The entrepreneur in culture is the one who proposes projects, gives innitiative for the realization of certain ideas, regardless of whether they are profitable or not, raises funds to finance the completion of his project, and provide the fees for himself as the project author and executor. ([ešić, M., Stajković, B., Beograd, 2007, p.116).	0.731701
Trebalo bi akcenat staviti na privatno izdavaštvo, muzičke ili video produkcijske kuće, web-site agencije, agencije za posredovanje u kulturi, zanatske radnje za popravku i restauraciju antikviteta, slika, koričenje starih i retkih knjiga.	The stress should be on private publishing, music and video production companies, web-site agencies, agencies for mediation in culture, artisan shops for the repair and restauration of antiquities, paintings, for binding old and rare books.	0.74585
Takođe se mogu osnivati galerije, knjižare, agencije za obrazovne usluge kao što su studija baleta, glume, slikarstva i t.	It is also possible to set up galleries, bookstores, agencies providing eduactional services such as courses in ballet, acting, painting, etc.	0.558333
d. 3.	3.	1.6
Uticaj krize na stanje kulture u Srbiji Shodno metodologiji Zavoda za statistiku Republike Srbije, pojam kulture objedinjuje bioskope, pozorišta, radio i televizijske stanice, arhive, biblioteke, muzeje, izdavačku delatnost, filharmonije i simfonijske orkestre i nepokretna registrovana kulturna dobra.	Effects of crisis upon the cultural situation in Serbia According to the methodology of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, the notion of culture covers cinemas, theatres, broadcasting corporations, archives, libraries, museums, publishing industry, philcharmonic and symphony orchestras and registered cultural real estates.	0.901467
U užem smislu, pod pojmom kulture se podrazumevaju stvaralačke, umetničke i zabavne delatnosti, delatnost biblioteka, arhiva, muzeja, galerija i zbirki. ~~~ Kada je reč o finansiranju kulture u Srbiji iz javnih izvora, Zakonom o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o budžetu Republike Srbije za 2010. godinu subvencije za kulturu su predviđene u iznosu od 378 366 hiljada dinara, što je približno 0,0485% ukupnih rashoda i izdataka koji se finansiraju iz budžetskih sredstava.	In a narrower sense, culture includes creative, artistic and entertainment activities, the work of libraries, and collections/legacies. archives, museums, galleries As regards culture financing in Serbia from public sources, the Law Amending the Law on the Budget of the Republic of Serbia for the year 2010 provides that subsidies for culture amount to 378-366 thousand dinars, which makes approximately 0.0485% of the total expenditures and spending finaced from the budget.	0.421642
Zakonom o budžetu Republike Srbije u 2011. godini namenjen je isti iznos sredstava za kulturne namene u apsolutnom smislu, ali je njegovo relativno učešće smanjeno na 0,0446%.	The Law on the Budget of the Republic of Serbia for the year 2011 provides the same amount for the cultural purposes in an absolute sense, however, its relative participation is reduced to 0.446%.	2.20909
Zaposleni u oblasti kulture su posebno pogođeni kriznom ekonomskom situacijom.		-0.3
U cilju ostvarenja materijalnih ušteda, kulturne ustanove su prinuđene ne samo na zaustavljanje daljih zapošljavanja, već i smanjenje zarada, ukidanje, reorganizaciju i konsolidaciju postojećih radnih mesta.		-0.3
Pri tome, istraživanja pokazuju da je najveći broj radnika kulturnih institu Na osnovu uporednog budžeta kulture Ministarstva za finansije RS može se uočiti veoma značajna tendencija pada subvencija u periodu 2006-2011. godine.	On the basis of the comparative budget for the culture of the Ministry of Finance RS, a significant tendency of fall can be observed in the 2006-2011 period.	1.06615
Među specijalizovanim uslugama, najveći deo sredstava opredeljen je za stvaralaštvo, prvenstveno kinematografiju (35,8%), književnost (19,3%) i međunarodnu saradnju u stvaralaštvu (19,6%). ~~~ Tabela br.1 :	In the domain of specialised services, the largest portion of finances is allocated to creativity, primarily film-making (35.8%), literature (19.3%) and international cooperation in creativity (19.6%).	0.339195
Uporedni pregled budžeta kulture za period 2006-2011. godine (u 000 dinara) Tabela br. 2 : ~~~ Prosečne neto zarade zaposlenih u izabranim oblastima u Srbiji u periodu 2000-2011. godine Programska delatnost Specijalizovane usluge Subvencije Međunarodne članarine 1558069 880000 1236422 670421 985153 1181759 1621037 551000 945690 332236 385802 378366 - - - - Transferi 40000 300000 325201 240600 180000 200000 Dotacije - 128000 162800 102800 150000 170000 Izvor: ~~~ Ministarstvo kulture, informisanja i informacionog društva RS (2011) Informator o radu, Beograd, str. 71. ~~~ Pored uloge centralne vlasti u finansiranju kulturnog razvoja, od posebnog interesa je ostvarenje uvida u ulogu lokalne samouprave.	Table 1: Comparative survey of the culture budget for Table 2: Average net earnings of employees in selected 2006-2011 period (in 000 dinars) domains in Serbia in the 2000-2011 period Programme activities Specialized services Subsidies International mambership fees Transfers Grants 1558069 880000 1236422 670421 985153 1181759 1621037 551000 945690 332236 385802 378366 - - - - 40000 300000 325201 240600 180000 200000 128000 162800 102800 150000 170000 - Source: Ministry of Culture, Information and Information Society of the RS (2001),Bulletin, Beograd,p.71 In addition to the role of the central administration in financing cultural development, special role belongs to local autonomies, therefore it is of interest to get an insight into these.	0.352157
U skladu sa svojim političkim, zakonskim i finansijskim autoritetom da upravljaju kulturnim razvojem na svojim teritorijama, gradovi izdvajaju deo svog budžeta za finansiranje ustanova kulture u domenu zarada zaposlenih, investicionih ulaganja, tehničkog opremanja i održavanja, izdvajanja sredstava za kulturne manifestacije i slično.	In accordance with their political, legal and financial authority to govern the cultural development on their territories, cities allocate part of their budgets to finance cultural institutions in the domains of the employees earnings, investments, technical equipment and maintenance, cultural manifestations funding, etc.	0.978525
Prema rezultatima analize kulturnih politika na reprezentativnom uzorku gradova Srbije, prosečno procentualno učešće izdataka za kulturu u ukupnom budžetu iznosilo je 8,07% u 2009. godini, dok je isto učešće u 2006. godini iznosilo oko 6,52%.	According to the results of the analysis of the cultural policies on a representative sample in the cities in Serbia, the average participation of expenditures for culture in the total budget amounted to 8.07% in 2009, while this same participation was 6.52% in 2006.	1.70561
U strukturi budžeta za kulturu posmatranih gradova dominantno učešće u 2009. godini imaju plate zaposlenih od oko 70%. (Zavod za proučavanje kulturnog razvitka RS, 2009, str. 17) Posmatrano sa ekonomskog aspekta, stanje sektora kulture u nekoj zemlji opisuju, između ostalog, podaci o broju zaposlenih i visini njihovih zarada u tom sektoru.	Dominant in the 2009 budget of the observed cities allocated for culture are the employees salaries (about 70%). ~~~ (Institute for the Study of Cultural Development of the RS, 2009, p.17) Viewed from an economic aspect, the condition of the cultural sector in a country is described, among all, by the data on the number of employees and their salaries in the sector.	0.295973
Njima se, uporedo sa podacima o javnim, a zatim privatnim izvorima finansiranja, sektor kulture pozicionira u analizi u odnosu na sektore nacionalne ekonomije.	They serve, together with the data on the public, and then the private sources of financing, to position the cultural sector in relation to other sectors of the national economy in the analysis.	1.12065
Prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku, nivo neto zarade u kulturnim delatnostima u Srbiji karakteriše kontinuirani rast tokom prve decenije XXI veka.	According to the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, the level of the net earnings in the cultural sector in Serbia is characterised by a constant rise over the first decade of the 21st century.	1.26263
Posmatrano po pojedinim oblastima unutar kulture, relativno najveći nivo zarada ostvaruje se u izdavačkoj delatnosti.	As regards individual segments within the culture, a relatively highest level of earnings is achieved in the publishing industry.	1.40802
Najniži nivo i najizraženije oscilacije tokom vremena prisutne su u oblasti kinematografske i televizijske produkcije, snimanja zvučnih zapisa i izdavanja mizučkih zapisa.	The lowest level and the most dramatic fluctuations over time are observed in the filmmaking industry and broadcasting, sound recording and release.	0.758458
Oblast Godina Ukupno Obrazovanje Zdravstvena i socijalna zaštita Kulturna delatnost (uže Kulturna delatnost (šire tumačenje) tumačenje) Izvor: ~~~ Pripremljeno prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) Prosečne godišnje zarade u kulturi u posmatranom periodu su relativno više od ukupnog proseka za sve oblasti koje podležu statističkom praćenju.	Cultural activity (broader interpretation) interpretation) Health Total Education Cultural activity (narrower Sector Year 2000 2389 2001 5840 2002 9208 2003 11500 2004 14108 2005 17443 2006 21707 2007 27759 2008 32746 2009 31733 2010 34142 20111 36919 Source: Plotted after the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) and social care The average annual earnings in the domain of culture in the observed period are relatively higher in comparison with the total average for all the segments subject to statistical survey.	0.510563
Od ukupno devetnaest sektora delatnosti u našoj zemlji, delatnosti kulture se, prema podacima iz drugog kvartala 2011. godine, nalaze na jedanaestom mestu prema visini prosečne neto zarade zaposlenih, iza sektora zdravstvene i socijalne zaštite i obrazovanja.	Out of the total of nineteen sectors of activities in this country, the culture occupies the eleventh position according to the amount of the employees average earnings, below the sectors of health and social care and education.	0.56992
Ipak, uočljivo je da, počev od 2008. godine, prosečne neto zarade zaposlenih u oblasti kulture rastu po opadajućoj stopi, što se može smatrati potencijalnim indikatorom njihovog pada u predstojećem periodu.	It is evident, however, that as of 2008, the average net earnings of employees in the cultural sector rise following the falling rate, which can be understood as an indicator of their fall in the period to come.	0.766728
Grafikon br.1 : ~~~ Kretanje prosečne neto zarade u delatnostima kulture u Srbiji u periodu 2000-2011. godine Izvor: ~~~ Pripremljeno prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) Ukupan broj zaposlenih u oblastima koje se, u širem smislu, mogu podvesti pod delatnost kulture, relativno je stabilan tokom perioda 2001-2010. godine.	Graph 1: Trends of average net earnings in the cultural sector in Serbia in the 200-2011 period Source: Plotted after the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) 1 Data for 2010 refer to the average net earning over the first six months in the year The total number of employees in the sectors which can broadly be understood as the cultural sector has been rather steady in the 2000-2011 period.	0.232172
Kako je istovremeno ostvaren značajan pad ukupne zaposlenosti, učešće kulturne delatnosti u broju zaposlenih je po 1 Podaci za 2010. godinu se odnose na prosečnu neto zaradu tokom prvih šest meseci godine. raslo sa 1,7% na početku, na 2,2% na kraju posmatranog perioda.	Due to the simultaneous fall in the overall employment at the time, the share of the cultural sectror in the number of the employed rose from 1.7% at the beginning, to 2.2% at the end of the observed period.	0.785294
Tabela br.3 : ~~~ Broj zaposlenih u pravnim licima i u delatnosti kulture u Srbiji u periodu 2001-2010. godine Broj zaposlenih Godina Ukupan broj zaposlenih u pravnim licima u Srbiji Broj zaposlenih u delatnosti kulture Izvor:	Table 3: Number of employees in legal entities and in the cultural sector in Serbia in the 2001-2011 period Number of employees Total number of employees in legal bodies in Serbia Year Number of employees in the cultural sector Source: Plotted after the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) Viewed in terms of individual fields of the cultural sector, a relatively largest number of employees (about 32% on average) are found in programme activities and broadcasting.	0.828039
Pripremljeno prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) Posmatrano po pojedinim oblastima delatnosti kulture, relativno najveći broj zaposlenih (oko 32% u proseku) odnosi se na programske aktivnosti i emitovanje.	A substantial fall in employment is recorded in the publishing industry, whereas in the other segments the number of employees remains relatively steady, with slight fluctuations over time.	0.815782
Značajan pad zaposlenosti beleži izdavačaka delatnost, dok je u ostalim oblastima broj zaposlenih relativno stabilan, uz manje oscilacije u toku vremena.	Graph 2: Trends in the number of employees in individual fields of the cultural sector in the 2001-2011 period According to the results of the poll on personal spendings of the households in Serbia, an average share of spendings on culture and recreation is relatively steady, on the level of about 4.8% in the 2006-2010 period.	0.818182
Grafikon br. 2 Kretanje broja zaposlenih u pojedinim oblastima delatnosti kulture u periodu 2001-2010. godine turnih institucija po pojedinim oblastima kulture, broja njihovih posetilaca i korisnika, broja organizovanih manifestacija u njima i slično.	Reliable findings on the effects of macroeconomic trends upon the cultural development are obtained from the analysis of the levels and trends of respective indicators, in terms of the number of cultural institutions per individual segments of culture, the number of their visitors and users, the number of manifestations organized in them etc.	0.99638
Ograničenje za sprovođenje sveobuhvatne empirijske analize kvantitativnih pokazatelja kulturnih ustanova u Srbiji predstavlja nedostatak podataka na godišnjoj osnovi u pojedinim oblastima.	A limitation in conducting a comprehensive analysis of quantitative indicators of cultural institutions in Serbia is the lack of data on the annual basis in certain segments.	1.61733
Usled specifičnih karateristika, različita je periodika posmatranja i prikupljanja podataka iz različitih oblasti kulture.	Due to specific characteristics, the periods in which observations are made and data are collected in different areas of culture differ.	1.08938
Naime, godišnjim statističkim izveštajima obuhvaćene su aktivnosti pozorišta, bisokopa i radio i TV stanica u Srbiji, kao i štampe i izdavačke delatnosti.	Namely, the annual statistical reports cover the activities of theatres, cinemas and broadcasting corporations in Serbia, as well as media and publishing houses.	1.2109
Sa druge strane, podaci o bibliotekama, muzejima, umetničkim galerijama i arhivima se publikuju na trogodišnjoj osnovi (RZS, 2010, str. 416).	On the other hand, the data on libraries, museums, art galleries and archives are published on a three-year basis (Statistical Office of Serbia, 2010, p.416).	0.990286
Takođe, pristuran je problem međusobne neuporedivosti podataka ne samo između pojedinih oblasti, već i između vremenskih perioda unutar jedne kulturne oblasti.	Similarly, there is the issue of incomparability of data not only between individual segments, but also between time periods within one cultural segment.	1.08864
Na primer, podaci o broju korisnika i čitalaca fonda biblioteka se do 1980. godine odnose na stvarni broj čitalaca, a od 1983. godine na broj poseta radi uzimanja bibliotečkog materijala.	For example, the data on the number of users and readers of the library holding until 1980 refer to the real number of readers; from 1983, they refer to the number of visits for the purpose of taking out the library materials.	1.02975
Time se značajno skraćuje vremenski period u okviru kog raspoloživi podaci mogu biti praćeni radi generisanja odgovarajućih zaključaka. (RZS, 2009, str. 405) Grafikon br.3 :	This significantly shortens the time within which the available data can be tracked to generate adequate conclusions.	0.641176
Kretanje broja pozorišta i broja nji hovih posetilaca u Srbiji2 Izvor:	(Statistical Office of Serbia, 2009, p.405).	0.135
Pripremljeno prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) Na osnovu rezultata anketa o ličnoj potrošnji domaćinstava u Srbiji, prosečno učešće izdataka za kulturu i rekreaciju je relativno stabilno na nivou od oko 4,8% u periodu 2006-2010. godine. ~~~ Pouzdane zaključke o uticaju makroekonomskih kretanja na razvoj kulture pruža analiza nivoa i trenda kretanja odgovarajućih indikatora, u smislu broja kul Izvor:	Graph 3: Number of theatres and of their visitors in Serbia2 Source: Plotted after the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) Source: Plotted after the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) 2 The data include professional, amateur and childrens theateres.	0.286507
Pripremljeno prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) Imajući u vidu navedene metodološke probleme, izabran je ograničeni broj indikatora u funkciji praćenja uticaja ekonomskih kretanja na razvoj kulture u Srbiji.	As of the 2005/2006 theatre season, data for Kosovo and Metohija are missing Having in mind the above listed methodological problems, a limited number of indicators is selected to track the effects of economic trends on the development of culture in Serbia.	1.15991
Raspoloživi podaci pokazuju da je broj pozorišta u Srbiji relativno stabilan u toku vremena.	The data available show that the number of theatres in Serbia has been relatively steady over time.	1.69268
Ipak, broj posetilaca u pozorištima je tokom prve decenije XXI 2 Podacima su obuhvaćena profesionalna, amaterska i dečija pozorišta.	The number of theatre goers, however, has in the first decade of the 21st century been at a considerably lower level in comparison with the 1950s, 1980s, and especially 1970s seasons.	0.961765
Počev od pozorišne sezone 2005/06 izostaju podaci za Kosovo i Metohiju. veka na značajno nižem nivou u poređenju sa sezonama tokom 50-ih, 80-ih, a naročito 70-ih godina prošlog veka.	A dramatic fall in the number of visits is certainly one indicator of a changed cultural environment in the modern stage of the countrys development.	0.56044
Drastično smanjenja posećenost pozorišta je svakako jedan od indikatora izmenjenog kulturnog ambijenta u savremenoj etapi razvoja zemlje. ~~~ Grafikon br.4 :	Graph 4: Number of museums and of their visitors in Serbia3 The findings are much more unfavourable if indicators concerning the cinema activities are observed.	0.152267
Kretanje broja muzeja i broja njihovih posetilaca u Srbiji3 trend pada broja bioskopa u Srbiji.	The available data show a continual falling trend in the number of cinemas in Serbia.	1.19583
Dok je 1980. godine postojalo 518 bioskopa u zemlji, 2009. godine je ovaj broj sveden na svega 117.	While in 1980 there were 518 cinemas in Serbia, in 2009 this number was reduced to only 117.	1.53553
Pri tome, pad broja posetilaca u istom vremenskom periodu je zabrinjavajući.	Here the number of visitors over this same period has become alarming.	1.26
Bioskope u Srbiji tokom 2009. godine posetilo je 1569 hiljada ljudi, što je oko devetnaest puta manje u poređenju sa referentnom 1980. godinom.	During 2009, the cinemas in Serbia recorded 1569 vistors, which is nineteen times a smaller number compared to 1980.	2.62424
Grafikon br.6 : ~~~ Kretanje broja korisnika, organizovanih izložbi i predavanja u arhivima Izvor: ~~~ Pripremljeno prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) Analiza kretanja vrednosti izabranih pokazatelja brojnosti i posećenosti muzeja u Srbiji u toku vremena upućuje na slične zaključke u pogledu aktuelnog stanja u kulturi.	Graph 6: Number of users, organized exhivitions and lectures in archives Source: Plotted after the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) The analysis of the trends of the selected values of the indicators of the number of museums and visits in Serbia over time leads to similar conslusions as regards the real situation in the cultural sector.	0.225137
Naime, prema podacima iz 2009. godine, veoma je malo ostupanje u broju muzeja u poređenju sa 1982. godinom.	Namely, according to the data of 2009, the deviation in the number of museums is rather small in comparison with 1982.	1.54033
Međutim, broj posetilaca tokom 2009. godine je više nego dvostruko manji u odnosu na početak ž80-ih godina prošlog veka. ~~~ Grafikon br.5 :	The number of visitors during 2009, however, is more than twice as small as at the beginning of the 1980s.	0.340909
Kretanje broja bioskopa i broja njihovih posetilaca u Srbiji4 Izvor:		-0.3
Pripremljeno prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) Zaključci su mnogo nepovoljniji ukoliko se posmatraju odgovarajući indikatori koji se odnose na delatnost bioskopa.		-0.3
Raspoloživi podaci ukazuju na kontinuirani 3 Počev od 2000. godine izostaju podaci za Kosovo i Metohiju.		-0.3
4 Počev od 2008. godine, izostaju podaci za Kosovo i Metohiju. ~~~ Izvor: ~~~ Pripremljeno prema podacima Republičkog zavoda za statistiku (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) Kada je u pitanju korišćenje arhiva u Srbiji, podaci pokazuju da se obim sadržaja koji oni obezbeđuju povećava, uz manje oscilacije tokom vremena.	Graph 5: Number of cinemas and of their visitors in Serbia4 Source: Plotted after the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) 3 As of 2000, data for Kosovo and Metohija are missing 4 As of 2008, data for Kosovo and Metohija are missing Source: Plotted after the data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs) In case of archives in Serbia, data show that the scope of contents they provide rises, with slight fluctuations over time.	0.240682
Uprkos takvoj tendenciji, smanjuje se broj njihovih korisnika u poređenju sa krajem 80-ih i početkom 90-ih godina.	Despite this tendency, the number of their users decreases in comparison with the late 1980s and the beginning of 1990s.	1.13036
Na primer, arhivi u našoj zemlji su brojali 12622 korisnika 1987. godine, a svega 8184 korisnika oko dve decenije kasnije, tj. 2008. godine.	For example, archives in this country recorded 12622 users in 1987, while only 8184 users two decades later, i.e., in 2008.	1.48112
Dugoročno upravljanje kulturnim razvojem društva predstavlja jedan od najsloženijih domena Vlade Srbije, koji zahteva uspostavljanje balansa, ne toliko između konkurencije, ciljeva i prioriteta kao u drugim oblastima javne praktične politike, koliko između konkurencije vizije o ulozi kulture u društvu.	Long-term management of the cultural development of the society is one of the most complex fields in the work of the Government of Serbia, one that requires that balance be established, not so much between competition, goals and priorities as it happens in other segments of public practical policy, but between the competition of the vision of the role the culture plays in a society.	1.82115
To znači da idejni koncepti savremenih kulturnih politika u Srbiji treba da se zasnivaju na uspostavljanju ravnoteže između kreativnosti, tržišne efikasnosti i efektivnosti i zadovoljenja socijalnih i kulturnih potreba društva.	This means that ideological concepts of modern cultural policies in Serbia should be based on establishing the balance between creativity, market efficiency and effectiveness and the satisfaction of social and cultural needs of the society.	1.45836
To takođe podrazumeva uspostavljanje balansa između zaštite i unapređenja kulturne baštine, podsticanja savremene umetničke produkcije i stvaranja uslova za razvoj dinamičnog i raznovrsnog kulturnog života na ukupnoj teritoriji države.	This also means establishing the balance between the protection and improvement of the cultural heritage, enhancing modern production and creating conditions for the development of a dynamic and varied cultural life on the entire territory of the country.	0.897235
Zato vođenje kulturne politike u Srbiji, kao i u svakoj savremenoj demokratskoj državi utemeljenoj na volji naroda, zahteva vizionarske sposobnosti, ali i znanje o strategijama i instrumentima sa kojima se vizije mogu konkretizovati i ostvariti u skladu sa potrebama društva u celini, kao i posebnih društvenih grupa ( \ukić, 2010, str 401-402).	Hence conducting the cultural policy in Serbia, as in any other modern, democratic state founded on the peoples will, requires both visionary skills and the knowledge of the strategies and tools by which visions can be made concrete and realized to meet the needs of the society as a whole, and also the needs of specific social groups (\ukić, 2010, pp. 401-402).	1.37147
Imajući u vidu da je u razvijenim evropskim zemljama usled negativnog uticaja globalne ekonomske krize sve više pristalica stanovišta prema kome bi celokupan sektor kulture trebao biti prepušten isključivo tržišnom načinu finansiranja, tim pre u Srbiji, koja je po makroekonomskim pokazateljima na znatno nižem nivou razvijenosti, trebalo bi tražiti akternativne izvore finansiranja javnom sistemu finansiranja kulture.	The fact is that the negative effects of the global economic crisis in the developed European countries resulted in an increasing number of people who believe that the entire cultural sector should be left to the market type of financing. ~~~ Serbia, which is, according to the macroeconomic indicators, on a considerable lower level of development, should also search for sources of financing culture, alternative to the public system of financing in this sector.	0.251006
Država bi trebalo da stimuliše preduzetništvo u kulturi povoljnim kreditima i poreskim olakšicama kako bi rasteretila budžetska izdvajanja za kulturu u onim segmentima, koji se mogu prepustiti preduzetnicima da na komercijalnoj osnovi pokrenu aktivnosti i obezbede sopstvenim sredstvima njihov razvoj.	The state should stimulate entrepreneurship in culture by favourable loans and tax reliefs in order that budget should be relieved from expenditures for culture in those segments that can then be left to entrepreneurs, who will in turn start the activities on a commercial basis and use their own funds to finance their development.	1.38413
Misli se pre svega na muzičke i video-produkcijske kuće, keramičarski studio, agencije za organizaciju festivala, galerije, knjižare, studija baleta, glume i t.d.	This especially applies to the music and video-production companies, ceramics studios, festival organization agencies, galleries, bookshops, ballet and acting schools, etc.	0.42198
Postoje međutim segmenti kulture poput muzeja, pozorišta koji se ne mogu isključivo prepustiti tržištu.	There are, however, such segments of culture as museums or theatres that cannot be exclusively left to the market.	1.29688
Ti segmenti su od značaja za naš nacionalni identitet i država im mora posvetiti više pažnje i naći način povećanja sredstava za njihovo finansiranje kako se ne bi ugrozio njihov opstanak.	These segments are of importance for our national identity and the state has to pay more attention to them and find ways to increase the funds to finance their activities in order that their survival should not be endangered.	1.01228
Kulturne ustanove kao i sami preduzetnici moraju preduzeti niz marketinških aktivnosti kako bi bili uspešni.	Cultural institutions, no less than the entrepreneurs themselves, will have to undertake a number of marketing steps in order to succeed.	0.797552
Nosioci projekata moraju se potruditi da dopru do zainteresovanih kupaca svojih usluga kako bi imali tržišni uspeh. 4.	Project promoters have to make effort to approach the prospective users of their services to achieve market success. ~~~ 4.	0
Zaključak Iako u nepovoljnim ekonomskim uslovima postoji veoma sužen prostor za finansiranje kulturnih institucija, moguće je identifikovati više mera kojima se ublažavaju problemi nedostatka finansijskih sredstava.	Conclusion Financing cultural institutions becomes an increasingly difficult task in unfavourable economic conditions, nevertheless, several measures can be identified towards relieving the problems of the lack of finances.	0.965136
U tom smislu, kao mogući predlozi posebno se izdvajaju: intenziviranje saradnje kulturnih institucija, podsticanje projekata zajedničkog marketinga i podele resursa, obezbeđenje povoljnijih uslova kreditnog finansiranja, smanjenje proceduralnih zahteva pri konkurisanju za dodelu materijalnih sredstava i ohrabrivanje ovih institucija za pronalaženje rešenja u saradnji sa neprofitnim organizacijama izvan oblasti kulture.	The possible suggestions especially list: intensifying cooperation between cultural institutions, encouraging the projects of mutual marketing and sharing resources, provision of more favourable terms of credit-based financing, reducing procedural requirements in competing for funds and encouraging these institutions to find solutions through cooperation with non-profit organizations outside the cultural sector. ~~~ Furthermore, the state should stimulate entrepreneurship in culture to solve the problem of the lack of budget for financing culture.	0.414687
	Of special importance is the proactive approach of cultural institutions themselves, in both the short-term and the long-term time horizons.	-0.3
Takođe, država mora stimulisati preduzetništvo u kulturi kako bi se rešio problem nedostatka budžetskih sredstava za finansiranje kulture. ograničenih sredstava, ali i kontinuirano informisanje organa upravljanja, zaposlenih i svih stejkholdera organizacije o predstojećim izazovima i alternativama izbora.	It entails projections of budgets and prospective scenarios lasting for several years, strategic decision-making on priorities when using limited funds, but also a continual informing the government bodies, the employees and all the stakeholders of the organization on the coming challenges and alternatives in making choices.	1.00621
Konačno, treba imati u vidu da ekonomski trendovi nisu jedina determinanta savremenih dešavanja u kulturi.	Finally, it must always be kept in mind that economic trends are not the only determinant of modern developments in culture.	1.39342
Pored promene obrasca finansiranja kulture iz javnih i privatnih izvora, globalno posmatrano, uočljive su demografske, tehnološke, ali i promene u pogledu načina korišćenja slobodnog vremena ljudi.	In addition to the change in the pattern of financing culture from public and private sources, globally viewed, evident are the demographic, technological changes, as well as changes in the manner in which people spend their leisure time.	1.48177
Da bi opstale u uslovima delovanja svih navedenih faktora, i same kulturne institucije su prinuđene da menjaju i prilagođavaju način svog delovanja. (Helicon (2009b), str. 3).	In order to survive in the conditions induced by all the above listed factors, cultural institutions themselves are forced to change and adjust the method in which they work. ~~~ (Helicon, 2009b, p.3) REFERENCES Š1Ë \ukić, V. (2010)	0.437302
	Država i Kultura, Čigoja štam pa, Beograd, pp. 401-402.	-0.3
	Š2Ë Einarsson, A. (2008) ~~~ The economic impact of pub lic cultural expenditures on creative industries under increasing globalization, Bifröst Journal of Social Science, No. 2, pp. 27-46.)	-0.3
LITERATURA Š1Ë \ukić, V. (2010) Država i Kultura, Čigoja štam pa, Beograd str. 401-402. Š2Ë Einarsson, A. (2008) The economic impact of pub lic cultural expenditures on creative industries under increasing globalization, Bifröst Journal of Social Science, No. 2, str. 27-46.) Š3Ë Galloway S. (2000) Public Spending on the Arts within the UK, Centre for Cultural Policy Research, Glasgow (preuzeto 08.08.2011. sa: http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/news/CCPR%2 0Arts%20Spending%20Briefing.pdf) Š4Ë Granato, J., Inglehart, R., Leblang, D. (1996) The Effect of Cultural Values on Economic Development:	Š3Ë Galloway S. (2000) ~~~ Public Spending on the Arts within the UK, Centre for Cultural Policy Research, Glasgow (downloaded 08.08.2011. from: http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/news/CCPR%2 0Arts%20Spending%20Briefing.pdf) Š4Ë Granato, J., Inglehart, R., Leblang, D. (1996)	1.13486
Theory, Hypotheses and some Empirical Tests, American Journal of Political Science, Vol.	The Effect of Cultural Values on Economic Development: Theory, Hypotheses and some Empirical Tests, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 40, No.3, pp. 607-631.	2.58462
40, No.3, str. 607-631. Š5Ë Haydon, B. (2000) Cultural Statistics within a Developed Statistics System (Australia and Canada), World Culture Report, Highlights, Part Five, UNESCO; Paris (preuzeto 02.09.2011. sa: http://www.unesco.org/culture/worldreport/ html_eng/wcrb51.shtml) Š6Ë Helicon (2009a) Arts and Recession:	Š5Ë Haydon, B. (2000)	-0.6
The Economic Recessionžs Impact on Cultural Organizations in Washington State, New York (preuzeto 08.08.2011. sa: http://www.arts.wa.gov/projects/documents/ArtsAnd-Recession.pdf) Š7Ë Helicon (2009b) «The Economic Recessionžs Impact on Cultural Organizations in the Puget Sound», New York, (preuzeto 07.09.2011. sa http://www.heliconcollab.net/ files/ Puget-SoundArts-Environmental-Scan. ~~~ Od posebnog značaja je proaktivan pristup samih institucija, kako u kratkom, tako i u dužem vremenskom horizontu.	Cultural Statistics within a Developed Statistics System (Australia and Canada), World Culture Report, Highlights, Part Five, UNESCO; Paris (downloaded 02.09.2011. from: http://www.unesco.org/culture/worldreport/ html_eng/wcrb51.shtml) Š6Ë Helicon (2009a) Arts and Recession: The Economic Recessionžs Impact on Cultural Organizations in Washington State, New York (downloaded 08.08.2011. from: http://www.arts.wa.gov/projects/documents/ArtsAnd-Recession.pdf) Š7Ë Helicon (2009b) «The Economic Recessionžs Impact on Cultural Organizations in the Puget Sound», New York, (downloaded 07.09.2011. from http://www.heliconcollab.net/ files/ Puget-SoundArts-Environmental-Scan.2009-03-09.pdf) Š8Ë Herrero, L.C., Sanz, J.A., Devesa, M., Bedate, A., Š16Ë Republički zavod za statistiku RS (2010) Barrio, M.J. (2006)	1.148
Pod njim se podrazumevaju višegodišnje projekcije budžeta i potencijalnih finansijskih scenarija, strateško odlučivanje o prioritetima pri korišćenju Š8Ë Herrero, L.C., Sanz, J.A., Devesa, M., Bedate, A., Barrio, M.J. (2006) The Economic Impact of Cultural Events a Case Study of Salamanca 2002, European Capital of Culture, European Urban and Regional Studies, No.13(1), str. 41-57. Š9Ë Madden, C., (2009) Global Financial Crisis and Š17Ë Schuster M.D. (1985) Supporting the Arts:	The Economic Impact of Cultural Events a Case Study of Salamanca 2002, European Capital of Culture, European Urban and Regional Studies, No.13(1), pp. 41-57.	2.52889
An Recession: ~~~ Impact on the Arts, DžArt Report No.37, International Association of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA), Sydney Š10Ë Ministarstvo kulture, informisanja i informa cionog društva RS (2011) Informator o radu, Beograd Š11Ë Myerscough (1988) The Economic Importance of the Arts in Britain, Policy Studies Institute, London Š12Ë Madžar Lj.( 2004), Kultura kao činilac i ograničenje razvoja,Kultura i razvoj,Institut društvenih nauka,Beograd.	Š9Ë Madden, C., (2009) Global Financial Crisis and Recession: Impact on the Arts, DžArt Report No.37, International Association of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA), Sydney Š10Ë Ministarstvo kulture, informisanja i informa cionog društva RS (2011) Informator o radu, Beograd Š11Ë Myerscough (1988) The Economic Importance of the Arts in Britain, Policy Studies Institute, London Š12Ë Madžar Lj.( 2004), Kultura kao činilac i ograničenje razvoja,Kultura i razvoj,Institut društvenih nauka,Beograd.	1.1596
Š13Ë National Endowment for the Arts (2000) International Data on Government Spending on the Arts, Note No.74, Research Division (preuzeto 08.08.2011. sa: http://www.nea.gov/research/notes/74.pdf) Š14Ë OžConnor, J., (1998) The Cultural Production Sector in Manchester, Research and strategy, Manchester Institute for Popular Culture, Manchester Š15Ë Republički zavod za statistiku RS (2009) Statistički godišnjak Srbije 2009, Beograd Š16Ë Republički zavod za statistiku RS (2010) Statistički godišnjak Srbije 2010, Beograd International Comparative Study.	Š13Ë National Endowment for the Arts (2000) International Data on Government Spending on the Arts, Note No.74, Research Division (downloaded 08.08.2011. from: http://www.nea.gov/research/notes/74.pdf) Š14Ë OžConnor, J., (1998) The Cultural Production Sector in Manchester, Research and strategy, Manchester Institute for Popular Culture, Manchester Statistički godišnjak Srbije 2010, Beograd Š17Ë Schuster M.D. (1985) ~~~ Supporting the Arts: An International Comparative Study.	1.2191
Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Netherlands, Sweden, United States, National Endowment for the Arts, Massachusetts Š18Ë Shaw, P., (2000), Measuring the Impact of Culture?, Seminar Report, Arts Research Digest, Issue 20, Arts Research Limited Š19Ë SICA Dutsh Centre for International Cultural Activities (2010) «The economic crisis and the prospects for art and culture in Europe» (preuzeto 07.09.2011. sa: http://www.culturalpolicies.net/web/files/83/en/en_ crisis_and_ prospects_for_art_and_culture_in_europe_oct2010.pdf Š20Ë [ešić M.,Stojković B. (2007) Kultura menadžment animacija marketing, Clio, Beograd, str. 247-265. Š21Ë Zakon o budžetu Republike Srbije u 2011. godini, Sl. glasnik RS, broj 20/2011 Š22Ë Zakon o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o budžetu Republike Srbije za 2010. godinu, Sl. glasnik RS, broj 91/2010 Š23Ë Zavod za proučavanje kulturnog razvitka RS (2009) Kulturne politike gradova Srbije:	Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Netherlands, Sweden, United States, National Endowment for the Arts, Massachusetts Š18Ë Shaw, P., (2000), Measuring the Impact of Culture?, Seminar Report, Arts Research Digest, Issue 20, Arts Research Limited Š19Ë SICA Dutsh Centre for International Cultural Activities (2010) «The economic crisis and the prospects for art and culture in Europe» (downloaded 07.09.2011. from: http://www.culturalpolicies.net/web/files/83/en/en_crisis_and_ prospects_for_art_and_culture_in_europe_oct201 0.pdf Š20Ë [ešić M.,Stojković B. (2007) ~~~ Kultura menadžment animacija marketing, Clio, Beograd, pp. 247-265.	1.26636
Kulturni resursi gradova uporedni prikaz, Beograd Š24Ë http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs Š25Ë http:// www.imo.hr Uputstvo za pripremu rada NASLOV RADA ( u najviše dva reda ) TITLE OF PAPER IN ENGLISH ( two lines at the most ) Marko Marković1, Ivan Ivanović2 1Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu 2Saobraćajni fakultet u Beogradu tabele, literaturu Sadržaj - U ovom uputstvu je opisano na koji način je potrebno pripremiti radove za časopis. ~~~ Rukopis rada tehnički obraditi po ugledu na tekst ovog uputstva.	Š21Ë Zakon o budžetu Republike Srbije u 2011. godini, Sl. glasnik RS, no 20/2011 Š22Ë Zakon o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o budžetu Republike Srbije za 2010. godinu, Sl. glasnik RS, broj 91/2010 Š23Ë Zavod za proučavanje kulturnog razvitka RS (2009) Kulturne politike gradova Srbije: Kulturni resursi gradova uporedni prikaz, Beograd Š15Ë Republički zavod za statistiku RS (2009) Statistički godišnjak Srbije 2009, Beograd Š24Ë http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs Š25Ë http:// www.imo.hr Manual for Authors TITLE OF PAPER IN ENGLISH ( two lines at the most ) Marko Markovic1, Ivan Ivanoviæ2 1Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade 2Faculty of Economics in Belgrade Abstract - These are instructions for preparing papers that will be included in the jou rnal.	0.472821
Abstract - This document presents a template for preparing the camera-ready papers that will be included in the journal.	Your papers should be prepared according to the instructions.	0.927778
We suggest your papers to be prepared in form of this template. 1.	1. ~~~ INTRODUCTION Papers have to be written in English.	0.478125
UVOD Radove pisati na srpskom ili engleskom jeziku.		-0.3
Original rada treba da bude otkucan samo sa jedne strane listova A4 formata (210 x 297 mm).	Original papers should be typed one sided A4 format (210x297mm).	1.01104
Koristiti margine: ~~~ 2.5 cm gornja, 2 cm donja, leva i desna.	Use margin 2,5 upper, 2 cm lower, left and right.	1.76364
Maksimalan obim rada je 8 strana, uključujući i tekst, slike, i ostale priloge.	Maximal length of paper is 8 pages including tables, text, pictures, literature and other appendices.	2.79429
Stranice numerisati grafitnom olovkom u gornjem desnom uglu.	Pages are numbered with graphite pencil in upper right corner.	0.633333
Radove dostaviti u dva primerka (original + jedna kopija) i na disketi u formatu MS Word 6.0 Ako zadnja stranica teksta nije popunjena, kolone na toj stranici svesti na istu dužinu. 2.	Send two copies of the paper (original + one copy) and diskette in format MS Word 6.0.	0.778404
PODNASLOV (npr. Simulacioni model) Na sredini prve stranice rukopisa, nakon jednog praznog reda, napisati naslov rada na srpskom jeziku.	If the last page of text is not filled up, the columns on the last page should be even, of the same length. . 2.	0.348876
Ispod njega sledi naziv rada na engleskom jeziku.	SUBTITLE (SIMULATION MODEL) (example: SIMULATION MODEL) In the middle of the first page, after one empty line, insert English title of the paper.	0.0682171
Koristiti font TimesRomanBold 14 pt.	Use font Times Roman Bold 14 pt.	6.73333
Imena autora i nazive njihovih institucija pisati fontom TimesRoman 10 pt, takođe na sredini stranice. ~~~ Način pisanja je pokazan na početku ovog uputstva.	The name of authors and the names of their institutions in font Times Roman 10 pt. should be centered as in the model given at the beginning of this instruction..	1.33292
Ostali delovi rukopisa se obrađuju u dve kolone razmaknute 0,5 cm.	Other parts type in two columns 0,5 cm in between.	1.54935
Rad kucati običnim proredom i dvostrukim proredom između pasusa.	Paper is typed normal space and double space between paragraphs.	0.583929
Preporučuje se font TimesRoman 10 pt, kojim je kucano i ovo uputstvo.	Font Roman 10 pt is recommended.	4.67143
Početak pasusa kucati od početka kolone.		-0.3
Posle naslova rada i imena autora sledi kratak sadržaj na srpskom jeziku pisan kurzivom - Italic.	Beginning of the paragraph is typed at the very beginning of the columns.	0.193548
Iza toga sledi kratak sadržaj na engleskom takođe pisan jeziku kurzivom - Italic.	The title of the paper and names of authors are followed by short abstract in Italic.	1.15292
Podnaslove u rukopisu pisati u Bold-u velikim slovima veličine kao u tekstu (ne manje od 10 pt).	All subtitles are typed in Bold, capital letters same sized as in the previous text (not smaller than 10 pt). 3.	2.92642
3. PODNASLOV (npr UPOREDNA ANALIZA ) Jednačine pisati u jednoj koloni sa numeracijom uz desnu ivicu, kao ) )] ) (12) ( E r E σ2 = − ( [ r , p i ( r p p Ako se ne želi prelamanje, jednačine se mogu pisati preko obe kolone. 4.	SUBTITLE (example: COMPARATIVE ANALYSES) r ( σ2 = ) p E ( n ∑ = i [ r p i , − E r ( p )] ) (12) All equations type in one column, numerated at the right side, as illustrated. ~~~ 4.	0.413628
ZAKLJUČAK n ∑ = i Slike, tabele, grafikone ili listing programa prilagoditi širini jedne kolone.	CONCLUSION All figures, tables or graphic presentations are adapted to the width of one column.	0.469207
Ukoliko je potrebno ubaciti neku od navedenih ilustracija za koju je jedna kolona nedovoljna, koristiti širinu cele stranice i odmah potom preći na dvokolonsko formatiranje.	If necessary, when the figures do not fit in one column, use the width of the page , and then continue as previously, in two columns.	0.527805
U nastavku se daje primer slike sa legendom.	See the figure below.	0
R[$] Slika 3.	R[$] Figure 1.	1.775
Grafički prikaz rezultata t [s] LITERATURA Navesti samo literaturu koja je direktno vezana za problematiku rada, a redne brojeve referenci kucati u uglastim zagradama.	Graphic presentation of results t [s] REFERENCES Only the literature related to the problems and main ideas presented in paper should be including and ordinal numbers of the references type in angular brackets.	0.952192
Literatura se u tekstu navodi u uglastim zagradama po redosledu citiranja.	Literature in text has to be quoted in angular brackets to the order of their quotation .	1.25846
Na primer, u Š5Ë je pokazano....	For example in [5] it is shown that.	1.15714
U nastavku se daje primer navođenja literature na kraju rada. [1] Banks, J. and S. J. Carson, Discrete-Event System Simulation, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1984. [2] Bodily, S. Spreadsheet Modeling as a Stepping Stone, Interfaces, Vol.	The example of literature is shown below. [1] ~~~ Banks, J. and S.J. Carson., Discete - Event System Simulation Prentice - Hall, New - Jersey, 1984. [2] ~~~ Bodily, S., Speadsheet Modeling as a Stepping Stone, Interfaces, vol. 16, No.5, pp 34-52 1986. [3] ~~~ Protic D., Simulation of work on Airport Belgrade.	0.145227
16, No. 5, pp 34-52, 1986 [3] Protić D. Simulacija rada Aerodroma Beograd, Zbornik radova, SinfoN, str. 75-81, Zlatibor, 1994 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Vesna Milićević1, Vladimir Lovrić2, Aleksandar Marković3 1, 3 Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka , 2 Vomit Group Iza zo vi sa vre me nog ki ne skog bi zni sa i me nadž men ta UDK: ~~~ 005.336.1(510 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012.	Proceedings of work, SINFF-N, page 75 -81. ~~~ Zlatibor Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Vesna Milićević1, Vladimir Lovrić2, Aleksandar Marković3 1, 3 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, 2 Vomit Group Challenges of Contemporary Chinese Business and Management¹ UDC: 005.336.1(510) DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0006 The work is an attempt to analyse certain specific features of modern Chinese business and management.	-0.0139507
(english version) U ra du su ana li zi ra ne spe ci fič ne ka rak te ri sti ke sa vre me nog ki ne skog bi zni sa i me nadž men ta.	It starts with the impact of culture upon Chinese management, especially upon the affirmation of the strategic approach.	0.284848
Po la zi se od uti ca ja kul tu re na ki ne ski me nadž ment, po seb no na afir ma ci ju stra te gij skog pri stu pa. ~~~ Fo kus je na di na mi ci, šan sa ma i iza zo vi ma sa vre me nog ki ne skog po slo va nja u kon tek stu iz u zet nih ma kro e ko nom skih po ka za te lja i evi dent ne raz voj ne per spek ti ve na glo bal nom ni vou.	The focus is on the dynamics, opportunities and challenges of the modern Chinese business doing in the context of extraordinarily high macroeconomic indicators and evident development prospects on a global level.	0.0209135
Po se ban seg ment ra da je po sve ćen di gi ta li za ci ji i raz vo ju kon ku rent nog e-bi zni sa.	A special section of the work is devoted to the digitalization and the development of a competitive e-business.	0.214865
Ključ ne re či: ki ne ski bi znis, kul tu ra, stra te gij ski pri stup, ki ne ski me nadž ment, e-po slo va nje. 1.	Key words: Chinese business, culture, strategic approach, Chinese management, e-business. ~~~ 1.	-0.0105882
Uvod Izuzetan ekonomski uspeh Narodne Republike Kine u novijem periodu, koji se dugo manifestovao u najvišoj stopi rasta bruto domaćeg proizvoda (BDP) na svetu od preko 9%, u prvi plan je stavio uspeh kineskog biznisa i menadžmenta.	Introduction A dramatic economic success of the People Republic of China in recent years, long manifested in the worlds highest growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) of 9%, highlighted the success of the Chinese business and management.	1.15492
U okviru komparativnog menadžmentua danas je izuzetno aktuelno izučavanje aktuelnih specifičnosti upravljanja kineskim preduzećima.	Research into the specific features of Chinese company management today is an especially interesting area of study within comparative management.	1.09024
Kina zauzima površinu od 9598 km2 na kojoj živi preko milijardu stanovnika - 1320 miliona stanovnika (prema podacima iz 2008.godine) [1].	China covers an area of 9598km2 and has a population of over one billion 1320 million inhabitants (according to the data of 2008) [1].	1.23312
Ona se se prostire od Sibira do ekvatora i od Pacifika do središta evroazijskog kontinenta. ~~~ Gradovi sa najvećim brojem stanovnika su (prema podacima iz 2007.godine):	It sprawls from Siberia to the Equator and from the Pacific Ocean to the centre of the Euro-Asian continent.	0.0795455
Šangaj 12 miliona, Peking - 9,3 miliona, Čongćing 8,8 miliona, Guangčou (Kanton) 6.9 miliona, Čengdu 6 miliona i Tienđin 5,8 miliona [1].	The cities with the largest population (according to the data of 2007) are the following: Shanghai 12 million, Beijing 9.3 million, Chongquing 8.8 million, Guangzhou (Canton) 6.9 million, Chengdu 6 million and Tianjin 5.8 million [1].	0.764369
Bruto domaći proizvod je iznosio 30 067 milijarde CNY (2008).	The gross domestic product amounted to CNY 30,067 billion in 2008.	1.9197
Moraju se uzeti u obzir značajne društvene promene u Kini tokom 20. veka.	Important social changes during the 20th century must certainly be taken into account.	0.677009
Na velikom brzo rastućem kineskom tržištu prisutne su mnoge poslovne šanse i ono ima izuzetnu ulogu u međunarodnom biznisu 21.	A large and a fast growing Chinese market offers numerous business opportunities and its role in the international business in the 21st century is increasingly important.	0.926675
veka. 2.	2.	1.3
Uti caj kul tu re na ki ne ski me nadž ment Polazimo od toga da je kineska civilzacija najstarija civilizacija u kontinuitetu na svetu.	Cultural impacts upon Chinese management The Chinese civilization is the oldest civilization in the world that lasted continually.	0.45524
Veoma je značajan uticaj kulture na kineski menažment, pri čemu se mora imati u vidu da posebna mešavina tradicionalnog i novog u kulturi1 ima značajne implikacije na donošenje menadžerskih odluka.	The impact of culture upon the Chinese management is very important especially because a specific mixture of the traditional and the new in this culture has significant implications in managerial decision making.	1.45106
Bitno je ukazati na relevantne regionalne razlike u sferi ekonomije, kulture i menadžmenta koje se u velikoj meri posebno vezuju za Peking kao glavni grad i političko središte; Šangaj kao komercijalni centar; Guangčou, koji je na jugu blizu Hong Konga, sa značajnom ekonomskom ekspanzijom i za gradove Zapadne Kine, kao što su Čongćing i Čengdu.	Therefore it is worth pointing out the relevant regional differences in the fields of economy, culture and management that are largely characteristic of Beijing as a capital city and a political centre, Shanghai as a commercial centre, Guangzhou which lies in the south, not far from Hong Kong, characterised by an important economic expansion, as well as the cities in Western China, such as Chongquing and Chengdu.	1.10847
Kina se danas u poslovnim krugovima često označava kao svetska fabrika, pri čemu su posebno značajni ljudski resursi.	In business circles, China is today often marked as a workshop of the world, where human resources play a specially significant role.	1.06662
U ovom kontekstu je ilustrativano razmišljanje Čen Pua (iz 12.veka): ~~~ Ako se posao brižljivo osmisli, sigurno ćeš postići uspeh.	An adequate illustration in this context is the thought of Chen Pu (12th century): If a work is well planned, you will certainly succeed.	0.296087
To je opšte pravilo.	This is a general rule.	0.884211
Retko se dešava da čovek koji usrdno radi ništa ne dobije.	It rarely happens that a man who works diligently gets nothing.	1.03846
I nikada nije šteta truditi se što više [2].	And there is no harm in doing the best you can [2].	0.8925
Međutim, mora se imati u vidu da je za kinesku civilizaciju bio karakterističan inventivni duh i tehnička superiornost u određenim domenima.	It has to be remembered, 1 The paper brings the results of the authors research within the project no. ~~~ 179081, financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia.	-0.0396
Kinezi su veoma ra 1 U radu su objavljeni i rezultati istraživanja autora ostvareni na projektu evidencioni broj:	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 however, that the Chinese civilization has always been characterised by a spirit of invention and a technical superiority in certain domains.	0.219119
koji finansira Ministarstvo prosvete i nauke Republike Srbije Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 no izumeli tehniku predenja i tkanja i bili su uspešni u proizvodnji svile, poznati po bronzi, topljenom gvožđu i čeliku, po izvozu gvožđarskih proizvoda u jugoistočnu Aziju, istorija kineske keramike je jedna od najbogatijih na svetu, a proizvodnja porcelana dostiže vrhunac već u 12. veku.	The Chinese invented the weaving and spinning techniques; they were successful in the production of silk, famous for their bronze, smelt iron and steel, for the exports of hardware products into South Eastern Asia; the history of Chinese ceramics is one of the most famous in the world, and the production of china reaches its climax in the 12th century.	0.722884
Kina je do 19. veka bila najveći izvoznik tada luksuznih proizvoda na svetu: svile, keramike, porcelana, čajeva, proizvoda od laka, luksuznog nameštaja, a imala je uspešne inženjere, umetnike i zanatlije [3].	Until the 19th century China was the worlds leading exporter of then luxurious commodities: silk, ceramics, china, tea, products from laquer, luxury furniture; it had accomplished engineers, artists and craftsmen [3].	0.762228
Neophodno je sagledati karakteristike kineske kulture koje su bitne sa aspekta menadžmernta.	It is necessary that the characteristics of the Chinese culture important from the management aspect be thoroughly studied.	1.13633
Od posebnog je značaja uticaj kulture, posebno filozofije, na kineski menadžment.	The impact of culture upon the Chinese management is of special importance, especially that of philosophy.	0.727027
U ekonomskoj misli kineskih filozofa pravi se razlika između onog što su nazivali korenom i granom.	The economic thought of the Chinese philosophers reveals a difference between the notions of the root and the branch.	0.608114
Koren se odnosio na zemljoradnju, a grana na trgovinu u smislu da mora postojati proizvodnja pre razmene [4].	The root meant arable farming, whereas the branch denoted trade in the sense that farming must always precede the exchange of goods [3].	1.01851
Za kinesku kulturu vekovima su tradicionalno vezani ideali Konfučija (551.g.p.n.	Traditionally present in the Chinese culture are the Confucius (551BC 479 BC) ideals .	0.841345
e.479.g.p.n.e). ~~~ To znači da njegove preporuke za vođenje stabilne države i harmoničnog društva iznesene pre oko dve i po hiljade godina i danas utiču na život ljudi, posebno njegov ideal vezan za važnost porodice.	His recommendations concerning the rule of a stable state and a harmonious society, given about two and a half thousand years ago are still vital today and influence the life of the nation. ~~~ This is especially so with his ideal concerning the importance of the family.	0.143634
U pogledu vrlina pojedinaca Konfucije je naglašavao čovekoljublje žen, koje se satoji od ljubavi prema drugima, odnosno saosećanja sa ljudima koji ga okružuju i ispravnost ji koja se odnosi na ono što bi u izvesnoj situaciji trebalo učiniti iz moralnih pobuda [4].	As regards the virtues of an individual, Confucius pointed out the philantrophy, zen, that includes love for others, i.e., the sympathy for the people around the man, and the righteousness, yi, that includes what should be done in a certain situation out of moral motives [4].	0.926608
On je život dostojan čoveka posmatrao kao stalan i nikad završeni proces učenja i vaspitavanja.	He considered the life worthy of man a continual and never finished process of learning and education.	1.04651
Konfucije ističe pet dužnosti opštih obaveza, koje su u suštini nosioci svih društvenih relacija, kao i tri moralne osobine pomoću kojih se te dužnosti sprovode.	Confucius highlights five general duties, obligations that are essentially the pillars of all other social relations, as well as three moral qualities through which the duties are carried out.	1.1817
Pet dužnosti koje postoje su: između vladara i podanika, između oca i sina, između muža i žene, između starijeg i mlađeg brata i dužnosti među prijateljima, a tri opštepriznate osobine su mudrost, saosećanje i hrabrost [5].	The five duties are the following: those between the ruler and the subjects, those between the father and the son, those between the husband and the wife, those between the elder and the younger brother and duties among friends, while the three generally recognized qualities are wisdom, sympathy and courage [5].	0.854619
Iz ovoga su proistekli hijerarhija prava i obaveza, kao i uvažavanje autoriteta.	This is the background from which the hierarchy of rights and duties and the respect for authority stemmed.	0.446262
Bitni su socijalizacija sa ponašanjem u skladu sa ulogom u društvu i kolektivizam, koji karakteriše učešće u intenzivnim društvenim interakcijama.	Also crucial are the socialization which includes the behaviour in accordance with ones role in the society and the collectivism, characterised by the participation in intensive social interactions.	1.36063
Ovo uspešno ilustruje stara kineska misao: ~~~ Čovek ne treba da se ogleda u vodi, nego u drugim ljudima [6].	This is well illustrated by an old Chinese saying: Man should not look at his picture in the water, but in the eyes of other people [6].	0.472665
Filozofski daoizam (ili taoizam) zasniva se na pojmu dao (tao), koji doslovno znači put i značajan je sa aspekta izučavanja uticaja kineske kulture na menadžment, a posebno daoistička dijalektika.	Daoism (or taoism) in philosophy is based on the notion of dao (tao) that literally means the way and is important from the aspect of the impact of the Chinese culture upon management, and this goes especially for daoist dialectics.	1.16552
Za shvatanje daoističke misli najvažnija je Knjiga o Daou i Deu Lao C-a iz 6. veka p.n.e., gde je dao shvaćen kao sveobuhvatni prvi princip Dao rađa sve stvari, a de (moć) neguje sve stvari [7].	Of special importance for the understanding of the daoist thought is the Way Power Book / Dao De Jing written by Lao-Tze in the 6th century BC, where dao is understood as an all-comprehensive first principle - Dao gives birth to all things and de (power) nurses all things [7].	1.31877
Naglašava se dualitet svega pod nebom, što je izraženo u misli: ~~~ Sve stvari (u sebi) skrivaju yin, čuvaju yang.	The duality of all things under heaven is stressed, expressed in the following thought: All things hide (in themselves) yin, cherish yang.	0.384959
Yin se odnosi na osenčeno, pasivno, jang na svetlo, aktivno.	Yin refers to shadowed, passive, whereas yang means light, active.	0.817153
Jin i jang, jedino kada su zajedno, čine celinu.	Yin and yang, only together, make a whole.	0.583333
Smatra se da u svim oblastima kineskog života postoje mnogobrojni oblici binarnog jednstva jina i janga.	The binary unity of yin and yang is considered to be characteristic of all the aspects of Chinese life.	0.459029
Poznati simbol ☯ ukazuje na njihovu simultanu suprotnost i komplementarnost.	A well known symbol ☯ shows their simultaneous opposition and complementarity.	0.568442
Proces nastanka svih pojava smatra se cikličnim, kao beskrajno stvaranje i nestajanje, u kome se sve menja u svoj suprotni pol, onda kada se do kraja upotpuni, što se u novijem periodu odnosi i na privredne cikluse.	The process of creation of all phenomena is considered to be cyclic, as an infinite creation and disappearance, in which everything changes into its opposite after it has been fully completed, and this also refers to the economic cycles in the modern period.	0.952834
Implikacije ove filozofije se vezuju i za poslovne pregovore, kada se može smatrati da, iako se ne slažu, oba učesnika u pregovorima u suštini mogu biti u pravu [8].	The implications of this philosophy are also valid in case of business negotiations: even if they do not agree, both negotiatiors can be considered basically right [8].	0.833602
U celini posmatrano, kinesku civilizaciju karakteriše paralelno postojanje mnoštva lokalnih formi, ali i određeni hijerarhijski red, koji omogućava da se pomire i usaglase različiti kulturni tipovi i da se ostvari stabilnost.	Generally, the Chinese civilization is characterised by a parallel existence of a plethora of local forms, however, by a certain hierarhical order, too, the order that allows for different cultural types to be brought together and reconciled and for stability to be achieved.	0.906996
U tom smislu, i sa aspekta menadžmenta, bitan je pojam ritula kao ispravnog i valjanog ponašanja.	From the aspect of management, too, the notion of ritual as a correct and proper behaviour is also important.	0.628235
Takođe je karakteristična težnja za postizanjem socilalne harmonije, kao i harmonije sa prirodom. 3.	Also characteristic is a tendency to achieve a social harmony as well as harmony with nature. ~~~ 3.	0.0855422
Spe ci fič no sti ki ne skog me nadž men ta Za kineski menadžment je karakterističan značaj kreiranja i realizovanja strategije.	Specific features of Chinese management Chinese management is characterised by the importance ascribed to strategy creation and implementation.	0.420727
Ovo se povezuje sa klasičnim delom Sun Cu-a Umeće ratovanja koje je nastalo pre preko dve hiljade godina [9].	This is related to a classic work, The Art of War, written by Sun Tzu over two and a half years ago [9].	1.16024
U okviru izučavanja azijskih sistema menadžmenta Sun Cu-ovo strategijsko razmišljanje se posebno vezuje za poslovnu konkurentnost.	In studying the Asian management systems, Sun Tzus strategic thought is especially brought into relation with business competitiveness.	1.18235
Karakterističan je i kineski izraz Shang Chang Ru Zhang Chang, koji se prevodi kao Tržište je bojno polje [10].	Also characteristic is the Chinese expression Shang Chang Ru Zhang Chang, translated as Market is a battlefield [10].	1.55079
U savremenom kineskom menadžmentu Sun Cu-ov pristup se dovodi u vezu i sa poslovnim pregovoranjem.	In modern Chinese management, Sun Tzus approach Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 is related to business negotiations.	0.528488
Kada su u pitanju strani menadžeri, samo dobro vođeni, dugoročni odnosi sa kineskim partnerima će za posledicu imati kreativne, obostrano korisne poslovne pregovore.	In case of foreign managers, only well conducted long-term relations with Chinese partners will result in creative, mutually beneficial business negotiations.	1.09876
Inicijalni pregovori su često pregovori sa nultom sumom (Linghe Tanpan).	The initial negotiations are oftern the zero sum (Linghe Tanpan) negotiations.	0.554266
Nakon što se uspostavi poverenje, slede pregovori o značajnijim daljim komercijalnim odnosima [8].	Only after mutual trust has been established can negotiations on important further commercial relations begin [8].	0.691493
Sa aspekta uspešnosti poslovanja, posebno je važno da strani menadžeri poznaju ustaljene međuljudske odnose karakteristične za Kinu.	From the aspect of success in business doing it is very important that foreing managers should be familiar with the well established interpersonal relations characteristic of China.	1.04973
Guansi (Guanxi - lične veze) se odnosi na povezivanje izvan porodice koje Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 se bazira na uspostavljanju poverenja, a specifično je pošto se ograničava na partnere spojene ličnim obavezama, činjenjem usluga, razvijanjem prijateljstva, uzajamnim pomaganjem i podržavanjem.	Guanxi (personal relations) means building relationships outside the family, ones based on establishing trust, and this is specific because it is limited to partners connected through personal obligations, doing favours, developing friendships, helping and supporting each other.	0.396419
Ovo u suštini rezultira u pozicioniranju u društvenoj mreži na bazi svojevrsnog reciprociteta na duži rok.	This essentially results into a positioning into the social newtwork on the basis of a specific long-term reciprocity.	0.634191
Od izuzetnog značaja je referisanje na nečiji guanxi tokom poslovnih pregovora.	Reference to ones guanxi during business negotiations is of paramount importance.	0.55
U pogledu ličnog ponašanja pojedinac bi trebalo da ima obraz (lian), što je često povezano sa reputacijom (mianzi) koja se može steći.	As regards personal behaviour, an individual has to have a face (lian cheek), which is often linked to reputation (mianzi) which can be acquired.	0.944674
Mianzi određuje mesto pojedinca u njegovoj društvenoj mreži i predstavlja najvažnije merilo socijalne vrednosti.	Mianzi defines the position of an individual in his/her social network and is the most important measure of social value.	1.09709
U biznisu se naročito važnom smatra i interpersonalna harmonija (Renji Hexie) [8].	Especially important in business is interpersonal harmony (Renji Hexie) [8].	1.36444
Ilustrativna je kineska izreka Čovek bez osmeha ne bi trebalo da otvara prodavnicu.	It is well illustrated by a Chinese saying A man without a smile should not set up a shop.	0.728571
Generalno posmatrano, harmonični odnosi između poslovnih partnera i strpljenje od presudnog su značaja.	Generally speaking, harmony between business partners and patience are essential.	0.755044
Poželjni su učtivost i pozitivna osećanja.	Politeness and positive feelings are also desirable.	0.684669
Izbegava se da se kaže Ne, umesto direktnog odbijanja može se preći na drugu temu, ućutati, postaviti drugo pitanje ili odgovoriti dvosmisleno sa suptilnom negativnim asocijacijama, kao npr. izgleda da nije loše.	The Chinese avoid saying No; instead of a direct denial, they will change the topic, stop talking, ask another question or give an ambiguous answer with subtle negative associations, e.g., it seems not to be bad.	0.830286
Bitni su promena intonacije, izraza lica i jezik tela.	Also important are the changes in intonation, in facial expression and the body language.	1.30851
Izražavanje negativnih emocija je nepoželjno u poslovnoj komunikaciji.	Expressing negative emotions is not desirable in business communications.	0.966667
Sa ekonomskog aspekta bi trebalo ukazati na kinesku štedljivost ( Jiejian ) [8].	From an economic aspect, it is important to stress the Chinese passion for saving (Jiejian) [8].	0.462857
U novijem periodu za ekonomiju Narodne Republike Kine su karakteristične visoke stope štednje, što se može dovesti u vezu i sa ranijim periodima ekonomske nestabilnosti.	The economy of the Peoples Republic of China in the recent period has been characterised by high savings rates, which can partly be explained by the earlier periods of economic instability.	1.20308
Ovo se reflektuje i na ulogu koju određivanje cene ima u poslovnim pregovorima.	This is in turn reflected in the role that pricing has in business negotiations.	1.15273
Pored razmatranja pitanja vezanih za količinu robe koja će biti isporučena, za same proizvode, postprodajne usluge, uslove plaćanja, garancije, centralna tačka nesuglasica upravo može biti prodajna cena.	In addition to negotiating the issues related to the quantities of goods to be delivered, for the products themselves, the post-sales service, terms of payment, warranties, the central point of disagreement can well be the sales price.	0.91677
Značajno pitanje je odnos tradicije i modernosti u kineskom menadžmentu danas.	An important issue is that of the relationship between tradition and modernity in the Chinese management today.	0.944366
Svakako da je izuzetan uticaj tradicionalne kulture i sistema vrednosti i da mnoge tradicionalne vrednosti opstaju.	The impact of the traditional Chinese culture and the value system is by all means very strong and a large number of traditional values survive.	1.12295
Radi se o svojevrsnom spoju koji se reflektuje i kroz koegzistenciju određenih kolektivističkih karakteristika i novih individualističkih koje su tipične za proces industrijalizacije i za ono što se u savremenom kineskom menadžmentu vezuje za pojam socijalne modernizacije [11].	There is a unique blend reflected through a coexistence of certain collectivistic characteristics and new, individualist ones, typical of the industrialization process and of what the modern Chinese management terms a notion of social modernization [11].	0.586143
U ovom kontekstu je bitno ukazati na diverzitet kao na bitnu specifičnost kineskog menadžmenta u savremenoj Kini.	It is important in this context to highlight diversity as a vital specific feature of management in modern China.	1.12083
Mora se uzeti u obzir da su mnoge kineske regije veće po površini i po broju stanovnika od nekih zemalja u Evropi i svetu.	We have to bear in mind that certain regions in China each cover an area larger than some countries in Europe or in the world.	1.25706
Pojedine regije se razlikuju po istoriji, dijalektima, ekonomskim resursima i razvoju.	Certain regions may differ in history, dialects, economic resources and development.	0.792
Trebalo bi imati u vidu da je severoistočna Kina dugo bila industrijsko središte stare planske ekonomije, sa velikim brojem državnih preduzeća i razvijenom petrohemijskom industrijom i industrijom čelika, a njene tri regije: ~~~ Liaoning,Đilin i Hei-lung-Điang su poznate kao dongbei (severoistok) industrijski i tehnološi razvijen deo zemlje.	North Eastern China was long the industrial centre of the old planned economy, with a large number of of state-owned firms and a developed petroleum and steel industries, and three of its regions: Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang are known as dongbei (north-east) the industrially and technologically developed region of the country.	0.299566
Severoistočna Kina je i danas veoma značajna sa aspekta privrednog razvoja.	Today, North Eastern China is still very important from the aspect of economic development.	1.25147
Bitna je njena ekonomska povezanost sa susednim zemljama - Liaoning je poznat po bliskim ekonomskim vezama sa Japanom, Đilin sa Južnom Korejom, a regija Heilung-Điang sa Rusijom [11].	Important also is its economic connection with the neighbouring countries Liaoning is known for its close economic links with Japan, Jilin is closely related to Korea, and Heilongjiang has relations with Russia [11].	0.666918
Raznovrsnost vezana za regije se može sagledati i kroz orijentaciju menadžera u obalskim gradovima kao što su Šangaj i Guangčou.	The diversity concerning the regions can also be viewed through the orientation of managers in the coastal cities, such as Shanghai and Guangzhou.	0.988199
Ističe se da su oni u većoj meri individualistički nastrojeni u svojoj otvorenosti ka promenama i težnji ka ostvarenju ličnog interesa nego što su to, na primer, menadžeri u udaljenijim i manje razvijenim gradovima kao što su Čengdu i Lančou.	These are more individualistic in their openness to change and in their tendency to satisfy their personal interests in comparison with the managers in more distant and less developed cities such as Chengdu and Lanzhou.	0.921505
Pored toga, može se govoriti i o rastućem jazu između generacija.	Besides, there is a growing generation gap to be concerned with.	0.278182
Tako su mlađi menadžeri, koji su veći deo svog profesionalnog života proveli u periodu reforme, u privredi gde se afirmiše delovanje tržišnih sila i društvu gde je poželjno biti bogat, u većoj meri individualistićki nastrojeni [8].	Thus young managers who spent a larger part of their professional lives in the period of reforms are now more individualistic in their approach in the economy that promotes the forces of market and the society where it is desirable to be rich [8].	1.10642
4.	4.	1.8
Di na mi ka sa vre me nog ki ne skog po slo va nja Narodna Republika Kina osnovana je 1949. godine i imala je društvenu i ekonomsku istoriju punu preokreta.	Modern Chinese business dynamics The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949 and can boast of a very turbulent social and economic history.	0.647805
Krakteristično je da je sedamdesetih godina prošlog veka počelo otvaranje Kine prema svetu.	Characteristic of China is that it started to open to the world in 1970s.	0.620375
Pod vođstvom Deng Sjaopinga objavljen je program modernizacije Kine [2].	The modernization programme of China was adopted under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping [2].	1.32629
Proces reforme je sledio njegovu viziju socijalističke tržišne privrede.	The reform process followed his vision of socialist market economy.	0.854237
Vlada NRK je prešla na politiku otvorenih vrata uz stimulisanje stranih investicija.	The Government of the PR China adopted and pursued the open door policy and used subsidies to encourage foreign investments.	1.09908
Odmereno otvaranje Kine za međunarodnu trgovinu je počelo 1978 godine.	A gradual opening of China to international trade Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 began in 1978.	0.907244
Na primorju su formirane specijalne ekonomske zone u kojima su stvoreni povoljni uslovi za strane preduzetnike.	Special economic zones were formed on the coast in which favourable conditions were created for foreign entrepreneurs.	0.810855
Privredu je karakterisao brzi razvoj industrije i poljoprivrede.	Economy was characterised by a fast development of industry and agriculture.	1.25345
U periodu posle 1978.godine do danas došlo je do eksponencijalnog rasta spoljne trgovine, do velikog priliva stranih direktnih investicija, do industrijskog restrukturiranja, uz značajan priliv stranog kapitala, tehnologije i profesionalnih menadžerskih znanja. ~~~ Godine 1997.	In the period following 1978, up to the present day, China witnessed an exponential growth of foreign trade, a large inflow of foreign direct investments, a restructuring of industry with a substantial inflow of foreign capital, technology and professional managerial knowledge.	0.405886
Kina je povratila Hong Kong, koji je sačuvao poseban administrativni status, a 1999.godine Kina je povrati Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 la i suverenitet nad portugalskom kolonijom Makao.	In 1997, China recovered Hong Kong, which retained a special administrative status, and in 1999 it regained sovereignty over the Portugese colony Macao.	0.914885
Posebno se ističu bogatstvo u resursima, tehnološki napredak i izuzetno visoke stope kontinuiranog ekonomskog rasta u Kini.	Especially characteristic of China is its abundance in resources, technological advances and strikingly high rates of continual economic growth.	0.920303
Danas se može govoriti o specifičnom i uspešnom spoju tradicije i modernizacije - vrednosti tradicionalne kineske civilizacije i savremenog razvoja industrije i privrede u celini, uz afirmaciju menadžmenta.	Today one can talk of a specific and successful links between tradition and modernization the values of traditional Chinese civilization and modern development of industry and economy in general, with a strong affirmation of management.	1.09661
Takođe je karakteristična sinteza kineskog i zapadnog, uz orijentaciju na specijalistička znanja, efikasnost i nove mogućnosti masovne komunikacije.	Also characteristic is the synthesis of the Chinese and the Western, with an orientation towards specialist knowledge, efficiency and new possibilities for mass communication.	0.578289
Kineski privredni sistem, koga karakteriše dualizam, doveo je do ekonomskog buma.	The Chinese economic system characterised by dualism resulted in an economic boom.	0.795833
Od posebnog značaja bio je prijem Kine u Svetsku trgovinsku organizaciju 2001.godine.	Especially important was the admission of China into the World Trade Organization in 2001.	0.753644
Analiza pokazuje da su, tradicionalno, državna preduzeća ranije omogućavala čitav niz društvenih pogodnosti svojim zaposlenima, što se odnosilo na obezbeđivanje stanova, zdravstvene zaštite i penzija [11].	The analysis has shown that, traditionally, the state firms used to grant a large number of social facilities to their employees, e.g., provision of housing (flats), health care and pensions [11].	0.482701
U uslovima komandne ekonomije radnici su, kao i ostali inputi, bili alocirani na pojedina preduzeća od strane države.	In the conditions of command economy the workers were, the same as all the other inputs, allocated to companies by the state.	0.925754
Formirale su se radne jedinice danwei u okviru kojih je bila zagarantovana sigurnost posla do penzije uz minimalnu mobilnost rada i uz odgovornost za niz usluga kao što su obrazovne za decu zaposlenih, zdravstvene usluge, usluge vezane za rekreaciju.	Work units danwei were organized in which the job security was guaranteed until the retirement day, with the least mobility of labour and with a responsibility (of the state) for a range of services, such as education for the employees children, health care services, recreation services.	0.782944
Ovakav tip preduzeća je bio previše finansijski opterećen i nije podsticao efikasnost.	Companies of this type suffered too much financial burden and did not encourage efficiency.	0.530769
Reforme krajem sedamdesetih godina prošlog veka su povećale autonomiju u domenu upravljanja državnim preduzećima.	The reforms undertaken in the late 1970s increased the autonomy in the domain of state-run company management.	1.06842
Tako su početkom osamdesetih godina prošlog veka ova preduzeća postala odgovorna za svoj profit ili gubitak, a dobila su prava na području zadržavanja i alokacije dela profita u okviru državnog plana.	Thus in 1980s the companies became accountable for their profits or losses, and were authorised to retain and allocate part of their profits within the state plan.	0.858075
Zadržani profit se mogao koristiti za investiranje u tehnološke inovacije, u razvoj novih proizvoda ili za isplatu bonusa zaposlenima.	The retained profit could be invested into technological innovations, into the development of new products or it could be used to pay bonuses to the employees.	1.00966
Od sredine osamdesetih godina prošlog veka uvodi se mešoviti sistem planiranja i tržišta, uz promenu sistema prodajnih cena [11].	In the mid-1980s, a mixed system of planned and market economy, with changes in the sales price system was introduced [11].	0.865385
Fokus je bio na reformi upravljanja preduzećima sa akcentom na ulozi menadžera i sa njom povezanu odgovornost za menadžerske aktivosti [10].	Attention was focused upon the reforms of company management, with special emphasis on the role of managers and the responsibilities for managerial work [10].	0.816422
Kineska državna preduzeća su takođe počela da ustanovljavaju nezavisnu računovodstvenu praksu.	Chinese state-run companies also started to establish an autonomous accounting practice.	0.758228
Investicioni fondovi više nisu bili formirani samo od strane države, već su bili generisani i od samih preduzeća.	Investment funds were no longer formed by the state only, they were also generated by the firms themselves.	0.424928
Menadžeri su vodili računa o racionalnoj upotrebi fondova.	Managers took care of a rational use of funds.	0.851282
Afirmiše se i menadžment troškova.	The cost management was also promoted.	0.3
Počinju da se primenjuju savremene tehnike menadžmenta.	Different management techniques came to be implemented.	0.663
U trećoj fazi reformi dozvoljena je diversifikacija formi vlasništva i uveden sistem korporativnog upravljanja baziran na onom iz razvijenih tržišnih privreda [11].	In the third phase of the reform a diversification of forms of ownership was allowed and a system of corporate management was introduced, based on that of developed market economies [11].	1.32321
Ovo je značilo primenu modela gde akcionari kontriolišu menadžere na bazi transparentnih revizorskih procedura.	This meant the implementation of such a model where shareholders control the managers through transparent market procedures.	0.879412
Tada su se mnoga državna preduzeća transformisala u akcionarska društva, pri čemu je država često ostala glavni vlasnik.	A large number of state-owned firms were then transformed into joint-stock companies, with the state often remaining a majority owner.	0.757321
U okviru restrukturiranja formirale su se mnoge grupe državnih preduzeća sa integrisanim proizvodnim i marketing menadžmentom i sa tendencijom ka optimalnom korišćenju faktora proizvodnje, za šta je dobar primer bila automobilska industrija.	The restructuring process allowed for forming a large number of groups of state-run companies with an integrated product and marketing management as well as with a tendency towards an optimum exploitation of production factors. ~~~ One good example is the automobile manufacturing industry.	0.073986
Pored toga, državna preduzeća su bila podsticana na zajednička ulaganja i kooperativne aranžmane sa stranim kompanijama.	In addition, state firms were enccouraged to enter into joint ventures and cooperation arrangements with foreign companies.	0.647386
U slučaju merdžera i akvizicija trebalo bi da dođu do izražaja ekonomije obiima.	In case of mergers and acquisitions the economy of scope is expected to prevail.	0.706513
U celini, reforma ekonomskog sistema je podrazumevala razvoj tržišnog sistema, reforme u domenu investicija, oporezivanja, sistema cena, radne snage.	Generally, the reform of economy system meant the development of a market economy system, reforms in the domain of investments, taxation, price system, labour force.	1.18209
Prioritet reforme je bio državni industrijski sektor sa ciljem da se poveća konkurentnost državnih preduzeća.	The priority of the reform was the state-run industrial sector and the goal was to improve the competitiveness of state-run companies.	1.005
Došlo je i do promena u korporativnom upravljanju.	Corporate management also suffered certain changes.	0.286667
Značajno je bilo odvajanje vlasništva i upravljanja i davanje veće uloge menadžerima.	The separation of ownership from management and assigning a more important role to managers was very important too.	0.916358
Tendencija je bila i ka formiranju kompanija grupa (jituan) kao tipa poslovnog umrežavanja, ne samo u automobilskoj industriji, već i u oblasti elektronike i farmaceutske industrije.	The tendency was towards forming company groups (jituan) as a type of business networking, and not only in the car manufacturing industry, but also in the fields of electronics and pharmaceutical industry.	1.04965
Proces reforme državnih preduzeća je veoma kompleksan.	The process of reforms in the state-run companies is very complex.	1.76471
Paralelno je postican razvoj privatnih preduzeća i poslovnih poduhvata finansiranih od strane stranih investitora.	Simultaneously with the reforms the development of privately-owned companies and business ventures financed by foreign investors was fostered.	0.63301
U novijem periodu je sve više prisutna konkurencija privreda sa niskom cenom radne snage, kao što su Vijetnam i Indonezija.	The recent period witnessed an increasing presence of the competition from the economies characterised by a low cost of labour force, such as Vietnam and Indonesia.	0.778905
To je jedan od razloga promovisanja proizvoda visoke tehnologije.	This is one reason of promoting the high technology products.	0.571698
Mada udeo državnog sektora u u bruto domaćem proizvodu od početka ekonomskih reformi krajem sedamdesetih godina prošlog veka opada, njihova uloga je još uvek izuzetno značajna.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Although the share of the state sector in the gross domestic product falls from the beginning of economic reforms in the late 1970s, its role is still very important.	1.34466
Ovo je različito ukoliko se posmatra po privrednim sektorima.	It differs by individual economic sectors.	0.165789
Tako je evidentno povećanje konkurencije u tekstilnoj industriji i u elektronici, dok državna preduzeća dominiraju u proizvodnji električne energije, uglja, nafte, čelika, hemikalija i u određenim uslugama, pre svega u delu transporta i telekomunikacija [11].	Thus an increase in competition is evident in the textile industry and electronics, whereas state-run companies are dominant in the electric energy supply, in the supply of coal, oil, steel, chemicals as well as in certain services, primarily in some segments of transport and in telecommunications [11].	1.43175
U celini posmatrano, reforme su dovele do situacije u kojoj su menadžeri odgovorni za pribavljanje inputa i za realizacijiju autputa, uz slobodno formiranje cena, sem u dva izuzetka [11].	Generally viewed, reforms resulted in the conditions in which managers are accountable for the provision of inputs and for the realization of outputs, with the freely formed prices with two exceptions [11].	0.97205
Od značaja sa aspekta me Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 nadžmenta je razvoj tržišnog sistema, što je uključivalo značajno proširenje potrošačkog tržišta, kao i razvoj drugih tipova tržišta za proizvodne materijale, finansijskog tržišta, tržišta rada, tržišta tehnologija, tržišta nekretnina.	Important from the perspective of management is the development of a market system, which brought forth a considerable expansion of the consumer market as well as the development of other types of market production material market, financial market, labour market, technology market, real property market.	1.16003
Na ovaj način se bitno promenilo operativno okruženje državnih preduzeća prelazeći u model tržišne privrede [10].	The transition of state-run companies to a market economy model thus changes their operations environment to a considerable extent [10].	1.14839
To znači da menadžersko odlučivanje u većini državnih preduzeća podrazumeva donošenje samostalnih odluka o tipu proizvoda i o količini proizvodnje.	This means that managerial decision making in a majority of state-run companies is about making autonomous decisions as regards the product type and the scope of production.	1.13306
Naglašen je doprinos tržišnog mehanizma i individualnih inicijativa ostvarenju privrednog rasta.	Also highlighted is the contribution of the market mechanism and individual initiatives in achieving economic growth.	1.00667
Privatne firme u Kini su često deo šireg konglomerata pri čemu su njihove međusobne povezanosti više pod uticajem porodičnih veza nego što su određene pravom.	Private firms in China are often part of a broader conglomerate where their inter-relations are influenced by family ties rather than defined by law.	1.1022
Generalno posmatrano, poslovni odnosi teže da budu bazirani u većoj meri na poverenju nego na pravnim mehanizmima.	Generally, business relations tend to be based on trust rather than on legal mechanisms.	0.801316
Smatra se da poslovni svet u savremenoj Kini ne čine samo dva odvojena sektora - privatni i državni, već su prisutne i hibridne forme [11].	The business world in China obviously does not include only two separate sectors private and state sectors; there also are hybrid forms [11].	1.04748
Karakteristična je i brza ekspanzija uslužnih delatnosti.	A boom in service provision industry is also perceived.	0.6375
Kineski porodični biznis je postao dominantna forma prekomorskih kineskih poslovnih organizacija i jedan od glavnih oblika azijskog poslovanja uopšte [10].	Chinese family business has become a dominant form of oversea business organizations and one of the major forms of Asian type of business doing in general [10].	0.86254
Pošto ove kompanije često imaju uspešan rast, čemu je u velikoj meri doprineo i uticaj kineske poslovne kulture na povećanje konkurentnosti, suočavaju se sa izazovima modernizovanja sistema menadžmenta uz angažovanje profesionalnih menadžera.	As these companies often record successful growth, largely supported by the influence of the Chinese business culture upon competitiveness, they are faced by the need to hire professional managers.	0.91
Za kineski porodični biznis karakteristično je da su moć i autoritet blisko povezani sa vlasništvom, da je prisutno autokratsko liderstvo i personalistički stil menadžmenta, kao i paternalizam, hijerarhija, prihvatanje međusobnih obaveza i odgovornosti.	Characteristic of Chinese family business is that power and authority are closely connected to ownership; the business is characterised by autocratic leadership and a personalistic management style, as well as by paternalism, hierarchy, acceptance of reciprocal responsibilities and obligations.	0.526715
Njihova organizaciona struktura je često jednostavna i neformalna.	The organization of such businesses is often simple and informal.	0.945614
Mnogi od ovih biznisa su mali, koncentrisani na proizvodnju, prodaju ili pružanje usluga.	A large number of these businesses are small, concentrated upon production, sales or service provision.	0.686799
Analiza privatnog sektora u Kini u novijem periodu ukazuje na činjenicu da on varira po veličini, a zastupljene su i firme koje su finasirane i vođene od strane individualnih preduzetnika, moguća su i partnerstva, akcionarska društva i jituan kao konglomerati u industrijama koje pripadaju visokim tehnologijama, uz razvijen ljudski kapital.	The analysis of the private sector in China in the recent period has revealed that it varies in size, and also includes firms funded and managed by individual entrepreneurs, however, partnerships are also possible, as well as joint-stock companies and jituan as conglomerates in industries connected with high technologies and developed human capital.	1.23916
Karakteristično je da se javljaju i nove organizacione forme koje su, kako je već naglašeno, hibridnog karaktera, kao što je spin-off u visokim tehnologijama, najčešće kao rezultanta otcepljenja, odnosno razvoja novih komercijalnih poduhvata instituta ili univerziteta.	New organizational forms also emerge; they are, as pointed out above, hybrid in character, such as a spin-off in high technologies, most often as results of break-offs, that is, the development of new commercial ventures of institutes or universities.	1.23372
Brz ekonomski rast je imao posledice vezane za sferu zaštite čovekove okoline i za socijalne nejednakosti.	Consequences of fast economic growth can also be seen in the area of environmental protection and social inequalities.	0.627409
Evidentna je težnja da se smanji socijalna i ekonomska nejednakost radi dostizanja društvene harmonije. 5.	The tendency to reduce the social and economic inequalities and thus achieve social harmony is evident. ~~~ 5.	0.0905242
Di gi ta li za ci ja i raz voj e-bi zni sa Karakteristično je da je digitalizacija fundamentalno promenila način na koji Kinezi danas žive i posluju.	Digitalization and e-business development Digitalization has brought fundamental changes into the Chinese way of living and business doing.	0.608472
Poređenje sa ostalim zemljama velikim korisnicima Interneta pokazuje da Kinezi u mnogo većoj meri koriste Internet za zabavu i komunikaciju nego drugi.	A comparison with other countries users of the Internet shows that the Chinese use the Internet for entertainment and communication to a much larger extent than other nations.	1.17695
Oni su takođe prebacili veliki deo svojih komercijalnih aktivnosti na Internet, uključujući traženje i kupovinu proizvoda, ali i konzumaciju usluga.	They have also transferred a large amount of their commercial activities to the Internet, including a search for and purchase of products, but also the service consumption.	1.55661
Kineski online rast je faktički vezan za dva tržišta - jedno čine mladi ljudi iz gradskih anglomeracija (obrazovani, primenjuju nove tehnologije, teže konstantnom napretku), dok se drugo odnosi na ruralnu populaciju [12].	The Chinese online growth is practically related to two markets one includes young people from urban anglomerates (educated, apply new technologies, eager to advance), while the other is one of the rural population [12].	1.37814
Seosku populaciju korisnika uglavnom čine mladi tinejdžeri, čiji se broj konstanto povećava.	The rural population of users comprises mainly young teenagers whose number constantly increases.	1.22308
U ruralnim sredinama su ljudi siromašniji, te mladi pristupaju Internetu preko Internet kafea ili mobilnih telefona.	People in rural areas are poorer, so the young access the Internet through Internet cafés or mobile phones.	0.793542
Iste kompanije zadovoljavaju online potrebe i gradskih i seoskih korisnika.	The same companies meet the online needs of both the urban and rural users.	1.09913
Poslednjih nekoliko godina u Kini se uočavaju kompanije lideri u sektoru digitalnih usluga kao što su Tencent, koji je osnovao i prvi kineski institut za istraživanje Interneta, i Alibaba grupa, čiji je deo alibaba.com, poznata kompanija lider u B2B e-trgovini za mali biznis [13] [14].	In recent years, companies leaders in the digital service sector in China are identified, such as Tencent, that also established the first Chinese institute for research into the Internet, and Alibaba group, whose alibaba.com sector is a famous company leading in the B2B e-trade for small business [13] [14].	1.45569
Taobao je deo Alibaba grupe i najvažnija kompanija u kineskom pejzažu e-trgovine [15].	Taobao is part of the Alibaba group and the most important company in the Chinese e-trade milieu [15].	1.55065
Na sajtu taobao.com dostupno je 800 miliona proizvoda, od kojih se 48.000 proda u minuti [16].	The Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 taobao.com site offers 800 million products, 40,000 of which sell in a minute time [16].	2.92853
Ilustrativan je podatak da je Taobao dominirao kineskom online kupovinom, sa tržišnim učešćem od 76,5% svih online šoping sajtova u 2009. godini [17].	Highly illustrative is the fact that in 2009 Taobao was dominant in the Chinese online shopping, with a market share of 76.5% of all online shopping sites [17].	1.17276
Poslovnom uspehu i povećanju konkurentnosti je doprinela činjenica da se ovde mogu pronaći artikli po ceni 25% nižoj nego preko drugih prodajnih kanala, kao i rezultati efekta mreže u privlačenju novih ponuđača i veliko poverenje kupaca.	The business success and higher competitiveness are only fostered by the fact that one can find here items at a price 25% lower than prices offered by other sales channnels, as well as by the network effects in attracting new offers and by a great consumer trust.	1.58734
Bitne su i veoma razvijene usluge kupcima u okviru necenovnih faktora konkurentnosti, koje pre svega dolaze do izražaja kroz najveći kol centar na svetu, kao i težnja ka povećanju sofisticiranosti potrošačkog iskustva sa naglaskom na interaktivnost.	Also important are highly developed customer services within the factors of non-price competition which are primarily evident in the biggest worlds call centre, as well as a tendency towards improving the sophistication of consumer experience with an emphasis on interactivity.	0.843133
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Uspešnom poslovanju online giganata na kineskom tržištu su doprineli rapidno povećanje broja korisnika, posebno vezano za elektronsku trgovinu, sajtovi za društveno umrežavanje, online oglašavanje i mobilni Internet.	A successful business of online giants on the Chinese market was further enhanced by a rapid rise in the number of users, especially in terms of e-commerce, social networking sites, online advertizing and mobile Internet.	0.866135
Kompanije koje planiraju da se uključe u ovo rastuće tržište, moraće da razumeju potrebe, kako gradske, tako i seoske populacije.	The companies that plan to enter this growing market will have to understand the needs of both urban and rural population.	0.833564
Broj korisnika Interneta u Kini je 2009. godine dostigao 384 miliona, a to je više nego u SAD i Japanu zajedno.	There were 384 million Internet users in China in 2009, a number much higher tha in the USA and Japan together.	2.88765
Očekuje se rast na 650 miliona korisnika do 2015. godine.	This number is anticipated to reach 650 million by 2015.	3.83295
Prognozira se da će se Internet penetracija povećati sa sadašnjih 29% na blizu 50% do 2015. godine.	The Internet penetration is expected to rise from the present 29% to nearly 50% by 2015.	0.776709
Tržište u NR Kini za online sadržaje i agregaciju će porasti sa 14 milijardi SAD dolara u 2008. godine, na 40 milijardi SAD dolara u 2012. godini.	The online content and aggregation market in the Peoples Republic of China will grow from US$ 14 billion in 2008 to US$ 40 billion in 2012.	2.60725
Digitalni uređaji i Internet postaju veoma bitni za digitalne konzumente u Kini.	Digital devices and the Internet are becoming inceasingly important to the digital consumers in China.	0.454713
Ilustrativan je podatak da su korisnici u Kini dnevno proveli više od 1 milijarde sati vremena na Internetu u 2009. godini, a do 2015. godine se prognozira porast na preko 2 milijarde sati dnevno.	The fact is that the users in China spent on the Internet more than 1 billion hours daily in 2009, and a rise is predicted to amount to over 2 billion hours daily by 2015.	1.52702
Oko 8% kineskog stanovništva je kupovalo online u 2009., a procenjuje se da će se ovaj udeo povećati na 19% do kraja 2012. godine.	About 8% of Chinese population shopped online in 2009; this number is anticipated to grow to 19% by the end of 2012.	1.16617
Ukupan broj korisnika sajtova za društveno umrežavanje je dostigao 130 miliona korisnika u 2009. godini [12].	The total number of the social networking site users reached 130 million in 2009 [12].	1.32637
Zaključak Bitno je imati u vidu veliki začaj Narodne Republike Kine sa stanovišta globalnog biznisa.	Conslusion A paramount importance of the Peoples Republic of China from the point of view of global business cannot but be recognized.	0.595
Stopa rasta bruto društvenog proizvoda (BDP) Kine od preko 9% godišnje tokom perioda od trideset godina bila je najviša na svetu.	The growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) of China of more than 9% per annum over a period of thirty years has been the highest in the world.	1.63709
Kina se percipira kao najveće svetsko potencijalno tržište.	China is perceived as the worlds largest prospective market.	1.28302
Godine 2010. ~~~ Kina je bila najveći svetski izvoznik robe.	In 2010, China was the largest worlds exporter of goods.	0.340385
Ovo ukazuje na činjenicu da će preduzećima, sa aspekta budućeg poslovanja, biti neophodno poznavanje kineskog tržišta, kineske kulture i kineskih potrošača, kako bi uspešno poslovali i bili konkurentni kako na kineskom, tako i na globalnom tržištu.	This highlights the fact that, from the aspect of the future business, companies will have to get to know the Chinese market, the Chinese culture and the Chinese customers in order that they should do business successfully and be competitive on both the Chinese and the global markets.	1.17323
Kineska privreda ima specifične karakteristike u svetskim razmerama, kompleksna je i dinamična.	The characteristics of the Chinese economy are specific in the global sense; it is a complex and dynamic economy.	0.961273
Tipičan je značaj reformisanog državnog sektora vezanog za industrijsko restrukturiranje, kao i oživljavanje preduzeća u privatnom vlasništvu od osamdesetih godina prošlog veka i njihov brzi rast koji je u velikoj meri doprineo da se Kina smatra radionicom sveta.	The importance of the reformed public sector is typical in view of industrial restructuring, as is the revitalization of companies in private ownership since 1980s and their fast growth that largely contributed to China being regarded as the workshop of the world.	1.28661
Prisutne su i određene hibridne forme biznisa i orijentacija ka sektoru visokih tehnologija.	Also present are certain hybrid forms of business as well as the orientation towards a high technology sector.	1.32753
Važnu ulogu je imao input inostranog kapitala i tehnologije.	An important role here is that of the input of foreign capital and technology.	0.833333
Od posebnog su značaja razvoj kineskog menadžmenta i primena savremenih menadžerskih metoda i tehnika, poznavanje svetskog tržišta, primena informacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija, veća uloga koja se pridaje logistici i brendiranju.	Especially important is the development of the Chinese management and the implementation of modern management methods and techniques, the knowledge of the world market, the implementation of information and communication technologies, a more important role assigned to logistics and branding.	0.822899
U kontekstu održivog razvoja posebna pažnja se posvećuje korporativnoj društvenoj odgovornosti.	Special attention is paid to corporate social responsibility in the context of sustainable development.	1.54667
Generalno posmatrano, promene u menadžerskoj praksi i u domenu korporativnog upravljanja su bile bitne za povećanje uspešnosti i konkurentnosti preduzeća i, u krajnjoj instanci, za doprinos impresivnom ekonomskom razvoju u svetskim razmerama.	Generally, the changes in the managerial practice and in the domain of corporate management have been important in improving the performance and competitiveness of companies, and in the long run, in contributing to an impressive economic development in global proportions.	1.45682
Savremeni kineski biznis u sferi prozvodnje i usluga karakteriše diverzitet vezan za pojedine regione, generacijske odlike menadžera i za sam sistem vrednosti, gde dolazi do izražaja specifična mešavina starog i novog.	Modern Chinese business in the production and service provision fields is characterised by a diversity among individual regions, the age groups of managers and the very value system, where a specific mixture of the old and the new is especially evident.	0.925322
Pri tome su relevantne nove forme preduzeća i novi pristupi menadžmentu.	Relevant here are new forms of companies and new approaches to management.	1.04531
Digitalizacija poslovanja i korišćenje Interneta omogućili su ranije zatvorenim lokalnim proizvođačima u Kini da sa njima kontaktiraju i angažuju ih direktno kupci prozvoda i korisnici usluga širom sveta.	Digitailzation of business and the use of the Internet provided an opportunity to once secluded local manufacturers in China to be contacted and engaged directly by the buyers of their products and the users of their services worldwide.	0.896365
Poslovanje sa Kinom je postalo izuetno aktuelno, a razumevanje poslovne kulture, specifičnosti kineskog menadžmenta i novih mogućnosti u biznisu predstavljaju neophodnost za preduzeća širom sveta.	Doing business with China has become highly prestigeous, and understanding of the business culture, the specific features of Chinese management and new opportunities in business have become a necesity for companies all over the world.	1.2997
Ovo implicira i potrebu srpskih preduzeća da preispitaju šanse i izazove vezane za širok domen savremenog kineskog poslovanja i menadžmenta.	This also implies the need of Serbian companies to reconsider the opportunities and challenges related to a broad domain of modern Chinese business and management.	0.980952
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 LI TE RA TU RA [1] OECD Economic Surveys:	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 REFERENCE [1] OECD Economic Surveys: China 2010, OECD [2] Maljavin V.V., Kina istorija, kultura, religija, NNK Internacional, Beograd, 2008. [3]	1.31264
	Žerne Ž., Kineski svet, Clio, Beograd, 2007. [4]	-0.3
	Fung Ju-Lan, Istorija kineske filozofije, Nolit, Beograd, 1971. [5]	-0.3
	Laoce, Čuangce, Konfucije, Izabrani spisi, izbor, prevod, predgovor i beleške Svetozar Brkić, Prosveta, Beograd, 2006. [6]	-0.3
	Andrić D., Svet u kapi rose antologija klasične kineske poezije, Rad, Beograd, 1991. [7]	-0.3
China 2010, OECD [2] Maljavin V.V., Kina istorija, kultura, religija, NNK Internacional, Beograd, 2008. [3] Žerne Ž., Kineski svet, Clio, Beograd, 2007. [4] Fung Ju-Lan, Istorija kineske filozofije, Nolit, Beograd, 1971. [5] Laoce, Čuangce, Konfucije, Izabrani spisi, izbor, prevod, predgovor i beleške Svetozar Brkić, Prosveta, Beograd, 2006. [6] Andrić D., Svet u kapi rose antologija klasične kineske poezije, Rad, Beograd, 1991. [7] Lao C, Knjiga o Daou i Deu, preveo sa starokineskog Radoslav Pušić, PlatΩ, Beograd, 2003. [8] Lam N. M., Graham J.L., China Now, Doing Business in the Worlds Most Dynamic Market, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007 [9] Sun Cu, Umeće ratovanja, preveo i priredio Mirko Bižić, Mono i Manjana, Beograd, 2009. [10] Chen M., Asian Management Systems, Chinese, Japanese and Korean Styles of Business, Thomson, London, 2004 [11] Tang J., Ward A., The Changing Face of Chinese Management, Routledge, London and New York, 2003 [12] Michael C.D.;	Lao C, Knjiga o Daou i Deu, preveo sa starokineskog Radoslav Pušić, PlatΩ, Beograd, 2003. [8] ~~~ Lam N. M., Graham J.L., China Now, Doing Business in the Worlds Most Dynamic Market, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2007 [9] Sun Cu, Umeće ratovanja, preveo i priredio Mirko Bižić, Mono i Manjana, Beograd, 2009. [10] ~~~ Chen M., Asian Management Systems, Chinese, Japanese and Korean Styles of Business, Thomson, London, 2004 [11] Tang J., Ward A., The Changing Face of Chinese Management, Routledge, London and New York, 2003 [12] Michael C.D.; Zhou Y., Chinas Digital Generations 2.0 - Digital Media and Commerce Go Mainstream, May 2010., bcg.com [13] http://www.tencent.com/en-us/,vreme posete: mart 2012. ~~~ [14] http://news.alibaba.com/specials/aboutalibaba/aligroup/index.html, vreme posete: mart 2012.	0.263743
Zhou Y., Chinas Digital Generations 2.0 - Digital Media and Commerce Go Mainstream, May 2010., bcg.com [13] http://www.tencent.com/en-us/,vreme posete: mart 2012. [14] http://news.alibaba.com/specials/aboutalibaba/aligroup/index.html, vreme posete: mart 2012. [15] http://www.taobao.com, vreme posete: februar 2012. [16] Walters J., Kuo Y., Jap W., Hsu H., The Worlds Next E-Commerce Superpower, Navigating Chinas Uni que Online-Shopping Ecosystem, The Boston Consulting Group, November 2011, bcg.com [17] http://www.resonancechina.com/2010/12/06/where-do-most-china-citizens-have-their-online-purchase/, vreme posete: decembar 2011.	[15] http://www.taobao.com, vreme posete: februar 2012. [16] ~~~ Walters J., Kuo Y., Jap W., Hsu H., The Worlds Next E-Commerce Superpower, Navigating Chinas Unique Online-Shopping Ecosystem, The Boston Consulting Group, November 2011, bcg.com [17] http://www.resonancechina.com/2010/12/06/where-do-most-china-citizens-have-their-online-purchase/, vreme posete: decembar 2011.	1.15984
Primljen: februar 2012.	Receieved: 02. ~~~ 2012.	0.414286
	Accepted: 03.	-0.3
Prihvaćen: mart 2012. O autoru Vesna Milićević Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Dr Vesna Milićević je redovni profesor Fakulteta organizacioniuh nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu gde predaje na predmetima iz oblasti ekonomije, menadžmenta i međunarodnog poslovanja.	2012. ~~~ About the Author Vesna Milićević Univezity of Belgrade, Fakulty of Organizational Sciences Dr Vesna Milićević is full professor at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade where she teaches at the courses in the area of economics, management and international business.	0.486486
Objavila je kao autor ili koautor veći broj monografija, udžbenika i članaka u domaćim i međunarodnim naučnim i stručnim časopisima.	She is the author or co-author of a number of monographs, textbooks and articles in national and international scientific and professional journals.	1.14239
Izabrana je za člana Naučnog društva ekonomista Srbije.	Vesna is an elected member of the Scientific Society of Economists of Serbia.	0.885897
Učestvovala je u strateškim naučnoistraživačkim projektima i u realizaciji projekata i treninga za menadžere u preduzećima.	She participated in strategic scientific & research projects as well as in projects and trainings for managers in the business sector.	1.17974
Vladimir Lovrić Vomit Group Vladimir Lovrić je završio osnovne studije iz oblasti ekonomije na univerzitetima u Novom Sadu i Beogradu, a master studije iz oblasti menadžmenta na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu.	Vladimir Lovrić Vomit Group Vladimir Lovrić completed his graduate studies in economics at the universities at Novi Sad and in Belgrade, as well as master studies in the field of management at the Faculty of Organizational sciences in Belgrade.	1.79563
Od 2002. godine se bavi spoljnom trgovinom i konsaltingom vezanim za kompanije iz Narodne Republike Kine i zemalja Jugoistočne Azije, gde je periodično proveo više od tri godine.	Since 2002 he is engaged in foreign trade and consulting expert for the companies from the Peoples Republic of China and the south-east Asian countries where he visited periodically for more than three years.	1.19039
Aleksandar Marković Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: aleksandar.markovic@fon.bg.ac.rs AAleksandar Marković je redovni profesor na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu, Srbija, na kome je magistrirao i doktorirao u oblasti kompjuterskih simulacija.	Aleksandar Marković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: aleksandar.markovic@fon.bg.ac.rs Aleksandar Marković is a Full Professor at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia, where he got his MSc and PhD degrees in the field of Computer Simulation.	1.17556
Bavi se istraživanjima u oblastima upravljanja e-poslovanjem, kompjuterskih simulacija, poslovnih simulacija, poslovne dinamike.	The areas of his research include:e-business management, computer simulation, business simulation, business dynamics.	0.480323
Glavni je urednik časopisa Memadžment.	He is editor in chief of the Management journal.	1.26757
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Milena Popović, Marija Kuzmanović, Bisera Andrić Gušavac Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Agen cij ska di le ma: ~~~ In for ma ci o na asi me tri ja u pro ble mu po slo da vac-unajm lje nik UDK: ~~~ 005.336.5:005.57 ; 659.23 ; 519.83:659.21 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2011. ~~~ (english version) Posedovanjem nepotpunih i nesavršenih informacija, učesnici na tržištu ne ostvaruju optimalnu alokaciju resursa koja bi bila moguća u slučaju potpune informisanosti.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Milena Popović, Marija Kuzmanović, Bisera Andrić Gušavac University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences The Agency Dilemma: Information Asymmetry in the Principal-Agent Problem UDC: 005.336.5:005.57 ; 659.23 ; 519.83:659.21 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2011.0005 By possessing incomplete and imperfect information, market participants do not achieve the optimal allocation of resources that would be possible in the case of possessing complete information.	-0.0355491
S druge strane, blagovremena i relevantna informacija predstavlja proizvod za koji mora da se plati odgovarajuća tržišna cena.	On the other hand, timely and relevant information represents a product for which the appropriate market price must be paid.	1.54335
U savremenim korporacijama dve strane angažovane u nekom ugovoru, mogu imati različite ciljeve i posedovati različit nivo informacija.	In modern corporations, the two sides engaged in a contract may have different goals and have different levels of information.	1.36915
Ovaj problem poznat je pod nazivom problem poslodavac-unajmljenik.	This problem is called the principal-agent problem.	0.958696
Unajmljenici ponekad imaju lične ciljeve koji se ne podudaraju sa ciljevima poslodavca, pa je poslodavac taj koji mora da zadovolji sopstvene, ali i potrebe unajmljenika.	Agents sometimes have personal goals that do not coincide with the goals of the principal, thus the principal must achieve its own, but also the needs of agents.	1.19419
Jedan od načina je i da unajmljenika motiviše nagradama, zabranama i kaznama.	One way is to motivate the agent using rewards, prohibitions and penalties.	0.743077
U ovom slučaju, kvalitativna ocena potreba i procena troškova dovodi po povećanja efikasnosti i bržeg rešavanja problema.	In this case, the qualitative needs assessment and evaluation of costs results in greater efficiency and faster problem solving.	1.13333
U ovom radu ukazano je na značaj ekonomije informacija za funkcionisanje i rezultat tržišnih procesa.	The paper points out the importance of economics of information for the operation and the result of market processes.	1.02033
Za modeliranje tržišnih odnosa u uslovima kada su strane asimetrično informisane, korišćena je metodologija teorije igara.	To model market relations in a situation where two parties are asymmetrically informed, the methodology of game theory is used.	0.994873
Problem poslodavac-unajmljenik modeliran je kao Bajesova ekstenzivna igra, a rešenje je dobijeno primenom koncepta Bajes-Nešovog ekvilibrijuma.	The problem of principal-agent is modelled as the Bayesian game, where the solution is obtained using the concept of the Bayes-Nash equilibrium.	0.988947
Ključne reči: problem poslodavac-unajmljenik, asimetrične informacije, tržišno signaliziranje, tržišno ispipavanje, teorija igara, Bajesova igra, Bajes-Nešov ekvilibrijum. 1.	Keywords: principal-agent problem, asymmetric information, market signalling, market screening, game theory, Bayesian game, Bayes-Nash equilibrium. ~~~ 1.	-0.0315217
Uvod Ekonomska nauka je decenijama razvijala koncepte koji su počivali, pored ostalog, i na potpunoj i ravnomernoj informisanosti tržišnih učesnika.	Introduction Economic science has been for decades developing concepts that relied, among other things, on the complete and uniform information of market participants.	0.844563
Polazilo se od prilično nerealistične pretpostavke da svi tržišni učesnici raspolažu svim relevantnim i neophodnim informacijama o varijablama koje definišu njihovo polje izbora.	The starting point was a rather unrealistic assumption that all market participants have all relevant and necessary information about the variables that define their field of choice.	1.03662
Pod takvim pretpostavkama se do ravnoteže na tržištu i optimalne alokacije raspoloživih resursa dolazi veoma jednostavno.	Under such conditions, the market equilibrium and the optimal allocation of available resources is reached very simply.	0.632749
Međutim, vremenom se došlo se do zaključka da ovako restriktivna pretpostavka ne opisuje realan problem dovoljno precizno, kao i da je za potrebe kvalitetnije analize potrebno razvijati drugačije modele [8].	However, over time, it was concluded that such a restrictive assumption does not describe the real problem with sufficient precision, as well as that a better analysis requires different models to be developed [8].	0.685448
Stoga je teorija igara, kao ekonomska nauka, našla posebnu primenu u analizi složenih tržišnih situacija koje karakterišu nesavršene i nepotpune informacije.	Therefore, the game theory, as an economic science, has found its special application in the analysis of complex market situation characterized by imperfect and incomplete information.	0.948485
Informaciona asimetrija pretpostavlja da jedna strana u transakciji ima relevantne informacije, dok druga te informacije nema.	Information asymmetry implies that one party in the transaction has all the relevant information, while the other does not.	1.34184
Ona se odnosi i na situacije kada se u ugovornom odnosu ne mogu sprovesti provere ispunjenosti ugovora.	It applies to situations where checking the fulfillment of contract could not be performed in the contractual relationship.	0.401894
Da bi se prevazišli problemi koji nastaju kao posledica informacione asimetrije, najpre je potrebno definisati uzroke njihovog nastajanja.	In order to overcome the problems resulting from information asymmetry, it is first necessary to define the causes of their emergence.	0.910709
Kao vodeći, ističu se problemi moralnog hazarda i negativne selekcije.	As leading causes, problems of moral hazard and adverse selection are highlighted.	1.08068
Problem negativne selekcije se javlja kada jedna strana deluje oportunistički pre sklapanja ugovora.	The problem of adverse selection occurs when one party acts opportunistically before contract.	1.34613
Akerlof [1] je, analizirajući funkcionisanje tržišta polovnih automobila, predložio model koji pruža klasičnu demonstaciju problema negativne selekcije.	Akerlof [1] proposed, by analyzing the functioning of used cars market, a model that provides demonstration of a classic problem of adverse selection.	1.26744
S druge strane, problem moralnog hazarda se javlja kada, nakon potpisivanja ugovora, stranke deluju oportunistički.	On the other hand, moral hazard occurs when, after signing the contract, parties involved act opportunistically.	1.40969
Na primer, nakon potpisivanja ugovora o osiguranju, postoji iskušenje da dođe do prevare osiguravajuc(cid: ~~~ društva.	For example, after signing an insurance contract, there is a tendency for company frauds.	0.162987
Stoga u ovakvim slučajevima nije poželjno voditi jedinstvenu politiku osiguranja [9].	Therefore, in such cases it is not desirable to run a uniform insurance policy [9].	1.76571
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 U literaturi se navode dva moguća načina za prevazilaženje problema asimetričnih informacija.	The literature identifies two possible ways to overcome problems of asymmetric information.	1.23533
Prvi se zasniva na pretpostavci da je neophodno uspostavljanje takvih odnosa koji daju relevantne podsticaje onoj strani koja raspolaže privatnim informacijama da ih otvoreno saopšti drugoj strani.	The first is based on the assumption that it is necessary to establish such relationships that provide relevant incentives for the side which is in a possession of a private information, to inform the other side openly.	1.1399
Ovaj koncept poznat je kao tržišno signaliziranje [10].	This concept Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 is known as market signaling [10].	1.70784
Drugo rešenje zasniva se na tome da strana koja je slabije informisana preuzme inicijativu i pokuša da dođe do informacija koje joj nedostaju, tzv. ispitivanje tržišta [11].	Another solution is based on the fact that the party which is less informed must take the initiative and try to obtain the lacking information, the so-called market screening [11].	1.04803
Jedna od teorija koja prati razvoj korporativnog upravljanja i koja pretpostavlja postojanje asimetričnih informacija je agencijska teorija.	One of the theories that follows the development of corporate management, and assumes the existence of asymmetric information is the agency theory.	1.46429
Ova teorija i konflikti između menadžera i vlasnika odnose se na potencijalne teškoće koje nastaju kada dve strane angažovane u nekom ugovoru imaju različite ciljeve i poseduju različit nivo informacija [2, 5].	This theory, as well as conflicts between managers and owners, refers to the potential difficulties that arise when two sides engaged in a contract have different goals, and different levels of information [2, 5].	1.56278
U ovom radu naglasak je na problemu poslodavac-unajmljenik kao posebnom slučaju agencijske teorije i problema informacione asimetrije. 2.	In this paper we focus on the problem of principal-agent as a special case of agency theory and problems of information asymmetry. ~~~ 2.	0.384211
Agen cij ska te o ri ja i pro blem su ko ba in te re sa Agencijska teorija sagledava kompaniju kao skup ugovora između različitih strana.	Agency theory and the problem of conflict of interests The Agency theory views the company as a set of agreements between different parties.	1.16184
U savremenim korporacijama, vlasnici ili akcionari, odnosno poslodavci, unajmljuju menadžere ili zastupnike tj. unajmljenike, i dodeljuju im zadatak svakodnevnog vođenja poslovanja kompanije.	In modern corporations, owners or shareholders, that is principals, are hiring managers i.e. agents, and assigning them the task of managing the daily operations of the company.	0.910727
Menadžeri, plaćeni putem plata, zastupaju interese poslodavca u cilju maksimizacije vrednosti kompanije.	Managers, paid by salary, represent the interests of the principal in order to maximize the value of the company.	1.22308
S druge strane, upravni odbor izabran od strane vlasnika redovno se susreće sa menadžerima da bi nadgledao njihove aktivnosti i pokušao da osigura da oni zaista deluju u najboljem interesu poslodavca.	On the other hand, the board elected by the owners regularly meets with managers to oversee their activities and try to ensure they truly act in the best interest of the principal.	1.002
Slika 1: ~~~ Osnovni elementi agencijske teorije Jasno je da su tržišni odnosi između poslodavaca i unajmljenika veoma složeni.	Figure 1: Basic elements of agency theory It is clear that the market relations between principals and agents are very complex.	0.347172
Postojanje informacione asimetrije predstavlja izvor tzv. agencijskih konflikata, ali i niza drugih karakteristika, među kojima su moralni hazard i negativna selekcija.	The existence of information asymmetry is the source of the so-called agency conflicts, and many other features, including moral hazard and adverse selection.	0.816987
Osnovni elementi agencijske teorije prikazani su na slici 1. 2.1.	The basic elements of the agency theory are shown in Figure 1. ~~~ 2.1.	0.542823
Agen cij ski kon flik ti Odnosi, a samim tim i konflikti koje razmatra agencijska teorija, javljaju se između: (1) vlasnika i menadžera i (2) vlasnika i kreditora.	Agency conflicts Relations, and thus conflicts being considered by the agency theory, are between: (1) owners and managers and (2) owners and creditors.	1.15668
Kon flik ti iz me đu me na dže ra i vla sni ka Menadžeri u nekim slučajevima mogu imati lične ciljeve koji se ne podudaraju sa ciljevima vlasnika, tj. sa maksimizacijom vrednosti kompanije.	Conflicts between managers and owners Managers in some cases may have personal goals that do not coincide with the goals of owners, ie. maximizing the value of the company.	1.36483
Agencijska teorija zastupa stanovište da menadžeri uvek teže da maksimizuju sopstvenu korist o trošku vlasnika.	The Agency theory argues that managers always seek to maximize their own benefit at the expense of the owner.	0.829891
Ako je vlasnik kompanije ujedno i menadžer, onda on preduzima akcije koje jasno vode ka maksimizaciji njegovog bogatstva.	If the owner is at the same time the manager, then he takes actions that clearly lead to maximization of his wealth.	0.900329
Vlasnik-menadžer vrednost kompanije pripisuje sopstvenom bogatstvu, u zamenu za oportunitetne stvari u životu, kao što su slobodno vreme i honorarni posao.	The owner-manager attributes the value of the company to its own wealth, in exchange for the opportunity things in life, such as leisure time and part-time job.	1.24566
Ako menadžer-vlasnik odluči da Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 ustupi deo svog vlasništva investitorima, javlja se agencijski problem.	If the owner-manager decides to sell some of Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 its property to investors, an agency problem arises.	1.09628
Tada, na primer, menadžer-vlasnik može da ceni slobodno vreme i lagodniji život nasuprot napornom radu i daljem povećanju vrednosti kompanije, jer sada ta vrednost ne pripada u potpunosti samo njemu.	Then, for example, a manager-owner could prefer free time and a secure life as opposed to hard work and further increasing the value of the company, because now the value does not belong entirely to him alone.	1.16924
Pored toga, menadžer-vlasnik može da pravi više troškove, jer oni sada terete više strana.	In addition, the owner-manager could incur higher costs, because these are now paid by a number of parties.	0.671084
Menadžere treba podsticati da rade u interesu vlasnika različitim nagrada, zabranama i kaznama.	Managers should be encouraged to work in the interest of the owner, by various awards, prohibitions and penalties.	0.900997
Ove metode su efektivne samo kada vlasnici mogu da prate rad menadžera.	These methods are effective only when the owners can monitor the work of managers.	1.64591
Moralni hazard se javlja kada menadžeri rizikuju da rade u cilju ostvarenja ličnih interesa, jer i sami znaju da vlasnici ne mogu neprestano da ih nadgledaju.	Moral hazard occurs when managers risk to act in self-interest, because they know that owners can not monitor them constantly.	1.50794
Kako bi smanjili moralni hazard, vlasnici moraju da sagledaju agencijski trošak.	To reduce moral hazard, owners need to look at agency cost.	1.168
Postoje tri osnovne vrste agencijskih troškova: troškovi praćenja menadžerskih aktivnosti, kao i revizija; troškovi restruktuiranja organizacije, uklanjanje određenih jedinica ili dodavanje novih kako bi se sma njile nepoželjne akcije menadžera; oportunentni trošak koji se javlja kada je vlasniku nametnuto donošenje jako bitnih odluka, što ogra ničava menadžere u njihovom delovanju, a samim tim i u maksimizaciji vrednosti za vlasnika.	There are three basic types of agency costs: costs of monitoring managerial activities, and audits; costs of restructuring the organization, elimination of certain units or adding new ones to reduce the un desirable actions of managers; opportunity cost that arises when the owner is required to decide on some important matters, which lim its managers in their effects, and therefore in maximization of the owners value.	1.16891
Potrebno je izabrati optimalan nivo ovih troškova kako bi se ostvarila maksimizacija vrednosti kompanije.	It is necessary to choose the optimum level of these costs in order to achieve the maximization of company value.	1.49681
Kon flik ti iz me đu kre di to ra i vla sni ka Kreditori kao poverioci kompanije, imaju prvenstvo isplate kamate kao i prvenstvo isplate u slučaju propadanja kompanije.	The conflicts between creditors and owners Creditors, as creditors of the company, have a priority in payment of interest and priority of payment in case of deterioration of the company.	1.13716
Kreditori pozajmljuju svoja slobodna sredstva (kapital ili novac) u odnosu na rizik vezan za poslovanje kompanije i ekonomije uopšte, nadajući se da su situaciju dobro procenili i da će zaraditi.	Creditors lend their free resources (money or capital) in relation to the risk of the companys business and economics in general, hoping they assessed situation well, and they will profit.	0.958669
Dajući kreditorima ovlašćenja preko menadžera, vlasnici vode suprotnu politiku.	Giving creditors authority over managers, owners are running the contrary policy.	1.18333
Oni uglavnom prihvataju one projekte koji nose veći rizik od projekta koji su kreditori prihvatili kada su ulazili u posao.	They generally accept those projects that carry a higher risk over projects that are accepted by creditors when they entered the business.	1.40889
Ako ovi projekti donesu zaradu ona doprinosi samo vlasnicima, jer kreditori primaju fiksnu kamatu.	If these projects can make a profit, it goes only to owners, because the creditors receive a fixed interest rate.	0.868605
U slučaju da projekti budu neuspešni svi dele gubitak. 2.	In the case when these projects are unsuccessful, all the involved share the loss.	1.00642
Mo ral ni ha zard i ne ga tiv na se lek ci ja Pojava termina moralni hazard vezuje se za poslovanje engleskih osiguravajućih kompanija još u XVII veku, prema istraživanjima obavljenim od strane Dembea i Bodena [3].	2.2. ~~~ Moral hazard and adverse selection The emergence of the term moral hazard is related to the business of English insurance companies in the seventeenth century, according to the research conducted by Dembe and Boden [3].	0.32919
U početku se termin koristio za opisivanje negativnih pojava, odnosno prevara i nemoralnog ponašanja osiguranika.	Initially, the term was used to describe the negative effects, or fraud and unethical behavior of the insured.	1.02447
U modernom smislu, definiciju pojma dao je Adam Smit u knjizi koja je objavljena 1776. godine, mada ne u kontekstu osiguravajućih kuća, već u smislu kada neko ko nije vlasnik firme ima mogućnost da upravlja tim kapitalom ne snoseći pri tome tržišni rizik.	In the modern sense, the definition was given by Adam Smith in his book, which was released in 1776, although not in the context of insurance companies, but in the sense that someone who does not own the company has the ability to manage such capital, not bearing the same market risk.	1.23554
Naime, u situacijama kada posledice neke odluke, budući da ne padaju na donosioca odluke, izazivaju nehat, javlja se moralni hazard.	Specifically, in situations where the consequences of any decision cause negligence and decision maker is not responsible for them, there is moral hazard.	0.824472
Moralni hazard predstavlja mogućnost da jedna strana, ukoliko ne poštuje uslove ugovora, zaradi više od iznosa koji se nalazi u ugovoru.	Moral hazard is a possibility that one party, if it does not comply with the terms of the contract, earns more than the amount contained in the contract.	0.964318
Ovaj problem se javlja u gotovo svim oblastima poslovanja, odnosno svuda gde postoji informaciona asimetrija.	This problem occurs in almost all areas of business, or wherever there is information asymmetry.	1.94051
Naime, poslodavac često ne zna da li su ispoštovane sve strane ugovora sa unajmljenikom, kao ni to da li je na odgovarajući način motivisao unajmljenika i kao nadoknadu mu ponudio vrednost koju je i sam unajmljenik prepoznao.	Specifically, the principal often does not know whether all parts of the contract with the agent are met, or whether the agent is properly motivated, and offered a compensation that satisfies him.	0.703943
Onda unajmljenik može da pristupi moralnom hazardu, kako bi sebi osigurao zadovoljavajuću vrednost za uložen rad.	Then the agent could take the moral hazard, in order to ensure himself a satisfactory value for the invested efforts.	1.17326
Teorija igara daje prostora za razvijanje različitih strategija kako bi se spojili interesi poslodavca i unajmljenika.	The Game theory provides space for the development of different strategies in order to connect the interests of the principal and the agent.	1.31882
Neke od strategija su kompenzacioni i podsticajni mehanizmi, kao i kontrola i nadgledanje [4].	Some of the strategies are compensation and incentive mechanisms, as well as control and monitoring [4].	1.07073
Problem moralnog hazarda se može bliže pojasniti na primeru osiguranja.	The problem of moral hazard can be more closely explained in the example of insurance.	1.35399
Problem u osiguranju ukazuje na to da je verovatnoća pojavljivanja osiguranog događaja manja ukoliko ne postoji osiguranje.	The problem of insurance indicates that the probability of the insured event is less if there is no insurance.	0.745161
Najčešće opisivani primer je životno osiguranje supružnika.	A most often described example is life insurance of spouse.	0.627941
Naime, ako bi suprug osigurao svoj život uz klauzulu da u slučaju njegove smrti novac od osiguranja dobija njegova supruga, tada bi, ukoliko je osigurana suma dovoljno visoka, supruga mogla da dođe u iskušenje da potpomogne nastupanje osiguranog događaja, odnosno smrt svog supruga.	If the husband insures his life with the clause that in case of his death the insurance money goes to his wife, then, if the insured amount is high enough, the wife might be tempted to facilitate the insured event i.e., the death of her husband.	0.641927
U tom slučaju osiguravajuće društvo snosi sav rizik samo.	In this case the insurance company bears all the risk by itself.	1.49434
Zbog toga je važno da se takvi ugovori sastavljaju tako da jedan deo rizika uvek snosi i osiguranik.	It is therefore important that such agreements are made so that the insured person bears one part of the risk.	0.591084
Međutim, problem nekada nastaje u praktičnoj primeni ovog načela.	However, problems sometimes arise in the practical application of this principle.	0.845902
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 S druge strane, na tržištu se često nude kako proizvodi tako i usluge dobrog i lošeg kvaliteta.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 On the other hand, the market often witnesses products and services of good and of poor quality.	1.33402
Usled mehanizma negativne selekcije, na tržištu ostaju proizvodi, odnosno usluge lošeg kvaliteta, dok se proizvodi dobrog kvaliteta i ne nude.	Due to the mechanism of adverse selection, products or services of poor quality remain, while products of good quality are not offered.	0.982981
Negativna selekcija se takođe može ilustrovati na primeru poslovanja osiguravajućih kompanija [9].	Adverse selection can also be illustrated using the example of business insurance companies [9].	1.89038
Osiguravajuća kompanija, na osnovu raspoloživih statističkih podataka, može da utvrdi očekivanu verovatnoću nastupanja neželjenog događaja koji predstavlja predmet osiguranja.	The insurance company, on the basis of available statistical data, can determine the expected probability of negative events which is the subject of insurance.	1.1365
Neka je konkretno u pitanju auto osiguranje, i neka su na osnovu statističkih podataka identifikovane dve kategorije vozača, pažljivi i rizični.	Let it be auto insurance, and let us assume there are two categories of drivers identified based on the statistical data, careful drivers and risky drivers.	0.838478
Šta će se dogoditi ukoliko osiguravajuća kuća ponudi premiju osiguranja na osnovu prosečne verovatnoće da dođe do sudara?	What will happen if the insurance company offers insurance premium based on the average likelihood of a crash?	0.716237
Prosek se određuje na osnovu celokupnog uzorka vozača, i pažljivih i rizičnih.	Averages are determined based on the total sample of drivers, both careful and risky ones.	0.509936
Rizični vozači će prihvatiti ponudu osiguravajuće kompanije jer to za njih predstavlja racionalnu odluku.	Risky drivers will accept the offer because it is a rational decision for them.	1.16567
S druge strane, pažljivi vozači će odbiti ovakvu ponudu, smatrajući je preskupom s obzirom na to kom tipu vozača pripadaju.	On the other hand, careful drivers will refuse this offer, considering it to be too expensive, knowing what type of drivers they belong to.	1.42377
Kao posledica javiće se to da će u tražnji za osiguranjem dominirati upravo rizični vozači.	As a result, risky drivers will dominate in the demand for insurance.	1.10104
Problem leži u tome što premija osiguranja koja je utvrđena na osnovu proseka, predstavlja pogrešan pokazatelj.	The problem is that the insurance premium, which is determined based on the average, thus represents a false index.	0.820228
Ona će izazvati negativnu selekciju kupaca osiguranja i na taj način će dovesti u teškoće poslovanje osiguravajuće kompanije.	It will cause adverse selection of insurance buyers, and thus cause difficulties in the business of the insurance company.	1.0609
Ipak, postoje mehanizmi kojima se problemi negativne selekcije i moralnog hazarda, kao i njihove moguće posledice mogu rešiti, odnosno ublažiti. 3.	Yet, there are mechanisms which resolve or at least alleviate the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. ~~~ 3.	0.271235
Stra te gi je pre va zi la že nja pro ble ma asi me trič nih in for ma ci ja Dve osnovne strategije za prevazilaženje problema asimetričnih informacija kao i njihovih posledica su, kao što je ranije navedeno, tržišno signaliziranje i ispipavanje.	Strategies for overcoming the problem of asymmetric information Two basic strategies for overcoming problems of asymmetric information as well as their consequences, as noted before, are market signaling and screening.	1.13781
U tržišnom signaliziranju je reč u onoj situaciji kada strana koja raspolaže sa više informacija preuzima aktivnu ulogu.	Market signaling refers to a situation where the party who is better informed, takes an active role.	0.715294
Signaliziranje (signalling) naime predstavlja igru dva igrača od kojih jedan poseduje privatne informacije.	Signaling in fact represents a two players game, one of which has a private information.	1.06914
Igra se igra u dva poteza, i u teoriji igara je poznata pod nazivom igra lidera i sledbenika [12].	The game is played in two moves, and is known as leaders followers game in the game theory [12].	1.34241
U prvom potezu informisaniji igrač (lider) šalje poruku drugom, slabije informisanom igraču (sledbeniku).	In the first move, the better informed player (the leader) sends a message to the other, lessinformed player (follower).	0.9243
Zapravo, akcija lidera predstavlja signal drugom igraču, to jest, izabranom akcijom lider šalje određenu informaciju drugoj strani.	In fact, the action of the leader is a signal to the other player, that is, by chosen action, the leader sends some sort of information to the other side.	1.44902
U drugom potezu slabije informisan igrač, shodno primljenoj poruci (uočenom izboru lidera) prilagođava svoje ponašanje, odnosno vrši izbor akcije ili poteza.	In the second move the less informed player, according to the message received, adjusts its behavior, and selects an appropriate action or actions.	0.668615
Na tržištu postoje brojni primeri signaliziranja: davanje garancija, emisija akcija, uzimanje kredita, stepen obrazovanja, prosek na studijama, i slično.	There are numerous examples of signaling on the market: providing the guarantee, the share issue, taking loans, education level, the average rate of the studies, and the like.	0.578417
Signali mogu biti dobri ili loši, ali i više ili manje kredibilni.	Signals can be good or bad, but also more or less credible.	1.86028
Kredibilnim se može smatrati signaliziranje igrača koji nema interes da obmane svog suigrača.	Signaling to player could be regarded as credible if there is no interest for deceiving.	0.26
Ipak, često se dešava da čak i istiniti signali ne budu dovoljno kredibilni, te je, da bi se problem rešio, neophodna konkretna analiza svakog pojedinačnog problema.	However, it often happens that even the most honest signals are not credible enough, thus, in order to solve the problem, a specific analysis of each problem is required.	1.1826
Drugo rešenje situacije sa asimetričnim informacijama zasniva se na aktivnoj ulozi strane koja je slabije informisana.	Another solution to the situation of asymmetric information is based on the active role of the side that is less informed.	0.997144
Kada strana koja nema dovoljno informacija preuzme aktivnu ulogu, reč je o takozvanom ispitivanju, odnosno ispipavanju tržišta (market screening).	When one party does not have enough information to take an active role, it is a so-called market screening.	1.06
Tržišno ispipavanje podrazumeva da slabije informisana strana navede bolje informisanu stranu da se sama opredeli, izjasni, otkrije, odnosno da preuzme rizik.	Market screening implies that the less-informed party motivates the better informed one to decide, declare, disclose, or take the risk.	0.80989
Na ovaj način moguće je rešiti problem negativne selekcije.	In this way it is possible to solve the problem of adverse selection.	1.48364
Na primer, u slučaju osiguravajućih kompanija, rešenje se ostvaruje takvim modelom osiguranja gde se ponudi cela lepeza različitih ugovora, i kupcima osiguranja, tj. vozačima se ostavlja da sami, shodno svojim preferencijama i realnom stanju, izaberu ugovor koji im najviše odgovara.	For example, in the case of insurance companies, the solution is implemented with such a model of insurance where a whole range of different contracts is offered, and buyers of insurance, i.e. drivers, could, according to their preferences and the real situation, choose a contract that suits them best.	1.24524
Na taj način oni kroz konkretan izbor ugovora pokazuju (otkrivaju) svoje skrivene informacije, odnosno informacije koje su nepoznate osiguravajućem društvu.	In this way, they show (reveal), through specific agreements, their secret information or one that is unknown to the insurance company.	0.949631
Međutim, u praksi je sam proces uspostavljanja ravnoteže obično znatno složeniji [11].	However, in practice, the process of establishing equilibrium is usually much more complex [11].	1.20808
4.	4.	1.8
Pro blem po slo da vac-unajm lje nik Problem poslodavac-unajmljenik (principle-agent problem), poznat i kao agencijska dilema, javlja se pri razdvajanju svojine od procesa upravljanja.	The principal-agent problem The principal-agent problem, also known as agency dilemma, occurs while separating property from the management process.	1.1313
Unajmljenik radi u ime i za račun poslodavca i dobija nadoknadu za svoj rad, dok poslodavac daje ovlašćenja i kontroliše rad unajmljenika, ali ne u potpunosti.	The agent works on behalf of the principal and receives remuneration for his/her work, while the principal gives the powers and controls him, but not completely.	0.628954
Problemi vezani za rizik se odnose na rizik poslodavaca, jer kontrola nikada nije savršena upravo zbog nedostatka ili kašnjenja informacija, i unajmljenik može da radi u svom sopstvenom interesu, a ne i u interesu poslodavaca (Slika 2).	Problems related to risk are related to the risk of principals, because the control is never perfect and there is a lack or delay of information, and the agent can work in his/her own interest and not in the interests of principals (Figure 2).	1.32184
Rizik unajmljenika predstavlja mogućnost da izgubi posao, kao i to da se nekada moraju donositi dugoročne odluke koje nemaju odmah pozitivan efekat.	The agent risk is the possibility of losing a job, and making long term decisions that do not have immediate positive effect.	0.619876
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Slika 2: ~~~ Problem Poslodavac unajmljenik Unajmljenik obično ima bolje informacije od poslodavca, kako o svom zalaganju i rezultatima, tako i o mogućnostima širenja interesa poslodavca.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Figure 2: The principal-agent problem An agent usually has better information than the principal, about his efforts and results, and the possibilities for expanding interests of the principal.	0.373624
S druge strane, poslodavac ne zna koliki je stvarni trošak rada unajmljenika, kao ni njegovu funkciju korisnosti.	On the other hand, the principal does not know what is the actual cost of the agents work, nor his utility function.	0.957292
Osnovna razlika između poslodavca i unajmljenika je u tome što je poslodavac superiorna strana (vlasnik ili neko ko kontroliše), dok je unajmljenik zaposleni u kompaniji.	The main difference between the principal and the agent is in that the principal is a superior party (someone who owns or controls), while the agent is the companys staff.	1.20839
Poslodavac snosi rizik sa kojim se suočava vlasnik (gubitak uloženog kapitala), dok je unajmljenik ugovornim obavezama poslodavaca izolovan od rizika.	The principal bears the risk faced by the owner (a loss of invested capital), while the agent is insulated from risk by contractual obligations of principals.	0.728571
Dva temeljna problema koja se javljaju u agencijskom odnosu ukazuju na mogućnost razilaženja želja i ciljeva poslodavaca i unajmljenika, tako da poslodavac nije siguran da li unajmljenik deluje u njegovom najboljem interesu.	Two fundamental problems that arise in agency relations indicate the possibility of divergence of goals and desires of principals and agents, so the principal is not sure whether the agent is acting in his best interest.	0.918622
Pored toga, poslodavac i unajmljenik imaju različit odnos prema riziku, pa samim tim mogu da preferiraju različite akcije.	In addition, the principal and the agent have different attitudes to risk, and therefore may prefer different actions.	1.07183
Stoga poslodavac ne može biti siguran da su preduzete akcije radi smanjenja rizika ispravne, i da na taj način može da zaštiti sopstveni interes.	Thus, the principal cannot be sure that the action taken to reduce risk is correct, in order to protect his own interest.	0.614077
Ako se problem poslodavac-unajmljenik posmatra kroz ugovorno pravo, onda razlikujemo dva slučaja: ~~~ Model sklonosti unajmljenika ka troškovima Poslodavac je vlasnik firme, a unajmljenik je menadžer.	If the principal-agent problem is viewed through contract law, then two cases can be distinguished: Model of agents preferences to cost The principal owns the company, and the agent is the manager.	0.442264
Vlasnik ima ograničene informacije i ne može u potpunosti da sagleda sve akcije menadžera.	The owner has limited information and cannot fully consider all the actions of managers.	1.48026
Stoga, vlasnik zahteva ostvarenje zadovoljavajućeg nivoa profita koji se utvrđuje, na primer, u odnosu na profit rivalskih kompanija.	Therefore, the owner requires the achievement of a satisfactory level of profit that is determined, for example, in comparison with the profit of rival companies.	1.35484
Menadžer, u odnosu na ovako zadato ograničenje, maksimizira svoje preferencije ka izdacima na sebe ili zaposlene u kompaniji.	The manager, relative to such determined constraint, maximizes his/her preferences towards spending on him/herself, or on the agents of the company.	0.567141
Problem se može posmatrati kao ex post oportunističko ponašanja menadžera, kada se on vodi mišlju da je odnos loš po njega, i da će neko drugo ponašanje, različito od ugovorenog, ispuniti njegove ciljeve.	The problem can be seen as ex-post opportunistic behavior of managers, when he/she believes that the relation is bad for him, and that some other behavior, different from the contracted, will fulfill his/her objectives.	0.997641
Model sa moralnim hazardom Posledica ex post oportunizma menadžera, samo se u ovom slučaju vlasnik ne zadovoljava unapred zadatim nivoom profita, već nastoji da stvaranjem odgovarajućih podsticaja ishod unajmljenikovog ponašanja približi dugoročnoj maksimizaciji profita.	The model with moral hazard It is the result of the ex-post opportunism of managers, only in this case the owner is not satisfied with the predetermined level of profit, but seeks to create appropriate incentives so the agents behavior would come closer to the long-term profit maximization.	1.0702
Sistem podsticaja utvrđuje se ugovorom koji formuliše vlasnik, a menadžer ga može odbiti ili prihvatiti. 4.	The system of incentives is established by contract, which is formulated by the owner, and the manager can accept or decline it.	0.971862
Ma te ma tič ka for mu la ci ja pro ble ma po slo da vac unajm lje nik Cilj samog problema je da poslodavac odredi što manju, ali dovoljnu nagradu koja će unajmljenika podstaći da efikasno radi.	4.1. ~~~ Mathematical formulation of principal-agent problem The objective of the problem is that the principal determines a smallest but sufficient reward that will encourage an agent to work effectively.	0.30196
Ovo dati problem čini komplikovanim sa te strane, što poslodavac ne zna unajmljenikovu funkciju korisnosti.	This problem may seem complicated from such a perspective, because the principal does not know the agents utility function.	0.64375
Kada bi imao takvu informaciju, mogao bi da mu ponudi platu koja odgovara njegovom stepenu efikasnosti i problem bi bio rešen.	If he had that information, he could offer him a salary corresponding to his degree of efficiency and the problem would be solved.	0.569949
Na taj način, ostvarila bi se efikasna tržišna ravnoteža.	Thus, an efficient market equilibrium would be achieved.	0.609333
Ukoliko pođemo od pretpostavke da poslodavac motiviše unajmljenika određenim iznosom honorara da obavi neki posao, na kraju etape poslodavac samo zna akcije koje je unajmljenik preduzeo, a ne i kako bi postupio u slučaju drugačijeg nagrađivanja.	If we assume that the principal motivates the agent with a certain amount of fee to do some job, in the end, all that the principal knows is what actions the agent has taken, but not what the result in the case of different reward would be.	0.995884
Moguće je sagledati nekoliko pristupa u rešavanju datog problema.	It is possible to consider several approaches to solving the problem.	0.9
Neki od njih su [2]: ~~~ Bandit algoritam; Rastući gradijent algoritam za slučaj kada je raspodela nagrada fiksna, ali nepoznata; Bajesov pristup, ukoliko je raspodela nagrada fiksna, a poslodavac poseduje određene prognoze o raspodelama.	Some of them are [2]: Bandit algorithm; Ascending gradient algorithm for the case when the distribution of awards is fixed, but unknown, Bayesian approach, if the distribution of awards is fixed, and the principal has some predictions about the distributions.	0.145797
Pođimo od pretpostavke da unajmljenik može da izabere jednu od akcija iz raspoloživog skupa akcija šAć, pri čemu ovaj skup čine strategije a0, a1 i a2 (A=ša0, a1, a2ć).	Let us assume that an agent may choose one of the actions from the available set of actions šAć, where the set are made of actions a0, a1 i a2 (A=ša0, a1, a2ć).	1.26165
Akcija a0 označava da unajmljenik ne obavlja zadati posao; akcija a1 da unajmljenik obavlja posao, ali to ne radi savesno; dok akcija a2 označava da unajmljenik radi savesno.	Action a0 indicates that the agent is not performing the given job; action a1 that the agent does his hob, but not efficiently, while action a2 means that the agent works efficiently.	1.12159
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Pretpostavimo i to da svaka od akcija nosi određeni trošak rada, wi = w(ai), i = 0,1,2, gde je w0 = 0.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Suppose also that each of the actions is carrying some cost of labor, wi = w(ai), i = 0,1,2, where w0 = 0.	1.55368
Ovaj trošak se može opisati kao žrtva koju unajmljenik snosi u cilju obavljanja zadatog posla.	This cost can be described as a sacrifice that the agent bears to perform a certain job.	1.19229
Neka je ri = r(ai) i = 0,1,2, funkcija koja predstavlja platu (nagradu) unajmljeniku za obavljen posao, a koju poslodavac definiše u zavisnosti od toga da li i koliko unajmljenik zaista radi.	Let ri = r(ai), i = 0,1,2,which is a function of wages (reward) to an agent for the job done, and which the principal defines depending on whether and how the agent really works.	1.08531
Stoga je r0 = r(a0) = 0.	Therefore, r0 = r(a0) = 0.	2.82406
Korisnost za unajmljenika zavisi od plate, odnosno nagrade koju dobija za obavljen posao, kao i od toga koliku odbojnost ima prema akciji koja se od njega zahteva.	The utility of the agent depends on the salary and rewards he receives for work done, and how much he resents the action that is required of him.	0.573529
Ova odbojnost u izvršavanju data je funkcijom t, i poznata je unajmljeniku, ali ne i poslodavcu.	This aversion to executing is given by function t, and is known to the agent, but not to the principal.	0.469242
Uz pretpostavku da je unajmljenik racionalan i da će uvek birati onu akciju kojom maksimizuje sopstvenu korisnost, korisnost za unajmljenika može se izraziti na sledeći način: ~~~ V(t,ai,ri) = v(t,ai) + r(ai) = tw(ai) + r(ai), (1) za i = 0,1,2, pri čemu je v(t, a0) = 0, za svako t.	Assuming that the agent is a rational person, and will always choose the action that maximizes his own utility, the utility of the agent can be expressed as follows: V(t,ai,ri) = v(t,ai) + r(ai) = tw(ai) + r(ai), (1) for i = 0,1,2, where v(t, a0) = 0, for every t.	0.651852
Korisnost za poslodavca zavisi od plate, odnosno nagrade koju mora da isplati unajmljeniku, kao i od toga koliko je akcija koju unajmljenik treba da izvrši značajna za njega.	The usefulness for the principal depends on the salary, or reward he must pay to the agent, and on how much the action is important to him.	0.740977
Stoga se funkcija korisnosti za poslodavca može izraziti kao: ~~~ U(ai, ri) = u(ai) r(ai), za i = 0,1,2, (2) gde u(ai) predstavlja profit koju poslodavac ostvaruje u zavisnosti od izabrane akcije unajmljenika, pri čemu je u(a0) = 0. 4.2.	Therefore, the utility function for the principal can be expressed as: U(ai, ri) = u(ai) r(ai), for i = 0,1,2, (2) where u(ai) represents the profit the principal is achieving, depending on the selected action of the agent, where u(a0) = 0. ~~~ 4.2.	0.6
Ilu stra tiv ni pri mer Pođimo od problema predstavljenog igrom u ekstenzivnoj formi (Slika 3).	Ilustrative example Let us start with the problem presented with a game in an extensive form (Figure 3).	0.807461
U igri učestvuju tri igrača: priroda, kompanija i radnik.	The game involves three players: nature, company and worker.	0.594231
Kompanija treba da donese odluku da li da zaposli radnika (Z) ili da ga ne zaposli (N).	The company is to decide whether to hire worker (Z) or not to hire him (N).	0.951784
Radnik može da bude lenj ili vredan, pri čemu radnik, naravno, zna kom tipu pripada.	The worker may be lazy or hard working, where the worker, of course, knows what type he belongsto.	1.01301
Problem se, međutim, sastoji u tome što kompanija ne zna sa kojim tipom radnika se susreće u momentu kada treba da sklopi ugovor, kao ni to kako će radnik sa kojim je sklopljen ugovor obavljati posao.	The problem, however, lies in the fact that the company does not know which type of workers it is hiring at the moment when the contract is signed, or how the worker with whom a contract is signed will perform his/her work.	0.925707
Pretpostavimo da igru otvara priroda, koja svakom od tipova radnika pridružuje određene verovatnoće.	Suppose that the game is opened by the nature, which attributes certain probabilities to each type of workers.	0.72205
S obzirom da je ovo igra sa nesavršenim informacijama, kompanija koja je sledeća na potezu, mora da odluči da li da zaposli radnika ili ne, ne znajući sa sigurnošću da li je vredan ili lenj, ali uzimajući u obzir verovatnoće dodeljene potezima prirode.	Since this is the game with imperfect information, the company, which is next to play, must decide whether to hire the worker or not, not knowing with certainty whether he/she is hard working or lazy, but taking into account the probability assigned in the nature turn.	1.04178
Ukoliko ga kompanija zaposli, na potezu je radnik koji može da bira da li će da radi savesno (akcija a2) ili ne (akcija a1).	If the company hires him/her, the worker can choose whether to work in good faith (action a2) or not (action a1).	1.08627
Slika 3: ~~~ Stablo odlučivanja na primeru poslodavac-unajmljenik Pretpostavimo da radnik ima ukupni trošak, odnosno žrtvu: v(a1đlenj) = 1 ukoliko je lenj i ne radi savesno; v(a1đvredan) = 2 ukoliko je vredan, ali ne radi savesno; v(a2đlenj) = 3 ukoliko je lenj ali radi savesno i v(a1đvredan) = 1 ukoliko je vredan i radi savesno.	Figure 3: Decision tree for the example of principal-agent problem Suppose that a worker has a total cost or sacrifice: v(a1đlazy) = 1 if he/she is lazy and does not work in good faith; v(a1đhard working) = 2 if he/she is hard working, but does not work in good faith; v(a2đlazy) = 3 if he/she is lazy, but works in good faith; v(a1đhard working) = 1 if he/she is hard working and works in good faith.	0.597818
Pretpostavimo dalje da je plata koju kompanija daje radniku koji posao obavlja savesno r(a2) = 4, a radniku koji ne obavlja posao savesno r(a1) = 3.	Suppose further that the salary the company gives to the worker who performs the work in good faith is r(a2) = 4, and to the worker who does not perform his/her work in good faith is r(a1) = 3.	1.66703
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Uvedimo i pretpostavku da kompanija, ukoliko zaposli radnika koji savesno obavlja posao, bez obzira na tip njegove ličnosti, ostvaruje profit od u(a2) = 15.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Let us introduce the assumption that the company, if it employs the worker who performs his/her job in good faith, regardless of his/her personality type, makes a profit u(a2) = 15.	1.45309
Ukoliko pak zaposli radnika koji nesavesno obavlja posao, pretpostavka je da će kompanija ostvariti profit od u(a1) = 10.	But if it employs the worker who is negligent in his work, the assumption is the company will profit in the amount of u(a1) = 10.	1.5
Bez obzira na to da li je kompanija sklopila ugovor sa radnikom ili ne, imaće dodatni trošak vezan za sam postupak selekcije, t(a0) = t(a1) = t(a2) = 0,5.	Regardless of whether the company has entered into agreement with an agent or not, it will have additional costs related to the procedure of selection t(a0) = t(a1) = t(a2) = 0,5.	1.25349
U datom problemu, kompanija ima za cilj da odredi optimalnu akciju kojom maksimizira ukupnu očekivanu korisnost, za neko uverenje o tipu ličnosti radnika.	In problem given, the company aims to determine the optimal action that maximizes the total expected utility, for a conviction on the type of worker.	0.903571
S druge strane, radnik ima za cilj da odluči da li da radi savesno ili ne, a u cilju maksimizacije sopstvene očekivane korisnosti, a u skladu sa tipom ličnosti.	On the other hand, the worker seeks to decide whether to work in good faith or not, in order to maximize his/her own expected utility, in accordance with the type of person.	1.48456
Odredimo optimalnu akciju kompanije, kao i očekivane koristi kompanije i radnika, pod uslovom da je procenjena verovatnoća da je radnik lenj 0,4.	We should determine the optimal action of the company, as well as the expected benefits for the company and agents, provided that the estimated probability of the worker being lazy is 0.4.	1.00938
U tabeli 1 date su korisnosti kompanije (U) kao i radnika (V), za sve moguće ishode opisane igre prikazane na Slici 3, a izračunate na osnovu izraza (1) i (2).	Table 1 provides the utility of the company (U) and the worker (V), for all possible outcomes of the game described in Figure 3, and calculated from equations (1) and (2).	1.34422
Tabela 1.	Table 1.	2.2625
Korisnosti kompanije i radnika Strategija lenj, Z, a1 lenj, Z, a2 lenj, N vredan, Z, a1 vredan, Z, a2 vredan, N U 10 3 0,5 = 6,5 15 4 0,5 = 10,5 0 0 0,5 = 0,5 10 3 0,5 = 6,5 15 4 0,5 = 10,5 0 0 0,5 = 0,5 V 3 1 = 2 4 3 = 1 3 2 = 1 4 1 = 3 Prethodno opisana igra je u literaturi poznata kao Bajesova igra u ekstenzivnoj formi i rešenje se može odrediti primenom koncepta savršenog Bajesovog ekvilibrijuma podigre.	Utilities of the company and worker Strategy lazy, Z, a lazy, Z, a lazy, N hard working, Z, a hard working, Z, a hard working, N U 10 3 0,5 = 6,5 15 4 0,5 = 10,5 0 0 0,5 = 0,5 10 3 0,5 = 6,5 15 4 0,5 = 10,5 0 0 0,5 = 0,5 V 3 1 =2 4 3 =1 3 2 =1 4 1 =3 The game described above is well known as the Bayes game in extensive form, and the solution can be determined by applying the concept of perfect Bayesian subgame equilibrium.	1.98592
S obzirom da je u pitanju igra sa nesavršenim informacijama, ne može se rešiti primenom povratne indukcije.	Given that this is a game with imperfect information, it cannot be solved using backward induction.	0.441176
Rešenje igre, za koji su korisnosti date u tabeli 1, dobijeno je primenom softvera Gambit i prikazano je na slici 4.	The solution to the game, for which benefits are given in Table 1, was obtained using the Gambit software and is shown in Figure 4.	1.22393
Za datu raspodelu verovatnoća, očekivana korisnost za kompaniju u ekvilibrijumu iznosi 8,9; dok za radnika iznosi 2,6.	For a given probability distribution, the expected benefit to the company at equilibrium is 8.9; while for worker it is 2.6.	0.633333
Za kompaniju je najbolja strategija da zaposli radnika, bez obzira da li je on vredan ili ne.	For a company, the best strategy is to employ the worker, regardless of whether he/she is hard working or not.	1.07949
S druge strane, u slučaju da je radnik vredan, za njega je najbolja strategija da savesno radi, čime bi ostvario korisnost od 3. U slučaju da je radnik lenj, izborom svoje najbolje strategije, da ne radi savesno, ostvario bi korisnost od 2.	On the other hand, if the worker is hard working, the best strategy for him is to work in good faith, which would bring him the utility of 3. ~~~ In the case the worker is lazy, choosing his best strategy, not to work in good faith, would bring him the utility of 2.	0.392611
Slika 4: ~~~ Prikaz rešenja u primeru igreposlodavac-unajmljenik Postavlja se pitanje da li bi se rešenje promenilo u slučaju drugačije raspodele verovatnoća vezane za subjektivna uverenja kompanije o tipu radnika.	Figure 4: Solution in the example of principal-agent game The question is whether the solution is changed in case of different probability distribution related to subjective beliefs about the type of the company agent.	0.478917
Odgovor bi se mogao dobiti sprovodjenjem šta-ako analize, kada bi se analiza ponovila za različite raspodele verovatnoće vezane za tipove ličnosti.	The answer could be obtained by conducting a whatif analysis, if the analysis is repeated for different probability distribution related to personality types.	0.834091
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Kao što je napomenuto u prethodnim poglavljima, problem asimetričnih informacija delom je moguće prevazići.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 As mentioned in previous chapters, the problem of asymmetric information can be partly solved.	1.30818
S obzirom da je kompanija manje informisana strana u ugovoru, trebalo bi da primeni strategiju ispipavanja.	Given that the company is the less informed partly in the contract, it should apply a strategy of screening.	1.17576
U datom slučaju ova strategija može biti vezana za sistem podsticaja kroz nadoknadu za obavljen posao.	In the present case, this strategy may be related to a system of incentives through compensation for the work performed.	0.965882
Ukoliko poslodavac ponudi nisku platu (ispod proseka) za dati posao, konkurisaće samo loši kandidati.	If the principal offers low pay (below average) for the job, only bad candidates will apply.	0.65
Međutim, poslodavac ovaj problem može da prevaziđe ako prepusti unajmljeniku da izabere da li će da radi za fiksnu plati ili po učinku.	However, the principal can overcome this problem if he lets the agent choose whether to work for a fixed pay, or by performance.	0.766355
S druge strane, unajmljenik koji je u datoj situaciji bolje informisana strana trebalo bi da se posluži strategijom signaliziranja.	On the other hand, the agent, who is the better informed party in such a situation, should use a signalling strategy.	1.29796
Kao mera koliko je unajmljenik vredan signali bi mogli biti stepen obrazovanja, izbor težeg smera ili predmeta na fakultetu, praksa, stipendije i slično.	As a measure of how valuable the agent is to the company, signals could be the level of education, the choice of a more difficult to master department at Faculty, training, scholarships and more.	0.985075
Potrebno je napomenuti i to da nepostojanje dobrih signala može biti samo po sebi loš signal.	It should be noted also that the lack of good signals can be a bad signal in itself.	1.30147
Zaključak U radu je pokazan značaj ekonomije informacija za funkcionisanje i rezultat tržišnih procesa koje karakteriše asimetričnost informacija.	Conslusion The paper shows the importance of information economics to the operation and the result of market processes which are characterized by asymmetric information.	0.907314
Za modeliranje ovakvih tržišnih odnosa, korišćena je metodologija teorije igara.	To model these market conditions, we used the methodology of the game theory.	0.527273
Predstavljene su i moguće strategije za prevazilaženje problema postojanja asimetričnih i nesavršenih informacija, posebno strategije signaliziranja i ispipavanja.	Possible strategies for overcoming the problem of existence of imperfect and asymmetric information are presented, especially the strategy of signalling and screening.	1.08131
Jedan od karaktirističnih problema, problem poslodavac- unajmljenik, našao je svoje mesto kako u tumačenju ekonomskih, tako i finansijskih pojava.	One of the most distinctive problems, the problem of principal-agent, found its place in the interpretation of economic and financial phenomena.	0.8832
U radu je problem modeliran kao Bajesova ekstenzivna igra, a rešenje je dobijeno primenom koncepta Bajes-Nešovog ekvilibrijuma.	In this paper, the problem is modelled as a Bayesian extensive game, where the solution is obtained by applying the concept of the Bayes-Nash equilibrium.	1.25526
Predloženi su i mogući pravci za prevazilaženje problema.	Possible ways to overcome the problem are suggested.	0.581159
LI TE RA TU RA [1] Akerlof, G., The market for lemons: ~~~ Quality uncertainly and the market mechanism, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84 (1970) 488-500. [2] Conitzer, V., Garera, G., Learning algorithms for online principal-agent problems (and selling goods on line), Proceedings of the 23rd Int.	REFERENCE [1] Akerlof, G., The market for lemons: Quality uncertainly and the market mechanism, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84 (1970) 488-500. [2]	1.54043
Conference on Machine Learning, Pittsburgh, PA, 2006. [3] Dembe, A.E., and Boden, L.I., Moral Hazard:	Conitzer, V., Garera, G., Learning algorithms for online principal-agent problems (and selling goods on line), Proceedings of the 23rd Int. Conference on Machine Learning, Pittsburgh, PA, 2006. [3]	1.32955
A Question of Morality?	Dembe, A.E., and Boden, L.I., Moral Hazard: A Question of Morality?	1.57143
New Solutions:	New Solutions: A Journal of En vironmental and Occupational Health Policy, 10(3) (2000) 257-279. [4]	0.735714
A Journal of En vironmental and Occupational Health Policy, 10(3) (2000) 257-279. [4] Dixit, A., Skeath, S., Games of Strategy, Norton, New York, 2004. [5] Eisenhardt, K., Agency theory:	Dixit, A., Skeath, S., Games of Strategy, Norton, New York, 2004. [5] ~~~ Eisenhardt, K., Agency theory: An assessment and review, The Academy of Management Review, 14: (1989) 57-74. [6]	0.899609
An assessment and review, The Academy of Management Review, 14: (1989) 57-74. [6] Lange, T., A Theory of the Firm Only a Microeconomist Could Love?	Lange, T., A Theory of the Firm Only a Microeconomist Could Love?	2.4621
A microeconomists Reply to Lu batkins Critique of Agency Theory, Journal of Management Inquiry, 14 (2005) 404-406. [7] Lipsey, R., An Introduction to positive economics.	A microeconomists Reply to Lu batkins Critique of Agency Theory, Journal of Management Inquiry, 14 (2005) 404-406. [7] ~~~ Lipsey, R., An Introduction to positive economics.	1.90898
Weidenfeld and Nicolson,London, 1983. [8] Luce, D., & Raiffa, H., Games and Decisions, Dover Publivations, New York, 1957. [9] Rothschild, M., Stiglitz, M., Equilibrium in competitive insurance markets:	Weidenfeld and Nicolson,London, 1983. [8] ~~~ Luce, D., & Raiffa, H., Games and Decisions, Dover Publivations, New York, 1957. [9]	1.18333
An essey on the economic of imperfect information, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80 (1976) 629-49. [10] Spence, A.M., Job market signalling, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87 (1973) 355-74. [11] Stiglitz, J., Weiss, A., Sorting out the differences between screening and signalling models, In:	Rothschild, M., Stiglitz, M., Equilibrium in competitive insurance markets: An essey on the economic of imperfect information, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80 (1976) 629-49. [10]	1.61772
M. Bachrach (ed.), Oxford Essays in Mathematical Economics, Oxford University Press, 1991. [12] Stojanović, B., Teorija igara - elementi i primena, Službeni glasnik, 2005. [13] Wright, P., Mukherji, A., and Kroll., M., A reexamination of agency theory assumptions: extensions and extrapolations, The Journal of Socio-Economics 30 (2001) 413-429. [14] http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/mind_the_gap.pdf Primljen: ~~~ Avgust 2011. ~~~ Prihvaćen: ~~~ Februar 2012.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 O autoru Milena Popović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: djurovicmilena86@gmail.com Milena Popović je iplomirala na odseku menadžmenta na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu, 2010.godine.		-0.3
Trenutno radi kao saradnik u nastavi na istom Fakultetu, u oblasti Operacionih istraživanja.		-0.3
Njeno istraživačko interesovanje vezano je za probleme matematičkog modeliranja i teorije igara.		-0.3
Marija Kuzmanović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Marija Kuzmanović je docent na predmetima Operaciona istraživanja i Teorija igara, na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka.		-0.3
Doktorirala je na smeru Operacionih istraživanja i Statistike na istom fakultetu. ~~~ Teme njenog istraživanja uključuju analizu i primenu matematičkog modeliranja, conjoint analizu, teoriju igara i druge kvantitativne metode u oblasti marketinga i menadžmenta Bisera Andric Gušavac Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Bisera Andrić Gušavac je asistent na predmetu Operaciona istraživanja na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, Univerziteta u Beogradu. ~~~ Završila je master na industrijskom inženjerstvu Ecole Centrale Paris.		-0.3
Njena istraživačka interesovanja uključuju analizu i optimizaciju logističkih i industrijskih sistema i matematičko modeliranje.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Milena Popović, Marija Kuzmanović, Bisera Andrić Gušavac Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Agen cij ska di le ma:		-0.3
In for ma ci o na asi me tri ja u pro ble mu po slo da vac-unajm lje nik UDK:		-0.3
005.336.5:005.57 ; 659.23 ; 519.83:659.21 DOI:		-0.3
10.7595/management.		-0.3
fon.2011. ~~~ (english version) Posedovanjem nepotpunih i nesavršenih informacija, učesnici na tržištu ne ostvaruju optimalnu alokaciju resursa koja bi bila moguća u slučaju potpune informisanosti.		-0.3
S druge strane, blagovremena i relevantna informacija predstavlja proizvod za koji mora da se plati odgovarajuća tržišna cena.		-0.3
U savremenim korporacijama dve strane angažovane u nekom ugovoru, mogu imati različite ciljeve i posedovati različit nivo informacija.		-0.3
Ovaj problem poznat je pod nazivom problem poslodavac-unajmljenik.		-0.3
Unajmljenici ponekad imaju lične ciljeve koji se ne podudaraju sa ciljevima poslodavca, pa je poslodavac taj koji mora da zadovolji sopstvene, ali i potrebe unajmljenika.		-0.3
Jedan od načina je i da unajmljenika motiviše nagradama, zabranama i kaznama.		-0.3
U ovom slučaju, kvalitativna ocena potreba i procena troškova dovodi po povećanja efikasnosti i bržeg rešavanja problema.		-0.3
U ovom radu ukazano je na značaj ekonomije informacija za funkcionisanje i rezultat tržišnih procesa.		-0.3
Za modeliranje tržišnih odnosa u uslovima kada su strane asimetrično informisane, korišćena je metodologija teorije igara.		-0.3
Problem poslodavac-unajmljenik modeliran je kao Bajesova ekstenzivna igra, a rešenje je dobijeno primenom koncepta Bajes-Nešovog ekvilibrijuma.		-0.3
Ključne reči: problem poslodavac-unajmljenik, asimetrične informacije, tržišno signaliziranje, tržišno ispipavanje, teorija igara, Bajesova igra, Bajes-Nešov ekvilibrijum. 1.		-0.3
Uvod Ekonomska nauka je decenijama razvijala koncepte koji su počivali, pored ostalog, i na potpunoj i ravnomernoj informisanosti tržišnih učesnika.		-0.3
Polazilo se od prilično nerealistične pretpostavke da svi tržišni učesnici raspolažu svim relevantnim i neophodnim informacijama o varijablama koje definišu njihovo polje izbora.		-0.3
Pod takvim pretpostavkama se do ravnoteže na tržištu i optimalne alokacije raspoloživih resursa dolazi veoma jednostavno.		-0.3
Međutim, vremenom se došlo se do zaključka da ovako restriktivna pretpostavka ne opisuje realan problem dovoljno precizno, kao i da je za potrebe kvalitetnije analize potrebno razvijati drugačije modele [8].		-0.3
Stoga je teorija igara, kao ekonomska nauka, našla posebnu primenu u analizi složenih tržišnih situacija koje karakterišu nesavršene i nepotpune informacije.		-0.3
Informaciona asimetrija pretpostavlja da jedna strana u transakciji ima relevantne informacije, dok druga te informacije nema.		-0.3
Ona se odnosi i na situacije kada se u ugovornom odnosu ne mogu sprovesti provere ispunjenosti ugovora.		-0.3
Da bi se prevazišli problemi koji nastaju kao posledica informacione asimetrije, najpre je potrebno definisati uzroke njihovog nastajanja.		-0.3
Kao vodeći, ističu se problemi moralnog hazarda i negativne selekcije.		-0.3
Problem negativne selekcije se javlja kada jedna strana deluje oportunistički pre sklapanja ugovora.		-0.3
Akerlof [1] je, analizirajući funkcionisanje tržišta polovnih automobila, predložio model koji pruža klasičnu demonstaciju problema negativne selekcije.		-0.3
S druge strane, problem moralnog hazarda se javlja kada, nakon potpisivanja ugovora, stranke deluju oportunistički.		-0.3
Na primer, nakon potpisivanja ugovora o osiguranju, postoji iskušenje da dođe do prevare osiguravajuc(cid: ~~~ društva.		-0.3
Stoga u ovakvim slučajevima nije poželjno voditi jedinstvenu politiku osiguranja [9].		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 U literaturi se navode dva moguća načina za prevazilaženje problema asimetričnih informacija.		-0.3
Prvi se zasniva na pretpostavci da je neophodno uspostavljanje takvih odnosa koji daju relevantne podsticaje onoj strani koja raspolaže privatnim informacijama da ih otvoreno saopšti drugoj strani.		-0.3
Ovaj koncept poznat je kao tržišno signaliziranje [10].		-0.3
Drugo rešenje zasniva se na tome da strana koja je slabije informisana preuzme inicijativu i pokuša da dođe do informacija koje joj nedostaju, tzv. ispitivanje tržišta [11].		-0.3
Jedna od teorija koja prati razvoj korporativnog upravljanja i koja pretpostavlja postojanje asimetričnih informacija je agencijska teorija.		-0.3
Ova teorija i konflikti između menadžera i vlasnika odnose se na potencijalne teškoće koje nastaju kada dve strane angažovane u nekom ugovoru imaju različite ciljeve i poseduju različit nivo informacija [2, 5].		-0.3
U ovom radu naglasak je na problemu poslodavac-unajmljenik kao posebnom slučaju agencijske teorije i problema informacione asimetrije. 2.		-0.3
Agen cij ska te o ri ja i pro blem su ko ba in te re sa Agencijska teorija sagledava kompaniju kao skup ugovora između različitih strana.		-0.3
U savremenim korporacijama, vlasnici ili akcionari, odnosno poslodavci, unajmljuju menadžere ili zastupnike tj. unajmljenike, i dodeljuju im zadatak svakodnevnog vođenja poslovanja kompanije.		-0.3
Menadžeri, plaćeni putem plata, zastupaju interese poslodavca u cilju maksimizacije vrednosti kompanije.		-0.3
S druge strane, upravni odbor izabran od strane vlasnika redovno se susreće sa menadžerima da bi nadgledao njihove aktivnosti i pokušao da osigura da oni zaista deluju u najboljem interesu poslodavca. ~~~ Slika 1:		-0.3
Osnovni elementi agencijske teorije Jasno je da su tržišni odnosi između poslodavaca i unajmljenika veoma složeni.		-0.3
Postojanje informacione asimetrije predstavlja izvor tzv. agencijskih konflikata, ali i niza drugih karakteristika, među kojima su moralni hazard i negativna selekcija.		-0.3
Osnovni elementi agencijske teorije prikazani su na slici 1. 2.1.		-0.3
Agen cij ski kon flik ti Odnosi, a samim tim i konflikti koje razmatra agencijska teorija, javljaju se između: (1) vlasnika i menadžera i (2) vlasnika i kreditora.		-0.3
Kon flik ti iz me đu me na dže ra i vla sni ka Menadžeri u nekim slučajevima mogu imati lične ciljeve koji se ne podudaraju sa ciljevima vlasnika, tj. sa maksimizacijom vrednosti kompanije.		-0.3
Agencijska teorija zastupa stanovište da menadžeri uvek teže da maksimizuju sopstvenu korist o trošku vlasnika.		-0.3
Ako je vlasnik kompanije ujedno i menadžer, onda on preduzima akcije koje jasno vode ka maksimizaciji njegovog bogatstva.		-0.3
Vlasnik-menadžer vrednost kompanije pripisuje sopstvenom bogatstvu, u zamenu za oportunitetne stvari u životu, kao što su slobodno vreme i honorarni posao.		-0.3
Ako menadžer-vlasnik odluči da Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 ustupi deo svog vlasništva investitorima, javlja se agencijski problem.		-0.3
Tada, na primer, menadžer-vlasnik može da ceni slobodno vreme i lagodniji život nasuprot napornom radu i daljem povećanju vrednosti kompanije, jer sada ta vrednost ne pripada u potpunosti samo njemu.		-0.3
Pored toga, menadžer-vlasnik može da pravi više troškove, jer oni sada terete više strana.		-0.3
Menadžere treba podsticati da rade u interesu vlasnika različitim nagrada, zabranama i kaznama.		-0.3
Ove metode su efektivne samo kada vlasnici mogu da prate rad menadžera.		-0.3
Moralni hazard se javlja kada menadžeri rizikuju da rade u cilju ostvarenja ličnih interesa, jer i sami znaju da vlasnici ne mogu neprestano da ih nadgledaju.		-0.3
Kako bi smanjili moralni hazard, vlasnici moraju da sagledaju agencijski trošak. ~~~ Postoje tri osnovne vrste agencijskih troškova: troškovi praćenja menadžerskih aktivnosti, kao i revizija; troškovi restruktuiranja organizacije, uklanjanje određenih jedinica ili dodavanje novih kako bi se sma njile nepoželjne akcije menadžera; oportunentni trošak koji se javlja kada je vlasniku nametnuto donošenje jako bitnih odluka, što ogra ničava menadžere u njihovom delovanju, a samim tim i u maksimizaciji vrednosti za vlasnika. ~~~ Potrebno je izabrati optimalan nivo ovih troškova kako bi se ostvarila maksimizacija vrednosti kompanije.		-0.3
Kon flik ti iz me đu kre di to ra i vla sni ka Kreditori kao poverioci kompanije, imaju prvenstvo isplate kamate kao i prvenstvo isplate u slučaju propadanja kompanije.		-0.3
Kreditori pozajmljuju svoja slobodna sredstva (kapital ili novac) u odnosu na rizik vezan za poslovanje kompanije i ekonomije uopšte, nadajući se da su situaciju dobro procenili i da će zaraditi.		-0.3
Dajući kreditorima ovlašćenja preko menadžera, vlasnici vode suprotnu politiku.		-0.3
Oni uglavnom prihvataju one projekte koji nose veći rizik od projekta koji su kreditori prihvatili kada su ulazili u posao.		-0.3
Ako ovi projekti donesu zaradu ona doprinosi samo vlasnicima, jer kreditori primaju fiksnu kamatu.		-0.3
U slučaju da projekti budu neuspešni svi dele gubitak. 2.		-0.3
Mo ral ni ha zard i ne ga tiv na se lek ci ja Pojava termina moralni hazard vezuje se za poslovanje engleskih osiguravajućih kompanija još u XVII veku, prema istraživanjima obavljenim od strane Dembea i Bodena [3].		-0.3
U početku se termin koristio za opisivanje negativnih pojava, odnosno prevara i nemoralnog ponašanja osiguranika.		-0.3
U modernom smislu, definiciju pojma dao je Adam Smit u knjizi koja je objavljena 1776. godine, mada ne u kontekstu osiguravajućih kuća, već u smislu kada neko ko nije vlasnik firme ima mogućnost da upravlja tim kapitalom ne snoseći pri tome tržišni rizik.		-0.3
Naime, u situacijama kada posledice neke odluke, budući da ne padaju na donosioca odluke, izazivaju nehat, javlja se moralni hazard.		-0.3
Moralni hazard predstavlja mogućnost da jedna strana, ukoliko ne poštuje uslove ugovora, zaradi više od iznosa koji se nalazi u ugovoru.		-0.3
Ovaj problem se javlja u gotovo svim oblastima poslovanja, odnosno svuda gde postoji informaciona asimetrija.		-0.3
Naime, poslodavac često ne zna da li su ispoštovane sve strane ugovora sa unajmljenikom, kao ni to da li je na odgovarajući način motivisao unajmljenika i kao nadoknadu mu ponudio vrednost koju je i sam unajmljenik prepoznao.		-0.3
Onda unajmljenik može da pristupi moralnom hazardu, kako bi sebi osigurao zadovoljavajuću vrednost za uložen rad.		-0.3
Teorija igara daje prostora za razvijanje različitih strategija kako bi se spojili interesi poslodavca i unajmljenika.		-0.3
Neke od strategija su kompenzacioni i podsticajni mehanizmi, kao i kontrola i nadgledanje [4].		-0.3
Problem moralnog hazarda se može bliže pojasniti na primeru osiguranja.		-0.3
Problem u osiguranju ukazuje na to da je verovatnoća pojavljivanja osiguranog događaja manja ukoliko ne postoji osiguranje.		-0.3
Najčešće opisivani primer je životno osiguranje supružnika. ~~~ Naime, ako bi suprug osigurao svoj život uz klauzulu da u slučaju njegove smrti novac od osiguranja dobija njegova supruga, tada bi, ukoliko je osigurana suma dovoljno visoka, supruga mogla da dođe u iskušenje da potpomogne nastupanje osiguranog događaja, odnosno smrt svog supruga. ~~~ U tom slučaju osiguravajuće društvo snosi sav rizik samo. ~~~ Zbog toga je važno da se takvi ugovori sastavljaju tako da jedan deo rizika uvek snosi i osiguranik. ~~~ Međutim, problem nekada nastaje u praktičnoj primeni ovog načela.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 S druge strane, na tržištu se često nude kako proizvodi tako i usluge dobrog i lošeg kvaliteta.		-0.3
Usled mehanizma negativne selekcije, na tržištu ostaju proizvodi, odnosno usluge lošeg kvaliteta, dok se proizvodi dobrog kvaliteta i ne nude.		-0.3
Negativna selekcija se takođe može ilustrovati na primeru poslovanja osiguravajućih kompanija [9].		-0.3
Osiguravajuća kompanija, na osnovu raspoloživih statističkih podataka, može da utvrdi očekivanu verovatnoću nastupanja neželjenog događaja koji predstavlja predmet osiguranja.		-0.3
Neka je konkretno u pitanju auto osiguranje, i neka su na osnovu statističkih podataka identifikovane dve kategorije vozača, pažljivi i rizični.		-0.3
Šta će se dogoditi ukoliko osiguravajuća kuća ponudi premiju osiguranja na osnovu prosečne verovatnoće da dođe do sudara?		-0.3
Prosek se određuje na osnovu celokupnog uzorka vozača, i pažljivih i rizičnih.		-0.3
Rizični vozači će prihvatiti ponudu osiguravajuće kompanije jer to za njih predstavlja racionalnu odluku.		-0.3
S druge strane, pažljivi vozači će odbiti ovakvu ponudu, smatrajući je preskupom s obzirom na to kom tipu vozača pripadaju.		-0.3
Kao posledica javiće se to da će u tražnji za osiguranjem dominirati upravo rizični vozači.		-0.3
Problem leži u tome što premija osiguranja koja je utvrđena na osnovu proseka, predstavlja pogrešan pokazatelj.		-0.3
Ona će izazvati negativnu selekciju kupaca osiguranja i na taj način će dovesti u teškoće poslovanje osiguravajuće kompanije.		-0.3
Ipak, postoje mehanizmi kojima se problemi negativne selekcije i moralnog hazarda, kao i njihove moguće posledice mogu rešiti, odnosno ublažiti. 3.		-0.3
Stra te gi je pre va zi la že nja pro ble ma asi me trič nih in for ma ci ja Dve osnovne strategije za prevazilaženje problema asimetričnih informacija kao i njihovih posledica su, kao što je ranije navedeno, tržišno signaliziranje i ispipavanje.		-0.3
U tržišnom signaliziranju je reč u onoj situaciji kada strana koja raspolaže sa više informacija preuzima aktivnu ulogu.		-0.3
Signaliziranje (signalling) naime predstavlja igru dva igrača od kojih jedan poseduje privatne informacije.		-0.3
Igra se igra u dva poteza, i u teoriji igara je poznata pod nazivom igra lidera i sledbenika [12].		-0.3
U prvom potezu informisaniji igrač (lider) šalje poruku drugom, slabije informisanom igraču (sledbeniku).		-0.3
Zapravo, akcija lidera predstavlja signal drugom igraču, to jest, izabranom akcijom lider šalje određenu informaciju drugoj strani.		-0.3
U drugom potezu slabije informisan igrač, shodno primljenoj poruci (uočenom izboru lidera) prilagođava svoje ponašanje, odnosno vrši izbor akcije ili poteza.		-0.3
Na tržištu postoje brojni primeri signaliziranja: davanje garancija, emisija akcija, uzimanje kredita, stepen obrazovanja, prosek na studijama, i slično.		-0.3
Signali mogu biti dobri ili loši, ali i više ili manje kredibilni.		-0.3
Kredibilnim se može smatrati signaliziranje igrača koji nema interes da obmane svog suigrača.		-0.3
Ipak, često se dešava da čak i istiniti signali ne budu dovoljno kredibilni, te je, da bi se problem rešio, neophodna konkretna analiza svakog pojedinačnog problema.		-0.3
Drugo rešenje situacije sa asimetričnim informacijama zasniva se na aktivnoj ulozi strane koja je slabije informisana.		-0.3
Kada strana koja nema dovoljno informacija preuzme aktivnu ulogu, reč je o takozvanom ispitivanju, odnosno ispipavanju tržišta (market screening).		-0.3
Tržišno ispipavanje podrazumeva da slabije informisana strana navede bolje informisanu stranu da se sama opredeli, izjasni, otkrije, odnosno da preuzme rizik.		-0.3
Na ovaj način moguće je rešiti problem negativne selekcije. ~~~ Na primer, u slučaju osiguravajućih kompanija, rešenje se ostvaruje takvim modelom osiguranja gde se ponudi cela lepeza različitih ugovora, i kupcima osiguranja, tj. vozačima se ostavlja da sami, shodno svojim preferencijama i realnom stanju, izaberu ugovor koji im najviše odgovara.		-0.3
Na taj način oni kroz konkretan izbor ugovora pokazuju (otkrivaju) svoje skrivene informacije, odnosno informacije koje su nepoznate osiguravajućem društvu.		-0.3
Međutim, u praksi je sam proces uspostavljanja ravnoteže obično znatno složeniji [11].		-0.3
4. ~~~ Pro blem po slo da vac-unajm lje nik Problem poslodavac-unajmljenik (principle-agent problem), poznat i kao agencijska dilema, javlja se pri razdvajanju svojine od procesa upravljanja.		-0.3
Unajmljenik radi u ime i za račun poslodavca i dobija nadoknadu za svoj rad, dok poslodavac daje ovlašćenja i kontroliše rad unajmljenika, ali ne u potpunosti.		-0.3
Problemi vezani za rizik se odnose na rizik poslodavaca, jer kontrola nikada nije savršena upravo zbog nedostatka ili kašnjenja informacija, i unajmljenik može da radi u svom sopstvenom interesu, a ne i u interesu poslodavaca (Slika 2).		-0.3
Rizik unajmljenika predstavlja mogućnost da izgubi posao, kao i to da se nekada moraju donositi dugoročne odluke koje nemaju odmah pozitivan efekat.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Slika 2:		-0.3
Problem Poslodavac unajmljenik Unajmljenik obično ima bolje informacije od poslodavca, kako o svom zalaganju i rezultatima, tako i o mogućnostima širenja interesa poslodavca.		-0.3
S druge strane, poslodavac ne zna koliki je stvarni trošak rada unajmljenika, kao ni njegovu funkciju korisnosti.		-0.3
Osnovna razlika između poslodavca i unajmljenika je u tome što je poslodavac superiorna strana (vlasnik ili neko ko kontroliše), dok je unajmljenik zaposleni u kompaniji.		-0.3
Poslodavac snosi rizik sa kojim se suočava vlasnik (gubitak uloženog kapitala), dok je unajmljenik ugovornim obavezama poslodavaca izolovan od rizika.		-0.3
Dva temeljna problema koja se javljaju u agencijskom odnosu ukazuju na mogućnost razilaženja želja i ciljeva poslodavaca i unajmljenika, tako da poslodavac nije siguran da li unajmljenik deluje u njegovom najboljem interesu.		-0.3
Pored toga, poslodavac i unajmljenik imaju različit odnos prema riziku, pa samim tim mogu da preferiraju različite akcije.		-0.3
Stoga poslodavac ne može biti siguran da su preduzete akcije radi smanjenja rizika ispravne, i da na taj način može da zaštiti sopstveni interes.		-0.3
Ako se problem poslodavac-unajmljenik posmatra kroz ugovorno pravo, onda razlikujemo dva slučaja:		-0.3
Model sklonosti unajmljenika ka troškovima Poslodavac je vlasnik firme, a unajmljenik je menadžer.		-0.3
Vlasnik ima ograničene informacije i ne može u potpunosti da sagleda sve akcije menadžera.		-0.3
Stoga, vlasnik zahteva ostvarenje zadovoljavajućeg nivoa profita koji se utvrđuje, na primer, u odnosu na profit rivalskih kompanija.		-0.3
Menadžer, u odnosu na ovako zadato ograničenje, maksimizira svoje preferencije ka izdacima na sebe ili zaposlene u kompaniji.		-0.3
Problem se može posmatrati kao ex post oportunističko ponašanja menadžera, kada se on vodi mišlju da je odnos loš po njega, i da će neko drugo ponašanje, različito od ugovorenog, ispuniti njegove ciljeve.		-0.3
Model sa moralnim hazardom Posledica ex post oportunizma menadžera, samo se u ovom slučaju vlasnik ne zadovoljava unapred zadatim nivoom profita, već nastoji da stvaranjem odgovarajućih podsticaja ishod unajmljenikovog ponašanja približi dugoročnoj maksimizaciji profita.		-0.3
Sistem podsticaja utvrđuje se ugovorom koji formuliše vlasnik, a menadžer ga može odbiti ili prihvatiti. 4.		-0.3
Ma te ma tič ka for mu la ci ja pro ble ma po slo da vac unajm lje nik Cilj samog problema je da poslodavac odredi što manju, ali dovoljnu nagradu koja će unajmljenika podstaći da efikasno radi.		-0.3
Ovo dati problem čini komplikovanim sa te strane, što poslodavac ne zna unajmljenikovu funkciju korisnosti.		-0.3
Kada bi imao takvu informaciju, mogao bi da mu ponudi platu koja odgovara njegovom stepenu efikasnosti i problem bi bio rešen.		-0.3
Na taj način, ostvarila bi se efikasna tržišna ravnoteža.		-0.3
Ukoliko pođemo od pretpostavke da poslodavac motiviše unajmljenika određenim iznosom honorara da obavi neki posao, na kraju etape poslodavac samo zna akcije koje je unajmljenik preduzeo, a ne i kako bi postupio u slučaju drugačijeg nagrađivanja.		-0.3
Moguće je sagledati nekoliko pristupa u rešavanju datog problema.		-0.3
Neki od njih su [2]: ~~~ Bandit algoritam; Rastući gradijent algoritam za slučaj kada je raspodela nagrada fiksna, ali nepoznata; Bajesov pristup, ukoliko je raspodela nagrada fiksna, a poslodavac poseduje određene prognoze o raspodelama.		-0.3
Pođimo od pretpostavke da unajmljenik može da izabere jednu od akcija iz raspoloživog skupa akcija šAć, pri čemu ovaj skup čine strategije a0, a1 i a2 (A=ša0, a1, a2ć).		-0.3
Akcija a0 označava da unajmljenik ne obavlja zadati posao; akcija a1 da unajmljenik obavlja posao, ali to ne radi savesno; dok akcija a2 označava da unajmljenik radi savesno.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Pretpostavimo i to da svaka od akcija nosi određeni trošak rada, wi = w(ai), i = 0,1,2, gde je w0 = 0.		-0.3
Ovaj trošak se može opisati kao žrtva koju unajmljenik snosi u cilju obavljanja zadatog posla.		-0.3
Neka je ri = r(ai) i = 0,1,2, funkcija koja predstavlja platu (nagradu) unajmljeniku za obavljen posao, a koju poslodavac definiše u zavisnosti od toga da li i koliko unajmljenik zaista radi. ~~~ Stoga je r0 = r(a0) = 0.		-0.3
Korisnost za unajmljenika zavisi od plate, odnosno nagrade koju dobija za obavljen posao, kao i od toga koliku odbojnost ima prema akciji koja se od njega zahteva.		-0.3
Ova odbojnost u izvršavanju data je funkcijom t, i poznata je unajmljeniku, ali ne i poslodavcu.		-0.3
Uz pretpostavku da je unajmljenik racionalan i da će uvek birati onu akciju kojom maksimizuje sopstvenu korisnost, korisnost za unajmljenika može se izraziti na sledeći način:		-0.3
V(t,ai,ri) = v(t,ai) + r(ai) = tw(ai) + r(ai), (1) za i = 0,1,2, pri čemu je v(t, a0) = 0, za svako t.		-0.3
Korisnost za poslodavca zavisi od plate, odnosno nagrade koju mora da isplati unajmljeniku, kao i od toga koliko je akcija koju unajmljenik treba da izvrši značajna za njega.		-0.3
Stoga se funkcija korisnosti za poslodavca može izraziti kao:		-0.3
U(ai, ri) = u(ai) r(ai), za i = 0,1,2, (2) gde u(ai) predstavlja profit koju poslodavac ostvaruje u zavisnosti od izabrane akcije unajmljenika, pri čemu je u(a0) = 0. 4.2.		-0.3
Ilu stra tiv ni pri mer Pođimo od problema predstavljenog igrom u ekstenzivnoj formi (Slika 3).		-0.3
U igri učestvuju tri igrača: priroda, kompanija i radnik.		-0.3
Kompanija treba da donese odluku da li da zaposli radnika (Z) ili da ga ne zaposli (N).		-0.3
Radnik može da bude lenj ili vredan, pri čemu radnik, naravno, zna kom tipu pripada.		-0.3
Problem se, međutim, sastoji u tome što kompanija ne zna sa kojim tipom radnika se susreće u momentu kada treba da sklopi ugovor, kao ni to kako će radnik sa kojim je sklopljen ugovor obavljati posao.		-0.3
Pretpostavimo da igru otvara priroda, koja svakom od tipova radnika pridružuje određene verovatnoće.		-0.3
S obzirom da je ovo igra sa nesavršenim informacijama, kompanija koja je sledeća na potezu, mora da odluči da li da zaposli radnika ili ne, ne znajući sa sigurnošću da li je vredan ili lenj, ali uzimajući u obzir verovatnoće dodeljene potezima prirode.		-0.3
Ukoliko ga kompanija zaposli, na potezu je radnik koji može da bira da li će da radi savesno (akcija a2) ili ne (akcija a1).		-0.3
Slika 3: ~~~ Stablo odlučivanja na primeru poslodavac-unajmljenik Pretpostavimo da radnik ima ukupni trošak, odnosno žrtvu: v(a1đlenj) = 1 ukoliko je lenj i ne radi savesno; v(a1đvredan) = 2 ukoliko je vredan, ali ne radi savesno; v(a2đlenj) = 3 ukoliko je lenj ali radi savesno i v(a1đvredan) = 1 ukoliko je vredan i radi savesno.		-0.3
Pretpostavimo dalje da je plata koju kompanija daje radniku koji posao obavlja savesno r(a2) = 4, a radniku koji ne obavlja posao savesno r(a1) = 3.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Uvedimo i pretpostavku da kompanija, ukoliko zaposli radnika koji savesno obavlja posao, bez obzira na tip njegove ličnosti, ostvaruje profit od u(a2) = 15.		-0.3
Ukoliko pak zaposli radnika koji nesavesno obavlja posao, pretpostavka je da će kompanija ostvariti profit od u(a1) = 10.		-0.3
Bez obzira na to da li je kompanija sklopila ugovor sa radnikom ili ne, imaće dodatni trošak vezan za sam postupak selekcije, t(a0) = t(a1) = t(a2) = 0,5.		-0.3
U datom problemu, kompanija ima za cilj da odredi optimalnu akciju kojom maksimizira ukupnu očekivanu korisnost, za neko uverenje o tipu ličnosti radnika.		-0.3
S druge strane, radnik ima za cilj da odluči da li da radi savesno ili ne, a u cilju maksimizacije sopstvene očekivane korisnosti, a u skladu sa tipom ličnosti.		-0.3
Odredimo optimalnu akciju kompanije, kao i očekivane koristi kompanije i radnika, pod uslovom da je procenjena verovatnoća da je radnik lenj 0,4.		-0.3
U tabeli 1 date su korisnosti kompanije (U) kao i radnika (V), za sve moguće ishode opisane igre prikazane na Slici 3, a izračunate na osnovu izraza (1) i (2).		-0.3
Tabela 1. ~~~ Korisnosti kompanije i radnika Strategija lenj, Z, a1 lenj, Z, a2 lenj, N vredan, Z, a1 vredan, Z, a2 vredan, N U 10 3 0,5 = 6,5 15 4 0,5 = 10,5 0 0 0,5 = 0,5 10 3 0,5 = 6,5 15 4 0,5 = 10,5 0 0 0,5 = 0,5 V 3 1 = 2 4 3 = 1 3 2 = 1 4 1 = 3 Prethodno opisana igra je u literaturi poznata kao Bajesova igra u ekstenzivnoj formi i rešenje se može odrediti primenom koncepta savršenog Bajesovog ekvilibrijuma podigre.		-0.3
S obzirom da je u pitanju igra sa nesavršenim informacijama, ne može se rešiti primenom povratne indukcije.		-0.3
Rešenje igre, za koji su korisnosti date u tabeli 1, dobijeno je primenom softvera Gambit i prikazano je na slici 4.		-0.3
Za datu raspodelu verovatnoća, očekivana korisnost za kompaniju u ekvilibrijumu iznosi 8,9; dok za radnika iznosi 2,6.		-0.3
Za kompaniju je najbolja strategija da zaposli radnika, bez obzira da li je on vredan ili ne.		-0.3
S druge strane, u slučaju da je radnik vredan, za njega je najbolja strategija da savesno radi, čime bi ostvario korisnost od 3. U slučaju da je radnik lenj, izborom svoje najbolje strategije, da ne radi savesno, ostvario bi korisnost od 2. ~~~ Slika 4:		-0.3
Prikaz rešenja u primeru igreposlodavac-unajmljenik Postavlja se pitanje da li bi se rešenje promenilo u slučaju drugačije raspodele verovatnoća vezane za subjektivna uverenja kompanije o tipu radnika.		-0.3
Odgovor bi se mogao dobiti sprovodjenjem šta-ako analize, kada bi se analiza ponovila za različite raspodele verovatnoće vezane za tipove ličnosti.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Kao što je napomenuto u prethodnim poglavljima, problem asimetričnih informacija delom je moguće prevazići.		-0.3
S obzirom da je kompanija manje informisana strana u ugovoru, trebalo bi da primeni strategiju ispipavanja.		-0.3
U datom slučaju ova strategija može biti vezana za sistem podsticaja kroz nadoknadu za obavljen posao.		-0.3
Ukoliko poslodavac ponudi nisku platu (ispod proseka) za dati posao, konkurisaće samo loši kandidati.		-0.3
Međutim, poslodavac ovaj problem može da prevaziđe ako prepusti unajmljeniku da izabere da li će da radi za fiksnu plati ili po učinku.		-0.3
S druge strane, unajmljenik koji je u datoj situaciji bolje informisana strana trebalo bi da se posluži strategijom signaliziranja.		-0.3
Kao mera koliko je unajmljenik vredan signali bi mogli biti stepen obrazovanja, izbor težeg smera ili predmeta na fakultetu, praksa, stipendije i slično.		-0.3
Potrebno je napomenuti i to da nepostojanje dobrih signala može biti samo po sebi loš signal.		-0.3
Zaključak U radu je pokazan značaj ekonomije informacija za funkcionisanje i rezultat tržišnih procesa koje karakteriše asimetričnost informacija.		-0.3
Za modeliranje ovakvih tržišnih odnosa, korišćena je metodologija teorije igara.		-0.3
Predstavljene su i moguće strategije za prevazilaženje problema postojanja asimetričnih i nesavršenih informacija, posebno strategije signaliziranja i ispipavanja.		-0.3
Jedan od karaktirističnih problema, problem poslodavac- unajmljenik, našao je svoje mesto kako u tumačenju ekonomskih, tako i finansijskih pojava.		-0.3
U radu je problem modeliran kao Bajesova ekstenzivna igra, a rešenje je dobijeno primenom koncepta Bajes-Nešovog ekvilibrijuma.		-0.3
Predloženi su i mogući pravci za prevazilaženje problema.		-0.3
LI TE RA TU RA [1] Akerlof, G., The market for lemons: ~~~ Quality uncertainly and the market mechanism, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84 (1970) 488-500. [2] Conitzer, V., Garera, G., Learning algorithms for online principal-agent problems (and selling goods on line), Proceedings of the 23rd Int.	Spence, A.M., Job market signalling, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87 (1973) 355-74. [11]	0.188571
Conference on Machine Learning, Pittsburgh, PA, 2006. [3] Dembe, A.E., and Boden, L.I., Moral Hazard:		-0.3
A Question of Morality?		-0.3
New Solutions: ~~~ A Journal of En vironmental and Occupational Health Policy, 10(3) (2000) 257-279. [4] Dixit, A., Skeath, S., Games of Strategy, Norton, New York, 2004. [5] Eisenhardt, K., Agency theory:		-0.3
An assessment and review, The Academy of Management Review, 14: (1989) 57-74. [6] Lange, T., A Theory of the Firm Only a Microeconomist Could Love?		-0.3
A microeconomists Reply to Lu batkins Critique of Agency Theory, Journal of Management Inquiry, 14 (2005) 404-406. [7] Lipsey, R., An Introduction to positive economics.		-0.3
Weidenfeld and Nicolson,London, 1983. [8] Luce, D., & Raiffa, H., Games and Decisions, Dover Publivations, New York, 1957. [9] Rothschild, M., Stiglitz, M., Equilibrium in competitive insurance markets:		-0.3
An essey on the economic of imperfect information, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80 (1976) 629-49. [10] Spence, A.M., Job market signalling, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87 (1973) 355-74. [11] Stiglitz, J., Weiss, A., Sorting out the differences between screening and signalling models, In:	Stiglitz, J., Weiss, A., Sorting out the differences between screening and signalling models, In: M. Bachrach (ed.), Oxford Essays in Mathematical Economics, Oxford University Press, 1991. [12]	1.96786
M. Bachrach (ed.), Oxford Essays in Mathematical Economics, Oxford University Press, 1991. [12] Stojanović, B., Teorija igara - elementi i primena, Službeni glasnik, 2005. [13] Wright, P., Mukherji, A., and Kroll., M., A reexamination of agency theory assumptions: extensions and extrapolations, The Journal of Socio-Economics 30 (2001) 413-429. [14] http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/mind_the_gap.pdf Primljen:	Stojanović, B., Teorija igara - elementi i primena, Službeni glasnik, 2005. [13] ~~~ Wright, P., Mukherji, A., and Kroll., M., A reexamination of agency theory assumptions: extensions and extrapolations, The Journal of Socio-Economics 30 (2001) 413-429. ~~~ [14] http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/mind_the_gap.pdf Receieved: 08. ~~~ 2011.	0.390434
Avgust 2011.	Accepted: 02.	0.275
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Februar 2012. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 O autoru Milena Popović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: djurovicmilena86@gmail.com Milena Popović je iplomirala na odseku menadžmenta na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu, 2010.godine.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 About the Author Milena Popović University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: djurovicmilena86@gmail.com Milena Popović received her B.Sc. degree in Management from the Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade in 2010.	0.580514
Trenutno radi kao saradnik u nastavi na istom Fakultetu, u oblasti Operacionih istraživanja.	Currently, she works as teaching assistant at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences at the University of Belgrade, where she lectures courses in the Operations Research field.	0.901045
Njeno istraživačko interesovanje vezano je za probleme matematičkog modeliranja i teorije igara.	Her research interests are related to Mathematical Modeling and Game theory.	0.451493
Marija Kuzmanović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Marija Kuzmanović je docent na predmetima Operaciona istraživanja i Teorija igara, na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka.	Marija Kuzmanović Univesity of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Marija Kuzmanovic is assistant professor in Operations Research and Game Theory at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	1.25614
	She obtained PhD degree from Department of Operations Research and Statistics, Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	-0.3
Doktorirala je na smeru Operacionih istraživanja i Statistike na istom fakultetu.	Topics of her research include analysis and application of mathematical modeling, conjoint analysis, game theory and other quantitative methods in marketing and management.	0.479452
Teme njenog istraživanja uključuju analizu i primenu matematičkog modeliranja, conjoint analizu, teoriju igara i druge kvantitativne metode u oblasti marketinga i menadžmenta Bisera Andric Gušavac Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Bisera Andrić Gušavac je asistent na predmetu Operaciona istraživanja na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, Univerziteta u Beogradu.	Bisera Andrić Gušavac University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Bisera Andrić Gušavac is teaching assistant in Operations Research at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	0.995097
Završila je master na industrijskom inženjerstvu Ecole Centrale Paris.	She obtained MSc degree in industrial engineering from Ecole Centrale Paris.	1.79077
Njena istraživačka interesovanja uključuju analizu i optimizaciju logističkih i industrijskih sistema i matematičko modeliranje.	Her research interests include analysis and optimization of industrial and logistic systems, and mathematical modeling.	0.857547
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Milica Kostic-Stanković1, Natalija Nedeljković2 1Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, 2Beogradska berza, Beograd Ko mu ni ka ci ja ber ze sa cilj nim gru pa ma jav no sti UDC: ~~~ 336.76 ; 659.235 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management.		-0.3
fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) U vreme kada vrednost pojedinačnih kompanija na berzi ne određuju više samo njihova stalna imovina i istorijski rezultati poslovanja, iskrena i pravilna komunikacija sa investitorima sve više opredeljuje uspešnost i kretanje cena akcija na tržištu kapitala.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Milica Kostić-Stanković1, Natalija Nedeljković2 1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, 2Belgrade Stock Exchange, Belgrade Stock Exchange Communication with Target Groups of Public UDC: 336.76 ; 659.235 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0002 At a time when the value of individual companies on the stock exchange is not determined only by their fixed assets and historical operating results, honest and adequate communication with investors increasingly determines the success and performance of share prices in the capital market.	0.245638
Za razliku od razvijenih evropskih ekonomija, gde je koncept akcionarstva poznat već nekoliko decenija, na srpskom tržištu kapitala potrebno je uložiti napore u dodatnu edukaciju i izdavalaca hartija od vrednosti i akcionara i budućih investitora.	Unlike the developed European economies, where the concept of shareholding is has been well known for several decades, the Serbian capital market still requires efforts in training both the issuers and shareholders and prospective investors.	0.950801
Nastup berze prema javnosti i specifično, prema investicionoj javnosti, stoga predstavlja oblast čijim unapređenjem se mogu postići koristi kako za samu instituciju, tako i za pojedinačna akcionarska društva, ali i privredu u celini.	The presentation of the stock exchange to the public, and specifically, to the investment public, therefore, is an area whose improvement can merit the institution itself, single shareholder companies, and the economy as a whole.	0.722809
Ključne reči: berza, komunikacija, javnost, ciljne grupe 1.	Key words: stock exchange, communication, public, target groups 1.	1.27818
Uvod Odnosi sa javnošću se koriste da bi se organizacija približila ciljnoj javnosti, da bi se ona, odnosno njen proizvod pozicionirali na željeni način i da bi se, kroz sinhronizovane komunikacijske aktivnosti, poboljšala prodaja proizvoda i usluga, u cilju povećanja prihoda, odnosno poboljšali korporativni imidž i reputacija.	Introduction Public relations are used to keep the organization closer to the target public and to make both the organization and its products positioned in a desirable way so that, through synchronized communication activities, sales of products and services are enhanced, in order to increase revenue and improve corporate image and reputation.	0.984428
Danas, organizacije uviđaju da se u ostvarivanju visoke poznatosti i prepoznatljivosti svog imena, ne mogu osloniti samo na masovnu komunikaciju.	Today, organizations recognize that high visibility and reputation of a brand cannot be achieved only through mass communication.	0.575966
Zaposleni u kreativnim odeljenjima primorani su da kreiraju poruke koje odgovaraju raznolikosti kanala komunikacije, brojnosti punktova komunikacije i mnoštvu pojedinačnih recipijenata - primalaca poruke, odnosno ciljnih grupa javnosti.	The employees in creative departments are forced to create messages that match the diversity of communication channels, the number of communication points and a large number of individual message recipients, i.e. target groups or the public.	1.22379
Pri određivanju ciljne javnosti mora da se ima u vidu interakcijska veza subjekata i komunikacijskog čina.	In determining the target audience the interaction of entities and communication act has to be taken into account.	0.816646
Pored toga, treba imati u vidu sredstva komunikacije, medije, posrednike komunikacije itd.[1].	In addition, the communication tools, media, communication intermediates and so on have to be borne in mind [1].	1.41099
U svetu berzanskog poslovanja, gde ne postoji opipljiv proizvod koji se neposredno nudi kupcima, ali ni izražena, direktna konkurencija, uloga komunikacije sa javnošću se unekoliko menja, ali i dalje ima osnovnu funkciju da instituciju približi klijentima i partnerima i izgradi dobre odnose sa svojom ciljnom javnošću sa svrhom ostvarivanja dobrih poslovnih rezultata.	In the stock market business, where a tangible product that could be directly offered to customers does not exist, and neither does the direct competition, the role of communication with public is somewhat changed, but still keeps the main function of bringing an institution closer to its customers and partners and building good relationships with the target public with the aim of achieving good business results.	1.23734
Kao vodeće institucije razvijenih tržišnih ekonomija berze imaju zadatak da investitorima i izdavaocima hartija od vrednosti garantuju transparentnost i fer uslove poslovanja, a jasna strategija komunikacije berze rezultuje u neophodnoj kredibilnosti i reputaciji koja pomaže širenju baze klijenata.	As the leading institutions of developed market economies stock exchanges have a task to guarantee the transparency and fair business conditions to investors and issuers, and a clear communication strategy of a stock exchange results in the necessary credibility and reputation that help spread the customers base.	1.22196
Značajno povećavanje brzine protoka i obima informacija u oblasti berzanskog poslovanja istvoremeno donosi i šanse i opasnosti za pojedinačna tržišta kapitala.	A significant increase in the flow rate and volume of information in stock markets bring both opportunities and risks for individual capital markets.	0.939631
Stoga je za berze izuzetno bitno strateški se orijentisati na pretnje i opasnosti koje dolaze od strane okruženja i konkurencije, a u slučaju berzanskog poslovanja, indirektnu konkurenciju mogu predstavljati i štednja u bankama, tržište nekretnina, strana tržišta kapitala i strane berze koje se mogu uključiti na domaće tržište ili privući izdavaoce hartija.	It is therefore extremely important for the stock markets to be strategically oriented towards the threats and dangers posed by the environment and competition, and an indirect competition in the conditions of stock exchange business may be reflected in the deposits in banks, real estate market, foreign capital markets and foreign exchanges that may enter the local market or attract local issuers.	1.07568
Kako su investitori praktično najveća grupa klijenata, od čijih odluka u mnogome zavisi uspešnost i efikanost određenog tržišta kapitala, potrebno je posebnu pažnju posvetiti odnosu između samog tržišta, odnosno berze, i investitora, za čija sredstva konkurišu hartije od vrednosti kotirane na tom tržištu. 2.	Since investors are the biggest group of clients of a single stock market, whose decisions largely influence the success and the efficiency of it, it is necessary to pay special attention to the relationship between the stock market i.e. stock exchange, and investors, whose funds are a subject of the competition between the listed securities.	1.02376
Stra te gi ja ko mu ni ka ci je ber ze sa cilj nom jav no šću Prilikom razvijanja strategije odnosa sa javnošću, neophodno je pre svega istražiti ko su ciljne grupe javnosti, koji su njihovi zahtevi (želje, potrebe, problemi) i kako se može pristupiti njihovom zadovoljenju, kao i Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 identifikovati trenutni položaj organizacije i načina na koji okruženje i klijenti doživljavaju kompaniju.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 2. ~~~ Strategy of stock exchange communication with target public When developing a public relations strategy, it is above all necessary to investigate into who the target public groups are, what are their demands (wishes, needs, problems) and how they can be satisfied, and to identify the current position of an organization and how the public and customers judge it.	0.21854
Nakon istraživanja potreba, evenualno prilagođavanje usluga može biti sledeći korak, dok korporativno oglašavanje može predstavljati način pridobijanja potencijalnih klijenata, koji još nisu dovoljno upoznati sa okolnostima vezanim za organizaciju.	After evaluating the needs, an adjustment of the services of the company might be the next step if necessary, while corporate advertising can be a way of attracting potential customers who are not yet familiar with the organization.	0.94949
U planiranju odnosa sa javnošću u berzanskom poslovanju, neophodno je pre svega istražiti različite grupe klijenata - po njihovim karakteristikama - opštim, demografskim, organizacionoj strukturi, geografskoj lokaciji i sl.	When planning a public relations strategy in the stock market business, it is necessary to investigate into different customer groups - according to their characteristics - general, demographic, organizational, locational, etc. at the beginning.	1.08209
Nakon toga, potrebno je identifikovati koje su potrebe različitih segmenata, kako svaki od njih doživljava berzu i da li su stavovi klijenata jednaki stavovima koje sama institucija želi da o njoj postoje u javnosti.	After that, it is necessary to identify the needs of different segments and the way in which each of them experiences the stock market in order to identify whether clients experience the institution in a desirable way.	1.15059
Ovo se može ostvariti sprovođenjem anketa - primarnim istraživanjima ili analizom podataka koji su organizaciji već na raspolaganju - kao što su povratna pisma od klijenata, upiti, press clipping, itd.	This can be achieved by surveys - either as primary research or by analyzing data already available to the organization - such as customer feedback, queries, press clipping, etc.	1.14636
Izbor jedne ili više ovih aktivnosti zavisi pre svega od ciljne grupe kojoj se u datom trenutku pristupa i od očekivanih rezultata.	The choice of one or more of these activities depends primarily on the target group and the expected results.	1.58152
U svom nastupu prema javnosti berza kao glavni zadatak ima komuniciranje činjenice da je u pitanju institucija čija je osnovna funkcija prikupljanje i vrednovanje kapitala i otvaranje novih investicionih alternativa.	In its approach towards the public a stock exchange has to communicate the fact that it is an institution whose primary functions are the collection and evaluation of the capital and bringing new investment alternatives.	1.06938
Pri tome, s obzirom na činjenicu da su berze najčešće jedinstvene institucije u svakoj ekonomiji, bitno je da se u svojoj komunikaciji prema javnosti berze uvek dotiču svih tema koje se odnose na berzansko poslovanje, ali uz istovremeno jasno naglašavanje šta je u nadležnosti ove institucije, a za šta je informacije potrebno potražiti na drugim izvorima.	Moreover, given the fact that a stock exchange is usually a single institution of a kind in an economy, it is important that in its communication to the public the stock exchange covers all topics related to the stock market, but at the same time clearly highlights what its responsibility is and what information should be sought from other sources.	1.01629
Merenje rezultata aktivnosti odnosa sa javnošću, sa druge strane, predstavlja izuzetan problem, posebno u oblasti uslužnih organizacija.	On the other hand, measuring public relations outcomes is a remarkable problem, especially for organizations that offer services.	0.937463
S obzirom na to da ulaganja u aktivnosti komunikacije sa javnošću nastaju u određenom trenutku, a očekivani efekti se mogu beležiti tek za nekoliko meseci i često se ne mogu izolovati od drugih faktora, ovo je izuzetno zahtevan proces.	Given the fact that investment in the communication activities occurs at a certain point of time and that expected results can be measured only at a later time and often cannot be isolated from other factors, this is a very demanding process.	0.89703
Za razliku od proizvodnih kompanija, gde se uspešnost odnosa sa javnošću može meriti odnosom prodatih proizvoda u tekućem i prethodnom periodu, za instituciju kao što je berza, ovo je moguće tek indirektno.	Unlike manufacturing companies, where the success of public relations can be measured by sales volume in the current and previous periods, in case of an institution such as a stock exchange, this is possible only indirectly.	1.28852
Za ove potrebe može se koristiti statističko praćenje broja tekstova i medijskih pojavljivanja berze u odnosu na prošlost, odnos pozitivnih i negativnih tekstova, odnos tekstova i drugih medijskih proizvoda u kojima su objavljene korektne informacije i onih u kojima je došlo do pogrešne ili parcijalne interpretacije činjenica, mesečna uključenost berze u javne i stručne skupove, kao i rast broja korisnika usluga berze, posećenosti internet prezentacije, broj novih listiranih kompanija, broj novih investitora na domaćem tržištu kapitala, broj samoinicijativnih kontakata prema berzi od strane izdavalaca hartija od vrednosti i investitora itd [2].	For this purpose a statistical monitoring of the number of texts and reports of the stock market in media can be measured, the ratio of texts with positive and negative connotations, the ratio of texts and other media products in which correct information is published and those in which there were partial or erroneous interpretations of the facts, the number of the institutions engagements in public and professional meetings on a monthly basis, as well as the increase in the number of clients, the number of web site visits, the number of listed companies, the number of new investors on the local market, the number of new contacts by issuers and investors and so on [2].	1.33602
Takođe, u oceni sopstvene pozicije berze u javnosti mogu koristiti i redovne ankete u svim ciljnim grupama javnosti, kao i evaluaciju razgovora sa predstavnicima pojedinih grupa, radi uočavanja prostora za dalja poboljšanja sopstvenih usluga. 3.	Also, a stock exchange can use regular surveys to all the target groups of the public in order to evaluate its reputation, as well as to evaluate discussions with the representatives of certain target groups, in order to identify the scope for further improvements of its own services.	1.34984
Cilj ne gru pe jav no sti ber ze Kada je reč o interesnim grupama vezanim za berzansko poslovanje, tu su, pre svega, izdavaoci hartija od vrednosti - trenutni i potencijalni - počev od akcionarskih i javnih društava, pa preko malih i srednjih preduzeća, do organizacija lokalne samouprave i države.	3. ~~~ Target group of public for stock exchange When it comes to interest groups related to the stock exchange business, there are, above all, the issuers of securities - current and prospective - including shareholding and public companies, small and medium enterprises, municipal and state institutions, etc.	0.252378
Sa druge strane, tu su i investitori i akcionari - koji se ponovo mogu podeliti na podgrupe - akcionari koji su već vlasnici akcija, odnosno građani i organizacije koji raspolažu viškom sredstava koje mogu, pored drugih mogućnosti, uložiti i u hartije od vrednosti, odnosno profesionalni investitori, koji urpavljaju sredstvima svojih klijenata, kao i teritorijalne podgrupe.	On the other hand, there are investors and shareholders which again can be divided into subgroups - shareholders who already own shares, or citizens and organizations who have surplus funds that they could, among other possibilities, invest into securities, or professional investors, who manage their clients assets, or divided into territorial subgroups.	0.957677
Posebnu grupu ciljne javnosti berze čine članovi berze - investicione kompanije, koji ne samo što su u svom poslovanju direktno upućeni na berzu, već su neretko i delimični vlasnici dela kapitala same berze.	A special target group are members of a stock exchange - the investment companies, whose daily operations are directly connected with the stock exchange and who are very often partial owners of the stock exchange, too.	0.91435
Zatim, tu je i država, kao zakonodavac i kreator opšteg okruženja za berzansko poslovanje i druge institucije tržišta kapitala.	Then, there is a state as a legislator and a creator of the overall business environment for the stock exchange and other capital market institutions.	0.868696
Dejta vendori (distributeri podataka) i korisnici drugih usluga berze, takođe predstavljaju posebnu grupu korisnika, rastućeg značaja, a konačno, tu su i predstavnici medija, koji mogu značajno uticati na generalnu predstavu o berzi i razvoj berzanskog poslovanja [3].	Data vendors and users of other services of a stock exchange also form a special group of clients, that have a growing importance and finally, there are media representatives, which can significantly affect the performance of the stock exchange and overall market development [3].	1.08947
Sredstva koja se na Beogradskoj berzi, kao i na drugim evropskim i svetskim tržištima kapitala koriste u kontekstu podizanja svesti stručne i najšire javnosti o poslovanju Berze uključuju prezentacije, nastupe na sajmovima, objavljivanje tekstova u stručnim publikacijama, distribuciju edukativnih flajera i letaka, izradu internet prezentacije i portala koji sadrže sve bitne informacije o lokalnom tržištu kapitala, prisustvo u socijalnim medijima, itd.	Tools that are available to the Belgrade Stock Exchange, as well as other European and world capital markets, and that are used for raising awareness of professional and general public about the operations of the Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Exchange include presentations, performances at fairs, publishing texts in professional publications, distribution of educational leaflets and pamphlets, managing a website and portals that contain all important information about the local capital market, the presence in social media, etc.	1.15935
Izbor jedne ili više od ovih aktivnosti zavisi pre svega od ciljne grupe kojoj se u datom trenutku pristupa i očekivanih rezultata.	The choice between one or more of these tools depends primarily on the desired target group and the expected results.	1.40043
Nastup u medijima predstavlja dodatni oblik aktivnosti komunikaci Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 je sa javnošću.	Media engagement is an additional form of public communication activities.	0.295455
U saradnji sa Federacijom evroazijskih berzi (FEAS), zaposleni na Beogradskoj berzi redovno istražuju mogućnosti unapređenja saradnje sa predstavnicima medija, a jedan od osnovnih zahteva u ovoj oblasti jeste prilagođavanje komplikovanih profesionalnih izraza jeziku novinara i najšire javnosti [4].	In cooperation with the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges (FEAS), employees of the Belgrade Stock Exchange regularly explore possibilities of improving cooperation with the media and one of the main requirements in this area is the adjustment of complicated professional expressions and definitions to the language of journalists and the general public [4].	1.32655
3.1.	3.1.	1.8
Ko mu ni ka ci ja sa iz da va o ci ma har ti ja od vred no sti Prilikom postavljanja strategije komunikacije berze prema kompanijama i drugim institucijama koje dodatna sredstva za svoje poslovanje mogu obezbediti putem emisije hartija od vrednosti, izuzetno je bitno imati u vidu upravo to da su ove institucije (izdavaoci hartija) upućeni na berzu jedino iz razloga dodatnog prikupljanja kapitala.	Communication with the issuers When setting up a communication strategy towards shareholding companies and other institutions that seek additional funds for their business, it is important to bear in mind that these institutions (issuers) refer to a stock market solely in order to obtain additional capital.	1.17563
Stoga je likvidnost tržišta, široka baza investitora (lokalnih i međunarodnih), stručnost zaposlenih na berzi, kao i članova berze i analitičara sa kojima određeno tržište sarađuje ono što je potrebno naglašavati u komunikaciji sa izdavaocima i potencijalnim izdavaocima hartija od vrednosti.	Therefore, market liquidity, a broad base of investors (local and international), the expertise of employees of an exchange and exchange members and analysts with whom a particular market cooperates are the list of important topics that are to be emphasized during communication with issuers and potential issuers of securities.	0.796465
Kao i svi, i menadžment kompanija voli da pripada timu koji dobija, očekujući da će listiranje hartija od vrednosti na određenom tržištu istovremeno doprineti i poboljšanju reputacije i unapređenju poslovanja same kompanije.	The same as anyone, management of an issuing company likes to belong to the winning team, expecting that the listing of securities on a particular market will at the same time contribute to improving the reputation and performance of the company itself.	0.921585
Stoga je potrebno da u komunikaciji sa izdavaocima hartija od vrednosti berza konstantno naglašava svoju efikasnost i otvorenost.	It is therefore necessary to communicate effectiveness and transparency of the market to the issuers all the time.	0.724705
U skladu sa specifičnostima poslovanja izdavalaca hartija od vrednosti (veličina kompanije, pripadnost određenom industrijskom sektoru, unutrašnja organizacija) oni će se opredeliti za tržište koje im najviše odgovara - manje ili veće tržište, u zavisnosti od veličine emisije; tržišta specifična za određeni region (Zapadna Evropa, Bliski Istok, Jugoistočna Evropa), za određeni sektor (postoje berze na kojima se pretežno listiraju akcije farmaceutskih, IT ili kompanija iz oblasti rudarstva npr.) Takođe, izbor tržišta zavisiće i od kriterijuma listinga na samom tržištu kao i troškova koji prate listiranje hartija od vrednosti.	Depending on the specific characteristics of issuers (the size of the company, industrial sector, internal organization), they will choose the market that suits them a smaller or a larger market, depending on the size of the issue; markets that cover specific regions (Western Europe, the Middle East, South Eastern Europe), markets that cover specific sectors (e.g. there are stock exchanges where shares of pharmaceutical, IT or mining companies are mostly listed). ~~~ Also, the choice of the market will depend on the listing requirements and costs.	0.266346
U vreme povećane konkurencije i sve veće globalizacije poslovanja kompanije koje nameravaju da u narednom periodu na određenom nacionalnom tržištu nastupe sa svojim proizvodima i uslugama mogu razmatrati i listiranje svojih hartija od vrednosti na berzi u tom regionu.	At a time of increased competition and globalization, companies that intend to enter a specific national market with their products and services may consider listing of their securities on the local stock exchange, too.	0.82139
Upravo zbog svega navedenog, bitno je da berze iskomuniciraju svoje prednosti u odnosu na konkurenciju (druge berze) na način koji je jasan i prihvatljiv izdavaocima hartija od vrednosti.	Because of all this, it is important that an exchange communicates its advantages over the competition (other exchanges) in a manner that is clear and acceptable to the issuers of securities.	0.92069
Pored toga, za kompanije je bitno i da znaju da tržište na koje dolaze ima kvalitetnu i efikasnu infrastrukturu trgovanja, brzu obradu naloga, efikasan nadzor i komunikaciju sa izdavaocima u pogledu dostavljanja informacija, inoviranja prospekata, upita, savremen trgovački sistem, itd.	In addition, it is important that companies are aware that the market has good and efficient trading infrastructure, rapid processing of orders, effective surveillance and communication with the issuers as regards reporting procedures and prospectuses updates, a modern trading system and so on.	0.808609
Bitno je imati na umu da onog trenutka kada se kompanija opredeli za izlazak na berzu ona želi da stigne do dodatnog kapitala u najkraćem mogućem roku.	It is important to bear in mind that once the company decides to enter the stock market it wants to reach additional capital in the shortest possible time.	0.942857
Kada je reč o komunikaciji berze sa izdavaocima hartija od vrednosti, treba imati u vidu da poslovna saradnja između ovih institucija ne uključuje samo osobe zadužene za odnose sa javnošću ili službu marketinga.	When talking about the communication between stock exchanges and issuers, it should be borne in mind that business cooperation between these institutions does not include only the employees responsible for public relations or marketing.	1.24332
Zaposleni u odeljenju listinga ili trgovanja neretko će imati intenzivniju komunikaciju sa predstavnicima kompanija nego njihove kolege iz odnosa sa javnošću, te je stoga potrebno da i oni održavaju kvalitetne odnose sa predstavnicima kompanija.	Employees of the listing or trading departments will often have a more intensive communication with companies representatives than their colleagues from the PR of the stock exchange, and therefore it is required that they maintain good relationships with companies.	1.39908
Kompanije čije su hartije od vrednosti listirane na berzi moraju osećati da su zaposleni berze njima na raspolaganju i da imaju znanje, sredstva i volju da im izađu u susret, posebno u situacijama kada je kompanijama potrebna dodatna edukacija ili u nekim nepredviđenim slučajevima.	Companies whose securities are listed on the stock market must feel that employees of the stock exchange are at their service and that they have the knowledge, the resources and will to meet the companies needs, especially in situations when companies need additional education or in other unforeseen cases.	1.1483
Birokratske procedure i dugi komplikovani procesi moraju biti svedeni na minimum.	Bureaucratic procedures and long, complicated processes have to be minimized.	0.559684
Da bi se na najbolji mogući način odgovorilo zahtevima kompanija, od berze se zahteva da istražuje njihova očekivanja, potrebe i evenutalne zamerke.	In order to meet the needs of companies in the best possible way, the stock exchanges are required to explore their expectations, needs and objections.	0.812364
Stoga su dvosmerna komunikacija i analiza stavova predstavnika listiranih preduzeća izuzetno značajne za uspešnost specifičnog tržišta.	Therefore, a two-way communication and an attitude analysis are extremely important for the success of a specific market.	0.943025
Ukoliko je potrebno, u skladu sa zahtevima prisutnih kompanija, berze bi trebalo da donekle modifikuju svoje kriterijume listinga, nastup prema investitorima ili nastup prema državi i zakonodavcima.	According to the requirements of listed companies, stock exchanges should somewhat modify their listing criteria or communication to investors and the state legislators, if necessary.	1.08144
Dvosmerna komunikacija i reagovanje na njihove zahteve će dugoročno vezati kompanije za određeno tržište i time smanjiti verovatnoću da se one u nekom momentu opredele za izlazak na druga, konkurentska tržišta.	A two-way communication and responding to their demands tie the company to a specific market for a longer term and thereby reduce the likelihood that at some point it will decide to list its securities on other, competitive market.	0.573313
Edukaciju je takođe potrebno tretirati kao ključni resurs - što su kompanije više edukovane, veća je verovatnoća da će učestvovati u berzanskom poslovanju.	Education should also be treated as a key resource the more the companies are educated, the more likely it is that they will take part in the exchange business.	1.1547
U oblasti edukacije posebno je značajan i nastup prema kompanijama koje još uvek nisu listirane na berzi, čije angažovanje neretko izostaje upravo zbog nepoznavanja berzanskog poslovanja i prednosti listiranja.	In the field of education it is particularly important to work on the education of companies that are not yet Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 listed on the stock exchange, whose engagement is frequently lacking because of the lack of knowledge of stock market operations and the benefits of listing.	0.754011
Sredstva koja se mogu koristiti u procesu komunikacije između berze i izdavalaca hartija od vrednosti pre svega su redovna saopštenja distribuirana od strane tržišta o svim promenama koja se mogu ticati kompanija.	One of the tools that might be used in the process of communication between an exchange and issuers is the distribution of announcements about any changes in the stock exchange business that may affect the companys operation.	0.931551
Takođe, podsetnici o tome šta su kompanije u obavezi da dostave berzi u narednom periodu mogu bi Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 ti dobra polazna tačka za dalju komunikaciju i diskusiju između berze i kompanija.	Also, a reminder of what companies are required to submit to the stock market in the future can be a good starting point for further communication and discussion between the company and the stock exchange.	1.07054
Listirane kompanije ne smeju steći utisak da kontakt sa berzom znači problem i da predstavnici berze kontaktiraju sa njima samo kada je u pitanju nadzor ili usklađivanje sa kriterijumima listinga.	The listed companies must not get the impression that contacting the stock exchange means a problem and should not contact the representatives of the stock exchange only when it comes to surveillance and compliance with listing criteria.	1.01981
Cilj je postići situaciju u kojoj kompanije samoinicijativno kontaktiraju sa berzom kada one imaju problem ili im je potreban savet, isl.	The goal is to achieve a condition where companies independently contact the stock exchange when they have a problem or they need advice.	1.24679
Periodični sastanci i prezentacije namenjene kompanijama koje su kandidati za listing predstavljaju polaznu osnovu za inicijalni kontakt između berze i kompanija - budućih klijenata.	Periodical meetings and presentations designed for companies that are candidates for listing are the basis for the initial contact between the companies - future clients and the stock market.	1.61816
S obzirom na to da su listirane kompanije glavni i najvažniji resurs jednog tržišta kapitala, neophodno je da berza ostvaruje uspešnu saradnju i u svom nastupu prema javnosti ističe kompanije koje su dokazale da imaju kapacitet da budu uspešne u berzanskom nastupu - ljude, tržište, proizvode, plan i posvećenost. 3.	Given the fact that the major listed companies are the most important resource of a single capital market, it is necessary for a stock exchange to emphasize those listed companies that have proved that they have the capacity to be successful in their performance on the stock market - people, markets, products, plan and commitment.	1.12136
Ko mu ni ka ci ja sa in ve sti ci o nom jav no šću Nastup na tržištu kapitala i uspešnost u pozicioniranju i obezbeđivanju dodatnih sredstava za poslovanje zavisi od korporativnog imidža i reputacije, kvaliteta usluga i konkurentne pozicije svake kompanije.	3.2. ~~~ Communication with the investment community A single companys success on the capital market and in securing additional funds for its operations depends on its corporate image and reputation, quality of its goods and services and competitive position.	0.349682
U vreme kada se tržište kapitala sve više internacionalizuje i kada za štednju građana odnosno investicije na jednom tržištu ne konkurišu samo lokalne kompanije već i one iz regionalnog okruženja ili šire, komunikacija sa investitorima, koja za cilj ima da obezbedi zainteresovanost investitora za akcije i druge hartije od vrednosti pojedinačnih kompanija, sve više dobija na značaju [2].	However, at a time when capital markets are becoming increasingly internationalized and when local companies have to compete for the investments with other companies from the region or further areas, communication with investors, which aims to ensure the investors interest in shares and other securities of an individual company, gains increasing importance [2].	1.04412
U situaciji kada domaće tržište kapitala nije dovoljno prepoznato od strane investitora, a individualni nastup pred investicionom javnošću pojedinačnih kompanija prevazilazi finansijske i druge mogućnosti same kompanije, organizovani nastup pred investicionom javnošću može i treba da pokrene i promoviše upravo berza, na taj način obezbeđujući korist za pojedinačne kompanije, ali i za celokupno tržište.	When the domestic capital market is not properly recognized by the investment community and an individual approach of a single company goes beyond its financial and other resources, organized approach to public investment can and should be initiated by the stock exchange, thereby providing a benefit both to individual companies and the entire market.	0.939091
Strategija komunikacije individualnog tržišta prema domaćim i stranim investitorima ne razlikuje se mnogo od ostalih strategija komunikacije - potrebno je odrediti i analizirati ciljnu grupu, njene potrebe, odrediti sopstvenu poziciju na tržištu i sopstvene prednosti i slabosti, a nakon toga preduzeti akciju u kojoj se postiže željeni cilj.	Communication strategy of an individual market oriented towards domestic and foreign investors does not differ much from other known communication strategies - it is necessary to determine and analyze the target groups needs, determine its own position on the market and both strengths and weaknesses, and then to perform the necessary actions in order to achieve the desired goal.	0.891453
Najveća razlika u odnosu na klasičnu kampanju jeste što se u ovom slučaju ne prodaje proizvod, već neopipljive vrednosti tržišta kapitala.	The biggest difference compared to the traditional campaign is that in this case it is not a product that is being sold, but the intangible values of the capital market.	0.80974
Kao i kod bilo kog drugog proizvoda i investitori se kao kupci mogu podeliti na one koji prvi put kupuju i one koji se ponovo vraćaju istom proizvodu, odnosno akcijama.	As any other customers, investors can be divided into those who buy the product for the first time and those who come back again to the same product i.e., shares.	1.34884
U tom smislu, za kompaniju, ili u ovom slučaju za celokupno tržište, od izuzetnog značaja je da postigne vernost investitora i da obezbedi da kupci hartija od vrednosti neće ove hartije odmah prodati, već će, po mogućnosti, i narednom prilikom investirati upravo u iste hartije, odnosno na isto tržište.	It is in this sense for the company, or in this case for the whole capital market, it is crucial to achieve the loyalty of investors and to ensure that purchasers of securities will not sell them immediately, but will, if possible, invest in the same securities or on the same market again in the future.	0.9408
Kao što za kompaniju nije dobro ni da ima akcionare koji kratko zadržavaju akcije i odmah ih prodaju, podjednako je loše i da ima akcionare koji su jednom kupili akcije i više ne pokazuju dodatni interes.	It is not good for the company to have shareholders who hold shares for a short time and immediately sell them; similarly it is equally bad that there are shareholders who bought shares once and show no more interest in them.	0.927959
Ponuda i tražnja, kao i na svim drugim tržištima i na tržištu kapitala utiču na cenu (akcija), a cena (akcija) direktno na uspeh i stabilnost kompanije i tržišta [5].	The supply and demand on the capital market, as they do in all other markets, affect the price (of securities) and those prices affect the success and stability of the company and the market [5].	1.36939
Određivanje ciljnih grupa investitora jedna je od početnih aktivnosti kojoj je potrebno pristupiti.	The determination of a target group of investors is one of the initial activities that has to be performed.	0.942857
Iako trenutno na globalnom nivou postoji velika suma slobodnih sredstava koja su na raspolaganju za investiranje, još je veća konkurencija za ovim slobodnim sredstvima.	Although currently, at a global level, there is a large amount of free funds available for investments, there is even a greater competition for these available resources.	1.13379
U tom smislu, domaće tržište kapitala više nije jedino na koje će se sliti sredstva domaćih investitora, već će domaći investitori bez većih problema, putem Interneta i drugih oblika komunikacije, lako pratiti i ulagati i u akcije ili obveznice kompanija koje se nalaze u neposrednom okruženju, ili čak i na daljim tržištima, samo sa ciljem da dobiju što veći prinos na svoja uložena sredstva, s obzirom na to da su investitori, baš kao i kompanije, na tržištu kapitala prisutni samo iz razloga uvećanja sopstvenih sredstava.	In this sense, the domestic capital market is no longer the only that will collect the assets of domestic investors, but, due to the Internet and other modern means of communication, local investors will have no major problem to invest in stocks or bonds of companies that are located in the region or even farther around the globe, just in order to obtain the highest possible return on their invested funds, since investors, as well as companies, are present on the capital market only in order to increase their own funds.	1.29305
Za potrebe analize ciljne grupe investitora mogu se koristiti informacije o već prisutnim investitorima na lokalnom tržištu, kao i informacije o investitorima koji posluju na sličnim tržištima (sličnost tržišta se zasniva na veličini, geografskoj lokaciji, broju kompanija, profilu listiranih kompanija, isl).	In order to identify and analyse the target group of investors, com Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 panies can use information about investors that are already present in the local market, as well as information about investors who operate in similar markets (the similarity is based on the market size, geographical location, number of companies, listed companies profile, etc.).	1.43929
Posebnu ciljnu grupu investitora čine i članovi berze - investicione kompanije, koje se, bilo za sopstvene ili potrebe svojih klijenata, nalaze na kupovnoj strani transakcija hartijama od vrednosti, a na poslovanje samog tržišta mogu imati i veći uticaj - kroz vlasništvo u berzi, savetodavnu ulogu drugim subjektima na tržištu ili svoja udruženja.	A special target group is represented by the members of the stock exchange - the investment companies, which, either on their own or on the behalf of their clients, are the purchasers of the securities but can also have greater impact on the market through their ownership in the stock exchange, advisory role or through their associations.	1.01269
Prilikom identifikovanja ciljne grupe investitora, bitno je oceniti i njihova očekivanja u investiranju, kako oni ocenjuju trenutnu situaciju na tržištu i kolika je njihova sklonost riziku.	When identifying the target group of investors, it is also important to learn about their investment expectations, their evaluation of the current market conditions and proneness to risk taking.	0.631537
Prilikom analize pozicije tržišta prema posmatranim faktorima, ponovo će se javiti razlika između različitih ciljnih grupa investitora.	Different groups of investors may have different impressions about one market.	0.306522
Tako je moguće da Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 mali investitori smatraju da kompanije na određenom tržištu imaju zadovoljavajuće korporativno upravljanje, dok institucionalni investitori smatraju da se ovaj faktor za njih još uvek nalazi na niskom nivou [6].	It is possible that retail investors believe that companies in a particular market have adequate corporate governance, while institutional investors believe that this factor is still low on the given market [6].	1.08312
Sama komunikacija sa investicionom javnošću pre svega podrazumeva različite oblike izveštavanja i distribuciju informacija iz trgovanja, kao što su redovni periodični izveštaji, edukativne brošure i publikacije, itd.	The mere communication with the investment community involves various forms of reporting and trading information dissemination, such as regular periodic reports, educational brochures and publications, etc.	0.938645
Slično kao i u komunikaciji sa kompanijama, da bi se povećala angažovanost investitora na lokalnom tržištu kapitala, potrebno je posvetiti se njihovoj edukaciji i osećaju da je berza njima na usluzi.	In order to increase the involvement of investors in the local capital market a stock exchange should be concerned about their education and about their impression that its employees are at their service.	0.576048
Kroz informacije koje objavljuje na internetu berza može malim investitorima pružiti dodatne informacije koje ih stavljaju u relativno izjednačen položaj sa profesionalnim investitorima, što i jeste jedan od osnovnih zahteva savremenih tržišta kapitala.	Through information on the Internet, published by the stock exchange, individual investors can obtain additional information that puts them in a relatively equal position to professional investors, which is one of the basic requirements of modern capital markets.	1.53265
Ovo je posebno bitno kada, putem procesa privatizacije isl, na berzansko poslovanje postaju upućeni i pojedinci koji se prema svojim karakteristikama i finansijskim mogućnostima za to nikada ne bi samoinicijativno opredelili.	This is particularly important when, through the privatization processes, etc., individuals that, by their characteristics and financial opportunities would have never chosen to take part in the shares trading, are put in a position to do so.	0.942614
Pored informativnog sadržaja, komunikacija sa investicionom javnošću podrazumeva i direktne razgovore sa investitorima, kako bi se, ponovo kroz dvosmernu komunikaciju, dobile povratne informacije o njihovim očekivanjima, potrebama i zahtevima.	In addition to informational content, communication with the investment community includes direct talks with investors in order to, again through a two-way communication, get the feedback about their expectations, needs and requirements.	1.08116
Pored aktivnosti koje su već navedene, tržišta kapitala danas u svom nastupu mogu koristiti i prisutnost u socijalnim medijima, koji sve više postaju jedan od priznatih kanala u svetu komunikacije sa investitorima.	Besides the already mentioned activities, the capital markets can also use social media in their communication with the investment community. ~~~ The social media become an increasingly recognized channel of communication with investors worldwide.	0.206446
Svakako, prisutnost u socijalnim medijima mora biti usklađena sa celokupnom strategijom komunikacije, ali i zakonskom regulativom koja zabranjuje distribuciju informacija neformalnim kanalima pre nego što se one objave putem zvaničnih servisa za informisanje.	Certainly, the presence in social media must be consistent with the overall communication strategy and legislation, which prohibits the distribution of information through informal channels before their publication through official information channels.	0.925601
Komunikacija Beogradske berze sa domaćim privatnim investitorima uglavnom se još uvek bazira isključivno na edukaciji i neretko, ispravljanju pogrešnih predstava o funkcionisanju i mogućnostima na tržištu kapitala.	Communication of the Belgrade Stock Exchange to local retail investors is still largely based only on the education and, when necessary, on correcting of misinterpretations about the functioning and opportunities in the capital market.	1.03929
U nastupu prema profesionalnim investitorima u Srbiji i onima koji dolaze sa tržišta u okruženju i koji su uglavnom već upoznati sa osnovnim karakteristikama srpskog tržišta kapitala, najveća pažnja se posvećuje direktnoj komunikaciji između pojedinačnih kompanija i investitora.	In communication with professional investors from Serbia and the region, who are usually already familiar with the main characteristics of the Serbian capital market, major attention is paid to enhancing the direct communication between companies and individual investors.	1.12327
Beogradska berza u ovom slučaju zauzima poziciju medijatora, čije aktivnosti obuhvataju organizovanje događaja (Roadshow i investitorske konferencije) na kojima će predstavnici kompanija direktno predstaviti svoje poslovanje investitorima.	The Belgrade Stock Exchange takes the position of a mediator in this case, by organizing events (roadshows and investor conferences) on which the representatives of companies present their business directly to investors.	0.684361
Dodatno, s obzirom na još uvek relativno nisku svest domaćih akcionarskih društava o značaju i mogućnostima poslova odnosa sa investitorima, redovno se preduzimaju edukativne aktivnosti, koje će domaće kompanije motivisati da unapređuju sopstveno znanje u ovoj oblasti.	Additionally, given the still relatively low awareness of domestic stock companies about the importance and benefits of establishing long term relationships with investors, educational activities that will motivate the local companies to improve their knowledge in this field are regularly undertaken.	1.22258
Segment investitora koji još uvek ne posluju na domaćem tržištu kapitala, potrebno je dodatno informisati o svemu što definiše berzansko poslovanje u Srbiji - regulativi, opštim trendovima na Beogradskoj berzi, organizaciji tržišta, opštoj privrednoj i političkoj klimi, pojedinačnim hartijama od vrednosti koje se nalaze na tržištu, itd.	Investors that do not operate in the Serbian capital market yet, have to be further informed about everything that determines it - regulations, trends on the Belgrade Stock Exchange, organization of the market, common economic and political circumstances, individual securities listed on the market, etc.	0.964518
Za potrebe ovog vida komunikacije koristi se prevashodno internet prezentacija Beogradske berze, štampani materijali namenjeni stranoj javnosti, nastupi na sajmovima, konferencijama i drugim profesionalnim skupovima, individualni razgovori između predstavnika Berze i investitora, itd.	For these purposes the Belgrade SE web site is used, along with printed materials targeting foreign public, performances at financial fairs, conferences and other professional meetings, individual discussions between the representatives of the Stock Exchange and investors, and so on.	0.993687
Aktivna saradnja ostvarena je i sa ambasadama Republike Srbije u inostranstvu, kao i drugim državnim institucijama, koje takođe mogu predstavljati incijalnu tačku upoznavanja investitora sa poslovnim mogućnostima u Srbiji.	An active cooperation is established with the embassies of the Republic of Serbia abroad, as well as with other state institutions, which can also represent an initial meeting point for the investors to learn about business opportunities in Serbia.	1.58191
Pored toga, kroz specijalizovane servise za distribuciju informacija, obavljaju se redovne analize potencijalnih budućih investitora na srpskom tržištu kapitala.	In addition, by specialized informational services, regular analyses of potential future investors in the Serbian capital market are conducted.	1
S obzirom na ukupnu percepciju domaće ekonomije, kontakti se ostvaruju pre svega sa investitorima koji su skloniji relativno rizičnijim ulaganjima na tržištima u razvoju.	Given the overall perception of the domestic economy, contacts are initiated mostly with investors who prefer risky investments in emerging markets.	0.92833
Za uspešno pozicioniranje izuzetno je bitno istaći svoje prednosti u odnosu na konkurenciju i unapređivati ih.	It is extremely important to point out the advantages over the competition and improve them in order to be advantageously positioned.	0.783957
Faktori na koje se stavlja akcenat, prilikom nastupa prema investitorima, moraju biti bitni za investitore, a prednost tržišta u pogledu tih faktora mora biti očigledna i na dugi rok.	The facts that are accentuated in the communication with investors have to be relevant to them and the advantage in terms of these factors must be apparent in the long run.	1.16643
U tom smislu, prednosti koje srpsko tržište kapitala u ovom trenutku ima da ponudi investitorima pre svega su dugoročne perspektive razvoja i relativno niske vrednosti koeficijenata P/E i P/B, koji se koriste prilikom analize pojedinačnih kompanija.	In this sense, Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 the benefits that the Serbian capital market currently has to offer to investors are the long-term development prospect and relatively low values of the P/E and P/B ratios, which are used in the analysis of individual companies.	1.5425
Komunikacija sa investitorima mora se zasnivati na iskrenosti, pravovremenosti i dostupnosti informacija.	The communication with investors must be based on honesty, timeliness and availability of information.	1.20641
Preterano isticanje samo pozitivnih rezulata može dovesti do naglog rasta cena akcija i vrednosti indeksa berze, ali bez iskrenog osvrta i na evenutalne probleme u poslovanju, investitori će ubzo kazniti tržište, ne samo naglim obaranjem vrednosti preduzeća, već i dugotrajnijim izlaskom sa tržišta i gubljenjem poverenja.	Over-emphasizing only the positive results can lead to a sharp rise in prices of stocks and index values, but the lack of honest reviews and concealing possible problems will make investors punish the market, not just by the sudden decrease in the values of companies, but also by leaving the market for a longer term and by loss of confidence.	1.00213
Kao i za druge ciljne grupe javnosti, proaktivan nastup berze prema investitorima i članovima izuzetno je bitan, čime se ostvaruje dugoročna povezanost i izbegava situacija u kojoj se informacije značajne za poslovanje prvo distribuiraju neformalnim kanalima ili putem medija, koji mogu dati iskrivljenu sliku stvarne situacije.	As for other target groups of the public, a pro-active approach to investors and stock exchange members is very important, thus achieving long-term relationship and avoiding situations in which important information is first distributed through informal channels or through the media, which can give a distorted picture of the factual situation on the market.	1.36531
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 3.3.	3.3.	-0.6
Komunikacija sa državom i njenim institucijama Otvorenost i povezanost berze sa regulatorima, takođe pripada oblasti odnosa berze sa javnošću.	Communication with the state and its institutions Cooperation of the exchange with regulators also belongs to the area of its public relations.	1.03537
Sa jedne strane, u interesu same institucije je povezivanje sa onima koji donose zakone i podzakonska akta, kako bi navedeni dokumenti na najbolji način rešavali aktuelne praktične probleme na tržištu.	On one hand, it is in the best interest of the institution to be closely connected with those who prepare laws and bylaws, so these documents could solve current practical problems of the market in the best way.	1.06905
Istovremeno, isticanje značaja koji berze posvećuju zakonskoj regulativi, njenom poštovanju i unapređenju, značajno doprinosi percepciji berze u celokupnoj javnosti, s obzirom da, sa druge strane, svaka nova kriza ili problemi na finansijskom tržištu ugrožavaju poverenje građana u efikasnost i svrsishodnost funkcionisanja tržišta kapitala [3].	At the same time, emphasizing the stock exchanges dedication to follow and work on the development of legislation significantly contributes to the perception of the stock market in the general public, given that, on the other hand, each new crisis and problem in the financial markets threaten the public trust in the effectiveness and usability of them [3].	1.28808
Takođe, država i njeni organi (centralna banka, državna preduzeća, organi lokalne samourpave) mogu biti i izdavaoci hartija od vrednosti, te je dodatna komunikacija sa njima jedan od preduslova proširivanja poslovanja svakog lokalnog tržišta kapitala.	Also, the state and its authorities (the central bank, state enterprises, municipalities) may be the issuers of securities and additional communication with them is one of the preconditions for the business expansion of each capital market.	0.699445
Komunikacija sa državnim institucijama podrazumeva nuđenje znanja i iskustava berze, kako bi se izgradilo i održalo što efikasnije tržište kapitala, koje će svojim kvalitetom doprineti i celokupnom razvoju lokalne ekonomije.	The communication with the state institutions include sharing of knowledge and experiences in order to build and maintain a more efficient capital market, which will then contribute to the overall development of the local economy.	1.2586
Na osnovu analize trendova na drugim tržištima, dobre prakse i sopstvenih iskustava berze bi trebalo da postanu pogon za donošenje novih računovodsvenih i standarda izveštavanja u jednoj privredi.	On the basis of the analysed trends on other markets, the exchange of best practices and personal experiences should ensure the drive for the adoption of new accounting and reporting standards in an economy.	1.23103
Lobiranje i direktni razgovori predstavljaju osnovne alate u komuniciranju berze sa državnim aparatom, kako bi se na taj način obezbedili uslovi za uspešno i održivo poslovanje tržišta kapitala.	Lobbying and direct talks are essential tools in exchanges communication with the state bodies, thereby creating conditions that will enable successful and sustainable operation of capital markets.	0.725083
Istovremeno, berza u svom nastupu prema državi i zakonodavcima treba da nastupa kao glasnogovornik listiranih kompanija i članova, obezbeđujući na taj način koristi za sve učesnike na tržištu.	At the same time, the stock exchange should act as a spokesman of listed companies and members towards the state and legislators, thus providing benefits to all market participants.	1.08863
Pri tome, neophodna je saradnja ne samo sa strankama i stručnjacima koje se u datom trenutku nalaze na vlasti, već i sa opozicionim partijama, kako bi i oni u svojim aktivnostima podržali evenutalne neophodne promene u funkcionisanju tržišta kapitala. 3.	Moreover, cooperation is necessary not only with political parties and professionals that are in power at the moment, but also with the opposition parties, so that they also support the necessary changes in the functioning of the capital markets.	0.882775
Ko mu ni ka ci ja sa me di ji ma Stalna otvorenost prema medijima, spremnost na brzo rešavanje njihovih pitanja i zahteva, ali i korektivna uloga u slučaju neodgovarajućeg izveštavanja neophodne su aktivnosti u poslovanju svakog tržišta kapitala.	3.4. ~~~ Communication with media Constant openness to the media, willingness to quickly address their questions and requests and a corrective role in case of inadequate reporting are essential activities of any stock exchange.	0.342094
Dodatne aktivnosti usmerene na predstavnike medija obuhvataju periodično organizovanje obuka za predstavnike medija, kao i upoznavanje sa svim novinama u poslovanju berze, s obzirom na činjenicu da ponekad neiskustvo ili nedovoljna informisanost novinara može proizvesti negativne posledice na celom tržištu.	Given the fact that inexperience of journalists or lack of information can produce negative effects on the entire market, additional activities designed for media representatives include educational trainings and detailed announcements and explanations of all the changes on the market.	1.07222
Čest problem u komunikaciji sa medijima predstavlja činjenica da su novinari više zainteresovani za izveštavanje o aferama, nego o informacijama koje im berze dostavljaju - trgovačkim podacima, novim listiranjima, novim proizvodima, itd.	A common problem in communicating with the media is that journalists are more interested in reporting on scandals than on the information that is submitted by the stock exchanges - trading data, new listings, new products, etc.	1.63239
Upravo zbog toga i u komunikaciji sa medijskom javnošću bitno je stalno insistirati na otvorenoj i iskrenoj komunikaciji, kako bi čak i prilikom evenutalnih kriznih situacija (zaustavljanje trgovanja, isl), novinari imali poverenja u činjenice koje im se dostavljaju.	This is why it is important to insist on an open and honest communication with media, so that even in emergencies (trading halts, etc.), journalists have confidence in the facts that are reported to them.	0.771053
Potrebno je da svaka berza ima osobu delegiranu za komunikaciju sa medijima, koja će u najkraćem roku reagovati na njihove zahteve i u koju će oni imati poverenja, kako ne bi pokušavali da tražene odgovore dobiju od neovlaštenih lica ili top menadžmenta, koji u slučaju krize, najčešće nije u mogućnosti da svoje vreme dodatno posveti i predstavnicima medija.	It is necessary that each stock exchange has a person delegated to communicate with the media, who will promptly respond to their requests and to whom they can trust, so as not to try to get the answers from unauthorized persons or from the top management, which is in case of crisis, mostly unable to devote their time to the media representatives.	0.730637
Svakako, o strategiji kompanije ili nekim bitnim promenama u poslovanju, kao što je slučaj i za sve druge kompanije, novinarima mogu pričati isključivo članovi top menadžmenta.	Certainly, the strategy of the company or some important changes in the Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 business, as is the case for all other companies, can be communicated to journalists exclusively by the top management.	1.63432
U potrazi za informacijama novinari će od zaposlenih na berzi često tražiti i komentare aktivnosti drugih učesnika na tržištu - nadzornih organa, kompanija ili investitora.	When searching for an information journalists will often ask the stock exchange employees to comment actions of other market participants the supervisory authorities, companies or investors.	1.20179
Zbog toga je neophodno jasno naznačiti koje su oblasti u nadležnosti samog tržišta, a za koje se informacija mora potražiti na drugom mestu.	Therefore it is necessary to clearly indicate what kind of information are under the jurisdiction of the stock exchange and what kind of information must be looked for elsewhere.	0.734677
Ipak, otvorenost, pa čak i prema onima koji instituciji pristupaju sa negativnim predubeđenjem, jedan je od osnovih imperativa odnosa sa medijima.	However, openness, and even to those who approach the institution with a negative bias, is one of the fundamental imperatives of media relations.	0.833358
Putem medija, berza dolazi i do najšire javnosti, čime se dodatno promoviše lokalno tržište kapitala, što rezultuje u povećanju nivoa edukacije najšire javnosti i time se posredno proširuje baza potencijalnih investitora.	Through the media, stock exchanges reach general public and further promote the local capital market, which results in increasing the level of education and thus indirectly expands the base of potential investors.	0.926742
Reklamiranje najčešće nije alat koji berze koristite u svom nastupu u medijima i najširoj javnosti.	Advertising in media is usually not a tool used by the stock markets.	0.77734
Reklame će najčešće biti periodično publikovane u nekim stručnim časopisima, namenjenim tržištima na kojima berza još uvek nije prisutna, ali sa druge strane, redovno dostavljanje informacija iz trgovanja i drugih vesti koje mogu biti od značaja malim investitorima treba da predstavlja osnovnu aktivnost berze na lokalnom nivou.	Advertisments might occasionally be published in journals intended for foreign markets where the stock exchange is not yet widely known, but on the other hand, a regular provision of trading information and of other news that may be of interest to retail investors is the core activity of the stock exchange at the local level.	0.964507
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Do najšire javnosti, berze dolaze kako posredstvom medija, tako i putem sopstvenih nastupa na sajmovima, bitnim društvenim događajima, saradnje sa fakultetima i drugim obrazovnim institucijama, sindikatima, itd.	In addition to media presence a stock exchange can reach public by taking part in fairs and important social events, through cooperation with universities and other educational institutions, unions, etc.	0.765788
Bitno je omogućiti građanima da imaju svest o tome da sa berzom mogu direktno kontaktirati i posetiti je ili se detaljnije upoznati sa berzanskim poslovanjem kroz edukativne aktivnosti berze. 3.	It is important to let the citizens know that they can directly contact the stock exchange, visit it or learn more about it through its educational activities.	0.652452
Ko mu ni ka ci ja sa dej ta ven do ri ma Dejta vendori, odnosno distributeri podataka, su institucije koje u svojim informacionim paketima objedinjuju podatke sa različitih tržišta kapitala i kao takve ih prodaju krajnjim korisnicima - analitičarima, investitorima ili fizičkim licima.	3.5 Communication with data vendors Data vendors or distributors of data are institutions that combine data from various capital markets in their information packages and as such sell them to end users - analysts, investors and individuals.	1.18444
Na taj način, korisnici informacija iz trgovanja ne moraju kontaktirati sa svakim tržištem ponasob u cilju dobijanja potrebnih podataka, već sve podatke dobijaju na jednom mestu, u uniformnom formatu i međusobno uporedive.	In this way, users of trading data do not have to contact each of the single market places in order to obtain the necessary data, but all the data can be obtained from a single source, in a uniform and comparable format.	0.998939
S obzirom da danas najveći deo prihoda svih razvijenih tržišta kapitala potiče upravo od prodaje informacija, jasno je da je održavanje dobrih odnosa sa dejta vendorima jedan od preduslova uspešnog poslovanja pojedinačne berze.	Given the fact that most of the revenues of the developed capital markets today come from the selling of information, it is clear that maintaining good relations with data vendors is one of the prerequisites of success of each stock exchange.	0.829412
Tržište podataka specifično je zbog činjenice da su kupci (dejta vendori) najčešće veći učesnici na tržištu u odnosu na prodavce (pojedinačne berze).	Data market is specific due to the fact that the customers (data vendors) are usually larger market participants than the sellers (individual stock exchanges).	0.421676
U tom smislu, posebno manja tržišta kapitala, u obavezi su da svoje informacione proizvode prilagode sistemu i tipskim ugovorima dejta vendora, a ne obrnuto.	In this regard, particularly smaller capital markets are obliged to adapt their information systems and products to the standard contracts of data vendors, and not vice versa.	0.751533
U okviru ovog procesa, zaposleni na berzi moraju zajedno sa predstavnicima dejta vendora konstantno raditi na novim mogućnostima izveštavanja, analizi postojećih informacionih paketa, razvoju novih, itd.	Within this process, employees of the stock exchange shall, together with the representatives of data vendors, constantly work on new reporting alternatives, analyses of existing information packages, new developments, etc.	1.05635
Zahtevi dejta vendora mogu uticati i na karakteristike trgovačkog sistema same berze i načina na koji se berze informaciono povezuju sa medijima ili drugim učesnicima tržišta, a evenutalne izmene ovih sistema moraju biti blagovremeno najavljene i testirane upravo sa dejta vendorima.	Requirements of data vendors may also affect the characteristics of the stock exchange trading systems and the ways in which the exchange distributes information to media and other market participants, while all changes of a stock exchange information system must be duly announced and tested with data vendors.	0.995009
Radi veće dostupnosti svojih podataka najširoj javnosti, berze na svojim internet prezentacijama najčešće imaju objavljenu listu dejta vendora sa kojima imaju saradnju, a neretko zajedno sa ovim institucijama nastupaju na sajmovima, investitorskim konferencijama i drugim naučnim skupovima. 4.	In order to increase the availability of their data to the general public, the stock exchanges usually publish a list of data vendors with whom they cooperate on their websites and together with these institutions act at fairs, investors conferences and other professional meetings. ~~~ 4.	0.372935
Uskla đe nost ko mu ni ka ci je sa pro me na ma u okru že nju Bez obzira na to da li se uticajne snage u okruženju menjaju brzo ili sporo, promene su značajne.	Changes in environment and communication strategy Regardless of whether influential forces in the environment are changing rapidly or slowly, the changes are significant.	0.878488
Promene u okruženju, izražene kroz pretnje ili povoljne prilike, stvaraju nesigurnost.	The changes in the environment, expressed through threats or opportunities, create uncertainty.	1.02722
Poslovni uspeh i kontinuitet rada, u sve većoj meri zavisi od ponašanja drugih učesnika u reprodukcionom lancu, kao i od opšte klime u okruženju i izgrađenih odnosa sa ciljnom javnošću.	Business success and continuity of business operations increasingly depend on the behavior of other participants in the reproduction chain, common conditions in the environment and existing relationships with the target public.	1.01419
Organizaciona jedinica odnosa s javnošću može, na osnovu određenih istraživanja i analiza, prognozirati šta će se dogoditi i formulisati strategiju komunikacije sa različitim ciljnim grupama javnosti, koja će se bazirati na usklađivanju sa promenama u okruženju.	The PR department of a single company can, upon its researches and analyses, predict what will happen and formulate a communication strategy with different public target groups which will be based on alignment with the changing environment. the implementation of this strategy inevitably leads to an increase in operating costs.	1.05935
Primena ove strategije neminovno vodi povećanju troškova poslovanja. ~~~ Razlozi povećanja su: izrada različitih programa komunikacije i prezentacije i njihova modifikacija u zavisnosti od promena u okruženju, angažovanje različitih instrumenata komunikacije, specijalne obrade informacija i njihovo prilagođavanje promenama u okruženju. [1].	The reasons for the increase are: the development of various communica Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 tion and presentation programs and their modification depending on changes in the environment, the involvement of different communication tools, special processing of data and their adjustment to the changing environment [1].	0.324612
Prilikom kreiranja strategije komunikacije berze bitno je imati u vidu da je stvaranje pozitivne slike o kompaniji u javnosti dugoročan proces.	When creating a communication strategy of a stock exchange it is important to bear in mind that creating a positive image of the company in public is a long-term process.	1.48647
Komunikacija berze mora biti fleksibilna i realistična, usklađena sa intenzivnim i snažnim promenama koje se danas beleže u berzanskom poslovanju, a berza se mora postaviti kao profesionalna, informisana i relevantna finansijska institucija.	The communication of an exchange must be flexible and realistic, in line with the intense and powerful changes that are present in the capital markets, and a stock exchange has to position itself as a professional, informed and relevant financial institution.	1.29302
Komunikacija takođe mora biti proaktivna i sinhronizovana prema svim ciljnim grupama javnosti, s obzirom da se one neretko preklapaju.	Communication also has to be proactive and synchronized towards all the target groups, since those groups can overlap sometimes.	1.18108
Da bi određeno tržište bilo privlačno i za izdavaoce hartija od vrednosti i za investitore neophodno je da bude efikasno, da ima što jednostavnije procedure i niske transakcione troškove.	In order for any particular market to be attractive to issuers and investors it has to be efficient, that is, to have simple procedures and low transaction costs.	0.751065
Ostvarivanje ovih uslova zavisi od svih učesnika na tržištu - efikasnost tržišta zavisiće i od efikasnosti privrednih sudova u jednoj državi, poreske politike, advokatskih kancelarija, kvaliteta analitičara, efikasnosti bankarskog sistema, itd.	The realization of these conditions depends on all market participants the market will depend on the efficiency and effectiveness of commercial courts in one state, taxation, law firms, quality of analysts, the efficiency of the banking system, etc.	1.41092
Da bi investitori bili zadovoljni opštom slikom o tržištu potrebno je da zaspoleni na berzi, pored komunikacije sa investitorima, omoguće i listiranim kompanijama da prepoznaju značaj odnosa sa investitorima i poštovanje procedura izveštavanja.	In order for investors to be satisfied with the overall picture of the marke,t employees of a stock exchange, in addition to their communication with investors, have to help listed companies to recognize the importance of investors relations and compliance with reporting procedures.	1.15235
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Ukoliko se proceni da u javnosti postoji sumnja u dobre odnose između berze, države, nadležnih institucija ili menadžmenta listiranih kompanija, potrebno je organizovati zajedničke nastupe predstavnika ovih institucija.	If it is assessed that public have doubts in a good relationship between the stock market, the state, the local institutions and the management of listed companies, it is necessary to organize joint actions of the representatives of these institutions.	1.30218
Najzahtevnije aktivnosti u oblasti komunikacije prema javnosti javljaju se u slučajevima značajne (negativne) promene u opštoj klimi u privredi, promene u regulativi (npr. pridruživanje EU) i evenutalnom obustavljanju trgovanja.	The most demanding activities in the field of communication to the public occur in cases of significant (negative) changes in the economy, changes in regulations (e.g. EU accession) or trading halts.	1.43824
Sve eventualne korekcije javnog i profesionalnog mnjenja o berzi kao instituciji moraju biti propraćene obimnim angažovanjem kako u oblasti osnovnog poslovanja tako i u oblasti komunikacije - nije dovoljno promeniti pravila poslovanja, trgovački sistem ili procedure nadzora - potrebno je takve promene saopštiti na način da i ciljna javnost prepozna koristi i poboljšanja koje će takve promene uzrokovati.	All necessary adjustments of the public and professional opinion about the stock exchange as an institution must be accompanied both by extensive engagement in the field of basic operations and in the field of communication it is not enough to change the rules, trading systems or surveillance procedures such changes have to be communicated in a way that enables target public to recognize benefits and improvements that such changes will cause.	1.30014
Poverenje u određeno tržište kapitala jedini je dugoročni garant njegove pozitivne perspektive.	Confidence in a capital market is the only guarantee of its positive long-term perspective.	1.1851
Stoga berze moraju u sklopu svojih aktivnosti redovno raditi na održavanju sopstvenog kredibiliteta, ali i kredibiliteta svih povezanih učesnika.	Therefore, stock exchanges have to work permanently on maintaining their own credibility and the credibility of all related parties.	1.01087
Uspešne kompanije, dugoročne investitore, stručne analitičare i objektivne medije potrebno je privući sebi, a istovremeno, ukloniti pojedince i/ili institucije koje narušavaju ugled tržišta.	Successful companies, long-term investors, professional analysts and objective media have to be drawn to the market and, at the same time, the individuals and/or institutions that undermine the reputation of the market have to be removed from it.	0.869068
Zaključak Teorije komunikacije, berzanskog poslovanja, odnosa sa javnošću i marketinga jasno propisuju šta se sme a šta ne sme na savremenim tržištima kapitala, koje su prakse preporučene i poželjne, a koje će, sa druge strane, biti sankcionisane od strane javnosti.	Conslusion Communication, stock market, PR and marketing theories clearly stipulate what should and what should not be done in modern capital markets, which are the desirable and recommended practices, and which will, in turn, be sanctioned by the public.	0.797477
Ipak, analize u praksi pokazuju da nije uvek lako uskladiti sve ono što javnost očekuje od pojedinačnih kompanija ili tržišta sa pojedinačnim mogućnostima.	However, analyses show that it is not always easy to align what is expected from the individual companies and markets with their individual abilities.	1.01953
Upravo zbog toga, možda najbolji način za predstavljanje individualnih proizvoda (hartija od vrednosti) jeste zajednički nastup svih učesnika - berze, države, regulatora, pojedinačnih kompanija i drugih učesnika na tržištu kapitala, pred domaćom i stranom javnošću, kako bi se resursi znanja, sredstava i uloženog vremena objedinili u proizvod veće vrednosti od prostog zbira pojedinačnih nastupa.	Therefore, perhaps the best way to present the individual products (securities) to local and foreign public are the joint activities of all stakeholders the stock exchange, state regulators, individual companies and other capital market participants, so that the combination of knowledge, funds and time resources produce a greater value than the sum of individual performances.	1.08587
Instrumenti koji se mogu koristiti za komunikaciju sa ciljnim grupama javnosti, danas su brojniji nego ikada ranije.	Instruments that can be used to communicate with target groups of the public are now more numerous than ever before.	0.957483
Ipak, nasumično korišćenje internet prezentacije, štampanih materijala, individualnih sastanaka ili poruka putem elektronske pošte, mogu ne samo ne dati očekivane rezultate, već u krajnjem zbiru ugroziti funkcionisanje tržišta.	However, the random use of websites, printed materials, individual meetings or e-mail messages, can not only fail to produce the anticipated results, but can ultimately endanger the market itself.	0.951357
Upravo zbog toga, sve ono što predstoji samom činu komunikacije sa ciljnim grupama javnosti - istraživanje trenutne situacije, organizovanje odgovarajućeg informacionog sistema, planiranje očekivanih rezultata i što jasnija identifikacija indikatora uspešnosti kampanje, mora biti dobro usklađeno sa postavljenim ciljevima.	Therefore, all that comes before the act of communication with target groups of the public - research of the current situation, the organization of the appropriate information system, planning of expected results and identification of indicators of success of the campaign, has to be well aligned with the desired goals.	1.10074
Ne samo eksterna, već i interna komunikacija preduslovi su realizacije krajnjeg cilja uspostavljanja odnosa sa ciljnim grupama, baziranim na uzajamnom poverenju, u svrhu podizanja stepena investicija i kvaliteta poslovanja u privredi.	Not only external, but also internal communication are prerequisites of the realization of the ultimate goal - establishing good relations with target groups, based on mutual trust, in order to raise the level and quality of the business in an economy.	0.946056
	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 SOURCES [1] Filipović V, Kostić-Stanković M, Odnosi s javnošću, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, 2011. [2]	-0.3
	Jasmina Živković, Marketing u finansijama i berzanskom poslovanju, Beogradska berza, 2007. [3]	-0.3
LI TE RA TU RA [1] Filipović V, Kostić-Stanković M, Odnosi s javnošću, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, 2011. [2] Jasmina Živković, Marketing u finansijama i berzanskom poslovanju, Beogradska berza, 2007. [3] FIBV - Federation Internationale des Bourses de Valerus, Communication Strategy Key to Stock Ex change Success, FIBV, 1994. [4] FEAS - Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges, FEAS Round Table for Media Materials, FEAS, 2005. [5] Marcus B. W., Wallace S. L., New dimensions in investor relations: competing for capital in the 21st century, John Wiley and Sons, 1997. [6] Natalija Nedeljković, Alati za odnose sa investitorima, Beogradska berza, 2010.	FIBV - Federation Internationale des Bourses de Valerus, Communication Strategy Key to Stock Exchange Success, FIBV, 1994. [4] ~~~ FEAS - Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges, FEAS Round Table for Media Materials, FEAS, 2005. [5] ~~~ Marcus B. W., Wallace S. L., New dimensions in investor relations: competing for capital in the 21st century, John Wiley and Sons, 1997. [6] ~~~ Natalija Nedeljković, Alati za odnose sa investitorima, Beogradska berza, 2010.	0.29237
Primljen:	Receieved: 01.	1.68
	2012.	-0.3
Januar 2012.	Accepted: 03.	0.275
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Mart 2012. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 O autoru Milica Kostić - Stanković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: kostic.milica@fon.bg.ac.rs Milica Kostić - Stanković je od 1995. godine zaposlena na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu.	About the Author Milica Kostić - Stanković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: kostic.milica@fon.bg.ac.rs Milica Kostić Stanković, has been employed at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade since 1995.	0.737796
Trenutno radi u zvanju vanrednog profesora na užoj naučnoj oblasti Marketing menadžment, odnosi s javnošću i multimedijalne komunikacije.	She currently works as Associate professor at the scientific field of Marketing management, public relations and multimedia communications.	0.924262
Angažovana je i na organizovanju i izradi nastavnog plana i programa i izvođenju nastave na predmetu Pregovaranje i komunikacija, na diplomskim akademskim studijama na Građevinskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu.	She is also engaged in organizing and developing the curriculum and teaching for the subject Negotiation and communication in graduate studies at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade.	0.572571
Na Univerzitetu za poslovni inženjering i menadžment u Banja Luci, Republika Srpska, Bosna i Hercegovina učestvuje u nastavi na osnovnim i na poslediplomskim studijama od 2005. godine.	She has worked at the University of Business Engineering and Management in Banja Luka, the Serbian Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2005.	0.468934
Natalija Nedeljković Belgrade stock Exchange, Belgrade Natalija Nedeljković je diplomirala na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Beogradu, smer Marketing, i na istoj obrazovnoj instituciji magistrirala na smeru Upravljanje i informacioni sistemi, na temu: ~~~ Internet tehnologije u funkciji marketinga prema investitorima 2010. godine.	Natalija Nedeljković Belgrade stock Exchange, Belgrade Natalija Nedeljković graduated from the Faculty of Economics in Belgrade, majoring in Marketing course and at the same educational institution she earned a Master degree, on the subject: Internet technology in the function of marketing to investors, Management and Information Systems Course 2010.	0.686806
Od 2002. godine zaposlena je na Beogradskoj berzi, na poslovima marketinške komunikacije Berze.	Since 2002 she has been employed at the Belgrade Stock Exchange, on the jobs of marketing communication of the Stock Exchange.	0.86521
Od 2010. godine aktivno učestvuje u aktivnostima analize odnosa sa investitorima i dodele nagrade za najbolji IR Beogradske berze.	Since 2010 she been actively involved in evaluating the investor relations activities and engaged in the Belgrade SE Best IR Award presentings.	2.67632
Autor je publikacije Alati za odnose sa investitorima, u izdanju Beogradske berze, 2011. godine.	She is the author of the publication, Tools for Investor Relations, published by the Belgrade Stock Exchange in year 2011.	0.628571
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Katica Radosavljević, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Ekonomski fakultet Pre zen ta ci ja i pred log tr ži šta za pla sman pro iz vo da od ko zjeg mle ka UDK: ~~~ 338.439.5:339.13.017(497.11) ; 339.13:637.1(497.11) DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2011. ~~~ (english version) Osnov ni pra vac bu du ćeg raz vo ja po ljo pri vre de i pre hram be ne in du stri je Sr bi je je u op ti mal nom ko ri šće nju i oču va nju ras po lo ži vih pro iz vod nih ka pa ci te ta, po ve ća nju obi ma po ljo pri vred ne pro iz vod nje, iz me ni pro iz vod ne struk tu re u ko rist in ten ziv nih pro iz vod nji, pro iz vod nji vi so ko fi nal nih i vi so ko kva li tet nih pro iz vo da.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Katica Radosavljević, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Economics Presentation and Suggestion for Placement of Goat-Milk Products UDC: 338.439.5:339.13.017(497.11) ; 339.13:637.1(497.11) DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2011.0001 The basic orientation of future development in agriculture and food industry in Serbia is in the utilization and preservation of available production capacities, an increased volume of agricultural production, and modifications of production structure towards intensive productions, the production of high final and high-quality products.	-0.0982759
Ko zje mle ko i ko zji si re vi za u zi ma ju zna čaj no me sto u pro iz vod nji kva li tet ne hra ne u mle kar stvu.	Goat milk and goat cheese occupy a significant position in the production of quality food in dairy industry.	0.591084
U na šoj ze mlji, za hva lju ju ći brd sko-pla nin skim pod ruč ji ma, po sto ji ve li ki po ten ci jal za raz voj ko zar ske pro iz vod nje, pri če mu zna čaj no me sto za u zi ma pro iz vod nja be lih ko zjih si re va.	In our country, due to a large number of hilly and mountainous land, the potentials for the development of goat products industry are considerable, where a significant place is given to the production of white goat cheese.	0.340996
Ključ ne re či: ko zje mle ko, ko zji si re vi, pro iz vod nja, tr ži šte 1.	Keywords: goat milk, goat cheese, production, market 1.	0.893197
Pre zen ta ci ja tr ži šta Proizvodnja hrane, prehrambena sigurnost zemlje, proizvodnja sirovina (za druge grane), razmena sa svetom, socijalni, demografski i drugi aspekti determinišu, između ostalog, višestruki značaj koji ima agroprivreda u društveno-ekonomskom razvoju Republike Srbije.	Market presentation Food production, alimentary security of the country, production of raw materials (other branches), exchange with the world, social, demographic and other aspects are determining, among other things, diverse importance of agro industry in the socio-economic development of Serbia.	0.973846
Poljoprivredna delatnost, prema raspoloživim značajnim prirodnim i ljudskim resursima, i dostignutim nivoom proizvodnje i prerade, predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih privrednih delatnosti u Srbiji.	Agricultural activity, according to the available significant natural and human resources, and the achieved level of production and processing, is one of the most important economic activities in Serbia.	1.29318
Tendencije i pravci razvoja marketinga u agraru, u našoj zemlji, idu u sledećim pravcima: zamena proizvodne i prodajne koncepcije marketing koncepcijom, kako kod velikih sistema za proiz vodnju hrane, tako i kod individualnih poljoprivrednih proizvođača, i ovde je bitno, kao i kod razvijenih zemalja, uporedo sa marketing koncepcijom primenjivati i koncep ciju društvenog marketinga, u cilju zaštite potrošača i životne sredine, praćenje iskustava razvijenih zemalja.	Trends and directions in agriculture marketing in our country are based on the following directions: - replacement of production and sales concepts with the concept of marketing, both for large systems of food production, and for individual farmers, - what is important, as in developed countries, along with the marketing concept, the application of the concept of social marketing in order to protect consumers and environment - following the experiences of developed countries.	0.886508
Sa opštim trendovima potrošnje prehrambenih proizvoda, razvijaće se i potražnja mlečnih proizvoda.	With a general trend of food products consumption, the demand for dairy products will grow.	0.934615
Nizak i srednji prihod stanovništva generiše povećanje obima potražnje, zrela tržišta postiču potražnju proizvoda više faze prerade koji zadovoljavaju specifične zahteve.	Low and middle level of income of the population generates an increasing size of demand; mature product markets stimulate demand in several phases of processing in order to meet specific requirements.	0.690457
Francuska je zemlja sa najvećom proizvodnjom, asortimanom i potrošnjom sireva od kozjeg mleka.	France is the country with the highest production, consumption, and assortment of goat milk cheeses.	1.15008
Na Balkanu je takođe veoma zastupljena prerada kozjeg mleka u sireve, a značajnu ulogu imaju beli sirevi u salamuri.	On the Balkans, the processing of goat milk cheeses is also present, with white cheese in brine having an important role.	1.04703
Prosečna potrošnja svih vrsta i kategorija sira u evropskim zemljama iznosi 11,2 kilograma.	The average consumption of all types and cheese categories in the European countries is 11.2 pounds.	1.78537
U odnosu na ostale svetske regione, Evropa ostvaruje najveću potrošnju sira po stanovniku godišnje.	Compared to other world regions, Europe achieves the highest consumption of cheese per capita per year.	0.896629
Ubedljivo najmanju potrošnju ostvaruju potrošači u Aziji, gde ona prosečno iznosi ispod jednog kilograma godišnje (FAO, 2006).	By far the lowest consumption is achieved by consumers in Asia, where the same average is less than one pound per year (FAO, 2006).	1.11407
Prosečna svetska potrošnja je, takođe, relativno niska i iznosi ispod tri kilograma godišnje.	The average world consumption is also relatively low with amounts less than three pounds per year.	1.57857
Regionalno posmatrano, postoje značajne razlike u nivou ostvarene potrošnje.	On the regional level, there are significant differences in the level of realized consumption.	1.15352
U zemljama Zapadne Evrope prosečna potrošnja iznosi 16,9 kilograma, sa tendencijom rasta po stopi od 1,83% godišnje.	In the countries of Western Europe, the average consumption is 16.9 pounds, with a growing tendency at a rate of 1.83% per year.	1.12468
Istovremeno, u zemljama Istočne Evrope potrošnja je na znatno nižem nivou, prosečno 7,5 kilograma.	At the same time, in the countries of Eastern Europe, consumption is at a considerably lower level, 7.5 pounds on average.	1.45667
Najveći evropski potrošač sira je Grčka, sa prosečnom potrošnjom od 25,4 kilograma po stanovniku godišnje.	The largest European consumer of cheese is Greece, with an average consumption of 25.4 kilograms per capita per year.	1.2375
Visoku potrošnju imaju i Francuska, Italija, Holandija i Austrija.	The large consumption is recorded in France, Italy, Netherlands and Austria.	0.565
To su zemlje sa visokom domaćom proizvodnjom, razvijenom mlekarskom industrijom i širokim asortimanom sireva na tržištu.	These are the countries with high domestic production, developed dairy industry and with a wide assortment of cheeses on the market.	1.35064
Napred navedene zemlje u posmatranom periodu ostvaruju tendenciju povećanja potrošnje sira.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 The above-mentioned countries have in reviewed period achieved the tendency of growing cheese consumption.	1.07143
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Najveći evropski potrošači ujedno predstavljaju i najveće proizvođače sireva, visoka ponuda odnosno asortiman proizvodnje utiče i na potrošnju.	The largest European consumers also represent the largest cheese manufacturers; where high offer i.e. assortment of production has an effect on consumption.	1.22877
U Francuskoj se procenjuje da se proizvodi preko 400 vrsta sireva.	It is estimated that France produces over 400 types of cheese.	3.27736
Ona je vekovima poznata po proizvodnji kvalitetnih vrsta sireva.	For centuries France is famous for producing high quality types of cheeses.	0.557895
Najveći proizvođači su korporacije Besnier, Bongreen i sl.	The biggest manufacturers are corporations Besnier, Bongreen, etc.	0.939394
Tabela br. 1.	Table 1.	2.15
- Najveći evropski potrošači sira (kg. po stanovniku), 19962003.1 Zemlja Prosek Stopa promene % Grčka Francuska Italija Holandija Austrija 25,4 23,4 21,3 19,4 19,2 -0,7 1,8 2,4 0,7 3,4 Od ukupno 38 analiziranih evropskih zemalja, tendeciju porasta potrošnje ostvaruje najveći broj, odnosno 31 zemlja.	- The largest European cheese consumers (kg. per citizen), 19962003.1 Country Average Greece France Italy The Netherlands Austria 25.4 23.4 21.3 19.4 19.2 Rate of alteration % -0.7 1.8 2.4 0.7 3.4 Of the total of 38 analyzed European countries, the tendency of increase in consumption resulted in the highest number, i.e. 31 countries.	1.74508
Najintenzivniji porast potrošnje ostvaruju potrošači u Ukrajini, po stopi od 12,3% godišnje.	The most intensive increase in consumer consumption is achieved in Ukraine, at a rate of 12.3% per year.	1.2161
Ostalih sedam zemalja u posmatranom periodu ostvaruju tendenciju opadanja potrošnje sira (Albanija, Belorusija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Bugarska, Grčka, Srbija i Crna Gora i Rumunija).	The other seven countries in the reviewed period saw a tendency of cheese consumption decrease (Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro and Romania).	1.01068
Najintenzivniji pad u potrošnji beleži Bugarska (stopa 11,49%).	The most intensive decrease in the consumption is evidenced in Bulgaria (the rate of 11.49%).	0.526554
U narednom periodu, kvalitet sira doći će u prvi plan u cilju zadovoljenja zahteva i najprobirljivijih kupaca (sirevi sa zaštićenim poreklom, sa udelom živog rada hand made i sl.).	In the following period, the quality of cheese will come to the foreground in order to meet the requirements of the most demanding customers (cheese with protected origin, with the part of human labor, handmade, etc.).	0.950633
Na ostvareni nivo potrošnje delovao je čitav niz činilaca, ekonomske i vanekonomske prirode. ~~~ Najpoznatije robne marke sireva su sledeće: ~~~ Italija:	A whole range of factors affected the realized level of consumption, the factors being of both economic and non-economic nature.	-0.0595238
Gorgonzola polutvrdi sir, Ricotta meki sir, Bel paese polutvrdi sir, Mozzarela meki sir, Parmezan tvrdi sir, Holandija:		-0.3
Gauda polutvrdi sir, Edam polutvrdi sir, Francuska: ~~~ Cambozola meki sir, Gervais sveži sir, Camembert meki sir sa plesnima, Roquefort meki sir,Nemačka: ~~~ Tilsin polutvrdi sir, Grčka: ~~~ Feta meki sir, Belgija: ~~~ Romadour meki sir, Velika Britanija: ~~~ Cheddar tvrdi sir, Švajcarska:	Well-known brands of cheese are as follows: Italy: Gorgonzola - semi-hard cheese, Ricotta - soft cheese, Bel Paese - semi-hard cheese Mozzarella - soft cheese Parmesan - hard cheese, the Netherlands: Gouda - semi-hard cheese Edam - semi-hard cheese, France: Cambozola - soft cheese, Gervais fresh cheese, Camembert - soft cheese with mold, Roquefort - soft cheese, German: Tilsin - semi-hard cheese , Greece: Feta - soft cheese, Belgium: Romadour - soft cheese, Great Britain: Cheddar - hard cheese, Switzerland: Emmentaler - hard cheese, Gruyere - hard cheese, etc.	-0.122159
Emmentaler tvrdi sir, Gruyere tvrdi sir, i sl. ~~~ Prema ostvarenom nivou potrošnje sira, sve evropske zemlje mogu se svrstati u nekoliko kategorija, odnosno intervalnih grupa: ~~~ U prvoj grupi, koja ima najmanju potrošnju, ispod pet kilograma, nalaze se: ~~~ Albanija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Letonija, Makedonija, Rumunija, Moldavija, Ruska Federacija i Ukrajina.	According to the level of cheese consumption, all European countries can be classified into several categories, or interval groups: In the first group, with the lowest consumption, under five pounds, are: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Latvia, Macedonia, Romania, Moldova, the Russian Federation and Ukraine.	0.0355856
One čine 34,5% evropskog stanovništva.	They make 34.5% of the European population.	1.29189
Njih karakteriše relativno nizak životni standard, što se odrazilo i na potrošnju sira.	They are characterized by a relatively low life standard, which affects the cheese consumption.	1.14589
U intervalu potrošnje od pet do deset kilograma nalaze se: ~~~ Bugarska, Hrvatska, Estonija, Mađarska, Irska, Litvanija, Portugalija, Slovačka, Slovenija, Španija, Velika Britanija i Srbija.	In the consumption interval of five to ten pounds, there are: Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Great Britain and Serbia.	0.094385
Čine 20,7% evropskog stanovništva.	They make 20.7% of the European population.	1.46471
Iznenađuje relativno niska potrošnja beleži se u Velikoj Britaniji, s obzirom na visinu dohotka i postojeću ponudu domaćih i uvoznih sireva na tržištu.	There is surprisingly relatively low consumption in the UK, given the high of income level and the existing offer of domestic and imported cheeses on the market.	1.17279
U intervalu potrošnje od 10 do 15 kilograma nalaze se: ~~~ Belgija, Luksemburg, Češka, Finska, Island, Malta i Poljska.	In the consumption interval of 10 to 15 pounds, there are: Belgium, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Finland, Iceland, Malta and Poland.	1.69845
Čine 8,4% ukupnog broja evropskog stanovništva.	They make 8.4% of the total European population.	1.56429
Najveću potrošnju, koja je iznad 15 kilograma imaju: ~~~ Austrija, Danska, Francuska, Nemačka, Grčka, Italija, Holandija, Norveška, Švedska, Švajcarska i čine i najbrojniji deo evropske populacije, 36,4%.	The highest consumption, which is over 15 pounds, is in: Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and they make the most numerous part of the European population, 36.4%.	1.72604
Za njih je karakteristično da imaju visok nivo dohotka i raznovrsnu ponudu na tržištu, navike i tradiciju u konzumiranju sira. 1.	They are characterized by high income level and various market offers, and as well as by tradition and habit of cheese consumption. ~~~ 1.1.	0.201843
Sr bi ja i ze mlje iz okru že nja 1.1.1.	Serbia and neighbouring countries 1.1.1.	0.753125
Republika Srbija Sa ostvarenom potrošnjom sira od 8,9 kilograma, što je za preko dva kilograma manje u odnosu na evropski prosek, naša zemlja nalazi se na 20 mestu u Evropi.	The Republic of Serbia With the consumption level of 8.9 kilograms of cheese, which is more than two pounds less than the European average, our country occupies the 20th position in Europe.	1.0519
U posmatranom periodu potrošnja sira opada, po prosečnoj stopi od 3,9% godišnje. 1 www.fao.org Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Tabela br. 2.	During the reviewing period, the consumption of cheese decreased, at an average rate of 3.9% per year.	0.752874
- Potrošnja sira u Republici Srbiji, prosek 19972003 Region Kilograma Srbija Centralna Srbija Vojvodina 8,9 10,5 5,0 Stopa promene% -3,9 -2,5 -3,2 CV,% 7,5 9,7 7,3 U strukturi potrošnje sireva dominiraju tzv. meki sirevi, a znatno manje je učešće tvrdih, odnosno sireva sa većim sadržajem suve materije.	1 www.fao.org Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Table 2 Cheese consumption in the Republic of Serbia, average 1997-2003 Territory Serbia Central Serbia Vojvodina Kilog ram 8.9 10.5 5.0 Rate of alteration % -3.9 -2.5 -3.2 CV,% 7.5 9.7 7.3 In the structure of cheese consumption, the dominant are so called soft cheeses, and the portion of hard cheeses, i.e. cheeses with higher dry matter content, is significantly lower.	0.858443
Ovo je uslovljeno, pre svega, visinom maloprodajnih cena.	This is conditioned, first of all, by the high level of the retail price.	0.57451
Potrošač u našoj zemlji za svoj prosečan lični dohodak mogao je da kupi oko 40 kilograma tvrdog sira mesečno (trapist i sl.) u 2005, godini, što je daleko manje u odnosu na potrošače u razvijenim zemljama.	The consumer in this country, with an average monthly income managed to purchase about 40 pounds per month the hard cheese (Trappist, etc.) in the year 2005, which is far less compared to consumers in developed countries.	2.23595
Na bazi ankete o potrošnji koja je sprovedena u Novom Sadu i Zrenjaninu, na 100 ispitanika (2006), njih tri četvrtine smatra da je cena tvrdih sireva (trapista) relativno visoka u odnosu na postojeći životni standard potrošača.	Based on consumption surveys conducted in Novi Sad and Zrenjanin, out of 100 respondents (2006), three-quarters find the price of hard cheeses (Trappist) relatively high compared to the current life standard of consumers.	0.903437
Ona predstavlja limitirajući činilac daljeg povećanja.	It represents a limiting factor to further increase.	1.11149
Na visoku cenu, naročito su osetljivi potrošači sa najnižim primanjima.	The consumers with the lowest income are particularly vulnerable to high price.	0.836499
U narednom periodu potrebno je preduzeti značajne korake u pravcu povećanja kvaliteta sira, proširenja asortimana, primeni odgovarajućih marketinških aktivnosti, poboljšati pakovanje i ambalažu.	In the following period, it is necessary to undertake significant steps towards improvement of the cheese quality, assortment expansion, and the implementation of appropriate marketing activities, improved packaging and packing material.	1.12833
Neophodno je da Ministarstvo zdravlja Republike Srbije odgovarajućim aktivnostima utiče na povećanje potrošnje ove bitne namirnice.	It is necessary for the Ministry of Health of Serbia to foster the consumption of this essential food with appropriate activities.	0.978855
Protekla decenija je donela zapažene promene u stavovima oko gajenja koza, u povećanom interesovanju za intenzivniji tip gajenja koza naročito individualnih gazdinstava, ali ono nije još uvek dovoljno sagledano, niti organizaciono dobro obuhvaćeno.	The past decade brought remarkable changes in the attitudes about rearing goats, in an increased interest in the more intensive types of breeding goats especially in individual households, but it is not yet sufficiently apprehended or well-covered.	0.993206
Sve veće interesovanje za gajenje koza dovelo je do potražnje koza i to visokoproduktivnih, jer veliki broj zainteresovanih želi da primeni intenzivniji sistem gajenja koza.	The growing interest in goat breeding has led to goat demand, especially highly productive goats, because a large number of interested parties want to apply for a more intensive system of rearing goats.	1.0724
Međutim, nestašica kvalitetnih priplodnih koza danas u Republici Srbiji dovodi do toga da zainteresovani za gajenje koza počinju ovu proizvodnju s malim brojem koza.	However, lack of quality breeding goats in Serbia today results in interested parties beginning the production with a small number of goats.	1.14804
Osim ovog, u praksi se javlja problem što se poistovećuje ishrana, smeštaj, oprema i uslovi gajenja s potrebama ovaca što je nepravilno.	Apart from this, in practice, a problem occurs when the needs of breeding goats are identified with food, accommodation, equipment which is incorrect.	1.06011
U ishrani je to, često, posledica shvatanja o skromnosti koza pa se njene potrebe u ishrani poistovećuju s potrebama ovaca.	In food production, this is often recognized as a consequence of the modesty of goats, resulting in identifying dietary needs with the needs of sheep.	0.672497
Mada postoji dosta sličnosti u smeštajnim objektima i opremi, ipak se moraju uzeti u obzir i određene razlike.	Although there are many similarities in the accommodation facilities and equipment, certain differences must be accounted for.	0.923368
Ovakvo shvatanje dovodi do negativnih posledica i niže proizvodnje, posebno kada se radi o visoko mlečnim rasama koza.	This concept leads to negative consequences, and lower production, especially when it comes to high dairy goat breeds.	1.24149
Proces rekonstrukcije seoskog modela poljoprivredne proizvodnje u farmski (tržišno-robni) oblik je u mnogim zemljama završen, a u nekima je još uvek u toku.	The process of reconstruction of rural agricultural production into farm model (market-commodity) form is completed in many countries, and some are still in progress.	1.16421
U našoj zemlji, uključujući i regiju Čačak, ovi procesi su u začetku; seoska gazdinstva postepeno nestaju, ustupajući mesto komercijalnom tipu gazdovanja.	In this country, including the region of Čacak, these processes are still in the beginning phase; farms gradually disappear, allowing commercial types of economy to step in.	0.967029
Proces je spor, ne samo po prirodi stvari, već i zbog neodlučnosti nadležnih državnih organa u preduzimanju neophodnih ekonomskih i drugih mera koje bi ga ubrzale.	The process is slow, not only by its nature, but also for indecision of competent state bodies in taking the necessary economic and other measures to accelerate the process.	0.960373
Ipak, generalna rekonstrukcija organizacije sadašnje poljoprivrede (i gazdinstva) seoskog tipa je neminovnost, jer bez toga nije moguća ekonomska stabilizacija ne samo poljoprivrede već i ukupne privrede.	However, the overall reconstruction of current rural type agriculture organization (and household) is inevitable, because without economic stabilization, not only agriculture but also the overall economy is not possible.	1.28361
Gazdinstva usmerena na odgajivanje mužne stoke i proizvodnju mleka u tome će imati posebno mesto.	In this area, households oriented on dairy cattle breeding and milk production will have a special place.	0.848547
Republika Srbija, iako ima povoljne uslove za razvoj kozarstva (geografski položaj, reljef, sastav zemljišta, biljni svet, čovek i uslovi života), deficitarna je u kozjem mesu, mleku i proizvodima od mleka.	The Republic of Serbia, although with favorable conditions for goat breeding (geographical location, relief, soil composition, flora, people and life standard) is deficient in goat meat, milk, milk and dairy productsa, especially when it comes to high dairy goat breeds.	0.507905
Porodična firma Erceg u našoj zemlji bavi se proizvodnjom kozjeg sira.	Erceg family company is the producer of goats cheese in this country.	0.779661
Firma poseduje farmu od preko sto koza i isto toliko jaradi, ali i zvanični sertifikat novosadskog Poljoprivrednog fakulteta da proizvode najkvalitetniji kozji sir u Srbiji.	The company owns a farm of over one hundred goats and as many young ones, and owns an official certificate of the Faculty of Agriculture of Novi Sad for the production of the best goat cheese in Serbia.	1.07789
Orijentisali su se za sada na proizvodnju tri vrste sira - trapista, namaznog i kriške, a pravi se na tradicionalni način, po proverenim narodnim receptima iz podgrmečkog kraja, odakle i potiču.	Currently, their production is based on three types of cheese - Trappist, butter and slices, and it is made in the traditional way, with proven popular recipes from the area of Podgrmeč, where they are from.	0.853624
Prodaja ide bez teškoća, jer imaju stalne kupce iz Beograda gde bi, sudeći prema narudžbinama, mogli da plasiraju veće količine od sadašnjih.	The sale goes without difficulties, as they have regular customers from Belgrade where, and according to purchase orders, they could place a larger quantity of products in comparison with the current situation.	0.960734
Naša zemlja ima velikih, ali neiskorišćenih mogućnosti za razvoj kozarstva.	This country has excellent but unexploited opportunities for goat breeding production.	1.09283
Uopšte, stočarstvu se kod nas ne pridaje dovoljno pažnje, mada bismo mogli da u toj grani budemo u samom evropskom vrhu.	In general, livestock in the country is not valued, although in this industry, we could be at the European top.	0.978802
Imamo plodnu zemlju, klimu, tržište, ljude koji umeju i žele da rade, samo bi još država trebalo da osmisli dugoročnu strategiju razvoja stočarstva, pošto je to najbitniji deo u čitavom lancu proizvodnje hrane.	We have fertile soil, favourable climate, market, people who can and are will Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 ing to work; with necessary state government plan for a long term strategy of cattle breeding development, as this is the most important part in the entire food chain production.	0.876627
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Porodica Racković iz Ljubića kod Čačka opredelila se za uzgoj koza i proizvodnju kozjih sireva.	Racković family from Ljubić near Čačak opted for goat farming and goat cheese production.	0.885185
Počeli su s matičnim stadom od 50, a danas je na farmi koza Ljubić više od 200 koza.	They started with the parent flock of 50, and today there are more than 200 goats on a goat farm Ljubica.	2.92588
Novosagrađeni objekat površine 1.000 kvadrata dovoljan je za 600 grla, a u trogodišnjem planu je da se proizvodnja sa sadašnjih 15.000 poveća na oko 400.000 litara mleka godišnje.	A newly built facility of 1,000 square meters can house 600 heads, and the increase in production from the current 15,000 to about 400,000 litres of milk per year is included in a three-year plan.	2.15452
Tri vrste sireva, koje Rackovići trenutno prave od kozjeg mleka, po svim analizama i kontrolama koje radi Veterinarski institut iz Kraljeva vrhunskog su kvaliteta.	The production of three types of cheese, by Racković goats milk is of the supreme quality according to all analyses and controls of the Veterinary Institute in Kraljevo.	0.655775
Osim standardnog mekog sira, proizvode i tvrdi sir po francuskoj tehnologiji, a obe vrste se pakuju prelivene maslinovim uljem.	In addition to the standard soft cheese, they also produce the hard cheese based on the French technology, and both types are packed topped with olive oil.	0.695455
Niška mlekara osnovana je kao mala gradska mlekara 1957. godine sredstvima UNICEF-a.	The Niš dairy plant was founded as a small city dairy with the UNICEF funds in 1957.	1.89396
Uvodjenjem nove opreme i tehnoloških postupaka, kupovinom novih kamiona za dovoz sirovog mleka i razvoz gotovih proizvoda Niška mlekara ulazi u sam vrh industrijske prerade mleka u Srbiji.	The introduction of new equipment and technological procedures, with purchasing of new trucks for transportation of raw milk and transport of finished products, the Niš dairy ranges among the top industrial milk producers in Serbia.	1.47553
Asortiman proizvoda obuhvata pasterizovano mleko i sterilizovano mleko; kiselo mlečne proizvode; meke, polutvrde, tvrde, topljene sireve i maslac.	The range of products includes pasteurized and sterilized milk, sour milk products, soft, semi-hard, hard, cheese paste and butter.	0.728947
Ovde spada i pakovanje i prodaja mleka u prahu i surutke u prahu.	Packing and the sale of milk powder and whey powder are also included.	0.486508
Kontinuirani prosperitet na tržištu ostvaruje zahvaljujući pre svega standarno dobrom kvalitetu proizvoda i novom dizajnu pakovanja, prateći savremene trendove u želji da zadovolji najviše kriterijume potrošača.	Continued market prosperity is continually achieved due to the standardized good quality of products, to new design and package, and due to following the modern trends in order to meet the highest standards of customers.	0.953832
Intenzivno se radi na uvodjenju HACCP sertifikata i Sistema kvaliteta ISO standarda.	The process of implementation of the HACCP certificate and Quality ISO standard system is intensified.	0.700728
U narednom periodu AD Niška mlekara radiće na povećanju proizvodnje i kvalitetu proizvoda kao i na uvodjenju moderne metode prodaje i distribucije proizvoda u želji da se zadovolje potrebe kupca i savremenog potrošača.	In the following period, the AD Nis dairy plant will work to increase the production and product quality and introduce modern methods of sale and distribution of products in order to satisfy customers needs and the modern consumer.	1.09101
CARP Ltd. iz Novog Sada, pored uzgoja slatkovodnih riba, prvenstveno šarana, u otvorenim vodama, bavi se i uzgojem vrhunskih priplodnih koza sanske i alpske rase, u kaveznom sistemu, na farmi Amaltea u Baču.	CARP Ltd. from Novi Sad, in addition of freshwater fish breeding, primarily carp in open water, is also engaged in farming of top-level breeding goats of Sana and Alpine race, in a cage system, on the farm Amaltea in Bac.	1.3504
Farma Amaltea je osnovana pre pet godina.	Farm Amaltea was established five years ago.	1.025
Period mlečnosti traje oko 280 dana.	The milking period lasts about 280 days.	5.85325
Na farmi Amaltea, mlečnost na godišnjem nivou iznosi: u prvoj laktaciji: ~~~ 700 do 800 litara, što dnevno iznosi, u periodu mlečnosti, 3 do 4 litra u II, III i IV laktaciji: ~~~ 1.000 do 1.500 litara, što dnevno iznosi 5 do 10 litara.	The milk yield per annum on the farm Amaltea is as follows: In the first lactation: 700 to 800 litres, which is in the period of milkiness, from 3 to 4 litres daily In II, III and IV lactation: 1,000 to 1,500 litres, which is 5 to 10 litres daily.	0.278131
Farma koza Amaltea ima i mlekaru.	The goat farm Amaltea has a dairy as well.	1.52365
Proizvode, između ostalog, fermentisani kiselo-mlečni napitak sa probiotskim bakterijama.	They produce, among other things, fermented sour milk drink with probiotic bacteria.	0.559459
U Inđiji je otvoren još jedan privredni objekat, a ova investicija vredna je 80 miliona dinara.	Another economy object was opened in Indjija, with investment value of 80 million dinars.	3.07662
U okviru Privatnog preduzeća Selekt gas otvoren je savremeni pogon za preradu kozjeg mleka i mlečnih prerađevina.	The modern plant for goat milk and dairy products processing is opened within the private company Selekt gas.	1.10753
Za investiciju vrednu blizu 80 miliona dinara Pokrajinski sekretarijat za nauku i tehnološki razvoj izdvojio je 35 miliona dinara.	For the investment of worth close to 80 million dinars the Provincial Secretariat of Science and Technological Development has allocated 35 million dinars.	2.64737
Naime, u cilju realizacije dinamičnijeg privrednog razvoja Vojvodine na osnovu primene novih tehnologija, Izvršno veće Vojvodine je od prošle godine počelo da ulaže u projekte čijom realizacijom se otvaraju savremeni pogoni vezani za nove materijale i nove tehnologije.	Particularly, in order to realize a more dynamic economic development of Vojvodina based on the implementation of the new technologies, the Executive Council of Vojvodina started, since last year, to invest into the projects which will, within their realization, open modern plants related to new materials and new technologies.	0.864135
Ovo je jedini pogon u Vojvodini, a verovatno i u Srbiji za proizvodnju kozjeg mleka koji je urađen u saradnji sa stručnjacima Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, Institutom za onkologiju u Sremskoj Kamenici i italijanskim partnerima.	This is the only plant for of goats milk production in Vojvodina and probably in Serbia that has been operating in collaboration with the experts of the Agricultural Faculty in Novi Sad, the Institute of Oncology in Sremska Kamenica and Italian partners.	1.17872
Proizvodnja higijenski kvalitetnog sirovog mleka važna je komponenta savremenog mlekarstva, a uključivanje srpskog mlekarstva u savremene tokove podrazumeva usaglašavanje sa propisima EU.	The production of raw milk with the hygienic quality is an important component of modern dairy industry, and involvement of Serbian dairy industry in the contemporary trends includes the compliance with the EU regulations.	1.17775
Farma u Inđiji može se pohvaliti izuzetnim kvalitetom sirovog mleka koji je značajno iznad kvaliteta koji se traži u EU.	The Indjija Company can be commended with the exceptional quality of raw milk, which is significantly above the quality of raw milk required by the EU standards.	1.07224
Ekomil doo je porodično preduzeće osnovano 1999. godine.	Ekomil Ltd. is a family business founded in 1999. year.	0.934752
Sastoji se iz dve poslovne jedinice: ~~~ Ekomil Proizvodnja i Ekomil Trgovina.	It consists of two business units: Ekomil Production and Ekomil Shop.	0.385294
Ekomil Proizvodnja proizvodi više vrsta sireva koje odlikuje veoma dobar kvalitet, prepoznatljiv ukus, boja i miris.	Ekomil Production manufactures many types of cheese that are of a very good quality, distinctive taste, colour and aroma.	1.17944
Sir odličnog kvaliteta našao je kupace i van evropskog kontinenta.	Cheese with the excellent quality also found the customers outside the European conti Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 nent.	0.480455
Proizvodnja je sertifikovana po važećim standardima kojima se meri kvalitet procesa proizvodnje i samog proizvoda.	The production is certified according to the current standards in order to measure the quality of the production process and the product itself.	1.17925
Privatna mlekara Podgora iz sela Podgorac, kod Boljevca, predstavila je nove proizvode od kozjeg mleka, a na prvom mestu je kisela pavlaka i paprika u pavlaci.	The private dairy Podgora from the village Podgorac, near Boljevac, presented new products from goats milk, with the sour cream and pepper in sour cream primarily.	1.18
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Na trpezama u Timočkoj Krajini i u Pomoravlju već se mogu videti i ostali, najnoviji proizvodi Podgore koji će, najverovatnije, dobiti zaštitni znak, a to su dimljeni i rolovani kačkavalj, kozje mleko i kozji sir s obronaka Rtnja i iz Krivog vira, kao i kačkavalj od kozjeg mleka.	On Timocka Krajina and Pomoravlje dining tables, there are also other, latest products of Podgora which will most likely be registered as a trademark, and those products are rolled and smoked cheese, goat milk and goat cheese from the slopes of Rtanj and Kriv vir, as well as hard cheese from goat milk.	0.640079
Započeta je i proizvodnja dijetalnog jogurta za starije osobe i ekstra kiselog mleka.	The production of diet yogurt and extra sour milk for the elderly also started.	0.692751
Njihovi vrhunski tehnolozi koriste jedino mleko iz sela Južnog Kučaja, Rtnja i Homolja.	Their top technologists are using only the milk from the village of Juzni Kučaj, Rtanj and Homolje.	1.34451
Kupili su najsavremeniju opremu sa zapada, tako da se ne plaše ni domaće, ni strane konkurencije.	They bought the latest equipment from the West, so they will not be intimidated by any domestic or foreign competition.	0.42
Novi, pilot-proizvodi iz najveće privatne mlekare u istočnoj Srbiji uskoro će krenuti i na niško i beogradsko tržište.	New pilot-products from the largest private dairy in Eastern Serbia will be soon presented to the market of Niš and Belgrade.	1.24456
Srbija poseduje velike prednosti za proizvodnju kozjeg sira, od kojih su bitnije: strana ulaganja u mlekarskoj industriji; jaki postojeći kapaciteti za preradu; dobri uslovi za proizvodnju sireva; ekonomski konkurentna proizvodnja kabaste hrane; tendencija potrošača da kupuju lokalno proizvedene mlečne proizvode; regionalno priznate vrste sireva; dostupna radna snaga po konkurentnoj ceni; tradicionalna proizvodnja sireva; povoljni klimatski uslovi; trenutna profitabilnost (neko može odmah započeti sa proizvodnjom mleka); potencijal za otvaranje poslova u segmentima proizvodnje; korišćenje raspoloživih pašnjaka; stručne službe, poljoprivredni instituti i fakulteti postoje, te je na raspolaganju njihova stručna pomoć.	Serbia has great advantages for the production of goat cheese, of which are important: foreign investments in the dairy industry, powerful existing capacities for processing; good conditions for cheese production; economically competitive production of bulk food; consumers prefer locally produced dairy products; regionally known types of cheese; available workforce according to the competitive price; traditional cheese production; favorable climate conditions; currently profitable (the milk production can start immediately); potential for new jobs openings in the production segment; using the available pastures; professional services; agricultural institutes and faculties already exist, hence, their expertise assistance is also available.	0.932413
Nasuprot prednostima, u Srbiji su prisutne sledeće slabosti za proizvodnju kozjeg sira: tradicija se nerado menja; male farme i iscepkana domaćinstva; farmeri nemaju znanja da poboljšaju praksu; loša infrastruktura (putevi); loš kvalitet mleka; loši sanitarni uslovi; niske plate i slaba kupovna moć stanovništva; nizak prinos mleka po kozi; zastarela tehnologija za mužu; prerađivačima nedostaju know-how veštine; nedovoljan kapacitet sistema rashlađivanja (laktofriza, skladišta, itd); u nekim oblastima je loše organizovano sakupljanje mleka; nizak nivo raznolikosti proizvoda; loše tehnološke formulacije proizvoda; nedostatak sistema upravljanja kvalitetom; nedefinisan zakonski status proizvođača/farmera otežava dobijanje kredita; loša povezanost stručnih službi sa proizvođačima i sa poljoprivrednim institucijama; nepostojanje programa za poboljšanje uzgoja stoke i centara za uzgoj, te tržišta za prodaju stoke sa poboljšanom genetikom; ne postojanje ISO-9001/HACCP certifikata za proizvođače koje daju službeno akreditovane organizacije Osnovni razlozi koji opredjeljuju kupca za nabavku proizvoda na određenom mestu predstavljeni su u narednoj tabeli.	In contrast to the benefits, Serbia has the following weaknesses in the production of goat cheese: traditions are reluctant to change, small farms and fragmented household, farmers do not have the knowledge of how to improve the practice, poor infrastructure (roads); poor quality of milk, poor sanitary conditions, low salaries and weak purchasing power, low milk yield by goats, old milking technology; processors lack the know-how skills, insufficient capacity of the cooling system (lactofreezers, warehouses, etc.) in some areas, milk collecting is not well organized; low level of product diversity; poor product formulation technology, lack of quality management systems; undefined legal status of the producers / farmers makes it difficult to obtain a loan; bad connection of professional services to agricultural producers and institutions; lack of solutions to improve the livestock production and breeding centers, and markets for the sale of livestock with improved genetics; lack of ISO-9001/HACCP certificates for manufacturers, which are provided by officially accredited organizations. ~~~ The major reasons which make the customer purchase products at a certain place are presented in the table below.	0.285942
Tabela br. 3.	Table no.	2.2
Razlozi kupovine3 Razlog Blizina Cene Navika Svežina Ljubaznost % 53,0 16,4 15,4 8,00 7,2 Uočljiva je orijentacija kupaca na kupovinu u objektima u blizini mesta stanovanja, što je i logično s obzirom na prirodu proizvoda.	3 Purchase reasons Reason Proximity Prices Habit Freshness Kindness % 53,0 16,4 15,4 8,00 7,2 Orientation of buyers to purchase in the objects within the area of residence is noticeable, which is logical given the nature of the product.	1.20734
Dakle, široka prisutnost u maloprodajnim objektima je nužan preduslov za tržišni uspeh.	Thus, a broad presence in retail outlets is a necessary prerequisite for market success.	0.741802
Znatno je i učešće cene i navike kao bitnih faktora.	The price and habit ratio is also significant as a key factor.	0.540812
Donošenje odluke o kupovini je pod uticajem mnogo faktora.	Purchase decision is under the influence of many factors.	0.888
Neki od osnovnih faktora koji utiču na donošenje odluke o kupovini mleka i mlečnih proizvoda prikazani su u narednoj tabeli.	Some of the main factors influencing the decision to purchase milk and dairy products are shown in the table below.	1.26289
Ispitanici su značaj svakog od faktora ocenjivali ocenama od 1 do 5, gdje je 1 najmanje, a 5 najveće. 2 Anketa o potrošnji domaćinstava, SZS Beograd 3 Sopstveni prikaz Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Tabela br. 4.	The respondents evaluated the importance of each factor with scores from 1 to 5, where 1 is minimum and 5 is maximum. ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Table no. ~~~ 4.	0.144098
Faktori za kupovinu4 Faktor Zdrava hrana Kvalitet Dostupnost Rok trajanja Navika Domaći proizvod Tradicija proizvođača Cena Ambalaža Reklame Izloženost na policama Promocija na mestu prodaje posteri, frižideri Akcijska prodaja Ocena 4,80 4,79 4,79 4,53 4,51 4,32 3,49 3,00 2,81 2,27 2,11 2,10 1,91 U tabeli se može primetiti da je zdrava hrana jako bitan faktor koji utiče na kupovinu, što pruža mogućnost za diferencijaciju, uz pružanje kvaliteta i dobre pokrivenosti tržišta.	Purchase factor2 Factor Healthy food Quality Availability Duration period Habit Local product Producers tradition Price Package Exposure on shelves Advertising Promotion at the place of sales posters, fridges Discount sale Ocena 4,80 4,79 4,79 4,53 4,51 4,32 3,49 3,00 2,81 2,27 2,11 2,10 1,91 It can be noticed from this table that healthy food is a very important factor which affects the purchase, providing the opportunity for differentiation, with delivery of good quality and good market coverage.	1.4624
Takođe se vidi da je promocija (u raznim oblicima) element marketinga koji ima relativno nizak značaj u donošenju odluke o kupovini.	Also, it is noticed that the promotion (in various forms) is an element of marketing that has a relatively low importance in purchase decision.	1.37798
Kvalitet je jedna je od glavnih determinanti u donošenju odluke o kupovini.	Quality is the one of the major determinants in purchase decisions.	0.508621
Ono što čini kvalitet mleka i mlečnih proizvoda je sledeće:	What makes the quality of milk and dairy products is the following: Table no.	1.88182
Tabela br. 5.	5.	0.9
Elementi kvaliteta5 Element kvaliteta % Ukus Miris Masnoća Svežina Rok trajanja Ambalaža Izgled proizvoda 32.0 22,0 16,2 16,1 8,8 3,9 1,0 Zabrinutost kupaca za zdravlje i posvećivanje pažnje zdravoj ishrani se posebno vidi i iz sledeće tabele, gde se vidi da 93,6% ispitanika preferira mlečno kisele napitke sa rokom trajanja do maksimalno 20 dana, odnosno proizvode sa manjom količinom konzervansa ili bez konzervansa.	Quality elements Quality element Taste Aroma Grease Freshness Duration period Package Product appearance % 32.0 22,0 16,2 16,1 8,8 3,9 1,0 The customers concern for their health and dedication to healthy food is especially shown in the following table, which shows that 93.6% of respondents prefer lactic sour beverages with a duration period up to 20 days, or products with less preservative or no preservatives.	0.989411
Tabela br. 6.	Table br. 6.	1.77273
-Preferencije prema roku trajanja6 Izjava Preferiram rok trajanja do 20 dana Preferiram rok trajanja iznad 20 dana Nije mi bitan rok trajanja kod kupovine % 93,6 4,0 2,4 Izjava % Preferiram rok trajanja do 20 dana 93,6 Preferiram rok trajanja iznad 20 dana 4,0 Nije mi bitan rok trajanja kod kupovine 2,4 4 Sopstveni prikaz 5 Sopstveni prikaz 6 Sopstveni prikaz Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Proizvođači ne uslovljavaju raspored proizvoda na policama, osim u slučaju da proizvođač nudi promotivne frižidere, za čuvanje isključivo svojih proizvoda.	Preference according to the duration period4 Statement Preferred duration period up to 20 days Preferred duration period above 20 days Duration period is not important to me % 93,6 4,0 2,4 2 Own review 3 Own review 4 Own review Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Manufacturers are not dictating the placement of products on the shelves, unless the manufacturer offers promotional refrigerators, for storing their products exclusively.	1.0219
Na raspored utiču sami maloprodavci, koji u manjim maloprodajnim objektima, gde ne postoje otvorene rashladne vitrine, imaju znatan uticaj na donošenje odluke o kupovini.	The placement is determined by retailers themselves, which in small retail outlets, where there are no open refrigerated display cases, have a significant impact on the purchase decision.	0.878
Svi maloprodajni objekti su opremljeni rashladnim uređajima u kojima se uglavnom zajedno nalaze svi mlečni proizvodi.	All retail outlets are equipped with cooling systems where all dairy products are mainly placed together.	0.253846
Veoma je prisutna pojava izlaganja u frižiderima i drugih proizvoda (mesne prerađevine i slično), zajedno sa mlekom i mlečnim proizvodima.	The placement of other products in refrigerators is also very present (meat products, etc.), along with milk and dairy products.	0.833247
Ova je pojava naročito izražena u manjim prodajnim objektima, gde i do 50% prostora zauzimaju drugi proizvodi.	This practice is particularly expressed in smaller stores, where up to 50% of space is occupied by other products.	1.3
Na osnovu podataka prikupljenih tokom istraživanja može se zaključiti da: ~~~ Mleko i mlečne proizvode troše skoro svi članovi domaćinstava, bez obzira na broj članova i ukupna primanja domaćinstva.	Based on the information collected during the research, it can be concluded that the milk and dairy products are consumed by almost all members of households, regardless of the number of members and total household income.	0.525215
U proizvodnji i potrošnji dominira sveži konzumni program.	The production and consumption is dominated by fresh consumption program.	1.23889
Potrošnja jogurta i drugih napitaka, pavlake, raznih vrsta sireva i voćnih jogurta varira od tržišta do tržišta.	The consumption of yogurt and other beverages, cream, various cheeses and fruit yogurt varies from market to market.	1.12433
Maloprodaja je dominantan kanal prodaje za mleko i mlečne proizvode, osim za sveže sireve.	Retail is a dominant sales channel for milk and milk products, except for fresh cheeses.	0.68
Tražnja za proizvodima direktno opredjeljuje i kreiranje asortimana od strane maloprodavaca.	Demand for products is directly determined and therefore creates the range of retailers.	0.522727
Osim tražnje, na odluku o kreiranju asortimana utiču i neki drugi faktori, kao što je dostava robe.	In addition to the demand, the decision for assortment production is influenced by other factors, such as goods delivery.	0.908046
U narednom periodu potrebno je preduzeti značajne korake u pravcu povećanja kvaliteta sira, proširenja asortimana, primeni odgovarajućih marketinških aktivnosti, poboljšati pakovanje i ambalažu.	In the following period it is necessary to take significant steps towards improving the quality of cheese, assortment expanding, applying the appropriate marketing activities, improving the package and packaging.	1.41667
Neophodno je da Ministarstvo zdravlja Republike Srbije odgovarajućim aktivnostima utiče na povećanje potrošnje ove bitne namirnice.	It is necessary for the Ministry of Health of Serbia to increase the consumption of this essential food with the appropriate activities.	0.992951
Determinirajući faktori za odluku o kupovini i potrošnji proizvoda su kvalitet i zdrava hrana, što pruža mogućnost diferencijacije domaćim proizvođačima.	The determining factors for the purchase decision and consumption of products are quality and healthy food, which enables the ability of differentiation to domestic producers.	1.28112
Domaći proizvođači su uglavnom ocenjeni kao proizvođači kvalitetnih zdravih proizvoda, po nižoj cijeni.	Domestic producers are generally evaluated as producers of high quality healthy products, at a lower price.	1.56959
Za razliku od domaćih proizvođača, inostrani proizvođači imaju širi asortiman, bolja pakovanja, promociju i inoviraju svoj asortiman.	In contrast to domestic producers, foreign producers have a wider assortment, better packaging, and promotion and they are constantly improving their assortment.	0.925538
Proučavanjem srpskih firmi može se ustanoviti da srpsko tržište nije zasićeno i da je u fazi uvođenja proizvoda od kozjeg mleka.	On the basis of the reviewof the Serbian companies it can be established that the Serbian market is not saturated and that is in the phase of introduction of goats milk products.	0.759368
Gore navedena iskustva srpskih firmi omogućavaju nam pregled trenutne situacije i budućih smernica razvoja srpskog tržišta.	The above stated experience of Serbian companies is providing an overview of the current situation and future development guidelines of the Serbian market.	0.95013
Slična situacija je i na balkanskom tržištu kozjih sireva. 1.	The situation on the Balkan market of goat cheese is similar. ~~~ 1.2.	0.261189
Fran cu ska i ze mlje evrop ske uni je 1.2.1. ~~~ Svi si re vi Sirevi su bitno tržište u Evropi i u svetu.	France and the european union countries All Cheeses Cheeses are important market in Europe and worldwide.	0.1125
Tržište sireva zabeležilo je bitan napredak na evropskom planu, potrošnja po stanovniku (kg/stan.) je povećana za 30% u poslednjih 10 godina.	The cheese market evidenced an important progress at the European plan, per capita consumption (kg / capita.), and is increased by 30% in the past 10 years.	2.7451
Francuska ostaje lider uprkos postojećim disparitetima.	France continues to be the leader despite of the existing disparities.	1.53379
Svetska proizvodnja je 14.200.000 tona, Evropa prestavlja 1/3 ukupnog tržišta sa 5.700.000 tona proizvedenih sireva (Francuska proizvodi 1.000.000 tona, 50% sireva se izvozi).	The global production is 14.200.000 tons, Europe represents 1 / 3 of market with 5.7000.000 million tons of produced cheeses (France produces 1.000.000 tons, with 50% of cheese exported).	0.917308
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Slika br. 1.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Graph no.	1.38615
- Potrošnja sireva (kg/stanovniku)7 Sirevi predstavljaju 50% izvoza francuskih mlečnih proizvoda, što predstavlja 1,5 milijardu evra.	1. ~~~ Cheese consumption (kg/citizen)5 Cheeses represent 50% of French dairy products export, which represents 1.5 billion euro.	0.421732
Ova performansa se objašnjava povećanjem interesa na svetskom nivou za francuske nacionalne sireve, obeležene ukusom i koje povlače francuska gastronomija kao i priznanje umeća.	This performance is explained by the increase in interest for the French national cheeses on a global level, identified by the taste drawn by French gastronomy and skills recognition.	0.412308
Mlečni proizvodi zauzimaju prvo mesto u potrošnji francuskog domaćinstva.	Dairy products occupy the first place in the French household in consumption.	1.49104
Sa 6,8 milijardi evra portošenih svake godine u kupovini mlečnih proizvoda, sirevi zauzimaju prvo mesto i predstavljaju 40% potrošnje (7% potrošačke korpe za hranu francuskog domaćinstva).	With 6.8 billion euro each year spent on purchase of dairy products, cheeses take the first place and represent 40% of consumption (7% of the consumer basket for food of French households).	1.39036
Potrošnja sireva nosi imidž dobrog zdravlja, ukusa i lakog pristupa proizvodu koji opravdavaju učestalost i visoki procenat potrošača (96% Francuza konzumira minimum jednom nedeljno sir).	The consumption of cheese carries the image of good health, taste and easy access to products that justify the high frequency and percentage of consumers (96% of the French consume the cheese minimum once a week).	1.55148
Sir je prisutan na kraju dva obroka od tri.	Cheese is present at the end of two meals of three.	0.85
Što se tiče Grčke, četvrtina potrošnje sireva zasniva se na siru Feta, a jedna četrvrtina na presovane sireve, većinom iz uvoza. 1.	As for Greece, a quarter of cheese consumption is based on the Feta cheese and a quarter on pressed cheeses, mostly from imports.	0.793961
Ko zji si re vi Proizvodnja sireva se stabilizuje u 2006. godini.	Goat cheeses Cheese production was stabilized in 2006.	0.589583
Zabeležen je porast od 6,6% kod kozijih sireva i od 6,2% kod ovčijih sireva.	There was an increase by 6.6% in goat cheeses, and by 6.2% in sheep cheeses.	1.08571
Kravlji sirevi predstavljaju 92,1% tržista, koziji sirevi 4,6% a ovčiji sirevi 3,2%.	Cow cheeses represent 92.1% of the market, goat cheeses 4.6% and sheep cheeses 3.2%.	1.20641
Svetski lider u proizvodnji kozijih sireva je Francuska sa količinom od 100.000 tona proizvedenih u 2006. godini, u mlekarama i na farmama.	The World leader in the production of goat cheese is France with the amount of 100,000 tons produced in 2006, on dairies and farms.	1.3132
Ako govorimo o proizvodnji kozjeg mleka, Francuska je evropski i svetski lider u proizvodnji kozjeg mleka sa 562 miliona litara kozjeg mleka poizvedenih u 2000. godini.	As regerds the production of goats milk, France is the European and world leader in the production of goat milk with 562 million litres of goat milk produced in 2000.	2.7314
Francuska poseduje 6.000 proizvodjača kozjeg mleka od kojih:	France owns 6,000 manufacturers of goat milk, of which: 45% process the milk into goat cheeses on farms, 50% deliver the milk to factories which produce goats cheeses, 5% process the milk on farms and deliver to factories that produce goat cheese.	0.804242
45 % preradjuju mleko u kozje sireve na farmama, 50 % isporučuju mleko u fabrike koje proizvode kozje sireve, 5 % preradjuju mleko na farmama i isporučuju u fabrike koje proizvode kozje sireve. 7 www.fromagesdechevre.com Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Slika br. 2.	5 www.fromagesdechevre.com Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Graph no. ~~~ 2.	0.316054
- Struktura proizvodnje kozjih sireva u Francuskoj8 15 % kozjih sireva proizvedenih u Francuskoj su sveži kozji sirevi, 100% od kozjeg mleka. 80 % su zreli kozji sirevi, 100% od kozjeg mleka 5 % su ½ kozji sirevi (mešavina raznih mleka) Francuska je prvi proizvodjač kozjih sireva u svetu.	The structure of goat cheese production in France6 15% of goat cheeses produced in France are fresh goat cheese, 100% of goat milk. ~~~ 80% are mature goats cheeses, 100% of goat milk 5% are ½ goat cheeses (a mixture of various milk). ~~~ France is the first manufacturer of goat cheese in the world.	0.234697
Više od 100.000 tona kozjih sireva proizvedeno je u 2006. godini, od čega 86.000 tona u mlekarama, a 15.000 tona na farmama.	More than 100.000 tons of goat cheese wass produced in 2006, of which 86.000 tons in dairies and 15.000 tons on farms.	1.44942
Veći deo proizvodnje se konzumira u Francuskoj.	A large part of the production is consumed in France.	1.41105
Što se tiče izvoza, 12 % sireva se izvozi, i to najveći deo u severne zemlje Evrope i u Severnu Ameriku.	As regards exporting, 12% of cheese is exported, mostly to the northern countries of Europe and to North America.	0.722727
Potrošnja sireva po regionima u Francuskoj, predstavljena je narednom mapom.	The consumption of cheese by regions in France is presented in the following map.	1.11818
Navedeni broj je indikator potrošnje koji se dobija na osnovu baze 100 koji predstavlja državni prosek.	The presented number is the indicator of consumption obtained based on the 100 base, which represents the state average.	0.613381
Indikator > 100 : potrošnja iznad državnog proseka Indikator < 100 : potrošnja ispod državnog proseka Slika br. 3.	Indicator> 100: Consumption above the national average Indicator < 100: consumption below the national average Graph no.	1.28812
- Potrošnja sireva po regionima u Francuskoj9 Prodajna mesta u 2006. godini predstavljaju 7 7 ,9% prodaje u supermarketima, hipermarketi zauzimaju 18, 9%, hard-discounti i 3 ,2 % samoposluge, tradicionalne prodavnice i drugi kanali prodaje.	3. ~~~ Cheese consumption by regions in France7 Outlets in 2006, represents 77.9% of sales in supermarkets, hypermarkets with 18.9%, hard-discount and 3.2% in self-service markets, traditional shops and other sale channels.	0.371139
Da bi se ustanovile smernice komunikacije za buduću markentinšku kampanju ANICAP (Association nationale interprofessionnelle caprine = nacionalno udruženje profesionalaca kozarstva) je angažovalo agenciju Repères za studiju o navikama i ponašanju Francuza prema kozjim sirevima.	In order to establish the guidelines for communication for the future marketing campaign, the ANICAP (Association nationale interprofessionnelle caprine = National association of goat-breeding professionals) hired the agency Repères for the study of habits and behavior of the French in terms of goat cheese.	1.225
Agencija je vršila anketu sa jednim upitnikom na uzorku od 600 potrošača kozjih sireva, uzrast iznad 20 godina, reprezentativan za 8 www.maison-du-lait.com 9 www.lactalis.	The Agency conducted a survey with a questionnaire on a sample of 600 consumers of goat cheese, aged above 20 years, representative for the French population.	0.739701
fr. Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 francusko stanovništvo.		-0.3
Ispitivanje je izvršeno u decembru 2000. godine.	The survey was conducted in December 2000.	0.618243
Najbitniji rezultati ove studije su : a - Uporedjivanje sa ostalim kategorijama sireva : ~~~ Što se tiče penetracije tržišta u poslednjih 12 meseci, uporedno sa ostalim kategorijama sireva, kozji sirevi zauzimaju četvrtu poziciju sa procentom od 81%, posle sireva sa dogrevanjem testa i sireva sa cvetnim korama.	The most important results of this study are: 6 www.maison-du-lait.com 7 www.lactalis.fr. Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 a - Comparison with other categories of cheese: In respect to market penetration within the last 12 months, in parallel to other types of cheeses, goat cheeses occupy the fourth place with a percentage of 81% after the heated pastry and floral cheese parings.	0.309052
Njegova potrošnja je učestala.	Its consumption is common.	0.825
- Za dnevni obrok, kozji sir zauzima treće mesto posle sireva sa cvetnim korama i sireva sa dogrevanjem testa.	- In daily meals, goat cheese takes the third place after the floral cheese parings and cheeses with heated pastry.	1.19043
Za izvrsne obroke, zauzima drugo mesto posle sireva sa cvetnom korom. ~~~ - Što se tiče prisustva u svesti potrošača, kozji sir zauzima četvrto mesto isto kao i meki sirevi sa opranom korom, mnogo manje od mekih sireva sa cvetnim korama (45%), presovanih sireva sa dogrevanjem (16%), presovanih sireva bez dogrevanja (11%) i sireva sa začinjenim testima (9%).	For delicious meals, it takes second place after the floral cheese parings - Regarding its presence in consumer minds, goat cheese takes the fourth place and soft cheeses as well with washed parings, much less than the soft cheese with floral parings (45%), pressed cheese with the heating (16%), pressed cheeses without heating (11%) and cheeses with spicy pastry (9%).	0.57252
- Što se tiče imidža kozji sirevi koj su najprihvatljiviji, kada bi se merilo na skali od 0 do 10, najprihvatljiviji ssirevi sa cvetnom korom (7,9) presovani sirevi (7,8).	- As for the image, goat cheeses which are acceptable, if the measure is on a scale of 0 to 10, are cheeses with floral parings (7.9), and pressed cheeses (7.8).	1.96591
Okarakterisani su ovom pozicijom kao visokokvalitetni sirevi i pristupačni sirevi za sve potrošače, koji mogu da se konzumiraju svakog dana i svuda.	They are assigned this position due to being highquality cheeses and cheeses which are accessible to all consumers, and which can be consumed every day and everywhere.	0.926983
Kozji sirevi se smatraju visokokvalitetnim sirevima ali su manje pristupačni za sve potrošače, dobijaju ocenu 7,0 . b - Evolucija kozjih sireva : ~~~ U imaginarnom svetu potrošača proizvodnja kozjih sireva nije koncentrisana u jednom posebnom regionu a uslovi proizvodnje su za većinu anketiranih potrošača zanatskog tipa (male eksploatacije, slododne koze na pašnjacima, velika briga uzgajivača o kozama...).	Goat cheeses are considered to be high-quality cheeses but are less accessible to all consumers and therefore evaluated with 7.0. b - The evolution of goat cheese: In the imaginary world of consumers, the production of goat cheese is not concentrated on one particular region and production conditions are for the most of surveyed customers trade-type (small exploitations, free goats in the pasture, large concern of breeders about goats ...).	0.380403
Što se tiče učestalosti potrošnje kozjih sireva : - 37% potrošača konzumira često kozje sireve (1 put nedeljno), - 30 % potrošača konzumira povremeno (1 put mesečno), - 14% potrošača konzumira retko (1 put u 3 meseca).	As far as the frequency of goat cheese consumption: 37% of consumers consume goat cheese often (1 time per week) 30% of consumers consume goat cheese occasionally (1 time per month) 14% of consumers consume cheese rarely (1 time in 3 months).	1.47344
Za potrošače kozji sir se degustira zbog ukusa, sastava, oblika i doprinosa zdravlju.	For consumers, goat cheese is tested for taste, composition, and form and health contribution.	0.919173
Nepotrošači odbacuju kozji sir zbog jakog ukusa, mirisa i sastava. c - Renome i potrošnja raznih kozjih sireva: ~~~ Potrošači citiraju spontano sledeća imena kozjih sireva : ~~~ Chavroux ( 41 %), Chavignol ( 31 %) i Sainte Maure (16 %).	Non-consumers reject the goat cheese because of the strong flavor, aroma and composition. c - Reputation and consumption of various goat cheeses: Consumers quote the following names of goat cheeses spontaneously: Chavroux (41%), Chavignol (31%) and Sainte Maure (16%).	0.164809
Postoji realni potencijal u razvoju potrošnje kozjih sireva.	There is a real potential in the development of goat cheese consumption.	1.59515
Odredjeni koraci treba da se preduzmu kod povremenih potrošača : ~~~ - Raditi na imidžu potrošnje koji treba da se osloni na raznovrsnost asortimana kozjih sireva i na kozu čiji uslovi uzgajanja su prirodni u imaginarnom svetu potrošača.	Certain steps should be taken considering the occasional consumers: - Work on the consumption image, which should rely on a variety of goat cheeses assortment and on the goat for which the breeding conditions are natural in the imaginary world of consumers.	0.41221
- Raditi na tome da kozji sirevi budu pristupačni svim potrošačima, svakodnevno i da ponuda proizvoda bude vrlo bogata raznovrsnim kozjim sirevima.		-0.3
Kada govorimo o marki i njenoj zastupljenosti na tržištu kozjih sireva situacija je sledeća:	- Work on goat cheeses availability to all consumers, on a daily basis and have a product offer with very rich variety of goat cheeses.	0.795181
Soignon zauzima 19,7% količine na godišnjem nivou (zavšetak godine u oktobru 2007), slede Président (5, 8%), Chavroux (4,0%), Saint-Loup (3,8%), Petit Billy (2,9%), Cœur de Lion (2,2% ) i Rians ( 2,2%), dok sirevi pod robnom markom distributera predstavljaju 4 5,8 % ovog tržišta.	In terms of the brand and its presence on the goat cheeses market, the situation is as follows: Soignon occupies 19.7% amount per annum (ending the year in October 2007), and Président (5.8%), Chavroux (4.0%), Saint-Loup (3.8%), Petit Billy (2.9%), Coeur de Lion (2.2%) and Rians (2.2%), while cheeses under the brand name of distributors represent 45.8% of the market.	1.35129
Na bazi napred navedenih podataka, može se zaključiti: ~~~ Da je Francuska lider u proizvodnji i potrošnji kozjih sireva iako poseduje četvrti šeptel (stado) koza u Evropi.	Based on the abovementioned information, it can be concluded: That France is a leader in the production and consumption of goat cheeses, although it owns a fourth flock of goats in Europe.	0.544579
To nam pokazuje da ovo tržište poseduje najbolju iskorišćenost svojih potencijala u resursima kozjeg mleka i proizvodima od kozjeg mleka jer 8 0% francuskog stanovništva konzumira kozje sireve.	This shows that this market has the best utilization of its potentials in resources of goat milk and goats milk products, because 80% of French population consumes goats cheese.	1.18703
Ovo tržište ne zahteva edukaciju potrošača jer tradicija i iskustvo u proizvodnji i potrošnji kozjih sireva su već stečeni od strane potrošača.	This market does not require consumer education because the tradition and experience in production and consumption of goat cheeses have already been acquired by the consumer.	0.78083
To podrazumeva da ovo tržište zahteva visoki kvalitet kozjih sireva jer je veliki poznavalac istih.	This means that this market requires a high Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 quality of goat cheese being a connoiseur of them.	0.896591
Najveći deo francuske proizvodnje kozjih sireva se konzumira u Francuskoj (88%), ostatak se izvozi.	The most part of the French production of goat cheese is consumed in France (88%), and the rest is exported.	1.69318
Prodaju se najviše u supermarketima i hipermarketima (77,9%), a lider na tržištu je marka Soignon (oko 22%).	The cheese is mostly sold in the supermarkets and hypermarkets (77.9%), and the market leader is the Soignon brand (22%).	0.611458
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 1. 3.	1.2.	-0.6
Predlog tržišta Na osnovu prethodnih podataka i analize, mogu se percipirati tržišta za plasman proizvoda od kozjeg mleka. 1.	Market proposal Based on previous data and analysis, markets for placement of goat cheese products can be perceptible.	1.21796
.1.	1.3.1.	0.075
Balkan sko tr ži št e Neophodno je pokriti srpsko tržište kao primarno tržište.	Balkan market It is necessary that the Serbian market as the primary market should be covered first.	0.850685
Takođe, neophodno je plasirati svoje proizvode na tržišta zemalja iz okruženja kao što su Bosna i Hercegovina, Hrvatska, Bugarska, Rumunija, Mađarska, Makedonija i Grčka.	Also, it is necessary thaat these products should be placed to the markets of neighboring countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Macedonia and Greece.	0.882581
Stanovništvo navedenih zemalja poseduje isti ili sličan način potrošnje proizvoda od kozjeg mleka kao i Srbija.	The population of these countries possess the same or similar method of goat milk products consumption as Serbia.	1.69939
Ovo tržište će na osnovu svojih navika u konzumiranju kozjih sireva zahtevati slične proizvode od kozjeg mleka.	This market will require similar products from goats milk based on their habits of goat cheese consumption.	0.94058
Neophodno je pokriti prvo svoje tržište, pa sva ostala tržišta u okruženju.	First, it is necessary to cover our own market, and then all the other markets in the region.	0.731538
Pozicionirati se kao lider ili jedan od lidera na sopstvenom tržištu daje kredibilitet firmi da dobro poznaje svoje matično tržište, kao i svoj proizvod.	Positioning itself as a leader or as one of the leaders on its own market will allow the credibility to a company to be very familiar with the parent market and its product as well.	0.753529
Na balkanskom tržištu će se plasirati sirevi od kozjeg mleka koji nisu jakog, tipičnog ukusa, jer ova populacija potrošača tek treba da se navikne na kozje sireve sa izraženim ukusima.	On the Balkan market, cheeses of goats milk that are not strong, and of typical taste will be placed, because this population of consumers have yet to get used to goat cheeses with strong flavors.	0.977419
Neophodna je proizvodnja blagih kozjih sireva.	It is necessary to produce mild goat cheeses.	1.13407
Ne treba zaboraviti da je kupovna moć ovog tržišta srednja, a navika o potrošnji kozjih sireva nije razvijena.	It should not be forgotten that the purchasing power of this market is on the middle level and habits of goat cheese consumption are not yet developed.	1.16165
Srbija može da sledi primer Francuske u razvoju proizvodnje kozjih sireva i na taj način postane lider na balkanskom tržištu.	Serbia can follow the example of France in the development of goat cheese production and thus become a leader on the Balkan market.	1.29727
Srpsko tržište može postati promoter ostalih balkanskih sireva, kada za to budu ispunjeni uslovi, a pod uslovom da kontroliše kvalitet proizvodnje. 1.	The Serbian market can become a promoter of other Balkan cheeses, when conditions are met, under the condition to control the production quality.	1.44972
3.2.	1.3.2.	0.18
F rancus ko - Evrops ko tržiš te Francuska je najveće tržište u proizvodnji i potrošnji svih vrsta sireva.	French - European market France is the largest market in the production and consumption of all types of cheeses.	1.2
Kozji sirevi se najviše konzumiraju u Francuskoj koja poseduje primat, iskustvo i tradiciju u proizvodnji i plasiranju svojih proizvoda.	Goat cheeses are mostly consumed in France, which has the primacy, experience and tradition in the production and placement of its products.	1.35
Francuska je takođe poznata po vinu i pecivu koji utiču na psihologiju potrošača na svim kontinentima.	France is also famous for its wine and pastry which influences the psychology of consumers on all continents.	1.00262
Razvijajući sliku dobre hrane, Francuska je danas referenca za sve zemlje koje žele da plasiraju ili promovišu svoju hranu.	Developing a picture of good food, France is today a reference for all countries that wish to sell or promote their food.	1.47624
Sa takvim imidžom Francuska je vrlo brzo uticala prvo na zemlje iz svog okruženja i na taj način uspela da plasira svoje proizvode.	With this image France influenced very fast first the countries from its environment and thus managed to place its products.	1.28019
Prva zemlja prema kojoj je orijentisan izvoz francuskih sireva je Nemačka (visoka kupovna moć, veliki broj stanovnika).	Germany is the first country toward which the export of French cheeses is orientated (high purchasing power, large population).	0.788679
Raznovrsnost francuskih sireva pruža veliku mogućnost za plasman sireva, jer ovaj tip potrošača ne poseduje predrasude o ukusu kozjih sireva.	The diversity of French cheeses provides a great opportunity for cheese placement, because this type of consumers have no preconceptions about the taste of goat cheese.	0.831271
Ovo tržište treba zadovoljiti kvalitetnim asortimanom kozjih sireva tipičnog, srednje jakog ukusa ali poštujući oblike i odredjene karakteristike.	This market should meet the quality assortment of goat cheeses with typical, medium-strong flavor but with the respect of certain shapes and characteristics.	0.771462
Ovo tržište poseduje visoku kupovnu moć, iskustvo i nasleđe u konzumiranju ove vrste sireva, tako da je najbolji indikator uspeha ili neuspeha u plasmanu novih proizvoda.	This market has high purchasing power, experience and heritage in the consumption of these types of cheeses, which is the best indicator of success or failure of new products placement.	1.286
Francuska je pokretač razvoja potrošnje kozjih sireva i najbolji je primer uspeha u ovom domenu.	France is the driver of development of goat cheese consumption and the best example of success in this area.	1.40382
Pozicioniranje srpskih kozjih sireva na francusko tržište bi bio vrlo bitan strateški potez, jer, kako je navedeno tržište osvojeno, ostala EU tržišta bi pratila trend francuskog tržišta.	The positioning of the Serbian goat cheeses on the French market would be a very important strategic move, because if that market is won, other EU markets would follow the trend of the French market.	0.50525
Na taj način Francuska može biti najbolji promoter srpskih kozjih sireva, ne samo na svojoj teritoriji već i u drugim zemljama EU.	In this way France can be the best promoter of Serbian goat cheeses, not only on its territory but also in other EU countries.	1.70882
Srpska firma koja želi da se pozicionira na francus kom i evropskom tržištu susretala bi se sa određenim problemima, koje bi rešavala u saradnji sa francuskim firmama, jer one već poseduju veliko iskustv u plasmanu navedenih proizvoda.	A Serbian company that wants to position itself on the French and European market would encounter certain problems, which would be solved in cooperation with French companies, because they already have extensive experience in the placement of these products.	0.909734
Neophodno je stupiti u kontakt i sarađivati sa francuskim udruženjima i francuskim firmama koje bi bile savetnici i partneri za plasman srpskih kozjih sireva.	It is necessary to contact and cooperate with the French associations of French companies which would be advisors and partners for the placement of Serbian goat cheese.	0.64913
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 LITER AT URA [1] H. Evan Drummond, John Wgoodwin, ( 2001).	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 LITERATURE [1] H. Evan Drummond, John Wgoodwin, (2001).	1.88529
Agricultural Economics.	Agricultural Economics.	2.3
New Yersey: ~~~ Prentice Hall [2] Republički zavod za statistiku, Uprava carina, Industrijska i potrošnja za ljudsku ishranu, izračunati po metodi USAID, gubitak procenjen [3] Radosavljević, K. (2008).	New Yersey: Prentice Hall [2] Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Customs Administration, Industrial and expenditures for human food consumption, calculated according to the USAID method, loss evaluated [3] Radosavljevic, K. (2008).	0.376037
Analiza kanala marketinga maline na primeru Zadruge Arilje i fabrike Jugp rom d.o.o. ~~~ Management, br. 49-50, 63-72 [4] Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede. (2009).	Analysis of Raspberry Marketing Channel, example of Arilje Cooperative and Jugoprom d.o.o. factory, Management No. 49-50, 63-72 [4] The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Power Management (2009).	0.464535
Poljoprivreda 2009 Retrieved from http://www.mpt.gov.rs/ [5] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2009).	Agriculture 2009 Retrieved from http://www.mpt.gov.rs/ [5] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ~~~ (2009).	2.18689
Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department 2009 Retrieved from http://www.fao.org [6] Agrar. ( 2 009).	Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department 2009 Retrieved from http://www.fao.org [6] Agrar. ~~~ (2009).	1.36293
Kozarstvo u Srbiji 2009 Retrieved from http://www.poljoprivreda.co.rs [7] Discover French Goat cheeses. (2009).	Goat breeding in Serbia 2009 Retrieved from http://www.poljoprivreda.co.rs [7] Discover French Goat s cheeses.	4.57959
Goats Cheeses by shape 2009 Retrieved from http://www.fromagesdechevre.com [8] Maison du Lait. (2009).	(2009). ~~~ Goats Cheeses by shape 2009 Retrieved from http://www.fro magesdechevre.com [8] Maison du Lait.	2.13036
Des produit et services documentaires 2009 Retrieved from http://www.mais on-du-lait.com [9] Le Lait une ressource essentielle. (200 9 ) Le Lait une ressource essentielle 2009 Retrieved from http://www.lactalis.fr. [10] Le fromage de vache. (2009) Le fromage de vache 2009 Retrieved from http://www.eurial poitouraine.fr Primljen:	(2009). ~~~ Des produit et services documentaires 2009 Retrieved from http://www.maison du-lait.com [9] Le Lait une ressource essentielle. (2009) ~~~ Le Lait une ressource essentielle 2009 Retrieved from http://www.lactalis.fr. [10] ~~~ Le fromage de vache. (2009) ~~~ Le fromage de vache 2009 Retrieved from http://www.eurial-poitouraine.fr Receieved: 04. ~~~ 2009.	0.18448
April 2009.	Accepted: 01.	0.245455
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Januar 2012. O autoru Katica Radosavljević Univerzitet u Beogradu, Ekonomski fakultet e-mail: katica@ekof.bg.ac.rs Katica Radosavljević je rođena 16. jula 1975. godine u Geteborgu, Kraljevina Švedska.	About the Author Katica Radosavljević University of Belgrade, Faculty of Eeconomics e-mail: katica@ekof.bg.ac.rs Katica Radosavljević was born on 16 July, 1975 in Gothenburg, Sweden.	1.34481
Od 2000. godine zaposlena na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Beogradu.	Since 2000, She has been employed at the Faculty of Economics University of Belgrade.	0.494444
Bila je rukovodilac dva projekta iz oblasti procene vrednosti kapitala preduzeća i saradnik na većem broju projekata, između ostalog: «Tržišna analiza opravdanosti izgradnje veletržnice na ciljnoj mikrolokaciji», i na rojektu Ministarstva za nauku, tehnologiju i razvoj Republike Srbije «Planiranje i upravljanje održivim razvojem u uslovima prelaska na tržišnu privredu institucionalno prilagođavanje praksi i standardima Evropske unije» i «Strategija razvoja turizma Republike Srbije».	She was a manager of two projects related to the valuation of corporate capital. ~~~ She also assisted on numerous projects, among others: Market Analysis for Construction of Wholesale Markets on the Target Micro-location, project of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Development, Republic of Serbia Planning and Management of Sustainable Development in Conditions of Transition to Market Economy - institutional adaptation to EU practices and standards and Tourism Development Strategy of the Republic of Serbia .	0.163276
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Gordana Milosavljević, Zorica Tanasković Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Tran zi ci ja i oču va nje po sla u Sr bi ji UDK: ~~~ 330.341.2 ; 005.96 DOI: ~~~ fon.2011. ~~~ (english version) Tranzicija u bivšim socijalističkim zemljama, kao pojava sa kraja XX veka promenila je sudbinu i dalje tokove privrednih aktivnosti preduzeća i drugih poslovno orijentisanih subjekata.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Gordana Milosavljević, Zorica Tanasković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Transition and Job Maintainance in Serbia UDC: 330.341.2 ; 005.96 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2011.0003 As a 20th century phenomenon, transition in the former socialist countries has changed the prospects and the further flows of economic activities of the companies and other business oriented entities.	0.0135013
Od 1990. godine privatizacija je kao proces postala kategorija epohalnih promena u društveno političkom i ekonomskom pogledu.	Since 1990, privatisation as a process has become a category of paramount changes in both socio-political and economic aspects.	0.961212
Ekonomski smisao tranzicije je da stvori uspešnu, konkurentnu i sposobnu privredu, kojom bi se zemlje sa socijalističkim mehanizmima privredjivanja, transformisale u potpunu tržišnu ekonomiju.	The economic purpose of transition is to develop a successful, competitive and capable economy that will transform the countries with socialist economic mechanisms into completely market economies.	0.656512
Ključne reči: tranzicija, ljudski resursi, organizacija, privredni razvoj, ekonomski razvoj, zapoščjavanje, stres. 1.	Key words: transition, human resources, organization, economic development, industrial development, employment, stress. ~~~ 1.	0.460162
Uvod Samoupravni privredni sistem u socijalističkim zemljama nije uspeo da obezbedi adekvatan privredni razvoj, čime su privredno sistemske promene postale nužnost.	Introduction The self-management economic system in the socialist countries did not succeed in ensuring an adequate economic development, hence the systems change in economy has become indispensable.	1.33821
To znači da privrede nekadašnjih socijalističkih zemalja imaju potrebu da se pre svega vlasnički transformišu, radi razgraničavanja prava svojine i odlučivanja po osnovu tog prava, i da se uključe u globalnu konkurenciju sa novim pravilima igre, uz jasno utvrdjene ciljeve i strategije sopstvenog razvoja.	This means that the economies of once socialist countries need to be transformed primarily in the sense of ownership, in order that they can define the rights of ownership and decision-making on the basis of this right, and then to take part in the global competition, playing by new rules, with clearly defined goals and strategies of their own development.	1.00123
To ujedno postaje jedno od važnijih pitanja za utvrdjivanje značaja tranzicije u cilju stvaranja novih strategija, kojima je potrebno pokrenuti privredni rast i razvoj.	Simultaneously, this becomes one of major issues in assessing the importance of transition for the purpose of forming new strategies to be the drivers of economic growth and development.	1.1177
U procesu tranzicije veoma je važan pravilan i kvalitetan izbor strategija za uspešnu implementaciju utvrdjenih ciljeva i poslovanja preduzeća.	Very important in the transition process is an adequate and quality selection of strategies for a successful implementation of the set goals and business activities of the company.	1.44186
Utvrdjivanje odnosa izmedju tranzicije i razvoja preduzeća je od vitalnog značaja za donošenje odredjenih strategija radi postizanja boljeg i bržeg razvoja.	Defining a relation between transition and the company development is of vital importance in forming strategies for achieving a better and faster development.	1.10942
Tranzicija treba da izazove niz serijskih promena i da pomogne u uspostavljanju novih, boljih mehanizama privredjivanja.	Transition is expected to incite a succession of sequential changes and aid in establishing new, more efficient mechanisms of economic activities.	0.946448
Ona predstavlja preko potreban element u izgradnji tržišne privrede, jer jedino jasni vlasnički odnosi omogućavaju automoniju preduzeća u donošenju poslovnih odluka.	It is an indispensable constituent of market economy, since it is only the clear ownership relations that allow for a company to be autonomous in its decision making.	0.956104
Pojam tranzicija znači prelaz ili prelazak.	The notion of transition means passage or transfer.	1.11964
Posmatrajući sa ekonomskog aspekta ovaj pojam podrazumeva prelazak jednog sistema u drugi, i to iz netržišnog u tržišni koncept privredjivanja.	From an economic point of view, this notion means a passage from one system into another, from a non-market to a market concept of economic operations.	0.864342
Proces tranzicije istočnoevropskih zemalja počeo je devedesetih godina prošlog veka..	The transition process in the East European countries bagan in the 1990s.	1.03723
To je težak proces, pun neizvesnosti i kontroverznosti.	It is a difficult process, burdened by uncertainty and controversy.	0.579333
Sam proces tranzicije iz socijalističkih privreda u tržišnu, znači prelazak sa državne ili društvene svojine, samoupravnog-centralističkog planiranja i birokratske uprave i kontrole u privatnu svojinu, slobodno tržište i samostalno preduzetništvo.	The process itself of transition from socialist type of economy into market economy means the transition from state and social ownership, from self-management-centralized planning and bureaucratic management and control into private ownership, free market and individual entrepreneurship.	1.2363
Druga osnova za uspešan prelazak na tržišnu privredu je promena na mikroekonomskom nivou, odnosno na nivou preduzeća (samostalnost u poslovanju, ukidanje državnog monopola proizvodnje, nestanak centralnog planiranja tržišta i liberalizacija trgovine).	The other basis for a successful transition to market economy is the change on the microeconomic level, namely, on the level of the company (autonomy in business, abolishing the state monopoly in production, doing away with the centralized planning of the market and the liberalization of trade).	1.20868
Gotovo sve zemlje u tranziciji imaju nestabilne makroekonomske prilike i moraju da teže stabilizovanju odnosa u svojim privredama.	Nearly all transition countries are characterised by volatile macroeconomic conditions and tend to stabilize the relations in their economies.	0.747597
Nestabilnost je posebno izražena u monetarnoj politici država i uzrokovana je pojavom visokih inflacija.	This volatility is especially characteristic of the monetary policy of the states and its causes lie in high inflations.	0.871277
Ona je posledica debalansa mnogih aktivnosti (visoka budžetska potrošnja, nerealan kurs nacionalnih valuta).	It is a result of a disbalance in numerous activities (high budgetary expenditures, unrealistic exchange rates of national currencies).	0.885281
Prema dosadašnjim iskustvima proces tranzicije je u prvim fazama pokazao destruktivnost, koja se odlikuje smanjenjem obima proizvodnje, smanjenjem zaposlenosti i padom životnog standarda.	According to the experiences fo far, the transition process has in its early phases shown its destructive nature, reflected in the decrease in the scope of production, the decrease in employment and the fall in the Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 standard of living).	1.65
To potvrđuje i činjenica da su zemlje jugoistočne Evrope, koje su inače najnerazvijeniji deo ovog prostora, u decenijskom Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 tranzicionom procesu uspele da ostvare samo oko 75% dohotka od onog koji su imale u predtranzicijskom modelu poslovanja.	This is corroborated by the fact that in this decade of transition process, the East European countries, the least developed section of this region, have managed to achieve only around 75% of the inclome they used to achieve in the pre-transition business model.	0.581181
Ovo je prouzrokovalo porast nezaposlenosti i pad životnog standarda.	This resulted into the rise of unemployment and the fall of the living standard.	0.570968
Prema podacima Svetske banke, kupovna moć ovih zemalja u odnosu na razvijeniji deo centralne Evrope, obračunat na bazi pariteta, iznosi 33% proseka tih država.	According to the data reported by the World Bank, the purchasing power of these countries, in comparison with that of the more developed regions of Central Europe, amounts to 33% of the average power of these countries, calculated on the parity basis.	1.10786
Podaci dalje govore da je nakon osam godina (1990.-1998.), dohodak zemalja u tranziciji u tom delu Evrope pao na 24%.	The data further show that in eight years (1990-1998) the income of the countries in transition fell to 24%.	1.02363
Prema tome, po proračunima Institute of Economic Sciences (Institut ekonomskih nauka) zemljama jugoistočne Evrope bilo bi potrebno punih 50 godina kontinuiranog rasta bruto domaćeg proizvoda u visini od 5% na godišnjem nivou da bi dostigle prosek koji trenutno imaju zemlje Evropske Unije.	Furthermore, according to the Institute of Economic Sciences calculations, it will take the East European countries full 50 years of a continual 5% growth in the gross domestic product to reach the average income enjoyed by the European Union members at present.	1.93253
Nivo BDP (bruto društveni proizvod) u zemljama u tranziciji ni posle više od čitave decenije nije dostigao visinu koju je imao na početku reformi (tabela 2.3).	After more than a decade, the GDP level in the transition countries has not yet reached the level it was on at the beginning of the reforms (Table 2.3).	0.821956
Retke su države kojima je pošlo za rukom da u tom periodu dostignu nivo postojećeg razvoja pre ulaska u restruktuiranje privrede (Češka, Mađarska, Slovenija Slovačka, Poljska), kao polazne osnove za dalji razvoj zasnovan na novim tržišnim principima.	Rare are the countries that succeeded in achieving the level of development they had before they entered the economy restructuring processes (the Czeck Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland), as a starting point for further development based on new market principles.	0.835221
Očigledno je da ovaj proces zahteva više vremena nego što su kreatori promena u samom startu očekivali i da je tranzicija mnogo teži posao od očekivanog. 2.	It is obvious that this process requires more time than the creators of change expected at the start and that transition is by far a more difficult job than it was supposed to be.	0.920959
Tran zi ci ja i pro me ne u kom pa ni ji Istraživanje u ovom radu je pokazalo da među gubitnicima u tranziciji dominiraju ljudi između 40 i 50 godina starosti, niže kvalifikacione strukture, tradicionalnih zanimanja zastarele tehnologije, a tržište je izgubljeno i za rutinske zaposlene.	2. ~~~ Transition and changes in the company According to the research presented in this paper, the dominant population of loosers in transition are people between 40 and 50 years of age, those of lower qualification profile, traditional occupations characterised by obsolete technology; there is no longer a market for routine employees, either.	0.662097
Nekada, ljudi su se zapošljavali očekujući da dobiju posao do kraja radnog veka i za većinu njih takva očekivanja su se pretvorila u realnost.	People used to be employed expecting to maintain the same job until the end of their working life and for a majority of them such expectations came to be realized.	0.636
Međutim, od sedamdesetih godina prošlog veka došlo je do velikih promena po ovom pitanju.	Since the 1970s, however, there have been a lot of changes in this domain.	0.812903
Poslovi su postali vrlo konkurentni, a mnogi rutinski i nekvalifikovani poslovi su nestali.	Jobs have become highly competitive, and many a routine and unskilled job has become extinct.	0.514286
U takvoj situaciji koncept posla za ceo život se polako gubi i izumire.	In such a situation, the concept of a job for a lifetime slowly fades and is abandoned.	0.674473
Stvaranje i održavanje prednosti nad konkurencijom postali su prioritet kompanija.	The creation and maintenance of the advantage over the competition have become a priority with the companies.	1.04218
U takvim uslovima, a u želji da zadrže vođstvo ili da opstanu, kompanije su se fokusirale na četiri ključne oblasti: ~~~ - Potreba za diversifikacijom, - Potreba za konstantnom revizijom organizacione strukture i potreba zaposlenih, - Potreba za najboljim mogućim korišćenjem tehnologije i - Potreba za usredsređivanjem na klijente.	In such conditions, and in an effort to maintain the leadership or to survive, companies focus upon the four key domains: The need to diversify; The need to constantly review the organizational structure and the employees needs; The need to implement technology in the best possible manner; and The need to focus upon clients.	0.403392
U procesu globalizacije, tržište ljudskih resursa postaje sve dinamičnije.	In the globalization process, the human resource market becomes increasingly dynamic.	1.17429
Turbulentne promene u poslovnom okruženju zahtevaju odgovarajući strategijski pristup, odnosno stratregijsko ponašanje kompanije kao univerzalnog poslovnog sistema.	The turbulent changes in the business environment require an adequate strategic approach, that is, a strategic behaviour of a company as a universal business system.	1.11221
Shodno tome, znanje postaje najvažniji resurs i ključni faktor poslovnog uspeha.	Accordingly, knowledge becomes the most important resource and a key factor of business success.	1.25479
Polazeći od strategijskog pristupa, savremene kompanije kontinualno proučavaju tržište ljudskih resursa u kontekstu globalnog tržišta i poslovnog okruženja.	Starting from a strategic approach, modern companies conduct a continual study of the human resource market in the global market and the business environment contexts.	1.08322
Na toj osnovi, kompanije obezbeđuju odgovarajuće informacije za donošenje racionalnih odluka i ostvaruju fleksibilno prilagođavanje uslovima i promenama u globalnom okruženju.	Thus companies gather adequate information necessary in making rational decisions and in being flexible in adjusting to the conditions and change in a global environment.	1.63506
Iz ovoga proizilazi da postojeći i novi zaposleni moraju da usvajaju nova znanja, veštine i perspektive na trajnoj osnovi , kao i da se stvara potreba da pojedinci upravljaju svojim učenjem i karijerama.	The present and newly employed therefore will have to master new knowledge, skills and prospects on a permanent basis, and it will be required that individuals should manage their learning and careers.	0.747528
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 3. ko li ko je čvrst ot por pro me na ma Tradicionalne teorije stavljaju naglasak na stručno usavršavanje zaposlenih u različitim hijerarhijskim strukturama.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 3. ~~~ How firm is resistance to change Traditional theories highlight the importance of the training of emplyees in different hierarchical structures.	0.244737
To je logična posledica odsustva strategijskog pristupa u teoriji menadžmenta, gde je ljudski faktor zapostavljen, a zaposleni nisu motivisani da ulažu napore za postizanje optimalnih rezultata i nisu motivisani za obuku i razvoj.	This is a logical consequence of the absence of a strategic approach in the management theory where the human factor is neglected and the employees are not motivated to make efforts to achieve optimum results, nor are they motivated to undergo training and development.	1.32169
U tradicionalnim kompanijama se ne uočava uzročno-posledična veza između ostvarenja individualnih i organizacionih ciljeva.	The causality between the achievement of individual and organizational goals is not characteristic of traditional companies.	0.686364
Zaposleni obuku doživljavaju kao nametnutu obavezu, a ne kao način da maksimalno ostvare svoje potencijale i ne uočavaju da poboljšanjem svojih performansi i inoviranjem znanja doprinose boljim poslovnim rezultatima kompanije kojoj pripadaju.	The employees experience training as an enforced obligation, rather than a way to fully express their potentials and they do not view the improvement of their performance and knowledge innovation as a contribution to higher business results of the company they are employed in.	1.00088
Obuka u takvim kompanijama je ad-hoc proces koji ne proizilazi iz ciljeva i strategija, nego je isključivo u domenu odgovornosti operativnih nivoa.	The training in such companies is an ad-hoc process that does not stem from goals and strategies, but is exclusively in the domain of the operational levels responsibility.	1.6926
Obuka u tradicionalnom menadžmentu je jednokratan proces koji se odvija povremeno, najčešće kada nastanu ili se uoče poslovni problemi za koje se smatra da se mogu ublažiti ili rešiti organizovanjem obuke, kurseva ili seminara za neke zaposlene.	Training in traditional companies is a one-time process that is organized periodically, most often when business problems arise or are perceived and it is assumed that they are possible to mitigate or solve through the organization of training, courses or seminars for certain employees.	1.28761
Činjenica je da promene koje se dešavaju u svim segmentima počinju da utiču na odnos prema obuci i razvoju zaposlenih i na uočavanje potrebe za stalnim inoviranjem znanja.	The fact is that the change that is present in all segments starts to affect the general attitude towards employee training and development, as well as towards the need for a permanent innovation of knowledge.	0.86869
U društvu znanja ljudski faktor je glavni resurs koji doprinosi rastu i razvoju.	In the knowledge society, human factor is the major resource that contributes to growth and development.	1.71429
Ipak i pored toga postoje brojne predrasude u vezi sa obukom i razvojem ljudi, što se izražava kroz različite stavove: ~~~ 1.	There still exists, however, a lot of prejudice as regards human resource training and development, expressed through various attitudes: 1.	0.0518024
Obuka je skupa, 2.	Training is expensive; 2.	1.36875
Obuka je za mlade profesionalce, 3.	Training is meant for young professionals; 3.	1.49862
Razvijanje i veština treba da budu odgovornost direktora za obuku kadrova, 4.	Development and skill should be the responsibility of the personnel training director; 4.	1.17896
Ne vredi obučavati one koji će i tako otići iz kompanije, 5.	It is not worth training the employees that will leave the company anyway, 5.	0.924383
Obuka ne vredi probali smo i nismo uspeli, 6.	Training is not worthwhile we tried and we did not succeed; 6.	1.08947
Razvoj znanja treba da se fokusira prvenstveno na tehničke stvari, 7.	Development of knowledge should focus primarily on technical issues; 7.	1.6538
Obuka se može primeniti bez promene menadžmenta.	Training can be implemented without the change of management.	1.365
Svaki od ovih stavova je rezultat tradicionalnog poimanja uloge zaposlenih u kompaniji.	Each of the above attitudes is a result of the traditional understanding of the employee role in the company.	1.62617
Danas su ovi stavovi prevaziđeni, kada je znanje kojim raspolažu pojedinci i kompanije najpresudniji faktor opstanka. 4.	These attitudes are outdated today, when the knowledge of individuals and companies prove to be the most decisive factor of survival.	1.28037
Ka ko ići u ko rak sa pro me na ma U kompanijama su svi zaposleni prinuđeni da uče i savladaju nova znanja brzinom kojom se dešavaju promene.	4. ~~~ How can we keep pace with change All the employees in the company are forced to learn and master new knowledge in step with the change.	0.322523
U današnjem vremenu, u jednom pravom preduzetničkom društvu, pojedinci moraju da uče nove stvari i daleko posle ulaska u zrelo doba.	Nowadays, is a truly entrepreneurial society, individuals have to learn new things long after they have become adults.	0.887461
Praksa pokazuje da ljudi češće napuštaju one kompanije koje ne brinu o obrazovanju, dok se dugotrajnije i čvršće vezuju za one kompanije, koje vrše značajno ulaganje u razvoj ljudskih resursa i obezbeđuju mu priliku da pomere granice znanja i sposobnosti.	Practice shows that people generally leave those companies that do not pay due attention to education, whereas they are longer and closer tied to the companies that invest considerably into the human resource development and give people an opportunity to broaden the boundaries of their knowledge and skills.	0.985452
U savremenoj kompaniji se ide i dalje od koncepta obuke i obezbeđivanja stručnih znanja i obezbeđuju se uslovi za lični razvoj ljudskih resursa i unapređivanje veština i znanja koja direktno utiču na zdravlje i kvalitet života pojedinca, a tek onda, indirektno na poslovne rezultate.	The modern company makes a step further from the concept of education and the provision of expert knowledge to ensure the conditions for the personal development of human resources and the improvement of their skills and knowledge that directly affect the health and the quality of living of an individual, while indirectly affecting business performance.	1.16948
Važnost informacije, znanja i, najzad, čoveka kao pojedinca nosioca društvenog razvoja, trajan su i obezbeđujući trend modernpog doba.	The importance of information, knowledge, and, finally, man as an individual agent in human development prove to be a lasting and permanent trend of the modern age.	0.892555
Tvrdnja da su ljudi naš do sada najveći neiskorišćen resurs često se čuje i ima za rezultat da sve veće kompanije permanentno sprovode neki vid obuke.	It is an often heard assumption that people are our largest unexploited resource so far, resulting into larger companies permanently conducting some sort of training or other.	0.928321
Od suštinskog je značaja sama filozofija i koncepcija menadžmenta u tim kompanijama da bi obuka i razvoj mogli u potpunosti da doprinesu uspehu i opstanku, odnosno postizanju i održavanju konkurentske prednosti.	Of essential importance for the training and development to be able to fully contribute to success and survival, that is, achieving and maintaining the competitive advantage, is the very philosophy and concept of the management in these companies.	0.915927
Obuka i razvoj ljudskih resursa ostvaruju se kao posledica, ali i kao uzrok promena u sistemu menadžmenta.	Human resource training and development are a consequance, rather than cause of change in the management system.	0.783696
Ova uzročno-posledična interakcija istovremeno prati promene u poslovnom okruženju.	This causality interaction is simultaneously characteristic of the change in the business environment.	0.85443
U toku tranzicije u društvo znanja, za pojedince, kompanije i države prihvatanje koncepta doživotnog učenja postaje imperativ.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 In the course of the transition into a knowledge society both individuals, companies and states find the adoption of the lifelong learning concept to be imperative.	0.927246
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Uspešna učeća kompanija je sposobna da privuče i zadrži najtalentovanije ljude, da ih uključi u sve procese i da ih motiviše da generišu i razmenjuju znanje, a za uzvrat im omogućava da održavaju i poboljšavaju svoje individualne profesionalne veštine.	A successful learning company is capable of recruiting and retaining most talented people, to include them into all the processes and motivate them to generate and exchange knowledge, making it possible for them to maintain and improve their individual professional skills in return.	0.730165
Njoj je svojstvena odgovarajuća filozofija i koncepcija menadžmenta, odnosno menadžmenta ljudskih resursa, koja razvija poverenje i ohrabruje, pomaže i podstiče zaposlene na ostvarivanje organizacionih ciljeva i koja identifikuje, procenjuje, nagrađuje i razvija performanse koje čine jezgro uspeha kompanije.	Characteristic of it is a philosophy and concept of management, that is, of human resource management that fosters trust and encourages and supports the employees in achieving organizational goals and that identifies, assesses, rewards and developes performances that are the core of the companys success.	1.04862
Menadžment ljudskih resursa, kao integralna funkcija globalnog menadžmenta, ima zadatak da istražuje i definiše, odnosno nastoji da razjasni šta je to što organizaciju čini jedinstvenom na tržištu.	As an integral function of global management, human resource management has a task to explore and define, that is, try to explain what it is that makes the organization unique on the market.	1.11563
Koncept učeće kompanije je jedno od uporišta menadžmenta ljudskih resursa koje omogućava istovremeno fokusiranje na dve primarne oblasti: učenje i radno mesto koje to omogućava, odnosno, kontekst u kome se učenje odvija.	The concept of a learning company is one of the footholds of human resource management that allows for a simultaneous focus upon two primary areas: learning and the job position that enables it, i.e., the context in which learning takes place.	1.38182
Da bi kompanija išla u korak sa promenama, potrebno je da iz temelja redefiniše postulate na kojima počiva, da promeni filozofsku i konceptualnu dimenziju menadžmenta i da zaista zaposlenima da primarnu ulogu i obezbedi ambijent u kome će oni učiti i raditi.	In order that the company should keep pace with change, it is necessary that it should radically redefine the postulates it exists on, change the philosophical and conceptual dimension of management, treats its employees as its primary concern and provide the milieu in which they will learn and work.	0.678426
Kompanija koja uči ne može se izgraditi odjednom, već zahteva dugoročnu strategiju.	The learning company cannot be built at once; this process requires a long-term strategy.	0.761538
Pretpostavka je da je svako učenje, šta god da se uči, dobro, ali je vrednost učenja u rezultatima do kojih dovodi.	It is assumed that any learning, whatever is being learned in the process, is good, however, the value of learning is in the results it brings.	1.06118
Dakle, učenje samo po sebi predstavlja sredstvo, a ne cilj.	Learning per se, therefore, is a means, not an end.	0.782664
Posmatranjem i sasvim površnom analizom poslovnog okruženja, uočljivo je da danas pobeđuju, uslovno rečeno pametne kompanije.(G. Milosavljević, 2008.) 5.	Observation and even a quite superficial analysis of a business environment show that it is smart companies who lead today. ~~~ (G. Milosavljević, 2008). ~~~ 5.	-0.108397
Šta nas spre ča va da se pro me ni mo Michael Green, konsultant na polju menadžment promena, u svom radu Praktični pristup susretu poslovnih potreba u budućnosti (1982) naveo je osam specifičnih smetnji promenama u organizaciji, i to: ~~~ Nepostojanje vizije i misije.	What prevents us from changing In his work A Practical Approach to Meeting Business Needs in the Future (1982) Michael Green, a change management consultant, lists eight specific obstacles to organizational change, and these are as follows: Lack of vision and mission.	0.185526
Ako organizacija nema viziju, nema osećaj šta želi da stvori, onda nema nade da će inspirisati svoj menadžment ili zaposlene da prihvate zadate promene.	If an organization lacks a vision, if it lacks a feeling of what it wishes to create, there is no hope that it will inspire its management and the employees to adopt the enforced change.	0.98
Bez vizije ne postoji pravac.	There is no orientation without a vision.	0.184615
Bez misije, ne postoji svrha.	There is no purpose without a mission.	0.219231
Nedostatak društvenih vrednosti.	Lack of social values.	1.62
Kako želimo da delujemo, dosledno u svojoj misiji, i ujedno težimo ispunjenju naše vizije?	How do we wish to act, to be consistent in our mission, and at the same time tend to fulfill our vision?	0.688889
Svaka organizacija mora da ima određeni set vodećih principa po kojima se proces rada obavlja svakodnevno.	Every organization has to have a set of leading principles on which it conducts a daily work process.	1.32706
Oni mogu sadržati integritet, duh partnerstva, kontrolu troškova i inovacije.	These principles may include integrity, the partnership spirit, the cost control and innovation.	0.240845
Kakvi god da su, sigurno je, da bez njih, ne možete imati pravilno vođen biznis.	Whatever they are like, it is certain that you cannot have an appropriately conducted business without them.	0.758152
U stvari, bez zajedničkog i odgovarajućeg seta vodećih principa, praviće se različiti poslovi na različite načine, što će voditi ka nedoslednosti u poslovanju i konfliktu.	In fact, without a common and adequate set of leading principles, different jobs will be performed in different ways, which will result in inconsistency in business as well as in conflict.	1.56541
Nedostatak uravnoteženosti.	Lack of balance.	1.04
Dešava se da kada cilj pojedinca ili grupe nije fokusiran na ukupni zajednički uspeh.	Balance is absent when the goal of an individual or a group is not focused upon the entire mutual success.	0.848
Kada zaposleni ne rade za zajedničku viziju ili zajednički cilj, efikasnost i efektivnost kompanije opada i izaziva velike troškove.	When the employees do not work towards a common vision or a common goal, the companys efficiency and effectiveness fall and incurr large costs.	1.79237
Nedostatak prilagodljivosti.	Lack of adaptability.	1.18
Ako postoji set značajnih vrednosti ili vodećih principa onda zaposleni moraju da se ponašaju u saglasnosti sa njima.	If there is a set of important values or leading principles, the employees are expected to act in accordance with these.	1.39635
Oslanjanje na njih i verovanje u ispravnost odluka je potvrda da će oni moći da se pouzdaju u druge da rade isto.	Relying on these principles and the belief that their decisions are the right ones is a proof that they will be able to rely on others to do the same.	0.345172
Podešavanje i prilagođavanje doprinosi pouzdanosti, trajnosti, povezanosti i celovitosti.	Adjustment and adapting contributes to reliability, permanence, connectiveness and completeness.	0.585714
Nedostatak menadžerske sposobnosti.	Lack of management skills.	0.9125
Ako je brzina promena velika tada se javlja potreba za novom generacijom menadžera koji moraju posedovati sposobnost da pridobiju i motivišu zaposlene za svoje strateške vizije. ~~~ Najveća timska neefikasnost.	If the speed of change is high, a need emerges for a younger generation of managers capable of recruiting and motivating the employees for their strategic visions to step in. Extreeme team inefficiency.	0.207799
Sve više organizacija kreće se ka manjoj hijerarhiji, većoj fleksibilnosti radnih zadataka, i porastu potrebe timskog rada.	An increasing number of organizations are oriented towards lower hierarchy, higher flexibility of work tasks, and a greater need for team work.	0.767568
Kao uvek kod smene menadžmenta, rad top menadžera je od najvećeg praktičnog i simboličnog interesa.	As always, in case of the change in management, the work of the top manager is of the greatest practical and symbolic interest.	1.37555
Individualna neefikasnost.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Individual inefficiency.	-0.3
Okolnosti kada pojedinac pokazuje neefektivnost u brzini postizanja organizacionog cilja: položaj problema, nedostatak sposobnosti, konflikti među osobljem, nedostatak samopouzdanja, a član je menadžerskog tima onda on postaje prepreka procesa.	The circumstances in which an individual proves ineffective in the speed at which he/she achieves the organizational goal (the position of the problem, lack of skill, conflicts among personnel, lack of self-confidence) but is a member of the management team.	1.29864
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Protivljenje osoblja promenama.	It is then that he/she becomes an obstacle to the process. ~~~ Employee resistance to change.	0.00535714
Postoji mnogo dokumentacije o odupiranju promenama i načina da se to reši.	There is plenty of evidence concerning resistance to change and the methods to solve the problem.	0.684266
Istraživanja su pokazala da jedanput utvrđene vizija i vrednosti koje su na pravom mestu, opredeljuju način na koji se borimo sa odupiranjem promenama.	Research have shown that once defined right vision and values define the method in which resistance to change is dealt with.	0.765455
Ako jedna od tih smetnji stane na put promenama, onda zaposleni osećaju stres.	If any of these obstacles prevents or hinders change, the employees experience stress.	0.697689
Stres nastaje kada su ljudi sukobljeni sa promenama, u bilo kojoj oblasti života i kada osete da nemaju mogućnosti ni sposobnosti da izađu na kraj sa novonastalom situacijom.	Stress is present when people are faced with change in any domain of life and when they feel they have no opportunity nor ability to cope with the newly developed situation.	1.113
Upoznavanje sa promenama.	Introducing change.	1.22105
Problemi oko usaglašavanja i podešavanja prema promenama, treba da budu osmišljeni prilično pažljivo pre nego što je i jedan značajniji proces promena otpočeo.	The problems concerning adjusting to and adapting to change should be well thought of before any of the change processes has begun.	0.33584
Jedan od najboljih načina za ostvarenje tih faktora je jednostavno izvršiti istraživanje u pogledu predloženih promena.	One of the best methods of achieving this is simply conducting a research as regards the proposed change.	0.409055
Menadžeri su ponekad i uplašeni u vezi sa ovim pristupom jer strepe od odgovora anketiranih.	Managers are sometimes afraid to follow such an approach because they fear the answers of the respondents.	0.637963
Postoji alternativa koja zaposlenim dozvoljava da izlože svoje mišljenje slobodno, pismeno ili na sastanku uz garantovanu diskreciju. 6.	There is an alternative method that allows for the employees to speak their mind freely, in writing or at the meeting with a manager, with discretion guaranteed.	0.897153
Tran zi ci ja kao pri li ka za no ve po slo ve Kao rezultat tranzicije u kojoj je došlo do značajne promene vlasničke strukture kroz proces privatizacije i restruktuiranja društvenih i državnih preduzeća, promenjena je i struktura zaposlenosti.	6. ~~~ Transition as new job opportunity The result of the transition which brought forth a significant change in the ownership structure through the processes of privatization and restructuring of state-owned and society-owned companies is a change in the employment structure.	0.284434
Iz podataka RZS (2008) vidi se da je tokom 2004. godine više od 38% svih zaposlenih u Srbiji radilo u društvenim i državnim firmama, dok je nešto više od 27% bilo zaposleno u privatnim firmama i 22% je bilo samozaposleno.	According to the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (2008), more than 38% of all the employed in 2004 worked in socially-owned or state-owned firms, while slightly more than 27% were employed in privately-owned firms, and 22% were self-employed.	1.86348
Već krajem 2007. godine došlo je do velikih strukturnih promena, kada je procenat zaposlenih u državnom i društvenom sektoru opao na 31%, uz povećano učešće zaposlenih u privatnom sektoru 38%.	Large structural changes came towards the end of 2007, when the percentage of employed in the social sector fell to 31%, with a rise in the employment in the private sector to 38%.	1.41498
Još jedan pokazatelj tranzicije u Srbiji je menjanje strukture firmi u kojima su radili zaposleni.	Another indicator of transition in Serbia is the change in the structure of firms in which the employees worked.	1.7686
Dok je 2002. godine najveći broj zapolsenih radio u velikim firmama, koje imaju preko 250 zaposlenih, već 2007. godine je samo 8,7% lica radilo u velikim firmama.	While in 2002 the largest number of the employed worked in large companies with over 250 employed, in 2007 only 8.7% people were employed in large firms.	1.55993
Očigledno je da konkurentnost velikih državnih firmi, na kojima je bila bazirana srpska privreda u prethodnom ekonomskom sistemu, nije bila dovoljno visoka da bi mogla da ostane nedirnuta sa otvaranjem tržišta za sve konkurente.	It is obvious that the competitiveness of large state corporations, the basis of Serbian economy in the previous economic system, was not high enough to remain unharmed by opening the market to all the competitors.	1.03994
Danas je u privredi Srbije preko 50% zaposlenih u mikrofirmama koje imaju manje od 10 zaposlenih.	Today, the economy of Serbia has over 50% employed in microfirms with fewer than 10 employees.	3.46522
Iako je ovakav trend Srbija postavila u smislu razvoja malih i srednjih preduzeća, ako se posmatra iz ugla razvoja ljudskih resursa, situacija je nepovoljnija.	Serbia set this trend for the purpose of the development of small and medium-size enterprises, however, from the viewpoint of human resource management, the situation is less favourable than before.	0.830435
Razlog je što se u malim organizacijama mnogo teže uspostavlja sistem kvalitetnog upravljanja ljudskim resursima, već se veći naglasak stavlja na maksimiziranje iskorišćenosti postojećih sposobnosti i veština zaposlenih.	The reason is that it is more difficult to establish a system of quality human resource management in small organizations, since more attention is paid to maximizing the exploitation of the existing competencies and skills of the employees.	1.02117
U velikim preduzećima i kompanijama postoji razvijen trening menadžment koji o svim aktuelnim problemima treninga vodi računa.	Large companies and organizations developed training management that is in charge of all the acute problems of training.	1.10449
Međutim, dešava se da male organizacije nemaju ovu funkciju razvijenu u dovoljnoj meri, najčešće imaju jednu ili dve osobe koje vode i kadrovske poslove.	It happens, however, that small organizations do not have this function developed to a sufficient degree; they most often have one or two persons whose responsibility are personnel issues as well.	0.951618
Broj izvršilaca i nije toliko bitan koliko kompetentnost.	The number of incumbents is not as important as their competence.	0.276923
Zaključak Dugoročni, strategijski cilj savremene kompanije koja deluje proaktivno jeste stalno ulaganje u znanje, veštine i sposobnosti ljudskih resursa i povećanje ukupne vrednosti intelektualnog kapitala kompanije.	Conslusion A long-term, strategic goal of a modern proactive organization is investing continually into knowledge, skills and competencies of human resources as well as increasing the total value of the intellectual capital of the company.	1.06247
Taj cilj se ostvaruje postavljanjem obuke i razvoja ljudskih resursa na strategijski nivo u kompaniji, što dovodi do učeće kompanije i preduzetništva.	This goal is achieved by setting human resource training and development as part of strategy in the company, which then results into a learning company and entrepreneurship.	0.790396
Obuka i razvoj ljudskih resursa treba tako da bude postavljena u menadžment ljudskih resursa i tako operacionalizovana da omogući negovanje i povećanje intelektualnog kapitala kompanije.	Human resource training and development should be incorporated into human resource management and operationalized in such a manner that it should allow for nursing and increase in the intellectual capital of the company.	1.18151
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 LI TE RA TU RA [1] Agencija za razvoj MSPP(2003):	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 REFERENCE [1] Agencija za razvoj MSPP(2003): Strategija razvoja malih i srednjih preduzeća i privatnog preduzetništva 2003 - 2007, Beograd. [2]	0.969709
	Bari Lenson, Dobar stres, loš stres, Sezam book, Zrenjanin, 2007. [3]	-0.3
	Bajec J., Joksimović LJ., Savremeni privredni sistemi, Ekonomski fakuzltet, beograd, 2006. [4]	-0.3
	Claire Michaels Wheeler, 10 simple solutions to stress, New Harbinger Publications, Oakland, USA, 2007. [5]	-0.3
	Cerović B., Ekonomika tranzicije, Ekonomski fakultet, Beograd, 2004. [6]	-0.3
Strategija razvoja malih i srednjih preduzeća i privatnog preduzetništva 2003 - 2007, Beograd. [2] Bari Lenson, Dobar stres, loš stres, Sezam book, Zrenjanin, 2007. [3] Bajec J., Joksimović LJ., Savremeni privredni sistemi, Ekonomski fakuzltet, beograd, 2006. [4] Claire Michaels Wheeler, 10 simple solutions to stress, New Harbinger Publications, Oakland, USA, 2007.[] Cerović B., Ekonomika tranzicije, Ekonomski fakultet, Beograd, 2004. [5] Gi Sorman, Velika tranzicija, Novi Sad, 1997. [6] Glazjev, S.,Mirovoj ekonomičeskij krizis kak process smeny tehnologićeskih ukladov, Voprosy ekonomiki, 2009. [7] Indera Murphi, No Stress Tech Guide To Crystal Reports Basic For Visual Studio 2008, Paperback mar 24/2008. [8] Ibrajtner G., Problemi i zablude u oblasti zapošljavanja, Novi Sad, 2007. [9] Hunya G. (2002:	Gi Sorman, Velika tranzicija, Novi Sad, 1997. [7] ~~~ Glazjev, S.,Mirovoj ekonomičeskij krizis kak process smeny tehnologićeskih ukladov, Voprosy ekonomiki, 2009. [8] ~~~ Indera Murphi, No Stress Tech Guide To Crystal Reports Basic For Visual Studio 2008, Paperback mar 24/2008. [9]	0.430438
Recent Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment on Growth and Restructuring in Central European Transition Countries, WIIW Research Reports [10] Horst S., The Transformacion of Eastern Europe, Institut fuer Weltwirtschaft, 1991. [11] Kosović D.,Stres, Čigoja, Beograd, 2004. [12] Mihailović D. Borovnjak V. Menadžerski stres, Fon, Beograd, 2008. [13] Mihailović D. Ristić S. Menadžment ljudska strana, Fakultet tehničkih nauka, [14] Novi Sad, 2006. [15] Milosavljević G., Traning i razvoj, FON, Beograd, 2008. [16] Milosavljević G.,Projektovanje obuke, Bemust, sarajevo, 2003. [17] Orlić R., Kadrovski menadžment, zoran damjanović i sinovi, beograd, 2005. [18] Stiglitz J. http/ www/ ien, bg., ac. rs/poepl. [19] Stiglic,D. E., Protivurečnosti globalizacije, Beograd, 2004. [20] Tranzicija u Srbiji i globalna ekonomska kriza, Naučno društvo ekonomista sa Akademijom ekonomskih nauka i Ekonomski Fakultet, Beograd, 2009. [21] Trkulja J., Bilans promena, Zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa Iskustva tranzicije: [22] Srbija godinu dana posle Kikinda, 2001. [23] UNCTAD (2006):	Ibrajtner G., Problemi i zablude u oblasti zapošljavanja, Novi Sad, 2007. [10] ~~~ Hunya G. (2002: Recent Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment on Growth and Restructuring in Central European Transition Countries, WIIW Research Reports [11] Horst S., The Transformacion of Eastern Europe, Institut fuer Weltwirtschaft, 1991. [12]	0.8166
World Investment Report 2006., Geneva:	Kosović D.,Stres, Čigoja, Beograd, 2004. [13]	0.231429
	Mihailović D. Borovnjak V. Menadžerski stres, Fon, Beograd, 2008. [14]	-0.3
	Mihailović D. Ristić S. Menadžment ljudska strana, Fakultet tehničkih nauka, Novi Sad, 2006. [15]	-0.3
	Milosavljević G., Traning i razvoj, FON, Beograd, 2008. [16]	-0.3
	Milosavljević G.,Projektovanje obuke, Bemust, sarajevo, 2003. [17]	-0.3
	Orlić R., Kadrovski menadžment, zoran damjanović i sinovi, beograd, 2005. [18]	-0.3
UNCTAD [24] UNCTAD (2007):	Stiglitz J. http/ www/ ien, bg., ac. rs/poepl. [19]	0.05
	Stiglic,D. E., Protivurečnosti globalizacije, Beograd, 2004. [20]	-0.3
World Investment Report, Geneva. [25] Vojnović B., Tranzicija kao fenomen 20.	Tranzicija u Srbiji i globalna ekonomska kriza, Naučno društvo ekonomista sa Akademijom ekonomskih nauka i Ekonomski Fakultet, Beograd, 2009. [21]	0.284783
veka. 2005.	Trkulja J., Bilans promena, Zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa Iskustva tranzicije: Srbija godinu dana posle Kikinda, 2001.	-0.6
Primljen:	Receieved: 06.	1.68
	2011.	-0.3
Jun 2011.	Accepted: 03.	0.166667
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Mart 2012. O autoru Gordana Milosavljević Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: milosavljevic.gordana@fon.bg.ac.rs Prof. dr Gordana Milosavljević je redovni profesor na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka.	About the Author Gordana Milosavljević Univerzity of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: milosavljevic.gordana@fon.bg.ac.rs Gordana Milosavljević, Ph.D. is a full professor at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	1.32959
Njeno polje interesovanja je obrazovanje, e-učenje i upravljanje obukom.	Her field of interest is education, e-learning and training management.	0.885714
Autor je ili koautor više od 50 istraživačkih radova, objavila je šest knjiga iz oblasti upravljanja obukom.	She is the author or a coauthor in more than 50 research papers and she published six books in the field of training management.	3.1055
Rukovodi Centrom za upravljanje ljudskim resursima na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka.	She is head of the Center for Human Resource Management at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	0.818182
Zorica Tanasković Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Zorica Tanasković je magistrirala na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu.	Zorica Tanasković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Zorica Tanaskovic has an MSc from the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade.	1.03993
Doktorand je u oblasti upravljanja ljudskim resursima.	She is a PhD candidate in the field of human resource management.	0.638265
Radi kao predavač na Viskoj tehničko-poslovnoj školi u Užicu.	She works as a lecturer at the High technical-business school in Uzice.	1.18448
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Snežana Knežević¹, Draginja Đurić², Veljko Dmitrović³ ¹³Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, ² Banca Intesa Op šte fi nan sij sko iz ve šta va nje i po seb na iz ve šta va nja ba na ka UDK: ~~~ 336.71:657.631.6 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) Potrebe za in for ma ci ja ma od stra ne ko ri sni ka ni su uvek iste.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Snežana Knežević¹, Draginja Đurić², Veljko Dmitrović³ ¹³University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, ² Banca Intesa General Fnancial Rporting and Secial-Prpose Rports of Bnks UDC: 336.71:657.631.6 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0005 Users needs for information are not always the same.	-0.00119398
Op šti fi nan sij ski iz ve šta ji ne obez be đu ju sve in for ma ci je ko je su raz li či tim in te re snim gru pa ma po treb ne za do no še nje nji ho vih od lu ka, te ogra ni če nja u iz ve šta va nju od stra ne kom pa ni je i ob ra ču na tre ba raz u me ti.	General financial reports do not provide all the information different interest groups require in their decision making, hence the restraints in reporting by the company and the accounting are understandable.	0.858978
Fi nan sij ski iz ve šta ji, gle da no una zad, iz ve šta va ju o to me šta se de si lo u pro šlo sti, a ko ri sni ke istih vi še za ni ma bu duć nost.	Financial reports inform on something that happened in the past, whereas the users of these reports are more interested in the future.	0.688673
Fi nan sij sko iz ve šta va nje mo že da se po sma tra kao op šte i po seb no.	Financial reporting can be classed as general and special-purpose reporting.	0.532727
Ra ču no vod stvo ban ke nu di in for ma ci o ni port felj za raz ne upra vljač ke po tre be u vi du ra znih ex-an te i ex-post iz ve šta ja, ko ji se pri pre ma ju u ra znim vre men skim in ter va li ma, od no sno pre ma po tre ba ma raz li či tih ko ri sni ka.	The bank accounting department offers the information portfolio for varied management needs in the form of a number of ex-ante and ex-post reports to be composed in different time intervals, i.e., according to the needs of different users.	0.824544
Ključ ne re či: iz ve šta va nje, ban ka, ra ču no vod stvo. 1.	Key words: reporting, bank, accounting 1.	0.60695
Uvod Banke spadaju u značajne subjekte finansijskog tržišta i ukupnog sistema finansiranja privrede, odnosno banke postaju direktno ili indirektno pokretači, katalizatori i kontrolni mehanizmi finansijskog sistema, bez kojih bi procesi reprodukcije bili praktično nemogući.	Introduction Banks rank among important entities of both the financial market and the entire system of economy financing; namely, banks have become direct or indirect drivers, catalysts and control mechanisms of the financial system, indispensable in the reproduction processes.	1.23539
Uslove u kojima posluju savremene banke karakteriše neizvesnost, porast konkurencije i inovacije u oblasti bankarske tehnologije.	The conditions in which modern banks operate are characterised by uncertainty, an ever fiercer competition, and innovation in the area of banking technology.	1.13063
Stoga je veoma bitno uspostaviti adekvatan informacioni sistem u banci koji će biti u funkciji poslovno-finansijskog odlučivanja.	Hence it is of vital importance to establish an adequate information system in the bank, one that will be the instrument of business and financial decision-making.	1.07385
Danas su prisutne značajne evolutivne promene koje idu u pravcu stvaranja savremenijih bankarskih institucija usklađenih sa promenama koje izaziva globalizacija tržišta, internacionalizacija poslovanja, razvoj informacionih tehnologija i posebno konkurentan privredni ambijent.	Significant evolutionary changes are present today, oriented towards creating modern banking institutions adjusted to change induced by the globalization of the market, internationalization of business, development of information technologies and especially by a competitive economic environment.	0.944345
Neprekidne interakcije sa zbivanjima kako spolja tako i unutar bankarskih institucija, razlog su neophodnosti održavanja kvaliteta finansijskog izveštavanja.	Constant interactions with events from both inside and outside banking institutions require that the quality of financial reporting be maintained high.	0.590789
Finansijsko izveštavanje doprinosi podizanju transparentnosti procesa na tržištu kapitala, zaštiti interesa investitora i povećanju sigurnosti u procesu donošenja odluka.	Financial reporting helps improve the transparency of processes on the capital market, protect the investors interests and improve the safety in the decision making process.	0.882
Kao takvo, ono ima veoma važnu ulogu u procesima ublažavanja informacione asimetrije i održavanja stabilnosti finansijskog sistema.	As such, it plays a very important role in the processes of mitigating information asymetry as well as in maintaining the stability of the financial system.	1.76723
S druge strane, kompleksnost poslovnih transakcija, neophodnost postojanja računovodstvenih opcija, neetičko ponašanje učesnika u procesu izveštavanja i sl. imaju za posledicu da, ne retko, u praksi informacije u finansijskim izveštajima odstupaju od ekonomske realnosti.	On the other hand, the complexity of business transactions, the necessity of accounting options, the unethical behaviour of the participants in the reporting process, etc., often result in information in financial reports deviating from the economic reality in practice.	1.22741
Bolji računovodstveni sistem informisanja se često spominje kao jedna od ključnih stavki za anuliranje teškoća u poslovanju banaka, odnosno, otpornost banaka na krize.	A better accounting information system is frequently taken to be one of the key items in aleviating difficulties in banking, i.e. in making banks resistant to crises.	1.27872
Loše procene zbog neadekvatnog računovodstvenog sistema informisanja se pretvaraju u loše poslovne odluke, neefikasna ulaganja, i kao rezultat svega toga nastaje gubitak u poslovanju, čak i u bankarstvu.	Poor assessments due to an inadequate accounting information system turn into poor business decisions, into inefficient investments, all of which result into losses in business, even in banking.	1.20782
Mehanizme za obezbeđivanje od rizika loših plasmana banaka čine prave računovodstvene informacije o poslovno-finansijskim tokovima.	The right accounting information on business and financial flows are considered to be the real mechanisms for preventing the risks from poor placements effected by the banks.	0.796107
Menadžerska kompetencija podržana adekvatnim računovodstvenim sistemom informisanja ima izuzetan značaj u upravljanju bankama.	The managerial competence supported by an adequate accounting information system is highly important in bank management.	0.691779
Mogućnosti domaćeg računovodstvenog informacionog sistema treba uskladiti sa Međunarodnim standardima kako bi se omogućila proizvodnja kvalitetnih informacija za donošenje strateških odluka i optimalan protok novca.	The competencies of the national accounting information system should be brought into compliance with the International Standards in order to allow for the production of quality information for strategic decision making and an optimum money flow.	1.08809
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 2.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 2.	1.49464
Op šte fi nan sij sko iz ve šta va nje Pouzdani i uporedivi bilansi stanja, kao informacioni izvori, bitni su za donošenje važnih mikro i makroekonomskih i finansijskih odluka Finansijski izveštaji oblikuju deo procesa finansijskog izveštavanja.	General financing reporting Reliable and comparable balance statements, as information sources, are vital in making important microand macroeconomic and financial decisions. ~~~ The financial reports are part of the financial reporting process.	0.406978
Implementacija međunarodnih standarda finansijskog izveštavanja povećava kvalitet i uporedivost finansijskih izveštaja, te otuda promoviše konzistentnost i pouzdanost u finansijskom izveštavanju i olakšava kompanijama međunarodno prikupljanje kapitala.	The implementation of international standards of financial reporting improves the quality and the comparability of financial reports, hence it promotes the consistency and reliability in financial reporting and makes it easier for companies to raise capital internationally.	1.07396
Set opštih finansijskih izveštaja obično uključuje: bilans stanja, bilans uspeha, izveštaj o novčanim tokovima, izveštaj o promenama na kapitalu, napomene i ostale izveštaje koji su sastavni deo finansijskih izveštaja.	A set of general financial reports usually includes: balance sheet, income statement, report on money flows, report on changes of the capital, comments and other reports that are components of financial reports.	1.36851
Oni takođe mogu da uključe dodatne tabele i informacije koje se temelje na takvim izveštajima ili koje su izvedene iz njih s očekivanjem da se čitaju uz takve izveštaje.	They, in turn, can also include additional tables and information based on such reports or derived from them and are expected to be read together with these reports.	1.00471
Tabele i dodatne informacije mogu, na primer, da se odnose na segmente delatnosti i geografske segmente, objavljivanja o učincima promena cena i slično.	The tables and additional information can, for example, refer to the segments of activities and geographical segments, disclosures of price change results etc.	0.538722
Međutim, finansijski izveštaji ne sadrže pojedinosti kao što su izveštaji direktora, izjave predsednika upravnog odbora banke, rasprave i analize uprave i slične pojedinosti koje je moguće uključiti u finansijsko ili godišnje izveštavanje o poslovanju banaka.	Financial reports, however, do not contain particulars such as directors reports, bank managing board directors announcements, discussions and analyses made by the management and similar specific issues that can be included into financial or annual reporting on banks operations.	1.04237
Važno je napomenuti da je naziv bilans stanja zamenjen nazivom izveštaj o finansijskom položaju na kraju perioda i naziv bilans uspeha zamenjen je nazivom izveštaj o ukupnom rezultatu za period.	It is important to mention that the term balance sheet is replaced by the end-of-term (financial position) report, while the term income statement is replaced by that of the overall progress report for the period.	0.572676
Osnovni cilj bilansa stanja jeste merenje finansijske strukture ili imovinske situacije na određeni dan.	The basic goal of the balance sheet is to measure the financial structure or financial position on a specific day.	1.09032
To je prevashodni pokazatelj ulaganja po nameni i izvora po poreklu.	This is a most important indicator of investment on purpose and of source by origin.	0.488983
Bilans uspeha predstavlja finansijski izveštaj o ukupnom rezultatu jednog entiteta za period [1],[4].	The balance sheet is the financial report on the overall results of an entity for the period [1],[4].	0.921681
Izveštaj o tokovima gotovine pokazuje prilive, odlive i razlike u količini novca nastale iz poslovnih aktivnosti, aktivnosti finansiranja i aktivnosti investiranja tokom određenog perioda.	The report on cash flow discloses the inflows, the outflows and the differences in the amounts of money resulting from business activities, financing activities and the activities of financing during a given period.	1.35337
Struktura promena na kapitalu banke predmet je izveštaja o promenama na kapitalu.	The structure of changes in the bank capital is the subject of the capital changes report.	1.66795
U napomenama uz finansijske izveštaje neophodno je da se za potrebe analize finansijskih izveštaja, pruže sledeće informacije: primenjivane računovodstvene politike, primenjeni metodi u upravljanju rizicima i politikama internih kontrola, značajne koncentracije kreditnog rizika, teritorijalni raspored kredita, iznos kredita po kojima je prestao obračun kamata po ugovoru zbog pogoršanja kvaliteta kredita, i iznosi kredita koji se nalaze u procesu restrukturiranja, broj zaposlenih radnika i drugo.	The comments accompanying financial reports should provide the following information for the needs of a financial report analysis: implemented accounting policies, implemented methods in risk management and in internal control policies, important concentrations of credit risks, territorial allocation of loans, the amount of loans whose interest rates are no longer calculated due to worsened credit quality, as well as the amounts of loans in the process of restructuring, the number of employees, etc.	0.937147
Za potpunije informisanje različitih eksternih adresata od posebnog je značaja tzv. tehnika obelodanjivanja (eng. disclosure), odnosno prezentiranje dopunskih podataka u vidu fusnota, tabela, pregleda, u zagradama i dr.) koji daju dodatni kredibilitet i pouzdanost pojedinim bilansnim pozicijama.	For various external addressees to obtain a more comprehensive information, of specific importance is the so-called disclosure technique, i.e., presenting additional data in the form of footnotes, tables, surveys, in parentheses, etc. that add to the credibility and reliability of certain balance positions.	0.769121
Jedan od načina da menadžment poboljša kredibilitet svojih finansijskih izveštaja je kroz dobrovoljno obelodanjivanje [2],[3].	One method in which the management can improve the credibility of their financial reports is voluntary disclosure [2],[3].	1.20637
Računovodstvena pravila načešće propisuju minimum zahtevanih obelodanjivanja, ali ne ograničavaju menadžment da objavljuje dodatne informacije ukoliko to želi.	The accounting regulations generally provide the minimum required disclosures, however, they do not restrain the management from disclosing additional information if they want to.	0.759684
Dobrovoljno obelodanjivanje može biti sadržano u bančinim godišnjim izveštajima, brošurama koje su namenjene da opišu banku investitorima, sastancima menadžmenta sa analitičarima ili odnosu sa investitorima kao odgovor na njihove zahteve za informacijama.	Voluntary disclosure can be part of the banks annual reports, brochures meant to introduce the bank to the investors, meetings of management with analysts or their relationship with investors in response to their queries for information.	1.16328
Međutim, obelodanjivanje odgovarajućih informacija o strategiji i njihove očekivane ekonomske posledice mogu naškoditi banci u njenoj konkurentskoj poziciji.	Disclosing adequate information on the strategy and their anticipated economic results, however, may harm the bank and its competitive position.	1.20213
Menadžeri se tada suočavaju sa problemom da li je bolje da obezbede informacije koje su korisne investitorima u oceni bančinih finansijskih performansi i zadrže informacija koje maksimiziraju konkurentske prednosti banke na tržištu.	Managers are then faced with the problem of whether to provide information useful to investors in their assessment of the banks financial performance or to withhold the information that maximize the competitive advantage of the bank on the market.	1.66075
Finansijski izveštaji treba da sadrže jasno i precizno objavljivanje svih značajnih računovodstvenih politika koje se primenjuju.	Financial reports have to include a clear and accurate report on all important accounting policies implemented by the bank.	0.792619
Računovodstvene politike obuhvataju načela, osnove, konvencije, pravila i postupke koje je menadžment banke usvojio prilikom sastavljanja i prezentiranja finansijskih izveštaja.	The accounting policies include principles, bases, conventions, rules and procedures the bank management adopted in composing and presenting financial reports.	0.967477
Postoji mnogo različitih računovodstvenih politika u primeni, čak i kada se tiču istog predmeta.	There is a variety of accounting policies in practice, even when they refer to the same subject.	1.27407
Zbog toga, treba da se izvrši adekvatan izbor i primena onih politika, koje u konkretnim okolnostima najbolje odgovaraju da se pravilno prikaže finansijski izveštaj bankarskog preduzeća i rezultati njegovog poslovanja.	Consequently, an adequate selection and implementation of these policies should be made, to find out which of them are most appropriate in a concrete situation to interpret the banking institutions financial report and the results of its operations correcly.	0.935667
Objavljivanje primenjenih značajnih računovodstvenih politika treba da bude sastavni deo finansijskih izveštaja, i treba ih, po pravilu, objaviti na jednom mestu.	The disclosure of the important accounting policies implemented has to be a component part of financial reports and should, as a rule, be presented together, at the same place.	0.83929
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 3.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 3.	1.49464
Po seb na fi nan sij ska iz ve šta va nja Kreiranje modela računovodstvenog izveštavanja za posebne namene zahteva definisanje nivoa izveštavanja kao i frekventnosti izveštavanja.	Special-purpose financial reports Creating a model of special-purpose accounting reports requires that the level of reporting as well as reporting frequency be defined.	1.02551
Samostalno odeljenje koje se formira u banci za obavljanje računovodstvenih finansijskih poslova, izveštavanja, planiranja i upravljanja rizicima generiše pobrojane preglede i izveštaje za zadovoljenje širokog spektra potreba menadžmenta banke, počevši od pravovremenog upozorenja na nepravilnosti u poslovanju, kako bi se sve poslovne aktivnosti usmerile ka realizaciji željenih ciljeva.	An autonomous department formed in the bank for the purpose of performing accounting financial tasks, reporting, planning and risk management generates the mentioned surveys and reports to meet a broad range of bank management needs, beggining with a timely alarm in case of irregularities in business doing, so that all the business activities should be oriented towards achieving the desired goals.	1.39324
Pri kreiranju modela računovodstvenog izveštavanja za potrebe kontrole poslovnih aktivnosti u funkciji podrške menadžmentu banke treba odrediti sledeće: ~~~ 1. koji nivo izveštavanja je potreban; 2. kolika je optimalna frekventnost izveštavanja; 3. ~~~ kolika je neophodna informaciona transparentnost i izveštaja. 4.	In creating the model of accounting reports for the needs of the business activity control in supporting the bank management, the following has to be determined: 1. which level of reporting is required; 2. which is the optimum frequency of reporting; 3. which is the necessary information and reporting transparency.	0.143515
Redovno, u određenim vremenskim intervalima, računovodstveno izveštavanje treba da ukaže menadžment timu banke na određene nepravilnosti u poslovanju, kako bi se preduzele korektivne mere.	Regularly, in set time intervals, the accounting reports have to point out certain irregularities in business operations to the management, in order that corrective measures should be taken.	1.12537
Veoma je korisno sastavljanje uporednih računovodstvenih sinopsisa za više uzastopnih perioda, radi omogućavanja detaljne finansijske analize za potrebe donošenja raznih poslovnih odluka.	It is very useful to compose parallel accounting synopses for a number of successive periods, which would allow for a more detailed financial analysis for the purpose of varied business decision making.	0.819985
Posebna izveštavanja u banci mogu da se posmatraju kroz tri segmenta: izveštavanje po segmentima, izveštavanje o izloženosti riziku banke i ostala izveštavanja. 3.	Special purpose reports in the bank can be viewed through three segments: reports per segments, reports on bank exposure to risk and other reports. ~~~ 3.1.	0.4736
Iz ve šta va nje po seg men ti ma Za izveštavanje po segmentima mogu da se koriste različite forme izveštavanja prihodi po zemljama prihodi po vrstama bankarskih proizvoda, prihodi po vrstama komitenata, prihodi od ključnih komitenata, ulaganja u hartije od vrednosti, plasmani komitentima, obaveze prema komitentima (videti različite prikaze koji slede) i pregled o ključnim rezultatima i performansama banke za izveštavanje top menadžmenta banke i drugi izveštaji. 2011. ~~~ 2010.	Segment reporting Various reporting forms can be used in segment reporting incomes per countries, incomes per types of bank products, incomes per types of clients (see tables below) and the survey of banks key results and performance for the bank top management reports and other reports.	0.50126
Prikaz 1.	Table 1.	1.2625
Ulaganja u hartije od vrednosti RSD hiljada HOV i ostali plasmani koji se ne kotiraju na tržištu Dužničke HOV koje je izdala Vlada Republike Srbije Ispravka vrednosti Neto stanje HOV i ostali plasmani kojima se trguje - 222.366 (22.435) 199.931 HOV koje se drže do dospeća HOV i ostali plasmani kojima se trguje 2.071.862 - - (37.934) 2.033.928 309.225 (76.443) 232.782 HOV koje se drže do dospeća 72.930 - (4.330) 68.600 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Prikaz 2.	Investments into securities RSD thousand Securities and other traded placements Securities and other placements not listed on the Debt securities issued by the Government of the Republic Value correction Net state - 222,366 (22,435) 199,931 Securities that are kept to maturity day 2,071,862 Securities and other traded placements - Securities that are kept to maturity day 72,930 - (37,934) 2,033,928 309,225 (76,443) 232,782 - (4,330) 68,600 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Table 2.	0.792954
Segmentalno izveštavanje o ostvarenim prihodima banke grupe po zemljama U milionima evra Neto prihod od kamata Rezervisanja po osnovu plasmana Neto prihod od provizija i naknada Neto rezultat od trgovanja Opšti administrativni troškovi Prihod poslovi osiguranja Ostali rezultat Dobit pre oporezivanja Porez na dobit Udeo manjinskih akcionara Neto dobit posle odbitka udela manjinskih akcionara Prosečna rizična aktiva Prosečan pripisani kapital Odnos rashoda i prihoda Prinos na kapital na osnovu neto dobiti Zemlja 1 Zemlja 2 1-3 06 398,9 -80,0 246,2 63,9 -421,6 5,0 8,4 220,9 -49,3 -48,5 123,0 47.966, 1.916,7 59,0% 25,7% 1-3 06 382,8 -80,4 229,4 51,8 -413,4 5,2 24,4 199,9 -43,2 -49,3 107,4 49.194, 1.868,8 61,8% 23,0% 1-3 06 473,5 -43,0 192,2 55,2 -413,7 10,6 -2,7 272,0 -53,7 -29,7 188,6 32.958, 2.006,5 56,6% 37,6% 1-3 06 304,2 -24,1 117,3 37,9 -260,0 2,5 -9,7 168,1 -38,6 -6,5 123,0 20.065,1 1.325,1 56,3% 37,1% U hiljadama dinara Kratkoročn i Prikaz 3. ~~~ Plasmani komitentima 2011.	Segment reports on the bank group earned income per countries i In million euro Net income from interest Reservations on the basis of placement Net income from commissions and Net trading results General administration expenses Earnings insurance business Other results Income before tax Tax on profit Minority shareholders share Net income after deduction of minority h Average risk assets Average accrued capital Expense-income ratio Returns on assets on the basis of net profit h ld h Country 1 1-3 06 398.9 -80.0 246.2 63.9 -421.6 5.0 8.4 220.9 -49.3 -48.5 123.0 47,966.5 1,916.7 59.0% 25.7% 1-3 06 382.8 -80.4 229.4 51.8 -413.4 5.2 24.4 199.9 -43.2 -49.3 107.4 49,194.9 1,868.8 61.8% 23.0% Country 2 1-3 06 473.5 -43.0 192.2 55.2 -413.7 10.6 -2.7 272.0 -53.7 -29.7 188.6 32,958.1 2,006.5 56.6% 37.6% 1-3 06 304.2 -24.1 117.3 37.9 -260.0 2.5 -9.7 168.1 -38.6 -6.5 123.0 20,065.1 1,325.1 56.3% 37.1% In thousand dinars Companies Retail Public sector Other clients Current maturitiy of Other long-term Financial placements Total in dinars 4,992,353 1,228,458 - - 2,260,271 5,286,405 6,474,543 136,918 - (2,260,271) 271) 32,061 Table 3.	0.44143
Dugoročni Ukupno Kratkoročn i Preduzeća Stanovništvo Javni sektor Drugi komitenti Tekuća dospeća dugoročnih kredita Ostali dugoročni finansijski plasmani Ukupno u dinarima 4.992.353 5.286.405 10.278.758 1.884.711 1.228.458 - - 2.260.271 8.481.148 6.474.543 136.918 - (2.260.271)271) 7.703.001 136.918 - - 32.061 9.669.656 32.125 18.150.802 840.588 - 2.016.481 - 4.741.953 2010.	Placements to clients Short-term Long-term Total Short-term Long-term 10,278,758 7,703,001 136,918 - 1,884,711 840,588 - 2,016,481 2,514,313 3,075,170 77,185 - (2,016,481) Total 4,399,024 3,915,758 77,185 - 32,125 - 47,814 47,817 8,481,148 9,669,656 18,150,802 4,741,953 3,698,001 8,439,954 Table 4.	0.444077
Dugoročn i 2.514.313 3.075.170 77.185 - (2.016.481) Ukupno 4.399.02 3.915.75 77.185 - 47.814 3.698.001 47.817 8.439.954 Prikaz 4.		-0.3
Obaveze prema komitentima 2011. 2010. ~~~ Po viđenju Kratko- ročni RSD RSD 3.160.995 2.335.202 8.691 1.349.637 7.699 30.348 15.436 225.669 133.104 3.754 Dugo- ročni RSD 62.578 41.256 28.265 - - Ukupno Po viđenju Kratkoročni Dugo- ročni Ukupno RSD RSD RSD RSD RSD 5.558.784 1.313.255 65.383 1.603.571 140.803 34.102 35.691 1.009.055 2.287 523.609 356.000 125.072 11.777 11.941 6.357 1.848.641 403.632 1.140.484 - - - - 2.287 434.372 242.287 11.235 687.894 412.258 211.482 4.711 628.451 4991.742 2.955.452 143.343 7.090.537 2.773.352 1.216.163 34.786 4.024.301 U hiljadama Dinara Preduzeća Javni sektor Stanovništvo Strane banke Ostala strana lica Drugi komitenti Ukupno u dinarima Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Rezultati poslovanja jedne banke - kondenzovano iz bilansa stanja i bilansa uspeha, mogu da se prezentuju na sledeći način: ~~~ Prikaz 5.	Liabilities to clients In thousand Compani Public Retail Foreign Other foreign Other Total in At sight RSD Shortterm RSD Longterm RSD Total At sight RSD RSD Shortterm RSD Longterm RSD 3,160,995 2,335,202 8,691 1,349,637 7,699 30,348 15,436 225,669 133,104 3,754 62,578 41,256 28,265 - - 5,558,784 1,313,255 65,383 1,603,571 140,803 34,102 35,691 1,009,055 2,287 523,609 356,000 125,072 - - 11,777 11,941 6,357 - - 434,372 4991,742 242,287 2,955,452 11,235 143,343 687,894 7,090,537 412,258 2,773,352 211,482 1,216,163 4,711 34,786 Total RSD 1,848,641 403,632 1,140,484 2,287 628,451 4,024,301 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 The business results of a bank condensed from the balance sheet and income statement, can be presented as follows: Table 5.	0.0735157
Rezultati poslovanja banke Rezultati poslovanja za period Banka Prosečna ponderisana aktivna kamatna stopa Prosečna ponderisana pasivna kamatna stopa Neto kamatna marža Neto prihodi od kamata/ Operativni rashodi Neto prihodi od kamata i naknada/Operativni rashodi Stopa prinosa na ukupnu imovinu Stopa prinosa na kapital Leverage 3.2.	Banks business results Business results for the period Bank Average weighted active interest rate Average weighted passive interest rate Net interest margin Net earnings on interests / Operations expenses Net earnings on interests and compensations / Operations expenses Returns rate on total property Returns on assets rate Leverage 3.2.	1.0143
Upra vlja nje ri zi ci ma i iz ve šta va nje Proces upravljanja rizikom u banci kontroliše se najmanje jednom godišnje od strane interne revizije, koja ispituje adekvatnost procedura, kao i usaglašenost banke sa usvojenim procedurama.	Risk management and reporting The risk management process in the bank is controlled at least once a year by the internal audit that checks the adequacy of the procedures as well as the banks compliance to the adopted procedures.	0.898107
Izveštaji interne revizije sadrže ukupnu kreditnu izloženost, prognozu plasmana, odstupanja od postavljenih limita, merenje tržišnog rizika, racija likvidnosti i promene profila rizika.	The internal audit reports include the total credit exposure, the placement prognosis, deviations from the set limits, market risk measurement, liquidity ratio and risk profile changes.	0.544099
Za efikasno upravljanje rizikom likvidnosti formiraju se sledeće vrste izveštaja [6] (prva grupa): ~~~ 1.	An efficient risk management requires that the following types of reports be composed [6] (group one): 1.	0.748315
Izveštavanje o poziciji likvidnosti banke; 2.	Report on the bank solvency position; 2.	1.95429
Izveštavanje o makroekonomskim faktorima koji utiču na likvidnost banke; i 3.	Report on the macroeconomic factors affecting the bank solvency; 3.	1.06225
Izveštavanje o izloženosti banke riziku likvidnosti. 4.	Report on the bank exposure to solvency risk; 4.	1.71951
Izveštavanje o kretanju ukupnih depozita privrede i ukupnih depozita stanovništva; 5.	Reports on the flow of total economy deposits and total retail deposits; 5.	1.98438
Izveštavanje o kretanju sredstava obavezne rezerve; 6.	Report on the statutary reserves flow; 6.	1.30833
Izveštavanje o kretanju raspoloživih kreditnih linija od u prvom redu, inostranih finansijskih institucija; 7.	Reports on the flow of disposable credit lines from primarily foreign financial institutions; 7.	1.04286
Izveštavanje o kretanju ostalih izvora finansiranja.	Reports on the flow of other sources of financing.	1.54385
Druga grupa izveštaja fokusirana je na analizu sledećih trendova koji upućuju banku na uticaj makroekonomskog okruženja: ~~~ Kretanje osnovnih referentnih stopa u nacionalnim okvirima; Kretanje osnovnih referentnih stopa na međunarodnom finansijskom tržištu; Kretanje rezervi Narodne banke; Kretanje deviznog kursa i kursa valuta zemalja u okruženju; Kretanje nivoa kupljenih repo hartija; Kretanje inflacije; Kretanje drugih makroekonomskih pokazatelja.	The second group of reports focuses upon the analysis of the following trends that make the bank sensitive to the effects of macroeconomic environment:  Trends of basic reference rates in the national milieu;  Trends of basic reference rates on the international financial market;  Trends of the National Bank reserves;  Trends of foreign exchange rates and currency rates of the countries of the region;  Trends of the repo securities purchased;  Inflation trends;  Trends in other macroeconomic indicators.	0.352299
Treću grupu izveštaja čini izveštavanje o analizi izloženosti banke riziku likvidnosti, kao i projekcije pozicije likvidnosti za razne scenarije.	The third group of reports is made up of the reports on the analysis of the banks exposure to liquidity risk, as well as the solvency position projections per different scenarios.	1.16165
U tom smislu, kreira se tabelarni izveštaj o ročnoj neusklađenosti aktive i pasive.	Here a tabular report on the time discrepancies (gap) between assets and liabilities is created.	0.696571
Za potrebe izveštavanja o izloženosti banke kamatnom riziku kreiraju se sledeći izveštaji: ~~~ 1.	The following reports are created for the needs of reporting on the bank exposure to interest risk: 1.	0.45805
Izveštaj o sadašnjoj vrednosti kamatno osetljivih pozicija sa sledećom strukturom: a) kamatno osetljiva aktiva, b) kamatno osetljiva pasiva, c) periodična neusklađenost (razlika kamatno osetljive aktive i kamatno osetljive pasive).	Report on the present value of interest sensitive positions with the following structure: a) interest sensitive assets: b) interest sensitive liabilities; c) periodical discrepancies (gap) (difference between interest sensitive assets and interest sensitive liabilities).	1.95694
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Navedeni izveštaj se uobičajeno prezentuje za sledeće vremenske periode: ~~~ 0-1 meseca, 1-3 meseca, 3-5 meseci, 6 meseci do 1 godina, 1-5 godina, preko 5 godina, ukupno. 2.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 The above listed reports are generally presented for the following time periods:  0-1 month;  1-3 months  3-5 months;  6 months to 1 year;  1-5 years;  Longer than 5 years;  Total.	0.413696
Izveštaj o promeni sadašnje vrednosti kamatonosno osetljivih pozicija pod pretpostavkom da se kamata poveća za određeni procenat.	2. ~~~ Report on the change of the present value of interest sensitive positions assuming that interest rises by certain percentage.	0.402778
Struktura sadržaja ovog izveštaja identična je prethodnom izveštaju. 3.	The structure of the contents of this report is identical to the above described report.	0.269118
Izveštaj o osetljivosti banke na promenu kamatnih stopa (Repricing gap report) sa sledećim elementima: a) Kamatno osetljiva aktiva; b) Kamatno osetljiva pasiva; c) Periodična neusklađenost; d) Kumulativna neusklađenost.	3. ~~~ Report on the bank sensitivity to the change in interest rates (Repricing gap report) with the following elements: a) interest sensitive assets: b) interest sensitive liabilities; c) periodical discrepancies (gap); d) cummulative discrepancies (gap).	0.657262
Ročne grupe na koje je izveštaj usmeren jesu: a) 0-1 mesec, b) 1-3 meseca, v) 3-6 meseci, g) 6 meseci do 1 godina, d) 1-5 godina, đ) nakon 5 godina, e) kumulativno osetljiva aktiva/pasiva i ž) nekamatno osetljiva aktiva/pasiva. 4.	The time groups the report refers to are the following: a) 0-1 month, b) 1-3 months, c) 3-6 months, d) 6 months to 1 year, e) 1-5 years, f) after 5 years, cummulatively sensitive assets/liabilities and g) non-interest sensitive assets/liabilities. ~~~ 4.	0.355905
Izveštaj o osetljivosti banke na promenu kamatnih stopa GAP analiza senzitivnosti.	Report on bank sensitivity to change in interest rates the GAP sensitivity analysis.	2.04589
Navedeni izveštaj predstavlja primenu scenario analize.	The above described report illustrates the implementation of the scenario analysis.	1.03022
Od posebnog je značaja dnevno analizirati broj odobrenih i naplaćenih kredita, te promene nivoa plasmana banke.	It is of special importance that the number of granted and collected loans and the change in the bank placements should be analysed on a daily basis.	0.930125
Za adekvatno upravljanje izloženosti banke kreditnom riziku neophodno je pratiti izveštaj o likvidnosti koji predstavlja osnov za analizu kreditne sposobnosti jer sadrži podatke o stanju sredstava izvora banke.	For an adequate management of bank exposure to credit risk it is necessary that the solvency reports that are the basis for creditworthiness analysis be tracked since they contain the data on the state of the assets of the bank source.	1.42349
Neophodno je vršiti praćenje i izveštavanje o kreditnoj izloženosti po raznim segmentima: ~~~ 1) po geografskom obeležju, 2) po sektorskom obeležju, kako za pojedinačne dužnike banke, tako i po srodnim grupama dužnika.	It is also necessary that credit exposure per different segments be monitored and reported on: 1) per geographic characteristics, 2) per sector characteristics, for both bank debtors and allied debtor groups.	0.135268
Za potrebe menadžmenta banke neophodno je mesečno sastavljati grupe izveštaja koje treba da omoguće uvid u kvalitativne promene kreditnog portfolija banke, kao i njegovu veličinu.	Bank management also requires that groups of reports are created that provide an insighat into the qualitative changes of the bank credit portfolio as well as into its scope.	1.07912
U okviru ove grupe izveštaja postoje četiri seta [6] i to: ~~~ Prvi set izveštaja koji sadrži tri grupe podataka: a) Bančina izloženost prema rejting grupama; b) Odnosna rezervisanja (prema IFRS ili nacionalnoj regulativi); c) Racio pokrivenosti koji pokazuje pokriće duga sa formiranim rezervacijama. ~~~ Drugi set izveštaja je fokusiran na identifikaciju i praćenje najvećih izloženosti banke prema segmentima, čime se dobija uvid u dinamiku po iznosima i kvalitetu izloženosti banke prema pojedinačnim dužnicima. ~~~ Treći set izveštaja predstavlja pregled o stanju izloženosti banke prema klijentima koji su definisani kao dužnici, uz kraći opis aktivnosti koje se preduzimaju da se reguliše naplata ovih potraživanja.	This group of reports includes four sets of reports [6], as follows:  The first set of reports that contains three groups of data: a) Bank exposure to rating groups; b) Respective reservations (according to IFRS or the national regulations); c) Coverage ratio that reveals the debt coverage with formed reservations.  The second set of reports focuses upon the identification and monitoring of the greatest bank exposures to segments, thereby gaining an insight into the dynamics per amounts and the quality of bank exposure to individual debtors.  The third set of reports is a survey on the state of bank exposure to clients that are defined as debtors, with a short description of activities undertaken to collect the receivables.	0.0604579
Pritom se ovaj pregled diferencira na dva segmenta i to: a) za poslovanje sa stanovništvom i b) poslovanje sa privredom. ~~~ Četvrti set izveštaja fokusiran je na prezentaciju dospelih potraživanja (valuta plaćanja) i naplatu dospelih potraživanja.	This segment is further divided into two sub-segments, namely: a) for retail business and b) for business with economy.  The fourth set of reports focuses on the presentation of due receivables (currency payments) and the collection of matured receivables.	0.1875
Finansijski analitičari banke vrše analizu trenda kretanja dospelih potraživanja, čime je moguće delovati ranoupozoravajuće na nastanak negativnih tendencija.	The banks financial analysts analyse the trend of matured receivables which enables the bank to act timely against unfavourable tendencies.	0.706742
Izveštaj za potrebe adekvatnog praćenja i kontrole izloženosti banke operativnom riziku, kao i za prezentaciju rezultata merenja treba da sadrži sledeće: ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 1.	The report required for an adequate monitoring and control of the banks exposure to operational risk as well as for the presentation of the measurement results has to include the following: 1.	0.384271
Informisanje o nastalim gubicima po osnovu operativnog rizika po poslovnim linijama; 2.	Information on losses incurred through operational risk per business lines; 2.	1.51522
Procene sistema ranospoznajno-upozoravajućeg indikatora na pojačane rizike nastanka gubitaka; 3.	Assessment of a timely and earlywarning indicator of higher risks of losses; 3.	1.29385
Informacije o promenama izloženosti banke pojedinim grupama rizika; 4.	Information on the changes in the banks exposure to certain risk groups; Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 4.	1.24687
Informacije o oceni kvaliteta aktivnog sistema kontrole; 5.	Information on the assessment of the active control system quality; 5.	1.92138
Informacije o relevantnim strategijama migracije rizika; 6.	Information on the relevant strategies of risk migration; 6.	1.79434
Informacije dobijene na osnovu primenjene trend analize; 7.	Information obtained on the basis of the applied trend analysis; 7.	1.2717
Poređenje ostvarenog profila operativnog rizika i očekivanja menadžmenta banke u tom smislu i dr. Izveštaj za potrebe adekvatnog praćenja i kontrole izloženosti banke operativnom riziku, kao i za prezentaciju rezultata merenja treba da sadrži sledeće:	Comparison of the achieved operational risk profile and the axpectations of the bank management in this matter, etc.	0.711474
Informisanje o nastalim gubicima po osnovu operativnog rizika po poslovnim linijama; Procene sistema ranospoznajno-upozoravajućeg indikatora na pojačane rizike nastanka gubitaka; Informacije o promenama izloženosti banke pojedinim grupama rizika; Informacije o oceni kvaliteta aktivnog sistema kontrole; Informacije o relevantnim strategijama migracije rizika; Informacije dobijene na osnovu primenjene trend analize; Poređenje ostvarenog profila operativnog rizika i očekivanja menadžmenta banke u tom smislu i dr. 3.	The report required for an adequate monitoring and control of the banks exposure to operational risk as well as for the presentation of the measurement results has to include the following:  Information on losses incurred through operational risk per business lines;  Assessment of a timely and earlywarning indicator of higher risks of losses;  Information on the changes in the banks exposure to certain risk groups;  Information on the assessment of the active control system quality;  Information on the relevant strategies of risk migration;  Information obtained on the basis of the applied trend analysis;  Comparison of the achieved operational risk profile and the axpectations of the bank management in this matter, etc. ~~~ 3.3.	0.72225
Osta la iz ve šta va nja Izveštaj o likvidnosti se sastavlja za najkraće vreme i to najmanje dnevno, a potom i nedeljno, dvonedeljno i mesečno, kako bi se efikasno upravljalo novčanim tokovima u banci.	Other reports The report on solvency is created for a shortest period of time, at least on the daily basis, and then on the weekly, two-week, and monthly bases, in order that money flows in the bank should be adequately managed.	1.10559
Određivanje dnevne gotovinske likvidnosti odnosno nivoa gotovine koji može da zadovolji tražnju za gotovim novcem, u domenu je operativnog planiranja.	Defining the daily cash liquidity, i.e. the level of cash that can meet the demand for cash is in the domain of operations planning.	1.23182
Širok dijapazon informacionog potencijala koji pruža računovodstvo u zadovoljavanju upravljačkih potreba banke, može se sagledati kroz sledeće izveštaje i preglede, dugoročnog ili kratkoročnog karaktera, fokusirane na banku kao celinu ili na pojedine segmente ili poslove banke:	A broad range of information potential offered by the accounting in meeting the bank management needs can be viewed through the following reports and surveys, of either short-term or long-term character, focused upon the bank as a whole or on individual segments or banks: Table 6.	1.25272
Prikaz 6. ~~~ Informacioni potencijal računovodstva i operativnih evidencija IZVE[TAJI godišnji, polugodišnji, kvartalni ili mesečni DNEVNI IZVE[TAJI MESEČNI PREGLEDI PREGLEDI OSTALO Izveštaj o profitu (godišnji, polugodišnji, kvartal ni ili mesečni), Dnevni izveštaj o stanju deviza na računima u inostranstvu, Mesečni pregled promena u struktu ri aktive Izveštaj o povećanju akcionarskog kapitala ban ke Dnevni izveštaj plaćanja prema inostran stvu Izveštaj o smanjenju akcionarskog kapitala ban ke Dnevni izveštaj plaćanja prema inostran stvu Mesečni pregled dnevnog stanja ukupnih depozita po svim kategorijama Dnevni izveštaj operativnog stanja efektivnog stranog novca Mesečni pregled promena u struk turi pasive Mesečni pregled dnevnog stanja ukupnih depozita po svim kategorija ma Mesečni pregled ostalih rashoda po organizacionim de lovima banke Pregled depozita po svim kategorijama za najveće deponente na kraju svakog meseca Pregled obaveza po osnovu kapitalnih izda taka Pregled klasifikacije bilansa aktive i vanbilansnih stavki prema stepenu naplativosti i visini posebne rezerve banaka Razni izvodi Analiza naplativosti kredita Devizni podbi lans Pregled učešća banke u kapitalu drugog pravnog lica Izvod iz bilansa stanja novčana sredstva Izveštaj o mesečnoj analizi prihoda po proizvodu Dnevni izveštaj o obimu kupoprodaje deviza Pregled dnevnog stanja ukupnih depozita po svim kategorijama obuhvaćenih za jedan me sec Izvod iz bilansa stanja krediti Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 IZVE[TAJI godišnji, polugodišnji, kvartalni ili mesečni Izveštaj o proviziji po mesecima Izveštaj o podeli profita po mesecima Izveštaj o kamatama i naknadama po mesecima Izveštaj o valutnoj strukturi obavezne rezerve Izveštaj o valutnoj struk turi sredstava i obaveza Izveštaj o efektivi i čeko vima Pregled depozita za deset najvećih deponenata banke Izveštaj o ključnim klijentima banke Izveštaj o ukupnoj kupoprodaji deviza i efektivnog stranog novca, od rezidenata i nerezidenata Izveštaj o platama i bonusima Kreditni izveštaj Izveštaj o upravljanju rizikom Izveštaj o povećanju i smanjenju akcionarskog kapitala banke Izveštaj o izvršenim emisijamabanke Izveštaj o akcionarima sa više od 10% kapitala banke Izveštaji o dinarskoj likvidnosti DNEVNI IZVE[TAJI MESEČNI PREGLEDI PREGLEDI OSTALO Pregled deviznih pozicija na računima u inostranstvu i kod Narod ne banke Srbije Pregled obračunatih i naplaćenih kamata i naknada po organizacionim delovima banke Pregled materijalnih i nematerijalnih troško va Pregled spornih potraživanja koje banka vodi protiv klijenata ili komitenata Pregled ostalih prihoda po kategorijama za organizacione delove banke Pregled obračunatih rashoda kamata i naknada po organizacionim delovima banke Pregled operativnih rashoda po organizacionim delovima banke Pregled značajnih promena u strukturi ostale pasive Pregled dnevnog priliva i odliva po osnovu devizne štednje Pregled kamatnih sto pa na godišnjem nivou Pregled obaveza po osnovu kapitalnih izdataka Pregled nove štednje Pregled poreza na finansijske transakcije Pregled značajnih promena na osnovnim sredstvima Pregled rezervisanja za potencijalne gubitke Pregled depozita po svim kategorijama za najveće deponente banke Izvod iz bilansa stanja depoziti Izvod iz bilansa stanja vanbilansna evidencija Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 IZVE[TAJI godišnji, polugodišnji, kvartalni ili mesečni Izveštaj o deviznoj likvidnosti Izveštaj o analizi prihoda po proizvodu/usluzi Izveštaj o platama i bonusima Izveštaj o depozitima Izveštaj o deviznoj usklađenosti Izveštaj o profilu rizika Izveštaj o potrebama banke za kapitalom Izveštaj o razvoju novih poslova i evidencija već postojećih poslova Izveštaj o novčanim tokovima Izveštaj o broju novih klijenata i komitenata po računima Izveštaj o aktivnim klijentima i komitentima i računima Izveštaj o broju novih klijenata po proizvodu Izveštaj o statistici odanosti klijenta prema banci Izveštaj o performansama profitnih centara Izveštaj o performansama investicionih centara Izveštaj o konsolidova nim komitentima Izveštaj o promenama na kapitalu Izveštaj o ročnoj usklađenosti aktive i pasive Izveštaj o lošim plasma nima banke Izveštaj o deviznim i drugim rizicima banke Kreditni izveštaj DNEVNI IZVE[TAJI MESEČNI PREGLEDI PREGLEDI OSTALO Pregled klasifikacije aktive Pregled obaveza po osnovu kapitalnih i d k Prema odluci Narodne banke Srbije [12], banke su dužne da sastavljaju sledeće izveštaje: ~~~ 1.	Information potential of accounting and operational evidence REPORTS (annual, semi-annual, quarterly, or monthly), DAILY REPORTS MONTHLY SURVEYS SURVEYS OTHER Report on profits (annual, semi-annual, quarterly, or monthly), Report on the rise in the bank equity capital Daily report on the account of foreign currency on the accounts abroad Daily report on payments abroad Report on the fall in the bank equity capital Daily report on payments abroad A monthly review of the daily account of total deposits per all categories Daily report on operational account of effective foreign currency Survey of deposits per all categories for the biggest depositors at the end of each month Survey of liabilities on the basis of capital expenses Survey of classification of ballance of assets and offbalance items according to the collection level and the amount of the special bank reserve Various statements Credit negotiability analysis Foreign currency subbalance Survey of the bank share in the capital of another legal entity Balance sheet extract cash assets Monthly survey of changes in the structure of assets Monthly survey of changes in the structure of assets Monthly survey of daily account of total deposits per all categories Monthly survey of other expenses per organizational segments of the bank Report on monthly analysis on income per product Daily report on the scope of foreign currency purchase and sale Survey of the daily account of total deposits per all categories covered in one month Balance sheet extract loans Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 REPORTS (annual, semi-annual, quarterly, or monthly), Report on commission per month Report on profit distribution per month Report on interests and compensations per month Report on currency structure of statutary reserve Report on currency structure of assets and liabilities Report on cash holdings and cheques Review of deposits for the bank's ten biggest depositors Report on foreign exchange risk indicators Report on the bank's key clients Report on the overall purchase and sale of foreign currency and effective foreign currency from residents and nonresidents Report on salaries and bonuses Credit report Risk management report i l Report on the rise and fall in the bank equity Report on bank's issues completed Report on the shareholders with over 10% b k Report on dinar solvency i l Report on foreign currency solvency Report on analysis of income per / Report on salaries and bonuses d i DAILY REPORTS MONTHLY SURVEYS SURVEYS OTHER Survey of foreign currency positions on the foreign accounts and with the National Bank of Serbia Survey of calculated and collected interests and compensations per organizational units of the bank Balance sheet extract cash deposits Balance sheet extract off-balance evidence Survey of tangible and intangible expenses Survey of contentious debts the bank holds against clients and depositors Survey of other incomes per categories for organizational units of the bank Survey of calculated expenses and compensations per organizational units of the bank Survey of operational expenses for interests and compensations per organizational units of the bank Survey of significant changes in the stucture of other assets Survey of significant changes in the stucture of other liabilities Survey of daily inflow and outflow on the basis of foreign currency savings Survey of interest rates on an annual level Survey of liabilities on the basis of capital expenditures Survey of new savings Survey of tax on financial transactions Survey of significant changes in fixed assets Survey of reservations for prospective losses Survey of deposits per all categories for the biggest bank depositors Survey of assets classification Survey of liabilities on the basis of capital expenditures Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 REPORTS (annual, semi-annual, quarterly, or monthly), Report on deposits Report on foreign currency adjustment Report on risk profile Report on bank's needs for capital Report on the development of new jobs Report on money flows Report on new clients and depositors per Report on active clients and depositors and Report on the number of new clients per product Report on the bank customers' loyalty Report on profit centres performance Report on investment centres performance i i Report on consolidated clients Report on changes in capital Report on time compliance between assets and liabilities Report on poor bank Report on foreign currency and other risks for the bank Credit report DAILY REPORTS MONTHLY SURVEYS SURVEYS OTHER According to the decision of the National Bank of Serbia [12], banks are obligated to create the following reports: 1.	0.294796
Pregled najvećih akcionara banke; 2.	Survey of the banks biggest shareholders; 2.	1.25588
Pregled ulaganja banke u lica koja nisu lica u finansijskom sektoru i u osnovna sredstva banke; 3.	Survey of the banks investment into entities that are not financial sector entities, as well as into banks fixed assets; 3.	0.890763
Pregled ulaganja banke u lica u finansijskom sektoru; 4.	Survey of the banks investments into entities in the financial sector; 4.	1.71429
Velike izloženosti banke prema licima izloženosti; 5.	The banks over-exposure to the exposure entities; 5.	0.648913
Velika izloženost prema grupi povezanih lica; 6.	Overexposure to the group of allied entities, 6.	1.41071
Pregled izloženosti banke prema licima povezanim s bankom; 7.	Survey of the banks exposure to the entities related with the bank; 7.	0.878182
Izveštaje o klasifikaciji bilansne aktive i vanbilansnih stavki banke; 8.	Reports on the classification of balance assets and the banks off-balance items; 8.	1.09091
Izveštaj o strukturi problematičnih kredita banke; 9.	Report on the structure of the banks impaired loans; 9.	1.78085
Mesečni izveštaj o pokazatelju likvidnosti banke; 10.	Monthly report on the bank solvency indicator; 10.	1.38409
Mesečni izveštaj o tokovima gotovine banke; Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 11.	Monthly report on the bank cash flows; 11.	0.791667
Mesečni izveštaj o ukupnim kreditima i plasmanima; 12.	Monthly report on the overall loans and placamants; 12.	1.2875
Bilans stanja banke; 13.	Banks balance sheet; Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 13.	0.163636
Bilans uspeha banke ; 14.	Banks income statement; 14.	0.859091
Osnovni podaci o banci; 15.	Basic information on the bank; 15.	1.225
Izveštaj o primljenim i odobrenim zahtevima za odobravanje kredita, kao i o produženim i prevreme no otplaćenim kreditima; 16.	Report on the accepted an approved applications for loans, as well as on prolonged or prematurely repaid loans; 16.	1.00714
Pregled najvećih deponenata banke; 17.	Survey of the banks biggest depositors; 17.	1.28333
Dnevni izveštaj o pokazatelju likvidnosti banke; 18.	Daily report on the bank solvency indicator; 18.	1.38214
Dnevni izveštaj o pokazatelju deviznog rizika banke; 19.	Daily report on the bank foreign currency risk indicator; 19.	1.28824
Izveštaj o uzetim i plasiranim kreditima u depozitima; 20.	Report on granted and placed loans in deposits; 20.	1.74545
Izveštaj o dnevnom stanju na deviznim računima u domaćim i stranim bankama; 21.	Report on daily account on foreign currency accounts in national and foreign banks; 21.	1.14024
Izveštaj o novoj emisiji akcija banke; 22.	Report on new issues of bank shares; 22.	1.76471
Izveštaj o povećanju i smanjenju akcionarskog kapitala banke.	Report on the rise and fall in the bank stock.	1.15
Prema odluci o izveštavanju banaka [12] banka je obavezna da izrađuje i izveštaj o restrukturiranim potraživanjima i izveštaje o strukturi problematičnih kredita banke.	According to the decision on bank reporting [12], the bank is also obligated to create a report on restructured receivables as well as reports on the structure of the bank impaired credits.	0.913235
Na osnovu utvrđene imovinske situacije može se, načelno, obezbediti i niz detaljnijih podataka koji je bliže određuju, a odnose se na utvrđivanje iznosa potraživanja i od koga potiču, utvrđivanje obaveza po visini, kao i po poveriocima, sagledavanje raspoloživosti dovoljnim iznosima finansijskih sredstava za pokriće povlačenja depozita i drugih finansijskih obaveza kako one dospevaju (održavanje likvidnosti) (videti prikaz 9), sagledavanje solventnosti (višak sredstava nad obavezama i dospelost kapitala banke).	On the basis of the stated proprietary status a number of detailed information can generally be obtained that closely specify, referring to the assessment of the amount of receivables and the source these come from, the liabilities according to their amounts, as well as on the basis of the creditors, that define the availability of financial sources large enough to cover the deposits draw as well as other financial liabilities as these mature (solvency maintenance), to allow for an insight into solvency (surplus of assets over liabilities and the maturity of bank capital).	0.806222
Naravno, relevantne su i drugi odnosi u imovinskoj situaciji kao što su razmere u strukturi sredstava i izvora, učešće dugoročnog ili kratkoročnog kapitala u ukupnom kapitalu, pokriće obrtnih sredstava kratkoročnih obaveza i dr. Za potrebe eksternih korisnika sastavlja se i statistički aneks, kao i drugi finansijski izveštaji koji sadrže određene računovodstvene informacije.	Naturally, other relations in the proprietary situation are also relevant, such as the ratios in the structure of assets and sources, the share of long-term or short-term capital in the overall capital, coverage of working assets by short-term bonds, etc. ~~~ A statistical annex is created for the needs of external users, and so are other financial reports that include certain accounting information.	0.427172
To su: izveštaji, prospekti, saopštenja i menadžerska predviđanja [5].	These are:  reports;  prospecti;  announcements;  managerial forecasts [5].	0.891045
Jedna od informacija od izuzetnog značaja za strateško odlučivanje jeste i analiza pozicije banke u odnosu na ostale učesnike na tržištu na kome banka posluje.	Information of vital importance for strategic decision making is also the analysis of the bank position related to other participants on the market on which the bank operates.	0.631365
Praćenjem trendova kretanja i dinamike u tržišnoj poziciji, identifikovaće se aktivnosti čija primena treba da omogući zadovoljavajuće učešće banke na određenom tržištu.	By monitoring the trends and dynamics in the market position, it is possible to identify the activities the implementation of which is expected to allow for a satisfactory share of the bank on a given market.	1.19082
Za potrebe analize koriste se, u prvom redu, podaci zvanične statistike i to od: a) Centralne banke i b) Udruženja banaka, kao zvanični finansijski izveštaji, odnosno bilansi konkretne banke.	The analysis primarily uses the formal statistical data issued by: a) the National Bank and b) the Association of Serbian Banks, as formal financial reports, i.e., the balances of a respective bank.	0.9
Prikaz 8.	Table 8.	1.2625
Analiza konkurentnosti za banke Usluga Posmatrana banka Ključne napomene Konkurentska Konkurentska Ključna Ostali banka 1 banka 2 konkurentska konkurenti banka Pouzdanost Stabilnost Stručnost Reputacija banke Lokacija Strategija nastupa Metode prodaje Kreditna politika Reklama Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Jedan od načina za pribavljanje informacija o konkurentima [11], [13] i njihovom poslovanju jeste prikupljanje podataka prilikom interakcije sa zajedničkim poslovnim partnerima.	Competitiveness analysis for banks Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 One way to gather information on competition [11],[13] and their business operations is the interaction with mutual business partners.	0.573082
Ovo se odnosi na podatke vezane za troškove i cene konkurenata.	This refers to the data related to the competitions costs and prices.	0.778182
Takođe je neophodno pratiti poteze konkurenata na tržištu, kao i njihov rejting prema izveštajima različitih rejting agencija (videti prikaz 2).	It is also necessary that the competitors activities on the market should be monitored, as well as their rating in the reports of various rating agencies (see table 2).	1.13424
Veoma je važan i vremenski period u kome se određeni konkurentski potezi sprovode.	The time period in which competition acts is also important.	0.451573
Značajna je razlika između smanjenja cene bankarskih proizvoda na kratak i na dugi rok.	Whether the price of the banking products is reduced for a short-term or for a long-term period is also important.	0.425974
U prvom slučaju strategija može biti osvajanje većeg tržišnog učešća a u drugom je verovatnije da je reč o strategiji troškovnog liderstva.	In the former case, the strategy can be to capture a larger market share, while in the latter case the strategy of expense leadership is more probable.	1.2059
U konkurentskoj analizi banke se najviše fokusiraju na finansijske institucije koje proizvode slične finansijske proizvode ili pak posluju na istom tržištu.	In the competition analysis, banks mostly focus upon financial institutions that produce similar financial products or even do business on the same market.	1.37524
Prikaz 9.	Table 9.	1.2625
Poređenje rejtinga bankarske kompanije sa konkurentima prema oceni rejting agencija S & P, Moodys i Fitch S & P Š10Ë Moody's Š9Ë Fitch Š8Ë negativne 11.12.2008.		-0.3
Perspektive na negativne na na stabilne Poslednji izveštaj na 23.02.2008.		-0.3
Na LT A na A+ A+ Na A+ 15.04.2007.		-0.3
AA - 21.01.2008. ~~~ AA - ST P-1 na P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 Perspektive Poslednji izveštaj stabilne 30.10.2008. na negativne na na na 02.12.2008. 24.10.2008. na pozitivne 27.06.2008. stabilne 24.01.2008. negativne 04.11.2008. stabilne 12.09.2007. na na negativne 12.10.2007. stabilne na negativne 02.10.2008. negativne 27.10.2008. negativne na na na na na ST F1 na F1 F1 + F1 F1+ F1 + F1 F1 + na F1 + F1 + F1 F1 + F1 F1 + F1 Bankarske kompanije Zemlja A B C D E F G H I J LT A na A+ AA- A+ AA ST A-1 na A1 A-1+ A-1 A-1+ Perspektive negativne na negativne negativne negativne Poslednji izveštaj LT 17.10.2009. ~~~ Aa3 na na 25.11.2008. ~~~ Aa2 na na Aa2 A1 stabilne 13.02.2008. ~~~ Aa1 AA- A-1+ negativne 15.02.2008. ~~~ Aa2 P-1 stabilne A A-1 negativne 04.11.2008. ~~~ Aa3 P-1 stabilne 06.09.2008. ~~~ A AA- A-1+ negativne 30.102008. ~~~ Aa1 na A+ na A-1 na na Aa3 negativne 20.12.2007. ~~~ Aa2 AA- A-1+ stabilne na Aa2 A+ negativne 06.10.2008.	Comparison between the banking company rating with the competition according to the rating agencies S&P, Moodys and Fitch Banking companies country A B C D E F G H I J S & P Š10Ë ST Prospects Latest report LT negative 17/10/2009 Aa3 na na negative 25/11/2008 LT A na A+ A-1 na A1 na na AA A-1+ negative A+ AA AA A A-1 A-1+ A-1+ A-1 negative stable 13/02/2008 negative 15/02/2008 negative 04/11/2008 AA A-1+ negative na A+ na A-1 30/10/200 na na negative 20/12/2007 AA A-1+ stable na A+ negativne 06/10/2008 AA A-1+ negative 10/12/2008 A A-1 stable 14/12/2007 AA A-1+ A A-1 na na na na Moody's Š9Ë ST P-1 na P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 Prospects negative na negative na na stable stable stable negative na stable stable stable stable stable na na Latest report 11/12/200 na 23/02/200 Na Na 15/04/200 21/01/200 06/09/200 09/12/200 na 30/12/200 na 07/10/200 11/11/200 na na na LT A na A+ A+ A+ AA AA A AA na AA AA A+ AA A AA A+ na Aa2 Aa2 A1 Aa1 Aa2 Aa3 Aa1 Aa3 Aa2 Aa2 Aa3 Aa3 A2 Aa1 Aa3 Fitch Š8Ë ST Prospects Latest report F1 na F1 F1+ F1 F-1+ F1+ F1 F1+ na F1+ F1+ F1 F1+ F1 F1+ F-1 stable 30/10/2008 na negative na na 02/12/2008 24/10/2008 na . na positive 27/06/2008 stable 24/01/2008 04/11/2008 12/09/2007 negative 12/10/2007 negative stable na stable negative negative negative na na na na . . na na na 02/10/2008 27/10/2008 *n.a. indicates that data are not available The analysis of trends of the total number of clients require that banks create reports of the following contents:  business segment (e.g., individual clients);  number of clients;  number of departed clients;  number of active clients;  number of inactive clients.	-0.136135
Aa3 AA- A-1+ negativne 10.12.2008. ~~~ Aa3 A A-1 stabilne 14.12.2007.	The above listed data are tracked on the monthly basis over the year.	-0.00258621
AA- A-1+ A A-1 na na na na A2 Aa1 Aa3 P-1 negativne na stabilne stabilne stabilne stabilne stabilne na na na na 09.12.2008. ~~~ AA - na 30.12.2007. ~~~ AA - AA - 07.10.2008.		-0.3
A+ 11.11.2008. ~~~ AA - A AA - na na na A+ *n.a. predstavlja oznaku da podaci nisu dostupni Za potrebe analize kretanja ukupnog broja komitenata banke formiraju se izveštaji sledećeg sadržaja: poslovni segment (npr. individualni klijenti); broj klijenata; broj klijenata koji su otišli; broj klijenata koji su aktivni; broj neaktivnih klijenata. ~~~ Navedeni podaci prate se po mesecima u toku godine.		-0.3
Praćenje trenda kretanja klijenata/komitenata banke i praćenje nivoa realizovane unakrsne prodaje (engl. cross-selling) predstavljaju analizu komercijalnih pokazatelja.	The tracking of the bank clients trend as well as tracking of the extent to which cross-selling is realized is understood as the commercial indicators analysis.	0.591422
Posebno važno mesto u analizi ima i identifikacija potencijalnih (perspektivnih) klijenata banke i u tu svrhu se formiraju izveštaji sledeće sadržine: ~~~ Sa tekućim računom bez kredita); Status usluge (aktivna, neaktivna); Status klijenta Podaci o klijentima (fizička ili pravna lica); Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Vrsta klijenata (klijent sa tekućim računom, klijent sa ostalim proizvodima bez tekućeg računa, kli jent sa kreditom i klijent (klijenti koji su napustili banku, ostali klijenti); Brojčani iznosi za ukrštene podatke po različitim obeležjima.	A specially important role in the analysis is that of prospective bank clients identification for the purpose of which the reports of the following contents are created:  With a current account (without credits);  Service status (active, inactive); Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62  Client status, data on clients (physical or legal entities);  Client types (client with a current account, client with other products without a current account, client with a credit and client (clients) who left the bank, other clients);  Numerical amounts for crossed data on different features.	0.441758
Za menadžere prodaje od posebne upotrebne vrednosti jeste izveštaj poznat pod nazivom cross-selling.	Sales managers find that the report known as cross-selling is of special usability importance.	0.481359
Svrha ovog izveštaja je da prezentuje prosečan broj bankarskih proizvoda/kanala distribucije koje koristi klijent/komitent banke.	The purpose of this report is to present an average number of bank products/distribution channels used by the bank client.	0.634615
Za potrebe kreiranja ovog izveštaja koriste se određeni pokazatelji kao što su [6]:		-0.3
Broj klijenata/komitenata koji preferiraju određenu grupu proizvoda / Ukupan broj klijenata/komitenata; Broj klijenata/komitenata koji koriste određeni kanal distribucije / Ukupan broj klijenata/komitenata.	To create this report, the following indicators are used [6]:  Number of clients that prefer a certain group of products / Total number of clients;  Number of clients that use a certain distribution channel / Total number of clients.	2.24376
Pod grupama proizvoda podrazumevaju se: ~~~ Zdravstveno i imovinsko osiguranje; Životno osiguranje i penzioni fondovi; Investicioni fondovi; Akcije i obveznice; Obveznice banaka; Tekući računi; Pre-paid kartice; Debitne kartice; Trajni nalozi; Plate i penzije; Oročeni depoziti; Overdraft; Kreditne kartice; Potrošački krediti; Stambeni krediti.	The product groups are the following:  Health care and property insurance;  Life insurance and pension funds;  Investment funds;  Shares and bonds;  Bank bonds;  Current accounts;  Pre-paid cards;  Debit cards;  Standing order;  Salaries and pensions;  Fixed term deposit account;  Overdraft;  Credit cards;  Consumer credits;  Housing credits.	0.117137
Pod kanalima distribucije podrazumevaju se: ~~~ Internet bankarstvo; Telefonsko bankarstvo; ATM SMS banking.	The distribution channels are the following:  Internet banking;  Telephone banking;  ATM;  SMS banking.	0.368478
Nadalje, pomenuti izveštaj uključuje sledeće pokazatelje: ~~~ Procenat potrošača prema skoru npr. 10% klijenata ima dva proizvoda, 15% ima tri proizvoda i slično; Procenat klijenata/komitenata koji koriste određeni kanal distribucije npr. 5% klijenata koristi jedan kanal distribucije, 17% koristi dva kanala i slično; Prosečan broj proizvoda koje koristi klijent/komitent i to prema određenim grupama klijenata/komite nata; Prosečan broj kanala distribucije koje koristi klijent/komitent i to prema određenim grupama komite nata.	In addition, the above mentioned report includes the following indicators:  The percentage of customers versus the score e.g., 10% clients have two products, 15% clients have three products, etc;  The percentage of clients that use a certain distribution channel e.g., 5% clients use one distribution channel, 17% use two channels, etc;  An average number of products used by the client in accordance with defined client groups;  An average number of distribution channels used by the client in accordance with defined client groups.	0.549159
Za potrebe menadžmenta banke, a posebno upravnog odbora, kreiraju se izveštaji o kvartalnom trendu kretanja visine i kvaliteta portfolija banke iz kraće obrazloženje uočenih tendencija.	For the needs of the bank management, and especially of the managing board, reports are created on the quarterly trends in the scope and in the quality of the bank portfolio with a short explanation of the tendencies observed.	1.52971
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Zaključak Tokom poslednjih decenija, finansijske institucije širom sveta investirale su značajna sredstva u razvoj informacionih rešenja koja će omogućiti adekvatno funkcionisanje sistema upravljačkog računovodstva i izveštavanja.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Conslusion Over the last decades, financial institutions have invested substantial funds into the development of information solutions that are expected to ensure an adequate operation of the management accounting and reporting system.	1.061
Kao posledica toga, na tržištu se razvio širok opseg dostupnih informacionih rešenja od: data warehouses za operativne informacije i informacije o klijentima, sofisticirana rešenja za merenje profitabilnosti, izbalansiranih scorecard rešenja i slično.	As a result, a broad range of available information solutions have developed on the market: data warehouses for operational information and information on clients, sophisticated solutions for measuring profitability, balanced scorecard solutions, etc.	1.19818
Menadžment savremenog bankarskog preduzeća sve više je upućen na korišćenje računovodstvenog sistema informisanja za potrebe efikasnog i efektivnog upravljanja preduzećem.	The management of a modern banking company is increasingly oriented to implementing the accounting information system for the purpose of an efficient and effective management of the company.	0.865839
Realizacija ključnih performansi banke profitabilnosti, solventnosti i likvidnosti od strane bankarskog menadžmenta, nezamisliva je bez adekvatnih računovodstvenih (finansijskih) informacija.	The realization of the key bank performance profitability, solvency and liquidity by the bank management cannot be imagined without adequate accounting (financial) information.	1.30742
Bolji računovodstveni sistem informisanja se često spominje kao jedna od ključnih stavki za anuliranje teškoća u poslovanju banaka, odnosno otpornost banaka na krize.	A better accounting information system is often mentioned as one of the key items in aleviating the difficulties in banking operations, i.e., bank resistance to crises.	1.2875
Loše procene zbog neadekvatnog računovodstvenog sistema informisanja pretvaraju se u loše poslovne odluke, neefikasna ulaganja, i kao rezultat svega toga nastaje gubitak u poslovanju, čak i u bankarstvu.	Poor assessments as a result of an inadequate accounting information system turn into inadequate business decisions and inefficient investments. ~~~ The result is the loss in business, even in banking.	0.351136
Mehanizme za obezbeđivanje od rizika loših plasmana banaka čine prave računovodstvene informacije o poslovno-finansijskim tokovima.	The mechanisms used to protect banks from bad placements consist of right accounting information on business and financial flows.	1.02321
Menadžerska kompetencija podržana adekvatnim računovodstvenim sistemom informisanja ima izuzetan značaj u upravljanju bankama.	The managerial competence supported by an adequate accounting information system is of paramount importance in bank management.	1.13839
Cilj opštih finansijskih izveštaja jeste da pruže finansijsku informaciju korisnu za upravljanje, odnosno donošenje ekonomskih odluka, merenje i predviđanje performansi banke (profitabilnost, solventnost i likvidnost).	The goal of general financial reports is to provide the financial information to the user for the purpose of managing, i.e., making economy decisions, measuring and forecasting the bank performance (profitability, solvency and liquidity).	1.09869
Pored toga, finansijska informacija se mora odnositi na imovinu, sredstva i obaveze prema izvorima sredstava, kao efekte transakcija koje menjaju sredstva i obaveze prema izvorima sredstava banke.	In addition, the financial information has to refer to property, assets and liabilities to the assets sources, as the effects of transactions which change assets and liabilities in accordance with the bank sources.	0.707519
Drugim rečima, računovodstveno izveštavanje je izveštavanje o imovinskom, finansijskom i prinosnom položaju banaka, što predstavlja osnovu za ocenu rada upravljačkih organa u bankama ili njihovu odgovornost za poverene im resurse.	In other words, accounting reporting is reporting on proprietary, financial and earning position of banks, which is the basis for the assessment of the work of management bodies in the banks and their responsibility for the resources they are in charge of.	1.54802
Posebna finansijska izveštavanja zavise od konkretnih potreba banke, koja ih prema tome i dizajnira.	Specific financial reports depend on concrete needs of the bank that designes them accordingly.	0.878313
RE FE REN CE [1] Albertazzi, U., Gambacorta, L., 2009.	REFERENCE [1] Albertazzi, U., Gambacorta, L., 2009.	2.175
Bank profitability and the business cycle, Journal of financial Sta bility 5, 393-409. [2] Altamuro, J., Beatty, A., 2010.	Bank profitability and the business cycle, Journal of financial Stability 5, 393-409. [2] ~~~ Altamuro, J., Beatty, A., 2010.	1.12665
How does internal control regulation affect financial reporting?	How does internal control regulation affect financial reporting?	2.96667
Journal of Accounting and Economics 49, 58-74. [3] Cabedo, J. D., Tirado M. J., 2004.	Journal of Accounting and Economics 49, 58-74. [3] ~~~ Cabedo, J. D., Tirado M. J., 2004.	1.12083
The disclosure of risk in financial statements, Accounting Forum 28, 181-200. [4] Calmes, C., Liu, Y., 2009.	The disclosure of risk in financial statements, Accounting Forum 28, 181-200. [4] ~~~ Calmes, C., Liu, Y., 2009.	1.33814
Financial structure change and banking income:	Financial structure change and banking income: A Canada-U.S. comparison, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money 19, 128-139. [5]	2.2
A Canada-U.S. comparison, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money 19, 128-139. [5] Delancy, P. R. i dr., (1990), Interpretation and Application, GAAP, John Wiley and Sons New York, str. 19. [6] Djurić, D., (2011), Upravljački sistem informisanja za banke, magistarska teza, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, Beograd. [7] Glen, J., Mondragon-Velez, C., 2011.	Delancy, P. R. i dr., (1990), Interpretation and Application, GAAP, John Wiley and Sons New York, p. 19. [6] ~~~ Đurić, D., (2011), Upravljački sistem informisanja za banke, magistarska teza, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, Beograd. [7]	0.806044
Business cycle effects on commercial bank loan portofilio perfor manse in developing economies, Review of Development Finance 1, 150-165. [8] http://www.fitchratings.com/web/en/dynamic/fitch-home.jsp pristup dana [17.03.2011. 17.30. h] [9] http://www.moodys.com/ pristup dana [21.11.2011. 16.30. h] [10] http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/en/us/ pristup dana [15.01.2012. 09.30. h] [11] Knežević, S., Jovanović, M., Dmitrović,, V., (2011), Procene činka konkurenata zasnovane na objavljenim finansijskim izveštajima i strategijsko poslovno odlučivanje XVI Internacionalni naučni skup:	Glen, J., Mondragon-Velez, C., 2011. ~~~ Business cycle effects on commercial bank loan portofilio performanse in developing economies, Review of Development Finance 1, 150-165. ~~~ [8] http://www.fitchratings.com/web/en/dynamic/fitch-home.jsp accessed on [17.03.2011. ~~~ 17.30. h] [9] http://www.moodys.com/ accessed on [21.11.2011. ~~~ 16.30. h] [10] http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/en/us/ accessed on [15.01.2012.	0.149342
Strategijski menadžment i sistem, podrške odlučivanja u strategijskom menadžmentu Subotica Palić, 19.	09.30. h] [11] Knežević, S., Jovanović, M., Dmitrović,, V., (2011), Procene učinka konkurenata zasnovane na objavljenim finansijskim izveštajima i strategijsko poslovno odlučivanje XVI Internacionalni naučni skup: Strategijski menadžment i sistem, podrške odlučivanja u strategijskom menadžmentu Subotica Palić, 19. maj, Abstract proceedings, pp. 49-50. [12]	1.18726
Maj, Zbornik apstrakata, str. 49-50. [12] Odluka o izveštavanju banaka, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 45/2011. [13] Shen, C., Huang, Y., Hasan, I., 2011.	Odluka o izveštavanju banaka, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 45/2011. [13] ~~~ Shen, C., Huang, Y., Hasan, I., 2011.	0.670312
Asymmetric benchmarking in bank credit rating, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money 22, 171-193. [14] Zakon o računovodstvu i reviziji, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 46/06 i 111/09.	Asymmetric benchmarking in bank credit rating, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money 22, 171-193. [14] ~~~ Zakon o računovodstvu i reviziji, Službeni glasnik RS, no. ~~~ 46/06 and 111/09.	0.731871
Primljen:	Receieved: 01.	1.68
	2012.	-0.3
Januar 2012.	Accepted: 03.	0.275
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Mart 2012. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 O autoru Snežana Knežević Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: knezevic.snezana@fon.bg.ac.rs Snežana Knežević je rođena u Pančevu, gde je završila ekonomsku školu.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 About the Author Snežana Knežević University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: knezevic.snezana@fon.bg.ac.rs Snežana Knežević was born in Pančevo, where she finished School of Economics.	0.552717
Nakon toga, završava Ekonomski fakultet u Beogradu, na kome je i magistrirala.	Graduated from the Faculty of Economics in Belgrade where she also got her MSc degree.	0.744147
Nakon toga, doktorirala je na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka u Beogradu.	She got her PhD degree at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade.	1.10881
Oblasti interesovanja su: finansije, računovodstvo i zaštita životne sredine.	Area of interest: Finance, Accounting and Environmental protection.	0.90765
Aktivno koristi francuski i engleski jezik.	Fluent in French and English.	0.65
Ima više objavljenih monografija i radova naučnog i stručnog karaktera u zemlji i u inostranstvu.	Has published several monographs and papers of scientific and professional orientation in the country and abroad.	1.19612
Radi na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka u Beogradu, katedra za finansijski menadžment.	Currently working at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade, Department of Financial Management.	0.975974
Draginja Đurić Banca Intesa Draginja Djurić je rođena u Sinju.	Draginja Đurić Banca Intesa Draginja Djurić was born in Sinj.	2.19838
Završila je Ekonomski fakultet u Beogradu, Magistrirala je na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka u Beogradu.	Graduated from the Faculty of Economics in Belgrade, and got her MSc degree at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade.	1.04194
Oblasti interesovanja su: finansije u bankarstvu i upravljačko računovodstvo za banke.	Area of interest: Finance in Banking and Management Accounting in Banks.	1.22381
Ima nekoliko objavljenih radova u časopisima od nacionalnog značaja.	Has several papers published in journals of national importance.	1.46842
Radi u bankarskom sektoru.	Currently working in Banking sector.	1.3875
Dobitnik je nagrade Bankar decenije kao i mnogih drugih nagrada.	She has received the award Banker of the Decade and many other awards.	0.556656
Predsednik je izvršnog odbora Banca Intesa.	Chairman of the Executive Board of Banca Intesa.	1.14214
Veljko Dmitrović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Veljko Dmitrović je rođen u Subotici gde je završio Gimnaziju, a potom i Ekonomski fakultet (Univerzitet u Novom Sadu).	Veljko Dmitrović University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Veljko Dmitrović was born in Subotica, where he finished High school. ~~~ He graduated at the Faculty of Economics (University of Novi Sad).	0.524917
Po diplomiranju pet godina radi u praksi, a potom se zapošljava na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka (Univerzitet u Beogradu), gde i danas radi u zvanju asistenta na Katedri za finansijski menadžment.	Upon completion of five years in practice, he took the job at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences (University of Belgrade), where he still works with the title of Teaching Assistant at the Department of Financial Management.	0.938823
Stekao je zvanje diplomirani inženjer organizacionih nauka master (modul finansijski menadžment) na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka u Beogradu, a diplomirani ekonomista master (smer marketing) na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Subotici.	He holds a Master degree (Financial Management module) at the Faculty of Organisational Sciences in Belgrade, and Master degree (Marketing) at the Faculty of Economics in Subotica.	0.957097
Oblasti naučnog interesovanja su računovodstvo i finansije.	His scientific interests are Accounting and Finance.	0.992553
Ima tridesetak objavljenih radova u naučnim i stručnim časopisima, na konfrencijama međunarodnog i nacionalnog značaja.	He has over thirty papers published in scientific journals and at the conferences of international and national importance as author or coauthor.	1.01216
Govori engleski jezik, a služi se nemačkim i italijanskim.	He speaks English fluently, and uses German and Italian too.	0.594231
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Marko Mihić1, Aleksandar Vučković1, Miodrag Vučković1 1Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Upra vlja nje ko ri sti ma u pro jek ti ma ener get ske efi ka sno sti u jav nim zgra da ma u Sr bi ji UDK: ~~~ 005.8(497.11) ; 620.92:725(497.11) ; 351.824.11:620.9(497.11) DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) Realiza ci ja pr ojeka ta en ergetske e fi kasnosti u jav ni m zgradama mož e dop rin eti ostv arivanju bro jnih koristi za druš tve nu zajedn ic u.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Marko Mihić1, Aleksandar Vučković1, Miodrag Vučković1 1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Benefits Management in Energy Efficiency Projects in Serbian Public Buildings UDC: 005.8(497.11) ; 620.92:725(497.11) ; 351.824.11:620.9(497.11) DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0003 Implementation of energy efficiency projects in public buildings can contribute to achieving many benefits for the community.	-0.026682
Neke od tih k or isti su ušted e u potr ošnji energij e, smanj en a emisija štetni h gasova, po bo ljšani uslovi za borava k i r ad u zgra di, itd.	Some of these benefits are energy savings, greenhouse gas reduction, comfort improvement, etc.	0.602065
P rimenom mera ene rge tske efikasnosti u javn im zgradama, stvara se moguć n ost za ostv ar ivanje kor isti, ali d a bi one bi le zaist a i ostvare ne, potrebno j e zajedno sa proce som upravl ja nja proje ktom, sprovod iti i pr oc es upravljanja kori stima.	The implementation of energy efficiency measures in public buildings creates the opportunities for benefits achievement, but in order to actually achieve them, it is necessary that the project management process be conducted together with the process of benefits management.	0.856522
Tez a koja se nas toji do kaz ati u ovo m r adu jes te da pristup upravlja nj u proje ktima en er get sk e efika snos ti u j av nim zgrad ama u koji je i nt egrisan o upr avljan je koristima, ga rantuje ost variv anje mak si mal nih ko ri sti sa sta no vi šta dru štve ne za jed ni ce.	The thesis intended to be proven in this paper is that energy efficiency projects management in public buildings which is integrated with benefits management, guarantees the achievement of maximum benefits for the community.	0.5274
Fo kus ra da je na de talj nom ob ja šnje nju fa za i ak tiv no sti in te gri sa nog mo de la upra vlja nja pro jek ti ma i upra vlja nja ko ri sti ma.	This paper focuses on the description of phases and activities of an integrated model of project management and benefits management.	0.291892
Po me nu ti mo del je opi san uz uva ža va nje sta nja ener get ske efi ka sno sti u Sr bi ji, kao i prak se upra vlja nja pro jek ti ma u da toj obla sti.	The aforementioned model is described taking into consideration the energy efficiency situation in Serbia as well as project management practices in the respective area.	0.576522
Ključ ne re či: ener get ska efi ka snost, pro jekt ni me nadž ment, upra vlja nje ko ri sti ma, jav ne zgra de, dru štve na za jed ni ca. 1.	Key words: energy efficiency, project management, benefits management, public buildings, community. ~~~ 1.	-0.0287234
Uvod Globalni problemi, kao što su ubrzano iscrpljivanje neobnovljivih izvora energije i nekontrolisana emisija gasova staklene bašte, neki su od glavnih razloga generisanja ekonomskih kriza u svetu.	Introduction Global problems, such as rapid depletion of nonrenewable energy sources and uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gas are some of the major reasons for the generation of economic crisis in the world.	1.25747
Energetski siromašne zemlje, među kojima je i Srbija, osim sa globalnim, suočavaju se i sa jednim brojem lokalnih problema, kada je potrošnja energije u pitanju.	When it comes to energy consumption, energy-poor countries, such as Serbia, in addition to the global, are faced with a number of local issues.	0.847934
Srbija je 2009. godine za uvoz energenata potrošila oko 2,6 milijardi američkih dolara, što je tada činilo 16,9% ukupnog uvoza [1].	In 2009, Serbia spent about 2.6 billion U.S. dollars for energy imports, which was then 16.9% of total imports [1].	1.09838
Najviše sredstava potrošeno je za uvoz nafte i gasa, jer se 80% potreba za naftom i oko 90% potreba za gasom zadovoljava iz uvoza [2].	Most of the funds were spent to import oil and gas, because 80% of the demand for oil and about 90% of demand for gas are supplied from imports [2].	0.858339
Potrošnja energije u zgradama je među najvećima u Evropi, što značajno utiče na efikasnost privrede i životni standard stanovništva.	Energy consumption in buildings is among the largest in Europe, which significantly affects the efficiency of the economy and living standard.	1.35
Primera radi, potrošnja toplotne energije u javnim zgradama u Srbiji iznosi preko 200 kWh/m2, dok je potrošnja u Švedskoj, sa hladnijom klimom, znatno manja i iznosi 60-80 kWh/m2 [3].	For example, energy consumption in public buildings in Serbia is over 200kWh/m2, while the consumption in Sweden, with a colder climate, is much lower and is 60-80kWh/m2 [3].	1.31219
Osim problema prevelike potrošnje energije, značajnu pažnju bi trebalo posvetiti i visokom nivou zagađenosti vazduha, koji je naročito izražen u velikim gradovima.	In addition to the problem of excessive energy consumption, considerable attention should be paid to the high level of air pollution, which is particularly acute in large cities.	1.33744
Uzrok ovog problema je, između ostalog, i emisija štetnih gasova i čestica, koja nastaje sagorevanjem energenata u javnim zgradama.	The cause of this problem, among other things, are the emissions of harmful gases and particles, which is the result of energy consumption in public buildings.	1.00385
Nepovoljnu energetsku i ekološku situaciju u Srbiji je delimično moguće popraviti većom primenom mera energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama.	An unfavorable energy and environmental situation in Serbia is partially possible to repair using measures of energy efficiency in public buildings.	1.79767
Mere za poboljšanje energetske efikasnosti predstavljaju postupke kojima se povećava stepen korisnog dejstva i smanjuju gubici u radu električnih uređaja i toplovodnih instalacija, ali i sprečava suvišno oticanje toplote kroz spoljne zidove i otvore na zgradi.	The measures for improving energy efficiency represent the procedures which increase the degree of efficiency and reduce losses during the operation of electrical devices and hot water installations, but also prevent excessive heat swelling through the exterior walls and holes in the building.	0.759331
Mogućnosti za unapređenje energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama u Srbiji su velike.	Opportunities for improving energy efficiency in public buildings in Serbia are great.	1.67672
Javne zgrade zauzimaju površinu od preko 40 miliona kvadratnih metara, pri čemu su mnoge od njih energetski nedovoljno efikasne [4].	Public buildings occupy an area of over 40 million square meters, but many of them are below the energy efficiency standards [4].	2.42359
Koristi od primene mera energetske efikasnosti mogu imati korisnici i zaposleni u javnim zgradama, ali i šira društvena zajednica. 1 U radu su saopšteni rezultati istraživanja na projektu Osnovnih istraživanja evidencioni broj 179081, koji finansira Ministarstvo prosvete i nauke Republike Srbije.	The benefits of applying measures of energy efficiency can be enjoyed by both the employees in public buildings and the community as a whole. ~~~ 1 The paper brings the results of the authors research within the project no. ~~~ 179081, financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia.	0.0189916
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Projekti energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama se velikim delom, direktno ili indirektno, finansiraju novcem poreskih obveznika.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Energy efficiency projects in public buildings are mainly, directly or indirectly, financed with taxpayers money.	1.39383
Upravo zato bi i realizacija projekata ovog tipa trebalo da bude usmerena u pravcu ostvarivanja maksimalnih koristi za društvenu zajednicu.	That is why the realization of the projects of this type should be coordinated in order to achieve the maximum benefit for the community.	1.13888
Međutim, realizacija projekata ne znači da će koristi automatski biti i ostvarene u meri u kojoj je to predviđeno.	However, the realization of projects does not mean that benefits will automatically be realized in the proper manner.	0.773684
Da bi se ostvarile koristi od projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama, potrebno je pre, tokom i nakon realizacije projekta, sprovoditi proces upravljanja koristima.	To achieve the benefits of energy efficiency projects in public buildings, it is necessary to implement the process of benefit management, before, during and after the project realization.	1.12235
Ovaj proces bi trebalo da bude integralni deo procesa upravljanja projektima, jer se na taj način obezbeđuje da projekti, svojim rezultatima, doprinesu razvoju društvene zajednice. 2.	This process should be an integral part of project management process, because it is in this way that the results of the project will contribute to the community development. ~~~ 2.	0.433517
Pro jek ti ener get ske efi ka sno sti u jav nim zgra da ma i upra vlja nje ko ri sti ma Projekat energetske efikasnosti u zgradarstvu mogao bi da se definiše kao složeni, neponovljivi poduhvat primene mera energetske efikasnosti na izabranoj zgradi, koji se realizuje u predviđenom vremenu i sa predviđenim troškovima, a u cilju ostvarenja ušteda energije uz iste ili bolje životne uslove za korisnike zgrade [5].	Energy efficiency projects in public buildings and benefits management An energy efficiency project in buildings could be defined as a complex, unique venture of implementing energy efficiency measures in the given building, which is realized within the stipulated time and the projected costs, in order to achieve energy savings retaining the same or better living conditions for the users of the building [5].	1.18891
Projekti energetske efikasnosti spadaju u grupu investicionih projekata.	Energy efficiency projects belong to the group of investment projects.	1.94731
Realizacija projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama nije nimalo jednostavna.	The realization of energy efficiency projects in public buildings is not simple.	1.62506
Primena mera energetske efikasnosti može biti složena, dugotrajna i iziskivati znatna finansijska sredstva.	The implementation of energy efficiency measures can be complicated, lengthy and require significant financial resources.	0.912245
Takođe, prema [6], projekti u javnom sektoru su zbog brojnih ograničenja i teškoća složeniji od projekata u privatnom sektoru.	Also, according to [6], the projects in the public sector are more complex than the projects in the private sector due to numerous limitations and difficulties.	1.59211
Ciljevi svakog projekta mogu biti opšti i specifični [7].	The objectives of each project may be general or specific [7].	1.19423
Opšti ciljevi projekta energetske efikasnosti u javnoj zgradi predstavljaju izraz doprinosa projekta razvoju društvene zajednice pre svega u oblastima popravljanja energetskog bilansa zemlje, očuvanja životne sredine i višeg nivoa društvenog blagostanja.	The general objectives of energy efficiency project in public buildings are an expression of contribution of the project to the community development, primarily in the areas of improving the countrys energy balance, environmental protection and higher level of social welfare.	1.69716
Specifični ciljevi se prvenstveno odnose na realizaciju projekta u skladu sa predviđenim vremenom, resursima, troškovima i kvalitetom mera energetske efikasnosti.	Specific objectives are primarily related to the realization of the project within the given constraints: duration, resources, costs and quality of energy efficiency measures.	1.1449
Početak novije istorije realizacije projekata energetske efikasnosti u Srbiji se vezuje za 2002. godinu, kada je osnovana Republička agencija za energetsku efikasnost.	The recent history of the realization of energy efficiency projects in Serbia dates back to the year 2002, when the Serbian Agency for energy efficiency was established.	1.20263
Projekte energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama u Srbiji su u periodu od 2002. godine do danas, osim Agencije, sprovodile i druge državne, pokrajinske i opštinske institucije.	Energy efficiency projects in public buildings in Serbia in the period since 2002 till today have been carried out by other state, provincial and municipal institutions, besides the Agency.	1.17534
Sredstva za realizaciju ovih projekata su obično bila obezbeđena iz budžeta Republike Srbije, pokrajinskih i opštinskih budžeta i međunarodnih kredita i donacija.	The funding for these projects has usually been provided from the budget of the Republic of Serbia, provincial and municipal budgets and international credits and donations.	1.34145
Investitori su nastojali da ova sredstva alociraju na više desetina (ili stotina) projekata rasprostranjenih širom zemlje.	Investors are trying to allocate these funds to dozens (or hundreds) of projects spread across the country.	0.594246
Na taj način je omogućeno da veliki broj korisnika javnih zgrada i građana uživa koristi od projekata energetske efikasnosti.	This method enables a large number of users of public buildings and citizens to enjoy the benefits of energy efficiency projects.	1.34455
Pomenuti projekti su bili organizovani u portfolije [8].	The mentioned projects have been organized into portfolios [8].	0.930667
Upravljanje portfoliom projekata je disciplina projektnog menadžmenta koja obuhvata znanja, veštine, alate i tehnike za izbor adekvatnog skupa projekata, koji je usklađen sa strategijom i ciljevima organizacije [9].	Project management portfolio is the discipline of project management that includes knowledge, skills, tools and techniques for managing an appropriate set of projects which is aligned with the strategy and objectives of the organization [9].	1.51638
Efektivnost portfolija projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama predstavlja stepen do koga rezultati portfolija odgovaraju ciljevima korisnika i zaposlenih u javnim zgradama i društvene zajednice.	The effectiveness of the energy efficiency projects portfolio in public buildings represents the degree to which the results of the portfolio correspond to the objectives of users and employees in both public buildings and the community.	1.76902
Pomenuta efektivnost zavisi od izbora javnih zgrada u kojima će projekti biti realizovani i izbora mera energetske efikasnosti koje će biti primenjene u tim projektima.	The mentioned effectiveness depends on the choice of public buildings where the projects will be realized as well as on the choice of energy efficiency measures to be used in these projects.	1.65808
S obzirom da investitori raspolažu ograničenim sredstvima, njihov interes je da projekti u koje ulažu na najbolji način doprinesu zadovoljenju potreba korisnika, zaposlenih i društvene zajednice.	Considering that investors have limited resources, their interest is that the projects they invest in contribute in the best way to meeting the needs of users, employees and the community.	1.60333
S tim u vezi, potrebno je na pravi način proceniti koristi koje određeni projekti mogu doneti i shodno tome, odabrati i realizovati one projekte koji će omogućiti ostvarivanje maksimalnih koristi.	In this context, it is necessary that the benefits of the projects should be properly assessed and, therefore, the projects that will ensure the achievement of maximum benefit should be selected and conducted.	0.966954
Realizacija projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama pruža mogućnost za ostvarivanje ušteda u potrošnji energije.	The realization of energy efficiency projects in public buildings provides an opportunity to achieve savings in energy consumption.	1.98487
Ipak, da li će uštede biti zaista i ostvarene, velikim delom zavisi od ponašanja korisnika u periodu nakon primene mera energetske efikasnosti.	However, whether savings will be actually realized, largely depends on user behavior in the period after the implementation of energy efficiency measures.	1.32443
Ovim merama se smanjuju energetski gubici i poboljšava efikasnost instalacija, čime dolazi do snižavanja cene potrošnje energije.	These measures can reduce energy losses and improve the efficiency of the installation, which will in turn result in lower energy prices.	0.964103
U takvoj situaciji, korisnici su često motivisani da povećaju, a ne da smanje potrošnju.	In this situation, consumers are often motivated to increase rather than reduce consumption.	1.36383
Na taj način se ostvaruje samo deo planiranih ušteda.	In this way only a part of the planned savings is realized.	1.19375
Ova pojava se naziva efekat odskoka (rebound effect) [10].	This phenomenon is called the rebound effect [10].	1.25227
Ekstremniji oblik efekta odskoka je tzv. Dževonsov paradoks (Jevons paradox).	The extreme form of rebound effect is called Jevons paradox.	1.01434
To je pojava kada nivo potrošnje nakon primene mera energetske efikasnosti premaši nivo pre primene [11].	This is a phenomenon when the level of consumption after the application of energy efficiency measures exceeded the level before the application [11].	1.24269
Porast potrošnje energije u periodu nakon primene mera se pravda time što korisnici teže da pozitivnu razliku u ceni potrošnje energije iskoriste za podizanje nivoa komfora, nabavku novih ili veće korišćenje postojećih električnih uređaja (ukoliko je predmet primene mera bila ušteda električne energije) [11].	The increase in the energy consumption in the period after the application of measures is justified because users tend to use a positive difference in the price of energy to raise the level of comfort, the purchase of new or better use of existing electrical devices (if the object of application of the measures was saving energy) [11].	1.5656
Međutim, treba napomenuti da razlozi povećanja potrošnje nisu uvek racionalni.	However, it should be noted that the reasons for an increase in consumption are not always rational.	1.34159
Zagrevanje prostorija iznad optimalne temperature, predugo ostavljanje otvorenih prozora u prostorijama koje se greju/hlade ili negašenje svetla u praznim prostorijama su samo neki od primera nedomaćinskog upravljanja energijom, koje može nastati kao posledica snižavanja troškova energije i nedovoljno razvijene svesti o društvenim ciljevima [12].	Space heating above the optimal temperature, leaving the windows open in the rooms that are heated / cooled for Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 too long or failing to switch off the lights in empty rooms are just some examples of poor energy management, which may arise as a result of lowering energy costs and insufficiently developed awareness of social objectives [12].	1.27404
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 U projektima energetske efikasnosti u komercijalnim i javnim zgradama u Norveškoj se krajem prošlog veka, usled efekta odskoka, ostvarivalo 90% planiranih energetskih ušteda [13].	In the energy efficiency projects in commercial and public buildings in Norway at the end of the last century, due to the rebound effect, 90% of planned energy savings was achieved [13].	1.55402
S obzirom da se u realizaciju ovih projekata investiraju ogromna sredstva i da se takođe očekuju značajni efekti, 10% neostvarenih ušteda može predstavljati iznos od nekoliko miliona evra gubitaka u periodu eksploatacije investicije.	Considering that substantial resources were invested in the realization of these projects and that significant effects were expected to be gained, 10% of unrealized savings can represent the amount of several million euro of losses in the period of the exploitation of the investment.	1.48457
U Srbiji do sada nije sprovedeno istraživanje o uticajima efekta odskoka u projektima energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama.	Serbia has not yet done any research on the impacts of the rebound effect in the energy efficiency projects in public buildings.	1.86784
Ipak, iskustva iz Norveške mogu biti jasan znak da bi i u projektima u našoj zemlji trebalo preduzeti odgovarajuće mere kojima bi se obezbedilo potpuno ostvarivanje planiranih koristi.	However, the Norwegian experience can clearly prove that in the projects in this country appropriate measures should be taken to ensure the full realization of planned benefits.	1.67509
U mnogim oblastima, ostvarivanje specifičnih ciljeva projekta dovodi i do ostvarivanja opštih ciljeva.	In many areas, the achievement of specific objectives of the project results into the realization of common objectives.	0.910599
Međutim, u projektima energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama, to ne mora biti slučaj.	However, in the energy efficiency projects in public buildings, it may not be the case.	1.5695
Može se reći da kod pojedinih projekata ovog tipa postoji jaz između ostvarenja specifičnih i opštih ciljeva, koji je odgovarajućim aktivnostima neophodno premostiti.	It can be said that in some projects of this type there is a gap between the achievement of specific objectives and the goals, which must be overcome by appropriate activities.	1.66684
Menadžment disciplina koja se bavi definisanjem, procenjivanjem i obezbeđivanjem očekivanih koristi se zove upravljanje koristima (benefits management) [14].	The management discipline that deals with defining, evaluating and providing the expected benefits is called benefits management [14].	1.02337
Osim napora usmerenih ka ostvarivanju očekivanih koristi, proces upravljanja koristima nastoji da prepozna i obezbedi ostvarivanje i onih koristi koje nisu bile prvobitno predviđene planom projekta.	Besides the efforts aimed at achieving the expected benefits, the benefits management process attempts to identify and ensure the realization of those benefits that were not previously in the plan of the project.	1.18037
Proces upravljanja koristima bi trebalo da bude integralni deo upravljanja projektom ili portfoliom projekata.	The benefits management process should be an integral part of project management or of the portfolio of projects.	1.69691
Ovaj proces omogućava projektnom timu da razume razloge zbog kojih se projekat sprovodi, kao i da shvati važnost projekta za ostvarivanje opštih ciljeva organizacije ili društvene zajednice.	This process allows for the project team to understand the reasons why the project is implemented, as well as to understand the importance of the project for achieving the overall goals of the organization or community.	1.55731
Integrisani model projektnog/portfolio menažmenta i upravljanja koristima u slučaju projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama je prikazan na slici 1.	An integrated model of the project / portfolio management and benefits management in the case of energy efficiency projects in public buildings is shown in picture 1.	2.15502
Slika 1: ~~~ Model upravljanja koristima u projektima energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama Koristima bi u projektu trebalo upravljati na način kako se to radi sa svih devet oblasti znanja koncepta projektnog menadžmenta.	Picture 1: Model of benefits management of energy efficiency projects in public buildings Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Benefits management on the project should be effected in the same way as that in which it works with all nine knowledge areas of the project management concept.	0.612554
Te oblasti obuhvataju upravljanje integracijom, obimom, vremenom, troškovima, kvalitetom, ljudskim resursima, komunikacijom, rizikom i nabavkom za projekat [15].	These areas include the management of integration, scope, time, costs, quality, human resources, communication, risk and procurement for the project [15].	1.06503
Na neki način, koristi bi trebalo posmatrati kao desetu oblast znanja kojom treba upravljati u projektu.	Somehow, the benefits should be seen as a tenth area of knowledge which should be managed in the project.	1.52507
U prikazanom modelu se Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 može videti da aktivnosti upravljanja koristima direktno utiču na tok i ishod projektnih faza.	In the presented model the direct impact of the activities of benefits management upon the course and outcome of the project phases can be seen.	1.1363
Aktivnost postprojektnog obezbeđivanja ostvarenja planiranih koristi se, za razliku od drugih, sprovodi nakon zatvaranja projekta, jer njen tok i ishod, u određenoj meri, zavise od rezultata projekta.	The activity of post project providing achievement of planned benefits is, unlike the others, carried out after the closure of the project, because the course and the outcome depend, to some extent, on the project results.	0.495642
U daljem tekstu će prikazani model biti detaljnije opisan. 3.	The shown model will be described in more detail hereonafter.	1.11252
Usva ja nje stra te gi je upra vlja nja ko ri sti ma Spoznaja o mogućim koristima predstavlja inicijalnu fazu projekta.	3. ~~~ Adoption of benefits management strategy Awareness of potential benefits represents the initial phase of the project.	0.348441
U ovoj fazi, korisnici postaju svesni energetskih gubitaka, ali i stanja u koje bi bilo poželjno dovesti energetski sistem javne zgrade.	In this phase, users become aware of energy wastage, as well as of the situation in which it would be preferable to establish the energy system of public building.	1.20878
Na osnovu definisanog poželjnog stanja energetskog sistema, projektni tim definiše nekoliko opštih projektnih ciljeva.	The project team, based on a defined preferable state of the energy system, defines a few project goals.	0.628409
Prvi korak u ostvarivanju ovih ciljeva je usvajanje strategije upravljanja koristima na nivou javne zgrade, koja će predstavljati okvir za unapređenje energetskog sistema.	The first step in achieving these goals is adopting benefits management strategy at the level of public building, which will represent a framework for improving the energy system.	1.92303
Strategija upravljanja koristima u projektima energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama predstavlja pravac usmeravanja procesa stvaranja koristi pre, tokom i nakon realizacije projekata datog tipa, a u kontekstu ispunjavanja opštih društvenih ciljeva, koji se tiču ekonomskog razvoja zemlje, očuvanja životne sredine i postizanja višeg nivoa društvenog blagostanja.	The benefits management strategy in energy efficiency projects in public buildings represents the direction in the creating of benefits process before, during and after the implementation of projects of a given type, and in the context of fulfilling general social objectives related to economic development, environmental protection and achieving higher level of social welfare.	1.51277
Ova strategija opisuje kako i u kojoj meri će koristi biti prepoznate i kvantifikovane, koja će sredstva za njihovo ostvarivanje biti upotrebljena i ko je odgovoran za njihovo ostvarivanje [14].	This strategy describes how and to what extent benefits will be identified and quantified, which funds for its implementation will be used and who is responsible for the implementation [14].	1.15986
U skladu sa strateškim aspektom projektnog menadžmenta [16], veoma je važno da se strategija upravljanja koristima podudara sa nacionalnim i međunarodnim stategijama i ciljevima u oblastima energetike i ekologije, kao i sa drugim zajedničkim društvenim ciljevima. 4.	In accordance with the strategic aspects of project management [16], it is important that the benefits management strategy corresponds with the national and international strategies and objectives in the areas of energy and ecology, as well as with other common social objectives.	1.48041
Pri ku plja nje po da ta ka o dru štve no-eko nom skim ka rak te ri sti ka ma pro je ka ta Pravilnom analizom karakteristika objekta i energetskih tokova moguće je utvrditi nedostatke u energetskom sistemu i predložiti adekvatne mere koje će unaprediti energetsku efikasnost.	4. ~~~ Data collection on socio-economic characteristics of projects A correct analysis of the characteristics of the structure and energy flows can help determine the deficiencies in the energy system and recommend appropriate measures to improve energy efficiency.	0.197369
Ispitivanjem fizičkih karakteristika zgrade moguće je utvrditi nivo gubitaka energije i efikasnost energetskih instalacija.	By examining the physical characteristics of the building it is possible to determine the level of energy losses and the efficiency of energy installations.	1.64425
Na osnovu prikupljenih podataka izračunavaju se indikatori energetskih performansi, koji predstavljaju kvantitativni izraz stanja energetskog sistema zgrade [17].	Based on the collected data, the indicators of energy performance are calculated, which represent the quantitative expression of the state of building energy systems [17].	0.929538
Poređenjem utvrđenih vrednosti indikatora sa referentnim vrednostima, moguće je proceniti potencijalne energetske uštede, a takođe i mogućnosti ostvarivanja drugih koristi.	Through a comparison of determined indicator values with reference values, it is possible to estimate potential energy savings, and also the possibility of achieving other benefits.	1.72284
Međutim, ukupan nivo potencijalnih koristi, zavisi i od drugih faktora, pre svega od šireg i užeg društveno-ekonomskog konteksta realizacije projekta.	However, the total level of potential benefits depends on other factors, primarily on the narrower and wider socio-economic context of the project realization.	1.43845
Analizom šireg društveno-ekonomskog konteksta u projektima energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama bi trebalo obuhvatiti podatke o bruto društvenom proizvodu u opštini, regionu ili državi, životnoj sredini, saobraćajnoj i energetskoj infrastrukturi, broju i strukturi zgrada, nezaposlenosti, demografskoj situaciji, prosečnim platama, strukturi obrazovanja, potrošnji energije po jedinici mere, prirodnim resursima, domaćoj i međunarodnoj pravnoj regulativi u oblasti energetike i perspektivama daljeg ekonomskog razvoja [5].	The analysis of a broader socio-economic context of energy efficiency projects in public buildings should include the information on the gross domestic product in the municipality, region or country, environment, transport and energy infrastructure, the number and structure of buildings, the unemployment rate, the demographic situation, the average salaries, the educational structure, energy consumption per unit, natural resources, national and international regulations in the field of energy and perspectives for further economic development [5].	1.58383
U cilju analize užeg konteksta realizacije projekta, potrebno je prikupiti podatke, kao što su: namena zgrade, broj i ponašanje korisnika i zaposlenih u zgradi, mogućnost korišćenja već postojećih znanja u projektu, spremnost za realizaciju projekta, komplementarnost sa drugim projektima, doprinos razvoju kadrova u lokalnoj sredini kroz učešće u projektu, itd.	To analyze the narrower context of the project, it is necessary to collect information, such as: the use to which the building is put, the number and behavior of users and employees in the building, the use of the existing knowledge in the project, the readiness to implement the project, the complementarity with other projects, developing human resources in the local community through participation in the project, etc.	1.33021
Mogućnost potpunog sagledavanja budućih koristi i troškova se u velikoj meri oslanja na preciznost u proceni svih ekonomskih, ekoloških i društvenih faktora koji utiču na projekat.	The possibility of complete consideration of future benefits and costs significantly relies on the accuracy of the estimation of all economic, environmental and social factors that affect the project.	1.16852
Stoga, prikupljeni podaci služe kao osnova za prepoznavanje i kvantifikaciju potencijalnih koristi. 5.	Therefore, the information is used as the basis for the identification and quantification of potential benefits.	0.923292
	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 5.	-0.3
Pre po zna va nje i kvan ti fi ka ci ja ko ri sti i oce nji va nje pro je ka ta U okviru pripreme realizacije projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnoj zgradi, izrada analize opravdanosti je jedna od najznačajnijih faza.	Identification and quantification of benefits and project assessment In the preparation of the realization of energy efficiency projects in the public building, the development of feasibility analysis is one of the most important phases.	0.860221
Analiza opravdanosti je elaborat kojim se analiziraju i razrađuju tehnički, energetski, ekonomski, ekološki, društveni, politički i drugi uslovi od značaja za ocenu ulaganja investicionih sredstava sa aspekta investitora i društvene zajednice.	Feasibility analysis analyzes and develops technical, energy, economic, environmental, social, political and other conditions relevant to the assessment of investing resources from the aspects of an investor and the community.	0.652248
Na osnovu ovog elaborata, vrši se donošenje odluke o tome da li je realizacija određenog projekta opravdana [18].	Based on this elaborate, a decision is made on whether the realization of a project is justified, [18].	0.886751
Takođe, poređenjem rezultata analize Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 opravdanosti više pojedinačnih projekata, moguće je izabrati nekoliko najboljih i sastaviti optimalni portfolio.	Also, comparing the results of feasibility analysis of several individual projects, it is possible to select some of the best and create an optimum portfolio.	1.32718
Kao što je ranije napisano, projekti energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama su često deo skupa od nekoliko desetina ili stotina komplementarnih projekata, koji imaju za cilj ostvarivanje maksimalnih koristi za društvenu zajednicu.	As mentioned before, energy efficiency projects in public buildings are often part of a set of tens or hundreds complementary projects aimed to achieve a maximum benefit for the community.	1.28014
S tim u vezi, potrebno je u portfolio energetske efikasnosti uvrstiti one projekte, koji će na najbolji način doprineti društvenom razvoju.	In this context, in a portfolio of energy efficiency it is necessary to include those projects that will best contribute to social development.	1.66118
Projekti energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama mogu uticati na razvoj šire zajednice određenog grada, regiona ili države.	Energy efficiency projects in public buildings may affect the development of the broader community - a city, region or country.	1.79174
Metoda koja se najčešće koristi kod ocenjivanja projekata od velikog društvenog značaja je Cost-Benefit analiza.	The method which is usually implemented in the evaluation of projects of great social importance is the Cost-Benefit analysis.	0.848077
Reč je o metodi čija primena polazi od toga da treba prepoznati i kvantitativno izraziti sve troškove i koristi, bez obzira da li su ekonomske ili neekonomske prirode [19].	It is a method whose implementation starts from the fact that we should identify and quantify all the costs and benefits, no matter whether they are economic or noneconomic in nature [19].	0.97973
Adekvatnim prepoznavanjem i kvantifikacijom troškova i koristi, investitor može pravilno da proceni doprinos pojedinih projekata ostvarivanju opštih ciljeva i da na osnovu toga odabere projekte koji će biti deo portfolija.	With an adequate detection and quantification of costs and benefits, the investor can evaluate the contribution of individual projects to achieving overall objectives and on such a basis the investor can select projects that will be part of the portfolio.	1.04541
Cost-Benefit analiza nastoji da obuhvati sve koristi od projekta, pa čak i one neopipljive.	It is necessary that the Cost-Benefit Analysis include all the benefits of the project, even those intangible.	1.04375
Koristi poput zadovoljstva komforom u zgradi se kvantifikuju metodom dodatne vrednosti za korisnika (consumer surplus) [20].	Benefits such as satisfaction with comfort in the building are quantified by method of added value for the user (consumer surplus) [20].	1.6954
Ova metoda se bazira na teoriji korisnosti.	This method is based on the theory of utility.	0.667105
Prema ovoj teoriji, korisnost označava zadovoljenje, subjektivno zadovoljstvo ili korist koju korisnik ima kad konzumira neko dobro ili uslugu [21].	According to this theory, the utility indicates satisfaction, subjective pleasure or benefit that user has consuming some good or service [21].	1.42592
Korisnici, u zavisnosti od situacije u kojoj se nalaze, imaju različit subjektivni osećaj prema istom materijalnom ili nematerijalnom dobru.	Users, depending on the situation in which they are, have different subjective feelings about the same tangible or intangible goods.	1.02105
Ukoliko korisnici ne poseduju neko materijalno ili nematerijalno dobro, može im se postaviti pitanje, koliko su spremni da plate da bi ga posedovali (willingness to pay - WTP) [20].	If users do not have certain tangible or intangible goods, they can be asked about how much they are willing to pay to possess it (willingness to pay - WTP) [20].	1.35038
U slučaju projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama, WTP označava iznos novčanih sredstava koji su korisnici zgrade spremni da izdvoje za rešavanje problema neadekvatnih uslova za boravak i rad u zgradi [22].	In the case of energy efficiency projects in public buildings, the WTP indicates the amount of funds that the users of building are willing to allocate to solve the problem of inadequate conditions for living and working in the building [22].	1.91752
Zbir pojedinačnih vrednosti WTP po korisniku čini ukupni WTP za čitavu zgradu.	The sum of individual WTP values per user makes a total WTP for the entire building.	1.68033
Iznos ukupnog WTP najčešće odstupa od tržišne vrednosti mera energetske efikasnosti.	The amount of total WTP often deviates from the market value of energy efficiency measures.	1.29231
Ovo odstupanje može biti pozitivno ili negativno.	This deviation can be positive or negative.	1.36974
Ukoliko je reč o negativnom odstupanju tj. tržišna vrednost je veća od ukupnog WTP, tada po ovom kriterijumu nije opravdano realizovati projekat.	If it is a negative deviation or if the market value is greater than the total WTP, then according to this criterion it is not justified to realize the project.	1.20607
Kada je ukupni WTP veći od tržišne vrednosti, pozitivno odstupanje u ovom slučaju predstavlja dodatnu vrednost za korisnika, tj. veličinu nematerijalnih koristi koje korisnici potencijalno mogu da uživaju nakon realizacije projekta [20].	When the total WTP is higher than market value, a positive deviation in this case represents an additional value for users and the size of the intangible benefits that users can enjoy after project realization [20].	1.70151
Koristi, koje projekti energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama donose društvenoj zajednici, mogu se podeliti u sledeće kategorije: ~~~ Ekonomske koristi; Ekološke koristi; Koristi koje se tiču poboljšanja uslova za boravak i rad u zgradama.	The benefits that energy efficiency projects in public buildings earns to the community can be classified into the following categories: Economic benefits; Environmental benefits; The benefits that are related to improving the conditions of living and working in buildings.	0.6
Ekonomske koristi zauzimaju najveći udeo u ukupnim koristima od projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama.	The economic benefits make the biggest part of the total benefits of energy efficiency projects in public buildings.	1.6035
Iz tog razloga se u analizama opravdanosti sva pažnja, neretko, poklanja isključivo ovom tipu koristi.	For this reason, all the attention is exclusively paid to this type of benefit, in the feasibility analysis.	1.0467
U projektima ovog tipa, ekonomske koristi se ostvaruju u vidu novčane vrednosti ušteda u potrošnji energije.	The economic benefits are realized in the form of cash value savings in energy consumption in projects of this type.	1.35573
Do ovih vrednosti se dolazi kada se razlika između trenutne i buduće, procenjene (manje) potrošnje energije pomnoži sa cenama energenata.	These values can be achieved when the difference between the current and future, estimated (less) energy consumption is multiplied with energy prices.	0.711498
Uštede u potrošnji energije pružaju mogućnost za popravljanje energetskog bilansa zemlje, tj. smanjenje uvoza ili povećanje izvoza pojedinih energenata.	The savings in energy consumption provide an opportunity to improve the energy balance of the country and reduce imports or increase exports of individual energy sources.	1.03714
U Srbiji se energija ogromnim delom proizvodi iz neobnovljivih izvora, čime dolazi do velike emisije gasova staklene bašte i drugih gasova i čestica štetnih po zdravlje ljudi i stanje ekosistema.	In Serbia, a huge part of energy is produced from nonrenewable sources, which results into large emissions of greenhouse gas and other gases and particles that are harmful to human health and the ecosystem.	1.26248
Može se očekivati da bi usled smanjenja potrošnje energije primenom mera energetske efikasnosti, došlo i do smanjenja zagađenja.	It can be expected that due to reduced energy consumption by applying energy efficiency measures, it comes to reducing pollution.	0.915363
Novčano izražene ekološke koristi u projektima energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama se izračunavaju tako što se razlika između trenutne i buduće, procenjene (manje) emisije štetnih gasova pomnoži cenom tih gasova na svetskom tržištu.	Quantified monetarily environmental benefits in the energy efficiency projects in public buildings are calculated when the difference between the current and future, estimated (less) emissions of harmful gas is multiplied with the price of gas in the world market.	1.345
Štetnim gasovima se, inače, trguje na posebnim berzama koje postoje širom sveta [23].	Harmful gas is traded on special Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 exchanges that exist around the world [23].	0.993506
U koristi koje se tiču poboljšanja uslova za boravak i rad u zgradi ubrajaju se: sprečavanje uzroka nastanka zdravstvenih problema, bolja produktivnost zaposlenih i viši stepen komfora.	The benefits related to improving the conditions of living and working in the building include: preventing the causes of health problems, improving productivity of employees and a higher degree of comfort.	0.920906
Niska temperatura, vlaga i promaja u javnoj zgradi su često uzrok jednog broja zdravstvenih tegoba kod korisnika i zaposlenih.	Low temperature, humidity and draft in the public building are often the cause of a number of health problems for users and employees.	1.34182
Stvaranjem optimalnih uslova za boravak i rad, smanjuje se broj obolelih, a samim tim se ostvaruje ušteda u državnim izdacima za zdravstvo.	Creating optimal conditions for living and working results into a reduced the number of patients, and therefore the savings in state expenditures for health.	1.0479
Primenom mera energetske efiksnosti dolazi do poboljšanja uslova za rad, a samim tim i do porasta produktivnosti, koji je moguće meriti i novčano izraziti standardnim metodama [24].	Applying energy efficiency measures leads to the improvement of working conditions, and therefore to an increase in productivity, which can be measured and financially expressed by standard methods [24].	0.910782
Zado Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 voljstvo uslovima za boravak i rad u objektu kvantifikuje se pomoću metode dodatne vrednosti za korisnika, koja je ranije opisana.	Satisfaction with living and working conditions in the building is quantified by method of added value for the user, which was previously described.	0.573425
U projektima energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama postoje i koristi koje su vrlo značajne, ali ih je teško kvantifikovati.	In the energy efficiency projects in public buildings there are benefits that are very important, but difficult to quantify.	1.48879
Naime, ispunjavanjem međunarodnih obaveza u pogledu sprovođenja direktiva i protokola koji se tiču unapređenja energetske efikasnosti, zemlje koje teže evro-integracijama, približavaju se članstvu u Evropskoj uniji.	By meeting international obligations as regards the implementation of directives and protocols related to energy efficiency, the countries that aspire to Euro-integrations become closer to the EU membership.	0.716268
Takođe, zemlja koja posvećuje značajnu pažnju energetskoj efikasnosti dokazuje da njeni građani imaju razvijenu svest o održivom razvoju pa, shodno tome, uživa veći ugled u svetu.	Also, a country that dedicates considerable attention to energy efficiency proves that its citizens have developed their awareness of sustainable development, and therefore, enjoys a higher reputation in the world.	1.36878
Projekti energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama mogu uticati na podizanje svesti stanovništva o racionalnoj potrošnji energije i zaštiti životne sredine.	Energy efficiency projects in public buildings may have an impact on raising awareness of rational consumption of energy and environmental protection.	1.84853
Sa razvojem svesti o energetskoj efikasnosti, raste i broj realizovanih projekata ovog tipa, čime se ostvaruju nove koristi.	Alongside the rise in the awareness of energy efficiency, grows the number of realized projects of this type, which create the new benefits.	1.37774
Sve prikupljene podatke o očekivanim koristima je potrebno dokumentovati.	All collected information about the expected benefits need to be documented.	0.9
U tu svrhu se za svaku korist kreira tzv. profil koristi (benefit profile).	For this purpose a benefit profile is created for each benefit.	0.994444
To je dokument u kome su prikazani svi podaci od značaja za ostvarivanje određene koristi.	It is a document that shows all relevant information for achieving certain benefits.	0.9182
Podaci koji bi trebalo da se nalaze u profilu koristi su: kategorija i opis koristi, deo organizacije ili okoline na koju će korist uticati, odnos sa drugim koristima, dinamički plan ostvarivanja koristi, aktivnosti, odgovornosti, rizici, zainteresovane strane, indikatori za praćenje ostvarivanja koristi, način i učestalost izveštavanja u procesu ostvarivanja koristi, itd [14].	A benefit profile should contain the following information: category and description of benefit, part of the organization or environment that will be affected by the benefit, relationship with other benefits, a dynamic plan of benefit realization, activities, responsibilities, risks, stakeholders, indicators for monitoring benefit realization, the way and frequency of reporting in the process of benefit realization, etc.	1.51671
Cost-Benefit analizom je potrebno obuhvatiti i troškove koji se javljaju u vezi sa projektom.	[14]. ~~~ The Cost-benefit analysis should cover the costs that arise in connection with the project.	0.394304
Za realizaciju projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnoj zgradi su potrebna značajna finansijska sredstva.	The realization of energy efficiency projects in the public building requires significant financial resources.	1.36518
Iznos tih sredstava prvenstveno zavisi od tipa i broja mera energetske efikasnosti koje se primenjuju, karakteristika objekata, klimatskih uslova, raspoložive energetske infrastrukture, itd. ~~~ Vrste troškova koji se javljaju u većini projekata energetske efikasnosti, odnose se na:	The amount of those resources primarily depends on the type and number of energy efficiency measures that are used and also depends on the characteristics of building, climatic conditions, available energy infrastructure, etc.	0.665441
Snimanje i analizu karakteristika javne zgrade; Pripremu i izradu projektne dokumentacije; Pribavljanje saglasnosti i dozvola; Nabavku materijala, opreme i radne snage; Osiguranje opreme, materijala, uređaja, instalacija, radova, itd.; ~~~ Kamate na uzete kredite za realizaciju projekta; Promotivne aktivnosti u cilju podizanja svesti građana o energetskoj efikasnosti; Održavanje u periodu eksploatacije projekta; Sertifikaciju energetskog sistema javne zgrade, itd.	In most of energy efficiency projects, there are different types of costs that are related to: Analysis of the characteristics of public buildings; Preparation and development of project documentation; Provision of approvals and permits; Supply of material, equipment and human resources; Provision of equipment, material, device, installation, work, etc; Rates on taken loans for the project realization; Promotional activities for raising public awareness about energy efficiency; Maintaining in the period of project exploitation; Certification of the energy system of public building etc.	0.187323
Ocena projekata se u analizi opravdanosti vrši pomoću odgovarajućih pokazatelja.	In the feasibility analysis, assessment of projects is carried out by appropriate indicators.	1.09018
Postoji više tipova pokazatelja, među kojima su finansijski, ekonomski, društveni, tehnički, itd.	There are different types of indicators, including financial, economic, social, technical indicators, etc.	0.979121
U projektima energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama , za potrebe ocene projekata sa aspekta društvene zajednice, potrebno je koristiti pokazatelje Cost-Benefit analize.	For the needs of projects evaluation from the aspect of community in energy efficiency projects in public buildings it is necessary to use indicators of cost-benefit analysis.	1.60235
Osnova ovih pokazatelja leži u poređenju predviđenih koristi i troškova.	The basis of these indicators is the comparison between predicted benefits and costs.	1.09171
U portfolio energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama ulaze oni projekti kod kojih koristi nadmašuju troškove u većoj meri nego što je to slučaj kod drugih projekata.	The portfolio of energy efficiency in public buildings includes those projects where the benefits outweigh the costs to a greater extent than it is the case with other projects.	1.84734
Kao što je ranije pomenuto, određene koristi je teško ili nemoguće kvantifikovati, pa zato one ne mogu biti uključene u postupak izračunavanja pokazatelja.	As mentioned above, it is difficult or impossible to quantify some benefits, and therefore those benefits cannot be included in the process of calculating the indicators.	1.03714
Uprkos tome, prilikom odlučivanja o izboru projekata za ulazak u portfolio, moguće je uzeti u obzir i nemerljive koristi.	In spite of that, in deciding on the selection of projects to be entered into the portfolio, it is possible to take into account the immeasurable benefits.	1.28208
U tom slučaju je potrebno osloniti se na subjektivnu procenu donosioca odluka o značaju pomenutih koristi za ostvarivanje opštih društvenih ciljeva. 6.	In this case, it is necessary to rely on the subjective assessment of decision makers about the importance of these benefits for achieving common social objectives.	0.941063
Usme ra va nje ak tiv no sti pro je ka ta u prav cu ostva ri va nja mak si mal nih ko ri sti Usmeravanjem projektnih aktivnosti u pravcu ostvarivanja maksimalnih koristi, projektni tim obezbeđuje da se tokom realizacije projekata zadrži fokus na ostvarivanju opštih ciljeva.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 6. ~~~ Directing the project activities towards achieving maximum benefit Directing the project activities towards achieving maximum benefit requires that the project team should focus on achieving overall objectives during the project realization.	0.361557
Izbor izvođača radova na unapređenju energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama obavlja se postupkom restriktivne javne nabavke.	The selection of contractors to improve energy efficiency in public buildings is carried out through a restrictive procedure of public supply.	1.16148
Opšti koraci u ovom postupku jesu: definisanje uslova za ponuđače, oglašavanje i prikupljanje ponuda i na kraju izbor najboljeg ponuđača.	The general steps in this process are the following: defining the conditions for bidders, advertising and collecting the bids and finally the selection of the best bidder.	1.2496
Projektni tim bi trebalo da propiše uslove za ponuđače imajući u vidu predviđene koristi od projekta.	The project team should prescribe the conditions for bidders taking into account the predicted benefits of the project.	0.970013
Ovi uslovi se prvenstveno odnose na kvalitet izvođe Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 nja radova u pogledu budućeg ostvarivanja energetskih ušteda, smanjenja emisije štetnih gasova i poboljšanja uslova za boravak i rad u objektu.	These conditions are primarily related to the quality of construction works in terms of future realization of energy savings, of reducing the emissions of harmful gases and improving conditions for living and working in the building.	1.23227
Takođe, važne uslove predstavljaju i visina troškova implementacije mera i kasnije eksploatacije projekta.	Also important conditions are the amount of the implementation measures costs and project exploitation.	1.13407
Projektni tim može definisati i dodatne uslove za ponuđače, ali se prethodno pomenuti uslovi smatraju najvažnijim za ostvarivanje predviđenih koristi.	The project team can define additional conditions for bidders, but the previously mentioned conditions are considered as most important for the realization of predicted benefits.	1.40344
Nakon prikupljanja ponuda, a shodno definisanim uslovima, projektni tim bira ponuđača/e koji na najbolji način mogu da doprinesu ostvarivanju specifičnih i opštih ciljeva projekta.	After the collection of bids, and according to defined conditions, the project team selects bidder / s who can best contribute to the achievement of specific and general objectives of the project.	1.13448
Faza realizacije projekta se odnosi na neposrednu primenu mera energetske efikasnosti u odabranoj javnoj zgradi.	A phase in the project realization is related to the direct implementation of energy efficiency measures in the given public building.	1.37652
Aktivnosti implementacije mera bi trebalo dugoročno da doprinesu ostvarivanju predviđenih koristi.	The activities in the implementation measures are meant to contribute to achievement of predicted benefits in the long-term.	0.993956
Kako bi se veza između ovih aktivnosti i ostvarivanja koristi ojačala, predlaže se korišćenje tzv. matrice koristi (benefit matrix).	To make a stronger connection between these activities and the benefits, it is necessary to use the benefit matrix.	0.682653
Ova matrica spaja aktivnosti realizacije projekta sa odgovarajućim koristima čijem ostvarenju ove aktivnosti treba da doprinesu [25].	This matrix connects activities of the project realization with the appropriate benefits that should be achieved through these activities [25].	1.45417
U projektima energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama na taj način moguće je obezbediti upravljanje implementacijom mera u skladu sa predviđenim koristima za društvenu zajednicu.	In that way, in the energy efficiency projects in public buildings it is possible to ensure the management of implementation of measures in line with the predicted benefits for the community.	1.85625
Faza kontrole se odnosi na praćenje realizacije projekta i periodično izveštavanje projektnog rukovodstva o toku radova.	The control phase is related to the monitoring of project realization and periodical project management reporting about the work progress.	1.15208
Rukovodstvo projekta prima izveštaje sa terena o vremenu, troškovima, resursima i kvalitetu implementacije mera.	The project management receives reports from the field about time, costs, resources and quality of implementation measures.	0.882353
Podatke prikazane u izveštajima je potrebno sagledati u kontekstu predviđenih koristi, tj. proceniti da li će tekuća realizacija garantovati ostvarivanje specifičnih, a samim tim i opštih ciljeva projekta. 7.	The information presented in the reports will be considered in the context of predicted benefits, and an estimate will be made on whether the current realization guarantees the achievement of specific and general objectives of the project. ~~~ 7.	0.336364
Po re đe nje pred vi đe nih i pri me nje nih me ra za ostva ri va nje ko ri sti Evaluacija i zatvaranje predstavlja poslednju fazu projekta.	Comparison of predicted and applied measures for the benefits realization The evaluation and closure is the last phase of the project.	0.706459
U ovoj fazi je potrebno utvrditi da li su i u kojoj meri ostvareni specifični projektni ciljevi.	In this phase it is necessary to determine to what extent the specific project objectives are achieved.	0.944715
Evaluacijom projekta vrši se i analiza kvaliteta primenjenih mera energetske efikasnosti.	The evaluation of the project includes the analysis of the quality of the applied energy efficiency measures.	1.25185
Kvalitet u procesu evaluacije se može definisati kao nivo ispunjenosti ugovorenih obaveza od strane izvođača radova na unapređenju energetske efikasnosti u javnoj zgradi.	The quality of the evaluation process can be defined as the extent to which the contractor complies to contractual obligations to improve the energy efficiency in the public building.	1.04412
Ponovnim izračunavanjem indikatora energetskih performansi, kao i sprovođenjem ankete među korisnicima i zaposlenima, moguće je kvantitativno uporediti planirane i ostvarene rezultate projekta.	By recalculating the energy performance indicators and through the survey among the users and the staff it is possible to quantitatively compare the planned and the achieved results of the project.	1.19697
Na osnovu prikupljenih podataka, moguće je izvršiti novu procenu energetskih ušteda i drugih koristi.	Based on the collected information, it is possible to perform a new assessment of energy savings and other benefits.	1.47717
Poređenjem projektovanog i ostvarenog kvaliteta primenjenih mera, moguće je uočiti potrebu za eventualnom korekcijom očekivanih koristi.	By comparing the projected and actual quality of the implemented measures, it is possible to notice a need for a possible correction of the expected benefits.	0.986835
Rezultati evaluacije se prikupljaju u poseban evaluacioni izveštaj, koji služi kao podloga post-projektnom obezbeđivanju koristi.	Evaluation results are collected in a special evaluation report, which serves as a platform of providing post-project benefits.	1.21588
Evaluacioni izveštaji pojedinačnih projekata se prikupljaju u jedinstveni evaluacioni izveštaj čitavog portfolija. 8.	Evaluation reports of individual projects are collected into a unique evaluation report of the entire portfolio. ~~~ 8.	0.631092
Post-pro jekt no obez be đi va nje ostva re nja pla ni ra nih ko ri sti Uspešnom realizacijom projekta, tj. ostvarivanjem specifičnih projektnih ciljeva, stvaraju se uslovi za ostvarivanje opštih ciljeva.	Post-project providing of planned benefits realization A successful implementation of the project, i.e. achievement of specific project objectives, creates the conditions for achieving common objectives.	0.641069
Za razliku od troškova projekta, koji su opipljivi i neposredni, ostvarivanje koristi se odvija tek nakon završetka realizacije.	Unlike the costs, which are tangible and direct, the benefits are achieved only after the realization.	0.211364
Kao što je ranije rečeno, usled efekta odskoka, tj. usled porasta neracionalne potrošnje energije nakon realizacije projekta, može doći do neostvarivanja koristi u meri u kojoj je predviđeno.	As mentioned before, the rebound effect and the increase in the irrational energy consumption after project implementation can lead to a failure to achieve the benefits to the extent to which they are anticipated.	1.00659
Da bi se to izbeglo, potrebno je sprovesti proces post-projektnog obezbeđivanja ostvarenja planiranih koristi.	To avoid this, it is necessary to implement the process of post-project realization of planned benefits.	1.27
Ovaj proces je usmeren ka uspostavljanju efikasnog sistema upravljanja energijom u organizaciji, koji će u periodu nakon realizacije garantovati ostvarivanje svih projektom zacrtanih opštih ciljeva.	This process is focused on establishing an efficient system of energy management in the organization, which, in the period after the implementation, will guarantee the achievement of overall project objectives.	1.67614
U razvijenim zemljama se primenjuju pravilnici o energetskoj sertifikaciji javnih zgrada, čime se potvrđuje da tehničke karakteristike određene javne zgrade ispunjavaju propisane uslove energetske efikasnosti.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Developed countries apply regulations on energy certification of public buildings, which confirms that the technical characteristics of certain public building meet the specified conditions of energy efficiency.	1.49028
Međutim, potrebno je, osim tehničkih karakteristika zgrade, sertifikovati i organizaciju koja se nalazi u njoj.	However, in addition to the technical characteristics of the building, it is necessary to certify an associated organization.	1.023
Na taj način bi se obezbedilo efektivno i efikasno upravljanje energetskim sistemom u javnoj zgradi.	This would allow for an effective and efficient management of energy systems in the public building.	1.04302
Međunarodna organizacija za standardizaciju je juna 2011. godine objavila standard koji se odnosi na upravljanje energetskim sistemom, ISO 50001:2011, Sistemi energetskog menadžmenta Zahtevi sa uputstvom za korišćenje [17].	In June 2011, the International Organization for Standardization published a standard related to energy management system, the ISO 50001:2011 standard, Energy Management Systems - Requirements with guidance for use [17].	0.699731
Zahtevi ovog Standarda se mogu uspešno primeniti u procesu obezbeđivanja ostvarenja planiranih koristi nakon realizacije projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama.	The requirements of this standard can be successfully applied in the process of ensuring the realization of planned benefits after the implementation of energy efficiency in public buildings.	1.37155
ISO 50001:2011 je međunarodni standard, koji daje smernice za primenu strategija unapređenja energetske efikasnosti, smanjenje troškova i stalna poboljšavanja energetskih performansi svih vrsta organizacija.	The ISO 50001:2011standard is an international standard that provides guidelines for the implementation of strategies for improving energy efficiency, cost reduction and continuous improvement of energy performance of all types of organizations.	1.09873
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Standard predviđa da se sistem energetskog menadžmenta može integrisati sa ostalim delovima menadžmenta organizacije.	The standard assumes that the energy management system can integrate with other parts of the management organization.	1.2902
ISO 50001:2011 može biti primenjen u svim organizacijama bez obzira na njihov tip, veličinu ili geografske, kulturne i društvene uslove [17].	The ISO 50001:2011 standard can be applied to all organizations regardless of their type, size, or geographic, cultural and social conditions [17].	1.7952
Standard sledi PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) proces za stalna poboljšavanja sistema energetskog menadžmenta, kao što je prikazano na slici 2.	The standard follows the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) process for continual improvement of energy management system and it is shown in figure 2.	1.24241
Slika 2: ~~~ Model energetskog menadžmenta u Standardu ISO 50001:2011 [17] Proces obezbeđivanja ostvarenja planiranih koristi bi trebalo da bude odgovornost rukovodstva organizacije u javnoj zgradi, bez obzira da li je investitor sama organizacija ili određena državna institucija.	Picture 2: Model of energy management in ISO 50001:2011 Standard [17] The process of ensuring the realization of planned benefits should be the responsibility of the organization management in the public building, regardless of whether the investor is the organization or the government institution.	0.53037
Postizanje efektivnosti i efikasnosti sistema energetske efikasnosti, moguće je ukoliko primena Standarda ISO 50001:2011, bude obavezna za sve korisnike i zaposlene u organizacijama u javnim zgradama.	Achieving effectiveness and efficiency of energy efficiency systems is possible by using the ISO 50001:2011 standard and it is an obligation of all customers and employees of organizations in public buildings.	1.29492
U tu svrhu, potrebno je da ovaj međunarodni Standard bude preuzet i proglašen za nacionalni normativni dokument, tj. da bude korišćen kao domaći standard.	For this purpose, this International Standard should be adopted and declared the national normative document and it should be used as a national standard.	0.768636
Sertifikacijom organizacija u skladu sa ovim Standardom, postiže se sigurnost da će projekti energetske efikasnosti donositi sve predviđene koristi.	The organizational certification in accordance with this Standard provides that energy efficiency projects bring all anticipated benefits.	1.27317
Na ovaj način se kod investitora, tj. države ili odgovarajuće institucije stvara uverenost da je realizacija projekta opravdana.	In this way, the investor, the state or the appropriate institutions create the confidence that the implementation of the project is justified.	1.0686
Budžetom projekta bi trebalo predvideti sredstva za implementaciju ovog Standarda.	The project budget should provide funds for the implementation of this standard.	0.824026
Neophodno je da organi državne uprave ovlaste tela za ocenjivanje usaglašenosti organizacija sa zahtevima Standarda ISO 50001:2011.	It is necessary that the public administration authorize body for conformity assessment of organizations with the requirements of the ISO 50001:2011 Standard.	0.582486
Ovako imenovana tela bi svake godine proveravala i ocenjivala energetski sistem organizacija u javnim zgradama gde je, u okviru portfolia, realizovan projekat energetske efikasnosti.	These appointed bodies are meant to check and evaluate the energy system of organizations in public buildings where the project of energy efficiency is conducted within the portfolio.	1.37427
Sertifikacijom organizacija u javnim zgradama, dokazuje se opredeljenost državne uprave, kao i samih organizacija, za ostvarivanje maksimalnih koristi od projekata energetske efikasnosti.	The certification of organizations in public buildings proves the orientation of the public administration towards achieving maximum benefits from energy efficiency projects.	0.794466
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Zaključak Realizacija projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama predstavlja pravi način da energetski siromašne zemlje, kao što je Srbija, ostvare niz koristi za društvenu zajednicu.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Conslusion The realization of energy efficiency projects in public buildings represents is an appropriate way in which energy-poor countries, such as Serbia, can achieve a number of benefits for the community.	1.52467
Međutim, ostvarivanje punog potencijala projekata zavisi od više faktora.	However, achieving the full potential of projects depends on many factors.	1.48615
Potrebno je najpre na osnovu verodostojne procene koristi i troškova, sastaviti portfolio projekata koji može da donese najviše koristi u odnosu na uložena sredstva.	Based on valid estimates of benefits and costs, it is necessary to make a portfolio of projects that can bring the most benefits in relation to investment.	0.980769
Portfoliom je potrebno efikasno upravljati u smeru ostvarivanja specifičnih i opštih ciljeva, a potom preduprediti negativne uticaje efekta odskoka i obezbediti ostvarivanje planiranih koristi.	It is necessary to establish an efficient portfolio management towards the realization of specific and general objectives, and then it is necessary to prevent the negative impacts of the rebound effect and ensure the realization of planned benefits.	1.19064
Imajući to u vidu, postaje jasno da je za ostvarivanje maksimalnih efekata projekata energetske efikasnosti potrebno sistemski pristupiti procesu upravljanja koristima u projektima.	Based on the previously mentioned, it becomes clear that achieving a maximum impact of energy efficiency projects requires a systemic approach to the process of benefits management in projects.	1.66568
Najbolji način da se koristima efikasno upravlja, jeste da se procesi upravljanja projektom i upravljanja koristima integrišu u jedinstven sistem.	The integration of processes of project management and benefits management in one system is the best solution for efficient benefits management.	1.288
Upravljanje koristima bi trebalo da prožima čitav projekat, tj. sve njegove faze i tako omogući da projekat doprinese društvenom razvoju.	Benefits management should be embedded throughout the project and through all the phases, and in that way it should enable the project to contribute to social development.	1.10105
Adekvatnim upravljanjem koristima, dokazuje se odgovornost prema poreskim obveznicima, čijim sredstvima se realizuje veliki broj projekata energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama u Srbiji.	An adequate benefits management means due responsibility to taxpayers, whose funds are implemented in many energy efficiency projects in public buildings in Serbia.	1.49545
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ASHRAE Transactions, 111(2), str. 680-686, 2005. [25] Melton, T., Illes-Smith, P., Yates, J., Project benefits management: linking your project to the business, Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, UK, 2008.	ASHRAE Transactions, 111(2), pp. 680-686, 2005. [25] ~~~ Melton, T., Illes-Smith, P., Yates, J., Project Benefits Management: Linking Your Project to the Business, Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, UK, 2008.	0.927673
Primljen:	Receieved: 01.	1.68
	2012.	-0.3
Januar 2012.	Accepted: 03.	0.275
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Mart 2012. O autoru Marko Mihić Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: marko@fon.bg.ac.rs Marko Mihić radi kao docent na Katedri za menadžment i specijalizovane menadžment discipline Fakulteta organizacionih nauka.	About the Author Marko Mihić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: marko@fon.bg.ac.rs Marko Mihić is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Management Department.	1.3051
Njegovo naučno interes0vanje, pored menadžmenta, obuhvata i projektni menadžment, strategijski menadžment i upravljanje promenama.	His research interest includes management, project management, strategic management and change management.	0.680288
Publikovao je 7 monografija i objavio preko 80 recenziranih radova.	He has published 7 monographs and over 80 peer-reviewed papers.	4.09636
Kao stručni konsultant intenzivno sarađuje sa više vodećih nacionalnih i multinacionalnih kompanija i investitora u Srbiji, a angažovan je i kao ekspert za planiranje u nekoliko državnih institucija.mihic.	As an expert consultant, he has worked extensively for the Serbian government institutions, as well as for several leading national and multinational companies and investors in Serbia.	1.10809
Aleksandar Vučković Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Aleksandar Vučković je rođen u Nišu 31.03.1985.	Aleksandar Vučković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Aleksandar Vučković was born in Niš at March 31st, 1985.	1.58882
godine. 2009. godine je diplomirao na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka u Beogradu na smeru za menadžment.	Aleksandar graduated with a bachelors degree at 2009 on Faculty of organizational sciences in Belgrade on Management Department.	0.793269
Završio je 2010. godine master studije na istom fakultetu na smeru za menadžment i organizaciju, studijska grupa za projektni menadžment.	Also, he graduated with masters degree at 2010 on the same faculty on Department of Management and Organization, Study Group for Project Management.	2.2877
Autor i koautor je više naučnih radova iz oblasti energetike i projektnog menadžmenta, objavljenih u domaćim i međunarodnim časopisima.	Aleksandar is author and coauthor of several scientific papers in the field of energy and project management, which are published in national and international journals.	1.44677
Miodrag Vučković Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Miodrag Vučković je rođen 02.11.1958. godine u Nišu.	Miodrag Vučković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Miodrag Vučković was born at November 2nd, 1958 in Niš.	1.52486
Završio je Višu elektrotehničku školu u Nišu i Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu na smeru za upravljanje kvalitetom.	He has graduated with bachelors degrees on College of Electrical Engineering in Niš and Faculty of organizational sciences in Belgrade on Quality Management Department.	0.837829
Ima iskustvo od preko 27 godina rada na poslovima upravljanja kvalitetom u proizvodnji i uslugama.	Miodrag has 27 years of profesional experience working in the field of quality management in manufacturing and services.	3.42044
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Jelena Krstović1, Tamara Vlastelica Bakić2, Slavica Cicvarić Kostić3 1Delta holding, 2,3 Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Ulo ga bi zni sa u dru štvu UDK: ~~~ 005.35 ; 658.012.2 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) U novoj globalnoj postavci poslovanja očekuje se da organizacije ostvare ekonomski rast i povećaju konkuretnost, ali u isto vreme da doprinesu održivom razvoju ekonomije, životne sredine i društva.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Jelena Krstović1, Tamara Vlastelica Bakić2, Slavica Cicvarić Kostić3 1Delta holding, 2,3 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences The Role of Business in the Society UDC: 005.35 ; 658.012.2 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0004 In the new global business setting, companies are expected to achieve economic growth and increase competitiveness, but at the same time to contribute to the sustainable development of economy, environment and society.	0.0516883
U radu je predstavljena uloga biznisa u društvu kroz različite perspektive koje su u određenom periodu razvoja ekonomije bile dominantne.	This paper reviews the role of business in the society through a variety of perspectives that were dominant within a certain period of economics development.	1.12763
Posebno je objašnjena korporativna društvena odgovornost koja predstavlja savremenu filozofiju poslovanja.	Special empasis is given to the corporate social responsibility as a contemporary philosophy of doing business.	0.793814
Ključne reči: biznis, korporativna društvena odgovornost 1.	Key words: business, corporate social responsibility 1.	1.383
Uvod Biznis sektor danas ima vrlo značajnu ulogu u duštvu.	Introduction The business sector plays a very important role in the society today.	1.00857
U određivanju i definisanju ove uloge, neophodno je sagledati osnovu biznisa, odnosno razloge zbog koga se kompanije osnivaju i posluju.	When describing and defining this role, it is necessary to consider the core business i.e. the reasons why companies are established and operate.	0.858824
To nije postojanje poslovanja per se, već ostvarivanje profita i drugih koristi kako vlasnicima kapitala, zaposlenima i drugim učesnicima na tržištu, tako i društvu.	It is not to do business per se but to create profit and other benefits both to the owners of the capital, the employees and other participants in the market, as well as the society.	1.25797
Važno je napomenuti da postoje i autori koji društvenu odgovornost kompanija posmatraju iz potpuno druge perspektive.	It is important to mention that there are authors who discuss corporate social responsibility from an entirely different perspective.	0.974454
Naime, argument jednog od najuticajnijih ekonomista sedamdesetih godina u SAD, Milton Friedmana, se i danas često citira da je jedina društvena odgovornost biznisa da maksimizira profit [1].	Namely, the argument of one of the most influential economists in the USA in the 1970s, Milton Friedman, that the only social responsibility of business to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits is still frequently quoted even today[1].	1.14932
Friedman smatra da su kompanije instrumenti akcionara koji ih poseduju i da shodno tome niko nema pravo da odlučuje o tome na koji način će se deliti profit osim vlasnika profita.	Friedman argues that corporations are agents of the individuals who own them and, consequently, nobody has the right to decide how the profit will be shared, except for the owners of this profit.	1.02843
On, takođe, smatra da se na ovaj način odgovornost pomera sa vlasnika kapitala na organizacije, koje onda neopravdano odlučuju o raspodeli resursa, uskraćujući vlasnicima kapitala (i profita) slobodu odlučivanja šta će se finansirati iz tih sredstava.	He also argues that in this way, the responsibility is shifted from owners of the capital to the companies which, without a just cause, decide on the distribution of resources, denying the right to the owners of the capital (and profit) the freedom to decide what they want to use these funds for.	1.16389
Iako je često citiran kao drugi pristup društveno odgovornom poslovanju, Milton Friedman nema puno sledbenika u akademskoj zajednici, pa možemo zaključiti da je koncept koji je zastupao praktično i teoretski demantovan, odnosno prevaziđen.	Although his approach has often been quoted as a different approach to corporate social responsibility, Milton Friedman does not have many followers in the academic community, which may lead one to conclude that the concept that he advocated for has been abandoned both in practice and theory.	1.04645
S obzirom da kompanije danas imaju veliki broj stejkholdera, neophodno je ispuniti, ali i upravljati očekivanjima i zahtevima u pogledu uloga kompanija kao korporativnih građana u društvu.	Since modern companies have a great number of stakeholders, it is necessary to meet and to manage their expectations and demands with respect to the role of corporations as corporate citizens in society.	1.36059
Pored finansijske stabilnosti i poslovanja u skladu sa zakonom, stejkholderi očekuju minimizaciju negativnih efekata kompanija na društvo i životnu sredinu i povećanu odgovornost kroz sklapanje partnerstava sa drugim akterima društvenog života, u cilju razvoja društva u celini [2].	In addition to financial stability and operations embodied in law, stakeholders expect that companies have minimum adverse impact on society and the environment, and a greater level of responsibility through partnership agreements with other stakeholders in the social community, for the purpose of a better overall social development [2].	1.09991
Cilj ovog rada je da predstavi razvojni put uloge biznisa u društvu, kroz različite perspektive koje su u pojedinim fazama bile dominantne, kao i da pruži strateški okvir za razumevanje filozofije društveno odgovornog poslovanja koja definiše ulogu kompanija u savremenim uslovima poslovanja. 2.	The objective of this paper is to present the business development path in the society, through various perspectives that were dominant in certain phases, as well as to offer a strategic framework for understanding the philosophy of socially responsible business that defines the role of companies in modern business environments. ~~~ 2.	0.498671
Ulo ga bi zni sa u dru štvu: raz li či te per spek ti ve Iz tržišne perspektive, osnovna uloga biznisa u društvu je da obezbedi dobre uslove za život kroz proizvodnju i prodaju proizvoda i usluga koje imaju vrednost za kupce [3].	The role business plays in a society: different perspectives From a business perspective, the main role of a business in a society is to provide good living conditions through production and sales of products and services of value for the customers [3].	1.10612
Kako su se uloga i moć biznisa u društvu menjali i rasli tokom godina, tako su se pojavljivali pritisci za veću uključenost u društvo i društvenu zajednicu.	As the role and power of business in society changed and grew over time, so did the pressures for its better inclusion into the society and social community.	1.03626
Naime, sa rastom uticaja, raste i odgovornost biznisa i obaveza da investira u društvo u egzistira.	Namely, a greater influence brought forth more responsibility and obligation of businesses to invest into society in which they operated.	0.714295
Pregled uloga koje je poslovni sektor imao u društvu u proteklim decenijama prikazan je u nastavku kroz različite perspektive [4] koje su u određenoj fazi bile dominantne.	The roles that the business played in the society during the past decades are summarized below through different perspectives [4] prevalent during the periods specified.	1.10153
Perspektiva vlasnika kapitala Perspektiva vlasnika kapitala podrazumeva tradicionalni profitno orijentisani pristup menadžmentu, u okviru koga je uvećavanje kapitala osnovna i najvažnija uloga biznisa.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Capital Owners Perspective The capital owners perspective implies a traditional profit-oriented approach to management where capital accumulation is the main and the most important role of business.	0.977869
Uloga menadžera u kompaniji je da obez Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 bede profit i povećaju kapital vlasnika i to su merila njihove uspešnosti.	The role of a companys executive is to ensure profit and increase the owners capital since these are the measures of the executives success.	0.813559
Ovo je pristup koji je bio dominantan u periodu indutrijalizacije, do 50-ih godina XX veka.	Such an approach was prevalent during the period of industrialization, until the 1950s.	0.506391
Perspektiva društvene zajednice Kako je rasla finansijska i uticajna moć kompanija i vlasnika kapitala, tako je paralelno raslo i interesovanje i pritisak društvene zajednice za veću odgovornost biznisa u društvu.	Societys Perspective The rise in the financial power and influence of companies and owners of the capital entailed, in parallel, a greater interest and pressures coming from the society, demanding that businesses show more responsibility for the society.	1.02998
Tokom šezdesetih i sedamdesetih godina XX veka, biznis se posmatra kao član društva i životne sredine, koji bi trebalo da odgovori i na društvene pritiske i zahteve kojima odgovaraju visoki etički standardi.	In the 1960s and 1970s, businesses were regarded as members of societies and their environment who should respond to social pressures and demands with corresponding highly ethical standards.	0.782485
U skladu sa poznatim modelom korporativne društvene odgovornosti [5], poslovanje ima ekonomske, pravne, etičke i društvene odgovornosti.	In line with the well-known model of corporate social responsibility [5], businesses have economic, legal, ethical and social responsibilities.	1.46183
Perspektiva i vlasnika i društvene zajednice Kako svaka kompanija ipak kao primarni cilj ima ostvarenje profita, jer je to osnov daljeg progresa, tokom devedesetih godina se biznis usmerava na usaglašavanje različitih očekivanja, odnosno na društveno odgovorno poslovanje.	Owners and Societys Perspective Since the prime interest of each company is to make profit, which represents a basis for further development, businesses in the 1990s were heading towards harmonization of various expectations i.e. to corporate social responsibility.	0.756654
To zapravo podrazumeva dobre poslovne performanse, ali uz duštvene odgovornosti koje se od biznisa očekuju.	This actually comprises good business performances as well as social responsibilities that businesses are expected to demonstrate.	0.615625
Perspektiva stejkholdera Savremeni uslovi poslovanja zahtevaju pronalaženje novih izvora konkurentnosti, što su u novijoj literaturu u sve većoj meri odnosi sa stejkholderima [6].	Stakeholders Perspective A modern business environment calls for new sources of competitiveness which, in recently published literature, increasingly refer to relationships with stakeholders [6].	0.90264
U globalnoj ekonomiji čije su karakteristike veliki broj učesnika i visok stepen njihove povezanosti i međuzavisnosti, poslovna filozofija se usmerava na izgradnju jačih veza i odnosa između kompanija i njihovih stejkholdera koje se danas posmatraju kao jedan od ključnih kapitala organizacije [7].	In global economy which is characterized by a vast number of participants and a high level of their mutual interdependency, the business philosophy is focused on building upon stronger bonds and relationship between companies and their stakeholders that are nowadays regarded as one of the key assets of each company [7].	1.19789
Poslovna mreža, koju čini kompanija sa svim njenim stejkholderima, podrazumeva zapravo mrežu multilateralnih odnosa, veza koje su ostvarene ili na bazi ljudi koji su uključeni u odnos, ili resursa koji koriste učesnici odnosa ili aktivnosti koje oni sprovode.	A business network, comprising a company with all its stakeholders, means a network of multilateral relationships, bonds established on the basis of which people are interacting in a relationship, or resources used by the relationship actors or activities they perform.	0.98836
Ulogu biznisa u savremenom okruženju potrebno je posmatrati iz perspektive stejkhodlera.	The role of business in modern environments should be observed from the perspective of a stakeholder.	1.02375
Stejkholderi su grupe ili pojedinci koji imaju uticaja ili su pod uticajem poslovanja organizacija i ostvarivanja njenih ciljeva [8].	Stakeholders include any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievements of the firms objectives [8].	0.868571
Prema Frimenu, menadžment modeli su i ranije uvažvali tradicionalne stejkholdere vlasnike, kupce, zaposlene i dobavljače.	According to Freeman, even in the past, the management models considered traditional stakeholders owners, buyers, employees and suppliers.	0.83277
Međutim, u predstavljanju nove teorije strateškog menadžmenta, autor stejkholdere proširuje na isto tako važne grupe koje mogu imati moćan uticaj na organizaciju vlada, konkurencija, udruženja kupaca, grupe koje vode računa o životnoj sredini, grupe sa specijalnim interesima, mediji i dr. Perspektiva korporativne zajednice Razvoj informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija značajno utiče na okruženje u kome se posluje, ali i na sam način poslovanja [9].	However, when he presented his new strategic management theory, the author enlarged the stakeholders to equally important groups that may have huge impact on the organization governments, competition, customers associations, environmental groups, special-purpose interest groups, media, etc. ~~~ Corporate Communitys Perspective The development of information and communication technologies has a significant impact on business environments and the method of doing business [9].	0.236314
U novoj ekonomskoj teoriji [10], kompanija se posmatra kao društveno-ekonomski sistem u okviru koga su stejhkodleri partneri u kreiranju vrednosti.	A new economic theory [10], regards a company as a socio-economic system within which the stakeholders act as partners in creating values.	1.41235
Uloga biznisa u ovakvim uslovima je da integriše ekonomske resurse, političku podršku, kao i informacije i znanja koje imaju stejkholderi i na taj način obezbedi konkurentsku prednost na tržištu.	The role of a business under such terms is to integrate economic recourses, political support, as well as information and knowledge available to the stakeholders and, consequently, to gain an advantage over its competitors in the market.	1.15172
Finansijka i ekonomska kriza koja je zadesila većinu zemalja sveta u proteklim godinama, pokazala je slabost i manjak odgovornog upravljanja, pre svega u finansijskim institucijama, koje su značajno uticale na pojavu i dubinu krize.	The global financial and economic crisis that has hit most countries worldwide during the last several years has shown the weaknesses and lack of responsible governance, primarily in financial institutions that contributed greatly to the initial crisis and its deepening.	0.85396
Kako je i finansijska moć vlada i javnog sektora oslabljena krizom, tako je povećan pritisak na kompanije da učestvuju u rešavanju problema u društvu, pre svega u domenu filantropije.	Since the financial power of governments and financial sectors has been weakened by the crisis, the pressure on companies to participate in resolving social issues has increased, primarily in the philanthropy domain.	1.05342
Svrha biznisa je da kreira veću vrednost za sebe, ali da to radi na odgovoran način [11].	The first focus of a business is to create a greater value for itself, but to do it in a responsible manner [11].	1.23684
Poslednjih godina kompanije se uglavnom okrivljuju za većinu socijalnih, ekoloških i ekonomskih problema, napredovanje na račun društva, odnosno usmerenost isključivo na profit.	In recent years, companies have been accused by and large of most social, environmental and economic problems, for making a progress to the detriment of society, or for focusing exclusively on profit.	0.806924
Zato se danas insistira na kreiranju zajedničke vrednosti (engl. shared value) koja zadovoljava ne samo ekonomske, već i potrebe društva.	That is why, nowadays, the emphasis is on creating a shared value that meets not only economic but social needs, as well.	0.666195
To se posmatra kao tzv win-win situacija, u kojoj koristi imaju i jedna i druga strana (slika 1).	It is regarded as a win-win situation that is beneficial for both parties (Figure 1).	1.0125
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Slika 1.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Figure 1.	1.6538
Strateška društvena odgovornost: usklađivanje koristi za društvo i kompaniju [12] Osnivač i predsednik Svetskog ekonomskog foruma, Klaus Švab (Schwab) [13], naglašava da je realnost kreirala potrebu za novim vezama, odnosno partnerstvima između javnog, privatnog i građanskog života u rešavanju problema, gde biznis ima istaknutu ulogu.	Strategic CSR: alignment of benefits for the company and the society[12] The founder and the Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum (WEF), Klaus Schwab [13], emphasizes that reality has created a need for new multi-stakeholder partnerships between public, private and civil society for addressing major issues, where businesses have an important role to play.	1.00752
Očekivanja globalnog društva u pogledu angažovanja i doprinosa svih organizacija, a prvenstveno kompanija, istaknuta su i u Milenijumskoj deklaraciji Ujedinjenih Nacija [14], koja iznosi ciljeve čijim ispunjenjem bi se pomoglo rešavanju glavnih razvojnih izazova čovečanstva.	The global societys expectations regarding the engagement and contribution of all organizations, and companies in particular, were highlighted in the UN Millennium Declaration [14], that set the goals the fulfillment of which would help solve the major developmental challenges our humanity is facing.	0.953414
Milenijumskom deklaracijom UN je ponovo naglašeno da, iako javne politike uglavnom treba da usmeravaju i pokreću razvoj, razvojni proces zavisi od doprinosa svih organizacija.	The UN Millennium Declaration reiterated that, although public policies should mainly channel and initiate development, the developmental process would depend on the contributions made by all organizations.	1.20968
Milenijumske ciljeve razvoja (MDG) čini osam ciljeva koje treba realizovati do 2015. godine i koji su vezani za glavne svetske izazove po pitanju razvoja:	The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) include eight time-bound goals related to major global development issues to be achieved by 2015: 1. ~~~ Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.	0.121488
1.	2.	0.3
Iskoreniti krajnje siromaštvo i glad 2.	Achieve universal primary education. ~~~ 3.	-0.00833333
Postići univerzalnost osnovnog obrazovanja 3.	Promote gender equality and empower women. ~~~ 4.	-0.00357143
Promovisati ravnopravnost među polovima i dati veća prava ženama 4.		-0.3
Smanjiti smrtnost dece 5.	Reduce child mortality.	0.286364
Unaprediti zdravlje žena u reproduktivnom periodu 6.	5. ~~~ Improve maternal health and achieve universal access to reproductive health.	0.125
Izboriti se sa HIV/SIDOM, malarijom i drugim bolestima 7.	6. ~~~ Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. ~~~ 7.	0.0292208
Osigurati održivost životne sredine 8.	Ensure environmental sustainability. ~~~ 8.	0.366892
Razvijati globalne partnerske odnose radi razvoja.	Develop a global partnership for development.	0.691986
Uzimajući u obzir predstavljeni strateški okvir društvene odgovornosti, uloga biznisa u društvu se danas može sagledati kroz filozofiju društveno odgovornog poslovanja [15].	Taking into account the presented social responsibility strategy framework, the role of business in todays society can be accessed through the philosophy of corporate social responsibility [15].	1.45505
Ona podrazumeva: kreiranje proizvoda i usluga koji imaju vrednost za kupce, ostvarivanje koristi za stejkholdere i obezbeđivanje održivosti poslovanja, uzimajući u obzir interese svih stejkholdera, radeći u skladu sa zakonskim i etičkim principima, uz poštovanje i zaštitu životne sredine. 3.	It incorporates: creating products and services that have value for the customers, creating benefits for the stakeholders and maintaining a sustainable business, taking into account interests of all stakeholders, by following the principles embedded in law and ethics and with due respect to environmental protection.	1.09114
F il oz of ija dr uštv eno o dg ovo rnog p osl ov anja Mekenzijevo globalno istraživanje je pokazalo da društvo ima veća očekivanja nego ranije i da će kompanije preuzeti i usvojiti javnu odgovornost, tako da će društvena odgovornost sve više dobijati na značaju, kao win-win rešenje za kompaniju i zajednicu [16].	3. ~~~ Philosophy of corporate social responsibility McKinseys survey of global corporate social responsibility demonstrates that society nowadays has greater expectations than before and that companies will take upon themselves public responsibility, so that social responsibility will become increasingly important as a win-win solution both for companies and the society [16].	0.390772
Istraživanja su potvrdila da organizacije mogu ostvarivati konkurentsku prednost:  Integrišući ne-ekonomske faktore u poslovanje [17];  Izgradnjom boljeg imidža i reputacije [18];  Postizanjem zadovoljstva kupaca i pozitivnih stavova i ponašanja zaposlenih [19];  Izgradnjom korporativnog goodwill-a [20].	The research has demonstrated that organizations can achieve an advantage over their competitors through:  Integration of non-economic factors in business operations [17];  Improving theirs image and reputation [18];  Achieving customer satisfaction and positive attitudes and behavior of their employees [19];  Building corporative goodwill [20].	1.61968
Korporativna društvena odgovornost (Corporate Social Responsibility CSR) predstavlja kontinuiranu posvećenost etičkom poslovanju, ostvarivanju doprinosa ekonomskom razvoju, pozitivno vršeći uticaj na kvalitet života svojih zaposlenih i njihovih porodica, kao i na lokalnu zajednicu i društvo u celini [21].	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) implies a permanent dedication to ethical principles of business, a contribution to economic development, a positive impact on the quality of life of employees and their families, as well as on the local community and the society as a whole [21].	1.15008
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Evropska komisija u svojim Smernicama za politiku društvene odgovornosti preduzeća [22] korporativnu društvenu odgovornost definiše kao koncept prema kojem preduzeće na dobrovoljnom principu integriše brigu o društvenim pitanjima i zaštiti životne sredine u svoje poslovne aktivnosti i odnose sa stejkholderima.	In its Guide to Communicating CSR [22], the European Commission has defined corporate social responsibility as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.	0.992993
Radna grupa Međunarodne organizacije za standarde [23] je radeći na ISO 26000 standardu za društvenu odgovornost, ovaj pojam definisala na sledeći način: odgovornost organizacije za uticaje njenih odluka i aktivnosti na društvo i životnu sredinu, kroz transparentno i etičko ponašanje, tako da doprinese održivom razvoju, uključujući zdravlje i dobrobit društva; uzme u obzir očekivanja nosilaca interesa (stejkholdera, primedba autora); u saglasnosti je sa primenljivim zakonom i međunarodnim noramama ponašanja i integrisana je u celu organizaciju i primenjena u njenim odnosima.	While working on ISO 26000 Standard for social responsibility, ISO 26000 Standard working group [23] defined social responsibility as the responsibility of an organization for the impacts of its decisions and activities on the society and the environment, through transparent and ethical behavior that contributes to sustainable development, including health and the welfare of society; takes into account the expectations of stakeholders; is in compliance with applicable law and consistent with international norms of behavior and is integrated throughout the organization and practiced in its relationships.	1.14781
Društvena odgovornost predstavlja jedan multidimenzionalni koncept, koji pokriva širok spektar aktivnosti i programa koji se mogu razvijati i primenjivati u zavisnosti od kulture, poslovanja i ciljeva kompanije, kao i uslova okruženja u kojima se posluje [24].	Social responsibility represents a multidimensional concept that covers a wide spectrum of activities and programs that may be developed depending on culture, companys business operations and goals, as well as its business environment [24].	1.21257
U osnovi CSR koncepta je misija kompanije, odnosno suština njenog funkcionisanja, a na osnovnu delatnost i cilj ostvarivanja profita, nadograđuju se dimenzije društvene odgovornosti:  Tržište odgovorno ponašanje na tržištu podrazumeva plasiranje sigurnih i neškodljivih proizvoda i usluga, uz adekvatne cene, poštovanje prava potrošača, zakonito i etičko komuniciranje proizvoda i usluga i dr.  Ljudski resursi odgovornost prema zaposlenima obuhvata obezbeđenje zaštite na radu, poštovanje ljudskih prava, jednakosti (polne, rasne, nacionalne, i dr), ulaganja u razvoj zaposlenih, obezbeđenje dodatnih beneficija za zaposlene, poput rekreacije, lekarskih pregleda i dr.  Životna sredina odgovornost prema životnoj sredini podrazumeva odgovornost prema potrošnji, očuvanju i kreiranju resursa, nenarušavanje biodiverziteta, pozitivan uticaj na problem globalnog zagrevanja i dr.  Društvena zajednica podrazumeva odgovornost prema društvu koja se manifestuje kroz elimisanje štetnih efekata poslovanja po lokalnu zajednicu, rešavanje potreba i problema lokalne zajednice, izrada programa investiranja u lokalnu zajednicu (stipendije, finansijska podrška, volontiranje zaposlenih,...), potom filantropiju i humanitarne aktivnosti i dr. Odgovornost prema društvenoj zajednici je često najvidljiviji oblik društvene odgovornosti organizacija, pa se mora naglasiti da se kratkoročna ulaganja, poput donacija, ne mogu izjednačiti sa društvenom odgovornošću, već ona podrazumeva i ostvarivanje pozitivnog uticaja u svim navedenim dimenzijama [25].	The CSR concept is based on companys mission i.e. the essence of its functioning, while its core business and the goal of creating profit are supplemented by social responsibility dimensions:  Market responsible market behavior means placement of safe and harmless products and services at adequate prices, having due respect for consumers rights, legal and ethical communications related to products and services, etc.  Human resources responsibility towards employees includes the provision of safety-at-work measures; respect for the human rights issues; equality (gender, racial, national, etc.); investing into further development of own employees; provision of additional benefits for the employees e.g. recreation, medical check-ups, etc.  Environment environmental responsibility means being responsible with regard to consumption, preservation and creation of resources, not jeopardizing biodiversity, making a positive impact with regard to the issue of global warming, etc.  Social community responsibility towards society is manifested through the elimination of detrimental impacts of business operations on local communities, solving the local communitys needs and issues, development of a plan of investments into local communities (scholarships, financial support, volunteering activities by employees, etc.), and philantrophy and humanitarian purposes, etc. ~~~ Social responsibility is often the most visible form of corporate responsibility, but it should be emphasized that short-term investments, like donations, cannot be regarded as equal to social responsibility which also underlines a positive impact achieved in all the above mentioned dimensions [25].	0.264139
Nadalje, često se u praksi događa slučaj da se organizacije više bave komuniciranjem društvene odgovornosti, odnosno kratkoročnih pojedinačnih akcija, a suštinski ne ugrađuju koncept društvene odgovornosti u svoje poslovanje [26].	Furthermore, it often happens that companies are more engaged in communicating their own social responsibility through individual short-term actions, while the corporate social responsibility is not embedded in their own business operations [26].	1.2635
Komuniciranje akcija društvene odgovornosti bi trebalo da bude samo vrh piramide koja u osnovi podrazumeva sprovođenje koncepta društvene odgovornosti u svim aspektima poslovanja. 4.	Communicating on ones own social responsibility should be only the peak point on the pyramid of the concept of corporate social responsibility which should be embedded in all other aspects of business operations. ~~~ 4.	0.523436
Ev al u ac ija dr uštv eno o dg ovo rnog p osl ov anja CSR generiše koristi organizaciji dokle god jača vezu između organizacije i stejkholdera.	Evaluation of corporate social responsibility The CSR generates benefits for a business firm as long as it makes the bonds between the company and the stakeholders stronger.	0.343208
Pored profita, organizacija ima zadatak da generiše koristi za njene stejkholdere, od opipljivih do neopipljivih, od novčanih do psiholoških [27].	In addition to generating profit, the business firms task is to generate benefits for its stakeholders, from tangible to intangible, from financial to psychological [27].	0.69193
Brojne studije pokazuju da stejkholderi nagrađuju kompanije koje su posvećene društvenoj odgovornosti, iako prinos na investicije u CSR ničim nije zagarantovan [28].	Numerous studies indicate that stakeholders appreciate companies which are dedicated to corporate social responsibility, although there is no guarantee for the return on the investment in CSR [28].	1.29918
Autori kao najčešće mere evaluacije CSR aktivnosti navode:  Potrošen iznos za ove aktivnosti, predstavljen u izveštajima kompanije;  Nagrade i priznanja za CSR aktivnosti;  Rangiranje od strane trećih lica/kompanija/agencija.	The most commonly quoted measures for the evaluation of CSR activities by different authors include the following: Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62  The amount of money invested in CSR activities, presented in the companys report;  Awards and recognitions for CSR activities;  Ranking by third parties/companies/agencies.	0.998872
To su, na primer, rejting institucije koje analiziraju CSR politiku i praksu organizacije i preporučuju organizaciju za investicione fondove, na primer Dow Jones Sustainability Investment (DJSI), koji obuhvata integrisanu evaluaciju ekonomskih, ekoloških i društvenih kriterijuma sa jakim fokusom na dugoročne vrednosti stejkholdera.	These may, for example, include rating institutions that analyse the CSR policy and practices of the organizations and recommend them to investment funds, e.g. Dow Jones Sustainability Investment (DJSI) that includes an integrated evaluation of economic, environmental and social criteria with a strong focus on long-term values of stakeholders.	1.20597
Ova procedura se obično sprovodi za velike kompanije.	This procedure is usually implemented in case of large corporations.	1.225
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Poslednje veliko istraživanje o društveno odgovornom poslovanju u Srbiji sprovele su agencija Synovate Srbija i SMART kolektiv, 2010. godine [29].	The latest comprehensive survey on corporate social responsibility in Serbia was carried out in Serbia by agencies Synovate Serbia and SMART Kolektiv in 2010 [29].	2.40016
Istraživanje među CSR ekpertima u korporativnom sektoru je pokazalo da kompanije u Srbiji prepozanju potrebu za društveno odgovornim poslovanjem i predviđaju da će u budućem periodu u većoj meri primenjivati strateški pristup usvajanju CSR-a kao filozofije poslovanja.	The survey covering the CSR experts in the corporate sector demonstrated that companies in Serbia recognized the need for corporate social responsibility and assessed that a strategic approach to adopting CSR as a business philosophy would be much more applied in the future.	1.00155
Sa druge strane, kod građana Srbije još uvek nije u potpunosti razvijena svest o društveno odgovornom poslovanju kompanija, jer jedna trećina od 2241 ispitanog građanina obraća pažnju na to kako su pojedine kompanije uključene u društveni život, odnosno da li vode računa o okruženju, zaposlenima, da li se uključuju u humanitarne akcije itd.	On the other hand, the citizen awareness in Serbia regarding corporate social responsibility is still not fully raised, since one third of the total number of 2241 respondents interviewed said they did pay attention to the way certain companies are involved in social life i.e. whether they are perceived as taking care about the environment, their own employees, taking part in humanitarian events, etc.	1.87361
Za ispitanike najvažnije teme predstavljaju uslovi rada i zapošljavanje (zaštita zdravlja i bezbednosti radnika, obezbeđenje stabilnih/sigurnih radnih mesta) i zaštita životne sredine.	The major issues for the respondents included: working conditions and employment (health care and safety of workers, provision of a stable/permanent job), as well as environmental protection.	0.944945
Više od polovine ispitanih građana smatra da republička skupština, lokalna uprava i republička Vlada ne rade u interesu društva, a između 40 i 50% njih je izrazilo nepoverenje i u kompanije i u nevladine organizacije, što otežava uspešno sprovođenje i komuniciranje CSR-a.	Over 50% of respondents believe that the Parliament, local authorities and the Government of the Republic of Serbia are not working for the benefit of the society as a whole, while between 40% and 50% of respondents expressed mistrust both in companies and non-government organizations, which makes the implementation and communication of CSR more difficult.	0.642061
Samo 16% ispitanika moglo je da navede bar jednu kompaniju koja primenjuje društveno odgovorno poslovanje.	Only 16% of respondents were able to name at least one company that applied socially responsible practices.	1.04348
Uglavnom su navođeni: ~~~ Delta Holding, Holcim, Coca-Cola, Hemofarm i Telenor.	The most frequently mentioned companies included: Delta Holding, Holcim, Coca-Cola, Hemofarm and Telenor.	0.98125
Pored istraživanja mišljenja i stavova kompanija i građana, jedan od mogućih načina evaluacije CSR-a jesu nagrade i priznanja koje dodeljuju relevantne institucije.	Apart from the surveys measuring the opinions and attitudes of companies and citizens, another possible way to evaluate CSR is through prizes and acknowledgements awarded by relevant institutions.	0.909892
Kao primer dobre prakse koji je u trenutku pisanja i objavljivanja ovog rada aktuelan, može se navesti međunarodna nagrada Disability Matters, koja je za 2012. godinu dodeljena srpskoj kompaniji Delta Holding za program profesionalne rehabilitacije osoba sa invaliditetom.	As an example of best practice which was of topical interest at the time of writing this paper, the author could mention the Disability Matters Award won by the Serbian company Delta Holding in 2012 for a program of professional rehabilitation of people with disabilities.	0.903594
Program profesionalne rehabilitacije osoba sa invaliditetom, kao deo strategije CSR-a usmeren na društvenu zajednicu, u okviru Delta Holdinga pokrenut je 2008. godine.	This programme of professional rehabilitation of persons with disability was launched by Delta Holding in 2008 as part of its CSR program directed to social community.	2.37647
Program je obuhvatio edukaciju, program radne i socijalne inkluzije i zapošljavanje osoba sa invaliditetom u okviru korporacije.	The program included education, working and social inclusion programs and employment of persons with disability within the company.	0.464035
Zaključak Razvojem ekonomije i društva u celini, menjala se uloga koju je biznis sektor imao, od čistog ostvarivanja ekonomske koristi za vlasnike kapitala, preko usmeravanja na društvene koristi poslovanja, do usklađivanja ekonomske, pravne, etičke i društvene odgovornosti kompanija.	Conslusion The role of the business sector has changed alongside the development of economy and the society as a whole, from merely making profit for capital owners, to streaming it towards social benefits of business operations, all the way to harmonizing economic, legal, ethical and social responsibility of companies.	0.817368
Kako se kompanije danas posmatraju kao društveno-ekonomski sistemi kojima su stejkholderi partneri u kreiranju vrednosti, uloga biznisa je povećanje te vrednosti, ali na društveno odgovoran način.	Since companies nowadays are regarded as socio-economic systems where stakeholders are partners in creating value, the role of business is to enhance value, but in a socially responsible manner.	1.39494
Savremena teorija i praksa naglašavaju značaj usvajanja filozofije društveno odgovornog poslovanja, kroz sve dimenzije koje ona podrazumeva.	Modern theory and practice put an emphasis on adopting a philosophy of corporate social responsibility, through all dimensions it integrates.	1.45447
U radu je predstavljen strateški okvir za razumevanje savremene uloge biznisa u društvu.	This paper presents a strategic framework for understanding a contemporary role of business in the society.	1.53255
Rezultatima istraživanja koji su predstavljeni u radu, potvrđeno je da se kompanije u Srbiji nalaze pred velikim izazovom razumevanja strateškog okvira društveno odgovornog poslovanja, kao i usvajanja nove filozofije poslovanja u uslovima kada je nepoverenje većine građana u ovu ulogu biznisa u društvu prilično veliko.	The results of the surveys presented in this paper confirm that companies in Serbia are faced with a huge challenge of understanding the strategic framework of corporate social responsibility, as well as adopting a new business philosophy in spite of a prevailing mistrust in this role of business demonstrated by the civil society.	1.14356
Samo strateškim pristupom inkorporiranja CSR-a u poslovanje moguće je da biznis u Srbiji ispuni ulogu dobrog korporativnog građanina i očekivanja stejkholdera.	Only through a strategic approach that integrates CSR into business operations will it be possible for businesses in Serbia to fulfill their role of good corporate citizens and meet their stakeholders expectations.	1.03485
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Januar 2012.	Receieved: 01.	0.25
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Mart 2012.	Accepted: 03.	0.21
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 O autoru Jelena Krstović Delta holding e-mail: jelena.krstovic@deltaholding.rs Jelena Krstović je diplomirala kineski jezik i književnost na Beogradskom univerzitetu, a Master studije je završila na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, smer Odnosi sa javnošću i multimedijalne komunikacije.	2012. ~~~ About the Author Jelena Krstović Delta holding e-mail: jelena.krstovic@deltaholding.rs Jelena Krstovic graduated in Chinese language and literature at Belgrade University and holds a Masters degree in public relations and multimedia communications from the Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	0.600765
Zaposlena je na poziciji potpredsednika Delta Holdinga, gde se paralelno sa poslovima komunikacija i vođenja kancelarije za međunarodne odnose bavi i kreiranjem strateškog razvoja kompanije.	She works at the position of Delta Holding Vice President, where she is engaged in corporate communications as well as in creation of strategic corporate development and leads the companyžs Office of International Relations.	0.951719
Član je brojnih poslovnih asocijacija i udrženja i potpredsednik je Komore italijansko-srpskih privrednika.	Ms Krstovic is member of key business associations and Vice President of Italian Chamber of Commerce in Serbia.	0.719098
Tamara Vlastelica Bakić Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organiyacionih nauka e-mail: tamarav@fon.bg.ac.rs Tamara Vlastelica Bakić je predavač na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu, na Katedri za marketing menadžment i odnose s javnošću.	Jelena.krstovic@deltaholding.rs Tamara Vlastelica Bakić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: tamarav@fon.bg.ac.rs Tamara Vlastelica Bakić, PhD, is the lecturer at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, at the Department for Marketing and Public Relations.	1.24335
Tamara je bila Menadžer za korporativne poslove u kompaniji Coca-Cola Hellenic i Rukovodilac marketinga i korporativnih komunikacija u kompaniji Deloitte.	She was a Corporate Affairs Manager at Coca-Cola Hellenic Serbia and Head of Marketing and Corporate Communications at Deloitte Serbia.	0.534432
Autor je knjige Medijska kampanja publicitet i oglašavanje i Primeri dobre prakse odnosa s javnošću 2011.	Tamara is the author of the book Media Campaign publicity and advertising and co-author of the book Public Relations - The Best Practice 2011.	0.922904
Angažovana je kao konsultant na brojnim projektima iz oblasti komunikacija, kao i predavač i trener na edukativnim programima za kompanije, institucije javne uprave i nevladine organizacije.	She was a marketing and PR consultant for numerous companies, NGOs and PR agencies and she was a lecturer and trainer at educational programs in the field of communication management.	0.608172
Bila je član Upravnog odbora Društva Srbije za odnose s javnošću i izabrana je za člana stručnog žirija za godišnja PRiZNANJA u tri mandata (2006-2013).	Tamara is a member of the professional jury for annual PR awards (2006-2013) and she was a member of the Managing board of the Public Relations Society of Serbia.	0.526325
Bila je predsedavajuća Radne grupe za edukaciju i razvoj društveno odgovornog poslovanja Globalnog Dogovora Ujedinjenih Nacija u Srbiji.	She was the chairman of the Working group for education and development of CSR in the United Nations Global Compact Serbia.	1.03755
Slavica Cicvarić Kostić Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: cicvarics@fon.bg.ac.rs Dr Slavica Cicvarić Kostić je docent na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu, na Katedri za marketing menadžment i odnose s javnošću.	Slavica Cicvarić Kostić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: cicvarics@fon.bg.ac.rs Slavica Cicvarić Kostić, PhD, is the assistant professor at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, at the Department of Marketing and Public Relations.	1.32959
Autor je monografija iz oblasti brendiranja i komunikacija.	She is the author of the books in the fields of branding and communications.	1.23774
Predavač je na seminarima i treninzima u oblasti komunikacija.	Slavica is a lecturer at seminars and trainings in the field of communications.	0.835714
Radi kao konsultant iz oblasti odnosa s javnošću i marketinga za organizacije iz korporativnog i javnog sektora.	She worked as a consultant in the fields of public relations and marketing for organizations of corporate and public sectors.	1.10909
Slavica je bila Direktor za razvoj poslovanja u međunarodnoj konsultantskoj kompaniji za komunikacije Hauska&Partner International Communications.	Slavica worked as a Director of Business Development in the international consulting company for communications, Hauska & Partner International Communications.	1.16431
Radila je i na poziciji menadžera za odnose s javnšću u investicionoj kompaniji MPC Properties, čiji je strateški partner Merrill Lynch.	She was a Public Relations Manager in investment company MPC Properties, which was a strategic partner of Merrill Lynch.	1.29466
Član je uređivačkog odbora međunarodnog časopisa iz oblasti marketinga, Međunarodnog stručnog odbora marketing profesionalaca i Društva Srbije za odnose s javnošću.	She is a member of the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Marketing Principles and Practices, a member of the International Advisory Council for the Marketing Profession and the Public Relations Society of Serbia.	0.499179
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Slavica P. Petrović Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Ekonomski fakultet Kri tič ki ge ne ri sa na zna nja - re zul tat uče nja uz po moć tro stru ke pe tlje UDK: ~~~ 005.94:005.22 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2011.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Slavica P. Petrovic University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Economics Critically Generated Knowledge - the Triple Loop Learning Result UDC: 005.94:005.22 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2011.0002 In contemporary circumstances, one of the key features of managing the organizations is the increasing complexity and heterogeneity of problems which are relevant for the organizations survival and development.	-0.102261
(english version) Jed no od ključ nih od re đe nja upra vlja nja or ga ni za ci ja ma u sa vre me nim okol no sti ma pred sta vlja ra stu ća kom plek snost i he te ro ge nost pro ble ma re le vant nih za op sta nak i raz voj or ga ni za ci ja.	At the same time, there is an increasing diversity and variety of theories, methodologies, methods, techniques, and models that are available for dealing with the management problem situations.	0.271257
Isto vre me no, od va žno sti je po sto ja nje ras tu će ra zno vr sno sti i ra zno li ko sti te o ri ja, me to do lo gi ja, me to da, teh ni ka, mo de la, ras po lo ži vih za di sku to va nje upra vljač kih pro blem skih si tu a ci ja u or ga ni za ci ja ma.	Diversity Management, as a complementarist meta-theoretical development within critical systems thinking, seeks to provide an appropriate base of guidelines for making theoretically and methodologically informed and responsible choices.	0.577011
Kao kom ple men ta ri stič ki me ta te o rij ski raz voj kri tič kog si stem skog mi šlje nja, Upra vlja nje ra zno vr sno šću na sto ji da obez be di od go va ra ju ću ba zu pu to ka za za pra vlje nje te o rij sko-me to do lo ški ute me lje nih i od go vor nih iz bo ra.		-0.3
Uče nje uz po moć tro stru ke pe tlje, kao me to do lo ški raz voj Upra vlja nja ra zno vr sno šću, fo ku si ra no je na jed no vre me no kre a tiv no upra vlja nje tri ma bit nim or ga ni za cij skim pi ta nji ma o: di zaj nu, de ba ti, mo ći i le gi tim no sti.	Triple Loop Learning, as a methodological development of Diversity Management, is focused on simultaneous and creative management of three main organizational issues: design, debate, and power and legitimacy.	0.999413
Kroz pro ces Uče nja uz po moć tro stru ke pe tlje mo gu bi ti kri tič ki ge ne ri sa ni re le vant ni uvi di o is tra ži va noj upra vljač koj pro blem skoj si tu a ci ji u ko joj se že li in ter ve ni sa ti.	Relevant insights into the management problem situation under consideration, in which one wants to intervene, can be critically generated through the triple loop learning process.	0.528846
Im ple men ta ci jom tih pri ba vlje nih zna nja u raz ma tra noj pro blem skoj obla sti u or ga ni za ci ji, kroz te o rij ski i me to do lo ški po dr ža no upra vlja nje di zaj nom, de ba tom, moć-zna nje di na mi ka ma, omo gu ća va se nje no od go va ra ju će una pre đi va nje.	An appropriate improvement in the problem situation can be achieved through the theoretically and methodologically underpinned management of design, debate, and power-knowledge dynamics, i.e. through the implementation of the critically generated knowledge.	0.549978
Ključ ne re či: upra vljač ke pro blem ske si tu a ci je u or ga ni za ci ja ma, kri tič ko si stem sko mi šlje nje, upra vlja nje ra zno vr sno šću, uče nje uz po moć tro stru ke pe tlje, zna nje za pro mi šlje ne i od go vor ne iz bo re 1.	Keywords: management problem situations in organizations, critical systems thinking, Diversity Management, Triple Loop Learning, knowledge for meaningful and responsible choices 1.	0.933371
Uvod Relevantno određenje upravljanja organizacijama u savremenim okolnostima predstavlja rastuća raznovrsnost pitanja, problema, problemskih situacija, koje karakteriše ekstremna kompleksnost, dinamičnost, interaktivnost, višeznačnost.	Introduction The increasing diversity of issues, problems, and problem situations - that are characterized by great complexity, dynamics, interactivity, and ambiguity - represents a relevant feature of managing the organizations in contemporary circumstances.	1.20494
Istovremeno, od važnosti je postojanje rastuće raznovrsnosti i raznolikosti modela, tehnika, metoda, metodologija, teorija, raspoloživih za naučno utemeljeno i praktično korisno bavljenje dotičnim pitanjima, problemima, problemskim situacijama, i dilemama povezanim sa njima.	At the same time, the existence of the increasing diversity and variety of models, techniques, methods, methodologies, and theories - available for scientifically grounded and practically useful dealing with these issues, problems, problem situations, and dilemmas related to them - is of paramount importance.	1.37059
Kao komplementaristički metateorijski razvoj savremenog kritičkog sistemskog mišljenja, Upravljanje raznovrsnošću nastoji da obezbedi odgovarajuću bazu putokaza za pravljenje promišljenih i odgovornih izbora u organizacijama.	As a complementarist meta-theoretical development of the contemporary critical systems thinking, Diversity Management seeks to provide a suitable base of guidelines for making the conceived and responsible choices in organizations.	1.12966
Metodološki razvoj Upravljanja raznovrsnošću predstavlja Učenje uz pomoć trostruke petlje.	Triple Loop Learning is a methodological development of Diversity Management.	0.767194
Proces učenja uz pomoć trostruke petlje je fokusiran na jednovremeno kreativno istraživanje tri bitna pitanja: a) dizajnu istraživanog organizacijskog upravljačkog problemskog područja - Kako?, b) debati učesnika u istraživanoj problemskoj situaciji o ciljevima i sredstvima njihovog ostvarivanja - Šta? i c) odnosima moći u razmatranom problemskom području u organizaciji i legitimnosti predloženih rešenja razmatranih problema - Zašto?	The triple loop learning process is focused on simultaneous and creative research into the three important issues concerning: a) a design of the organizations management problem domain - How?, b) a debate between the participants in the problem situation about the ends and means of their achieving - What?, and c) a power relationship within the organizations problem situation, and a legitimacy of the proposed solutions for the problems - Why?	1.11247
Učenje uz pomoć trostruke petlje se preliminarno shvata kao odgovarajući razvoj učenja uz pomoć jednostruke i učenja uz pomoć dvostruke petlje.	Triple loop learning is preliminarily seen as an appropriate development of single loop learning and double loop learning.	1.6503
Učenje uz pomoć jednostruke petlje može biti razvijeno u tri relevantna tipa učenja, s tim da je svaki od njih podržan odgovarajućim teorijsko-metodološkim i aplikativnim prilazima.	Single loop learning can be developed into three relevant types of learning; each of them is underpinned by the suitable theoretical-methodological, and applicative approaches.	1.00052
U procesima učenja uz pomoć trostruke petlje nastoje se kritički generisati naučno utemeljena i praktično validna znanja kao osnov pravljenja osmišljenih i odgovornih izbora u organizacijama.	Scientifically based and practically valid knowledge, as a foundation for making purposeful and accountable choices in organizations, should be critically generated in the triple loop learning processes.	1.06911
Implementacijom - kroz proces učenja pribavljenih - prošrenih i produbljenih uvida i saznanja o istraživanoj upravljačkoj problemskoj situaciji mogu biti ostvarena odgovarajuća unapređenja dotične problemske oblasti u organizaciji.	A corresponding improvement of the organizations problem area can be achieved through implementation of the broadened and deepened knowledge about the management problem situation, acquired in the learning process.	0.880583
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 2.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 2.	1.49464
Kom ple men ta ri stič ka me ta te o rij ska ute me lje nja uče nja uz po moć tro stru ke pe tlje Upravljanje raznovrsnošću (UR) predstavlja komplementaristički metateorijski razvoj savremenog kritičkog sistemskog mišljenja [3; 4, str. 308-312; 9, str. 145].	The complementarist meta-theoretical foundations of triple loop learning Diversity Management (DM) represents a complementarist meta-theoretical development of the contemporary critical systems thinking [3; 4, pp. 308-312; 9, p. 145].	1.37681
Preliminarno, UR je bilo fokusirano na upravljanje rastućom raznovrsnošću pitanja, problema, problemskih situacija, sa kojima se menadžeri susreću, i to uz pomoć odgovarajuće rastuće raznovrsnosti tipova modela, tehnika, metoda, metodologija, teorija.	DM has been preliminarily focused on managing the increasing diversity of issues, problems, and problem situations, with which managers are confronted, by means of the increasing diversity of types of models, techniques, methods, methodologies, and theories.	0.760714
Međutim, raznovrsnost je, sama po sebi, generisala novo ključno pitanje kojim treba upravljati: ~~~ Kako odabrati između raspoloživih modela, tehnika, metoda, metodologija, teorija?	However, the diversity per se generates a new key issue that has to be managed: How to choose between the available models, techniques, methods, methodologies, and theories?	0.307895
Dakle, u UR naglasak je na upravljanju rastućom raznovrsnošću teorija, metodologija, metoda, tehnika, modela, čime se može doprineti unapređivanju upravljanja rastućom kompleksnošću i raznovrsnošću pitanja, problema, problemskih situacija u organizacijama.	Therefore, in DM, the emphasis is on the management of the increasing diversity of theories, methodologies, methods, techniques, and models, thereby it can contribute to the enhancement of management of the increasing complexity and diversity of issues, problems, and problem situations in organizations.	1.14084
Odnosno, u UR, dva ključna koncepta - raznovrsnost i upravljanje - poseduju precizno opredeljena značenja: raznovrsnost - kreativno upravljanje organizacionim pitanjima, problemima, problemskim situacijama zahteva da više izbora bude učinjeno raspoloživim; upravljanje - izbori se osmišljavaju razborito i čine odgovorno.	That is, in DM, the two crucial concepts - diversity and management - possess the precisely determined meanings: diversity creative managing of organizational issues, problems, and problem situations requires to make more choices being available; management - the choices have to be carefully thought-out and responsibly made.	1.16844
Osnovna ideja Upravljanja raznovrsnošću je da ne postoji nijedan argument koji je oslobođen od dilema.	According to the basic idea of Diversity Management, there is no argument released from the dilemmas.	0.845259
Postojanje dilema u rešenjima bilo koje teorijsko-metodološke argumentacije važi i za komplementarističke1 tvrdnje.	The existence of the dilemmas in solutions of any theoretical-methodological argumentation is also true for the complementarist1. assertions.	1.53849
Međutim, snaga komplementarističke argumentacije se sastoji u uvećavanju svesti o postojanju dilema, tako da one mogu biti pažljivo istražene, a ne ignorisane, ili izbegnute.	However, the complementarist argumentation strength is in the increasing awareness of the existence of dilemmas, so these dilemmas can be carefully explored, not ignored, or avoided.	1.01809
Za Upravljanje raznovrsnošću teorijskih prilaza je, pre svega, relevantan mentalitet tolerancije, tj. način mišljenja u kome dopustivost, obzirnost, tolerantnost ima bitnu ulogu.	A mentality of tolerance, i.e. a way of thinking in which the permissibility, scrupulosity, and tolerance have a crucial role, is, first of all, relevant to the Diversity management of the theoretical approaches.	0.916989
Uz to, tolerancija mora biti dopunjena odgovarajućom metateorijom koja je odgovorna za pravljenje izbora na nivou metodološke prakse.	Besides, tolerance has to be complemented with an appropriate meta-theory that is responsible for making choices on the level of methodological practice.	0.73839
U datom kontekstu, tolerancija znači upoređivanje između teorija kroz neki oblik argumentacije.	In this context, tolerance means a comparison between the theories through some form of argumentation.	1.68121
Kada istraživači naprave metodološki izbor, najvažnije je da se pridržavaju ustanovljene teorijske predstave koja direktno oživotvoruje određeno delovanje.	When a methodological choice has been made by the researchers, it is vitally important that they adhere the theoretical notion that embodies directly a certain action.	0.451601
Priznavanje konstruisanog karaktera teorijskih iskaza ugrađuje u istraživače teorijsku senzitivnost koja podrazumeva promišljeno ponovno vrednovanje favorizovanih predstava i tumačenje pribavljenih informacija iz drugačijih perspektiva.	A theoretical sensitivity - that implies a meaningful re-evaluation of the favoured notions, and an interpretation of the gathered information from the different perspectives - is built into the researchers through a recognition of the constructed character of the theoretical statements.	0.620455
Kako pribavljeni uvidi ne impliciraju direktnu prevodivost dostupnih informacija između jezika razmatranih teorija, istraživači moraju kružiti između alternativnih vizija da bi preuzeli nove informacije i prepoznali ih kao drugačije.	Since the acquired insights do not imply a direct translatability of the available information between the considered theories languages, the researchers have to circle between the alternative visions in order to gather the new information, and recognize it as different.	1.47028
Traženo znanje pravi eksplicitnim detalje bilo koje teorijske vizije izabrane za određenu svrhu intervencije.	The details of any theoretical vision selected for a particular purpose of intervention have been made explicit through the required knowledge.	1.02424
Praktičari su stoga sposobni da naprave izbore i da odgovorno prihvate posledice izabranih delovanja.	The practitioners are therefore able to make choices, and to accept responsibly the consequences of the selected actions.	0.65
Za nalaženje odgovora na pitanje kako može teorija dovesti do inteligentnog i odgovornog izbora od značaja je da se o zahtevima za različitim znanjima treba odlučivati sa stanovišta njihovih implikacija na praksu.	For giving the answer to the question: How can a theory lead to an intelligent and accountable choice, it is significant that the decisions on the requirements for the different knowledge should be made from the viewpoints of the theories implications for practice.	1.06263
Održavanje dijalektičke veze između teorije i prakse, koja osnažuje i teoriju i praksu [11, str. ~~~ S13], u datom okviru znači da je prosuđivanje o nekoj teorijskoj viziji povezano s prosuđivanjem o tome koje akcije, tj. delovanja su odbranjivi.	Both theory and practice can be strengthened through maintaining the dialectical link between theory and practice [11, p. S13]; in the given context, it means that judging about a theoretical vision is connected with judging about the actions that are defensible.	0.181221
Za okvire datih razmatranja od posebne važnosti je sledeća dilema: ~~~ Kako izbori istraživača mogu biti opravdani kada se priznaje da se standardi za pravljenje izbora razlikuju?	The following dilemma is particularly significant for the framework of this consideration: How can the researchers choices be justified, when it is recognized that the standards for making the choices differ?	0.223254
Na primer: u Organizacionoj kibernetici, standardi su povezani sa svrhovitim dizajnom i organizacijom, u metodologijama Sistemskog interpretativizma, standardi su povezani sa omogućavanjem prilagođavanja učesnika u problemskoj situaciji kroz proces debate, a za metodologije Kritičkog sistemskog modernizma, zahtevaju se normativni standardi merenja razmera u kojima dominantne snage oblikuju debatu stakeholder-a.	For example, in Organizational Cybernetics, the standards are connected with a purposeful design and organization, in the Systemic Interpretivism methodologies, the standards are related to enabling the participants adaptation in the problem situation through the debate process, and for the Critical Systems Modernism methodologies, the normative standards for measuring the extent to which the dominant forces shape the stakeholders debate are required.	1.06059
Iz evidentne fluidnosti u kriterijumima prosuđivanja proizilazi neophodnost utvrđivanja baze za prosuđivanja.	The necessity of determining a basis for judgement results from the evident fluidity of the criteria for judging.	0.515305
UR mora da obezbedi bazu uputstava za kreativno pravljenje izbora.	DM has to provide a basis of guidelines for creative choice making.	0.840191
UR tvrdi da kritika i samokritika [6, str. 868-878; 7, str. 208-210; 8, str. 77] mogu dovesti do izvesnog kvaliteta pravljenja izbora, koji izbegava relativizam i apsolutizam.	According to DM, it is argued that a critique and self- critique [6, pp. 868-878; 7, pp. 208-210; 8, p. 77] can lead to a certain quality of making choices, avoiding relativism and absolutism.	1.67286
U UR, teorijski, tj. metodološki izbor, predstavlja postkritičku prekretnicu, kada se na osnovu rezultata kritike mogu doneti odluke.	In DM, a theoretical, i.e. methodological choice represents a post-critical turning point, when the decisions can be made taking into 1 Complementarism can be determined as an endeavour to preserve diversity in different spheres of thinking and acting.	0.844936
Odabiraju se svrhe za koje se prosuđuje da ih je vredno slediti.	The stakeholders opportunities for reasonable and responsible managing the most demanding problem situations in organizations are improved by the diversity preservation.	0.0125874
Delimičnost procenjivanja upućuje na to da su sva prosuđivanja krhka, a da argumenti upotrebljeni da bi se odbranila prosuđivanja nikada nisu jednostavni.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 account the critiques results.	0.095122
Za pravljenje izbora relevantna su dejstva moći, koja je ugrađena u znanje i odluke fokusirane na delovanje.	The aims - which are judged as valuable to be pursued - are selected.	0.1
Pod komplementarizmom se podrazumeva nastojanje da se očuva raznovrsnost u različitim sferama promišljanja i delovanja.	The incompleteness of assessment suggests that all judgements are fragile, and arguments used to defend the judgements are never simple.	0.462729
Očuvanjem raznovrsnosti se unapređuju šanse stakeholder-a da najzahtevnijim problemskim situacijama u organizacijama upravljaju razborito i odgovorno.	The influences of power, that is built into knowledge and decisions focused on action, are relevant for making the choices.	0.202857
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Svest o teorijskom i metodološkom radu, ukoliko je tretiran sa osetljivošću na dileme, predstavlja prvi korak ka putokazima za bolje pravljenje izbora i, stoga, upravljanje raznovrsnošću.	An awareness of theoretical and methodological work, if it is treated with a sensitivity to the dilemmas, represents the first step towards the guidelines for a better making choices, and, therefore, for diversity management.	0.856477
Time se obezbeđuje koncepcijski okvir unutar koga mogu biti vrednovane svrhe svrstane prema određenoj teoriji, metodologiji ili modelu.	As a result, a conceptual framework, in which the systems aims - classified according to a particular theory, methodology, or model - can be valued, is provided.	0.736494
To pomaže stakeholder-ima da razmotre relevantnost različitih svrha i način na koji svrhe mogu biti usklađene.	This helps the stakeholders to consider the relevance of the different aims and the way in which the aims can be aligned.	1.17935
Izbori će biti stvar prosuđivanja, ali se njihova odbrana oslanja na širi koncepcijski okvir koji svrhe raspoređuje jednu u odnosu na drugu. 3.	The choices will be a matter of judgement, but their defence relies on a broader conceptual framework that arranges the aims one in relation to another.	1.04524
Uče nje uz po moć tro stru ke pe tlje Upravljanje raznovrsnošću, kao komplementaristička metateorija kritičkog sistemskog mišljenja, metodološki je razvijeno u Učenju uz pomoć trostruke petlje (UpTP) [3; 4, str. 312-317; 9, str. 145].	3. ~~~ Triple loop learning Diversity management, as a complementarist meta-theory of critical systems thinking, is methodologically developed within Triple Loop Learning (TLL) [3; 4, pp. 312-317; 9, p. 145].	0.589833
Ključna svrha Učenja uz pomoć trostruke petlje je pribavljanje relevantnih znanja o raznovrsnim, kompleksnim, višeznačnim upravljačkim problemskim situacijama u organizacijama.	A key purpose of Triple loop learning is to acquire the relevant knowledge about diverse, complex, and ambiguous management problem situations in organizations.	1.3889
Ti uvidi i saznanja - kritički generisani u procesu Učenja uz pomoć trostruke petlje - trebalo bi da podrže proces kreativnog upravljanja u sve raznovrsnijim pitanjima, problemima, problemskim situacijama (i dilemama povezanim s njima), bitnim za razvoj organizacija.	These insights and findings - critically generated through the Triple loop learning process - should support the process of creative management of the increasing diversity of issues, problems, problem situations, (and dilemmas related to them), important to the organizations development.	1.20393
Dakle, UpTP je posvećeno otkrivanju teorijsko-metodološki utemeljenih i validnih načina osmišljenog i odgovornog upravljanja raznovrsnim problemima funkcionisanja organizacija u savremenim okolnostima.	Therefore, TLL is committed to uncover the theoretically and methodologically grounded, and valuable ways of a conceived and responsible managing the diverse problems of the organizations functioning in contemporary circumstances.	1.09238
Učenje uz pomoć trostruke petlje treba shvatiti kao odgovarajući razvoj učenja uz pomoć jednostruke i učenja uz pomoć dvostruke petlje.	Triple loop learning should be seen as an appropriate development of single loop learning, and double loop learning.	1.64905
Učenje uz pomoć jednostruke petlje Učenje uz pomoć jednostruke petlje može biti određeno kao cilj-sredstvo mišljenje.	Single loop learning Single loop learning can be determined as end-means thinking.	1.52628
Ciljevi su postavljeni, a traga se za najboljim sredstvima njihovog ostvarivanja.	Since the ends have been set, it is the search for the best means of their achieving.	0.791429
Generalno pitanje u procesu učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje može biti opredeljeno na sledeći način: ~~~ Kako bi mi trebalo da delujemo da bismo najbolje realizovali postavljene ciljeve?	A general question in the single loop learning process can be posed in the following way: How should we act in order to best accomplish the set ends?	0.609973
Druge definicije ciljeva nisu određene ili nisu prepoznate.	There are no other definitions of the ends, or they are unknown.	0.633333
Oni koji uče uz pomoć jednostruke petlje fokusirani su na nalaženje najboljih sredstava ostvarivanja definisanih (neposrednih i posrednih) ciljeva.	Those who learn through single loop are focused on finding the best means of achieving the defined objectives and goals.	0.658824
Naime, oni koji uče uz pomoć jednostruke petlje orijentisani su na zadatak, tj. isključivo su usmereni na identifikovanje najboljih instrumenata, načina, resursa za dostizanje ciljeva.	In other words, those who learn through single loop are oriented to the task, i.e. they are exclusively concentrated on identifying the best tools, ways, resources for accomplishing the ends.	0.642473
Identifikovanje ciljeva i sredstava za ostvarivanje tih ciljeva ne smatra se problematičnim.	An identification of the ends and means of achieving these ends is not regarded as problematic.	0.523362
U okviru učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje izdvajaju se tri relevantna tipa, s tim da svaki od njih predstavlja posebno, isključivo korišćenje jedne od tri moguće petlje - Slika 1.	The three relevant types can be identified within single loop learning; each of them represents a particular, exclusive use of one of the three possible loops - Figure 1.	1.16643
Tri glavna tipa učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje.	The three main types of single loop learning.	0.238462
Slika 1.	Figure 1.	2.2625
Tri glavna tipa učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje Prvi tip učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje predstavlja najšire shvaćeno učenje o dizajnu procesa i organizacionom dizajnu - Slika 1. (a).	The three main types of single loop learning The first type of single loop learning is a most widely comprehended learning about the processs design and the organizational design - Figure 1.(a).	0.790854
Kada je reč o dizajnu procesa, predmetne oblasti uključuju prilaze fokusirane na procese, poput Business Process Reengineering-a.	In case of the processs design, the subject of consideration includes the approaches focused on processes, such as Business Process Reengineering.	0.938218
U centru učenja se nalazi pitanje: ~~~ Da li radimo stvari na pravi način?	The next question is in the center of learning: Are we doing the things in the right way?	0.190476
Tj. ključno pitanje je: ~~~ Kako bi mi trebalo da radimo?	That is, the key question is: Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 How should we do these things?	0.0392857
U datim okolnostima, sredstvo podrazumeva traganje za nekim radikalno unapređenim skupom procesa ostvarivanja utvrđenog cilja, mereno u terminima efikasnosti.	In such circumstances, the means imply a search for some radically improved set of processes of achieving the defined aim, measured in terms of efficiency.	1.025
Kada je reč o organizacionom dizajnu, ciljevi su obuhvaćeni modelima od kojih se zahteva da ponude najefektivnija pravila organizacionog dizajna, a sredstva impliciraju traganje za principima implementacije kako bi se generisao primeren način dostizanja postavljenih ciljeva.	On the other hand, in a case of the organizational design, the ends are included in the models; these models have to offer the most effective rules of organizational design, and the means imply a search for the implementation principles in order to generate a suitable way of accomplishing the set ends.	1.34299
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Za učenje o organizacionom dizajnu i kreativno upravljanje njime od značaja je da - u okviru strukturalističke paradigme - organizacija može biti holistički dijagnostikovana i (re)dizajnirana korišćenjem odgovarajućeg Modela Sistema Sposobnog da Opstane (MSSO)2 - Slika 2.	Within the structuralist paradigm, an organization can be holistically diagnosed and (re)designed by the use of the appropriate Viable Systems Model (VSM)2 - Figure 2.	0.671474
Koncepcijski okvir Modela Sistema Sposobnog da Opstane. ~~~ Slika 2.	The Conceptual framework of Viable Systems Model; this is of significance for learning about organizational design, and creative managing the design.	0.135
Koncepcijski okvir Modela Sistema Sposobnog da Opstane U MSSO-u, kao metodološkom instrumentu Organizacione kibernetike, organizacije se shvataju kao kompleksni, dinamički, otvoreni sistemi.	In VSM, as a methodological tool of Organizational Cybernetics, organizations are understood as complex, dynamic, and open systems.	0.782883
Shodno sposobnostima da se primereno odazovu (i) na stimuluse koji nisu bili anticipirani u procesu njihovog dizajniranja, organizacije se mogu suprotstaviti unutrašnjim prekidima i greškama, i kontinuirano adaptirati na dejstva promenljivog okruženja.	Organizations are capable of responding adequately to the stimuli that were not anticipated during the process of their designing; thus, they can oppose to the internal interruptions and errors, and can adapt continually to the changeable environments actions.	0.662297
Oslanjajući se na iskustvo, organizacije kao sistemi sposobni da opstanu mogu naučiti šta je njihov održivi odziv na relevantna dejstva iz sistema i njegovog okruženja.	Relying on experience, organizations, as viable systems, can learn what their sustainable response to the relevant influences from the system and its environment is.	1.00531
Istovremeno, organizacije se u dugom roku mogu održati jedino posredstvom odgovarajućih dvostranih veza s okruženjem, iz koga dobijaju i kome dostavljaju za sopstveni opstanak i razvoj relevantne informacije.	At the same time, organizations can sustain themselves over the long term only by means of the appropriate two-way relationships with their environments, from which they obtain and to whom they give the information relevant for their survival.	0.988462
Uz navedeno, organizacije karakteriše postojanje svrhovitih, relativno nezavisnih, dinamičkih segmenata, čije interakcije moraju biti primerene ciljevima sistema kao celine.	Besides, organizations are characterized by the existence of purposeful, relatively independent, and dynamic segments, whose interactions have to be appropriate to the aims of the system as a whole.	1.17736
Promovišući kreativno promišljanje o organizacijama, MSSO obuhvata i organizuje tri bitna entiteta: a) operacione elemente - komponente organizacije koje se bave implementacijom; b) metasistem sastavljen od četiri upravljačke funkcije: koordinacija (bavljenje kratkoročnim problemima u operacionim elementima sistema); kontrola (održavanje interne stabilnosti sistema); izveštavanje (pribavljenje relevantnih informacija o snagama i slabostima internih procesa sistema i šansama i pretnjama eksternog okruženja); identitet (opredeljivanje politike sistema); c) okruženje (lokalna okruženja svakog operacionog elementa sistema i buduće okruženje za donošenje razvojnih odluka).	Through promoting a creative thinking about organizations, VSM includes and organizes the following three significant entities: a) the operational elements - the organizations components dealing with implementation; b) meta-system composed of the four management functions: coordination (dealing with the short-term problems in the systems operational elements); control (maintaining the internal stability of the system); intelligence (gathering the relevant information about the strengths and weaknesses of the systems process, and options and threats of the external environment); identity (developing the systems policy); c) environment (the local environments of each operational element and a future environment for making the developmental decisions). ~~~ Figure 2.	0.406258
U postupku korišćenja MSSO-a, kroz identifikovanje i dijagnostikovanje sistema, nastoje se utvrditi manjkavosti i pogreške - u odnosu na ciljeve organizacije kao sistema nekog pretpostavljenog sistemskog dizajna, ili neke realne organizacije.	The Conceptual framework of Viable Systems Model Shortcomings and errors - in relation to the ends of the organization as a system - of a proposed systemic design, or a real organization, should be uncovered within the VSMs use, through identifying and diagnosing the system.	1.02778
Dijagnoza i rezultirajući redizajn sistema obezbeđuju instrumentarijum koji se bavi problemom dizajniranja efektivne organizacije.	A tool for dealing with the problem of designing an effective organization is provided by means of diagnosis and the resulting redesign of the system.	0.6825
MSSO pomaže kontinuirano učenje i unapređivanje organizacije, snabdeva upravljačke entitete potrebnom varijetetnošću neophodnom da bi se organizacijom efektivno i efikasno upravljalo.	VSM helps continual learning and improving the 2 A broader insight into the theoretical foundations, methodological development, and using of the VSM is provided, for example, in: [1; 10, pp. 387-410].	0.432834
	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 organization; also, VSM provides the management entities with a variety that is necessary for effective and efficient management of the organization.	-0.3
Istovremeno, MSSO se ne bavi bitnim pitanjima društvenih procesa, kulture i moći u organizacijama na primeren način.	At the same time, VSM does not deal in an appropriate manner with the important issues of the social processes, culture, and power in organizations.	1.07276
Odnosno, kao i u drugim instrumentima ovog tipa učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje preuzima se i sledi unapred određen cilj, kontola se delegira na delove organizacije kojima je jedino dopušteno razvijanje alternativnih načina dostizanja prethodno definisanog cilja.	As in the other tools of this single loop learning type, a previously set aim has been taken over and pursued, control is delegated on the organizations parts, who are the only ones allowed to develop the alternative ways for achieving the aim.	0.803863
Drugi tip učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje je najšire shvaćeno učenje o procesima debata, tj. rasprava, kroz koje bi trebali biti postavljeni ciljevi organizacija - Slika 1. (b).	The second type of single loop learning represents a most widely grasped learning about the processes of debates, i.e. the discussions, through which the organizations ends should be set - Figure 1.(b).	0.99961
Relevantno predmetno područje u ovom 2 O teorijskim osnovama, metodološkom razvoju, korišćenju MSSO-a videti šire, na primer, u: [1; 10, str. 387-410].		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 tipu učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje predstavlja određena vrsta interpretativno zasnovane intervencije u organizacijama.	A certain kind of interpretive intervention in organizations is the relevant subject matter in this single loop learning type.	0.740367
Dotično interpretativno utemeljeno intervenisanje u upravljačkim problemskim područjima u organizacijama predstavlja teorijski, metodološki i aplikativni odziv na isključivu fokusiranost prvog tipa učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje na iznalaženje i implementaciju strukturalističkih rešenja.	This interpretive-grounded intervention in the management problem areas should be considered as a theoretical, methodological, and applicative response to an obsession of the first type of single loop learning with finding and implementing the structuralist solutions.	0.705828
Zapravo, u prvom tipu učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje onemogućene su rasprave između subjekata, nužne za opredeljivanje ciljeva organizacije.	In fact, the debates - necessary for setting the organizations ends - between the participants are prevented in the first type of single loop learning.	1.04062
U drugom tipu učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje - kroz interpretativizam, kao relevantnu naučnu paradigmu - opredeljivanje ciljeva i iznalaženje sredstava njihovog ostvarivanja se smatra problematičnim.	In the second type of single loop learning - through interpretivism, as the relevant scientific paradigm - setting the ends and determining the means of their achieving are considered as problematic.	1.16418
To stoga što u svakoj organizaciji u savremenim okolnostima postoje brojni i različiti stakeholder-i, sa, po pravilu, različitim interesima, vrednosnim sistemima, ciljevima i sredstvima za njihovo dostizanje, različitim učešćem u postavljanju problema i iznalaženju njihovih rešenja, različitim učešćem u donošenju odluka i njihovoj implementaciji, različitim moćima.	This is because in each organization in contemporary circumstances there are many different stakeholders with, as a rule, various interests, value systems, ends and means of their achievement, different participation in formulating the problems and finding their solutions, different participation in making the decisions and their implementation, different power.	1.1728
U ovom tipu učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje, u centru učenja nalazi se sledeće ključno pitanje:	There is a following key question in the centre of this single loop learning type: Are we doing the right things?, i.e.	0.972174
Da li radimo prave stvari?, odnosno, Šta bi mi trebalo da radimo?	What should we do?	0.15
I ovaj tip učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje je orijentisan na zadatak - sada: postavljanja ciljeva i njihovog dostizanja odgovarajućim sredstvima.	As the first type, this type of single loop learning is also oriented towards the task - now: the task of setting the ends and achieving them by the appropriate means.	0.968182
Pri tome, u odnosu na prvi tip učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje, postavljaju se drugačiji i ciljevi i sredstva njihovog ostvarivanja: ~~~ Ciljevi postaju odgovarajuća prilagođavanja između učesnika u raspravi o preferiranim rezultatima funkcionisanja organizacije.	In relation to the first type of single loop learning, the different ends and means of their achieving are determined: The ends become the appropriate reconciliations between the participants in a debate on the preferred results of the organizations functioning.	0.617647
A primereno sredstvo dostizanja tako opredeljenog cilja učenja postaje participativna, otvorena i slobodna debata učesnika u upravljačkoj problemskoj situaciji koja se istražuje i u kojoj se želi intervenisati da bi se ona unapredila.	Participative, open, and free debate between the participants in a problem situation, which is the research subject and in which one wants to intervene in order to improve it, becomes an adequate mean of achieving the aim of learning, that has been set in such a manner.	0.981363
Intervencija u istraživanom problemskom području u organizaciji predstavlja participativni proces, u kome se dizajni za organizujuće procese i aranžmani strukturiranja diskutuje - sa različitih stanovišta - kroz raspravu učesnika, i obogaćeni su interpretativnim promišljanjima o relevantnim dimenzijama organizacija kao kulturalnim fenomenima.	An intervention in the organizations problem area represents a participative process; in this process, the designs for organizing processes, and the arrangements for structuring are discussed from different points of view, through the debate between the participants, and enriched by an interpretive thinking about relevant dimensions of organisations as cultural phenomena.	1.00378
Međutim, i u ovom tipu učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje, uprkos nesumnjivom iskoraku sa aspekta rezultirajućih uvida i znanja bitnih za upravljanje problemskim situacijama u organizacijama, čitav proces je i dalje pod dominacijom fokusiranosti na redefinisane ciljeve i sredstva njihovog dostizanja.	Despite the undoubted breakthrough from the viewpoint of the resulting insights and knowledge important to managing the problem situations in organizations, the whole process, however, as in the first type of single loop learning, is under the domination of an exclusive focus on the redefined ends, and means of their achievement.	0.997432
Kao teorijsko-metodološka podrška interpretativnom učenju uz pomoć jednostruke petlje, na raspolaganju stoje metodologije hermeneutičke paradigme sistemskog mišljenja - Metodologija Soft Sistema (Checkland, P.B.), Interaktivno Planiranje (Ackoff, R.L.), Identifikovanje i Testiranje Strategijskih Pretpostavki (Masson, R.O., Mitroff, I.I.), Analiza Robusnosti (Rosenhead, J.), Razvoj i Analiza Strategijskih Opcija (Eden, C.).	As a theoretical-methodological support to the interpretive-grounded single loop learning, there are the methodologies belonging to the hermeneutic paradigm of systems thinking3 - Soft Systems Methodology (Checkland, P.B.), Interactive Planning (Ackoff, R.L.), Strategic Assumption Surfacing and Testing (Masson, R.O., Mitroff, I.I.), Robustness Analysis (Rosenhaed, J.), Strategic Options Development and Analysis (Eden, C.).	1.35372
Naučno utemeljenu i praktično korisnu podršku interpretativnom učenju o kompleksno-pluralističkim problemskim situacijama u organizacijama može pružiti Metodologija Soft Sistema (MSS)4 - Slika 3.	Soft Systems Methodology (SSM)4 can underpin the interpretive learning about the complex-pluralist problems in organizations, in a scientifically founded and practically useful way - Figure 3.	1.40179
Proces Metodologije Soft Sistema.	The Process of Soft Systems Methodology.	0.851613
MSS se bavi onim upravljačkim problemskim situacijama koje, uz kompleksnost organizacione strukture i procesa, karakterišu relativno autonomni učesnici sa različitim interpretacijama relevantnih problemskih područja u organizacijama.	SSM deals with those management problems that - besides the complexity of the structure and processes - are characterized by the relatively autonomous participants, with different interpretations of the problem areas in organizations.	1.06152
Ta bitna raznolikost stanovišta i interpretacija treba da se razvija i istraži, i to u kontekstu zahteva opredeljivanja zajedničkih ciljeva i sredstava intervenisanja u organizaciji.	This important variety of the viewpoints and interpretations should be developed and explored, particularly in the context of determining the common ends and means for intervention in the organization.	1.08547
Uz to, u MSS-u, koncept sistema se koristi kao epistemološki instrument, tj. instrument organizovanja i transferisanja ideja i promišljanja o organizacijama i njihovim problemima.	In addition, within SSM, the concept of the system is used as an epistemological tool, i.e. as a tool for organizing and transferring the ideas and thinking about organizations and their problems.	1.12679
U osnovu MSS-a ugrađena su sledeća četiri ključna principa: a) učenje - kontinuirani proces definisanja različitih načina kretanja kroz istraživanu problemsku situaciju s obzirom na: relevantnost (za one koji su uključeni u situaciju), kulturalnu izvodivost (ograničenja koja moraju biti respektovana), i sistemsku poželjnost (holističko promišljanje ne sme biti narušeno); b) kultura - organizaciona i/ili društvena ograničenja čijim se mogućim promenama kroz intervencije mora izaći u susret; c) participacija - osigurano učešće u istraživanju i intervenisanju onih koji su uključeni u problemsku situaciju; d) dva načina mišljenja - apstraktno sistemsko mišljenje i promišljanje o realnosti povezano sa specifičnim kontekstima.		-0.3
MSS predstavlja sistem učenja koji koristi ideje o sistemima u formulisanju baznih mentalnih radnji - opažanje, tvrđenje, upoređivanje i odlučivanje o delovanju. 3 O interpretativnim sistemskim metodologijama strukturiranja problemskih situacija videti, na primer, u: [5; 10; 12].	The four key principles are built into the SSM basis: a) learning - a continual process of defining the different ways of moving through the problem situation, with regard to: relevance (for those included into the situation), cultural feasibility (the restrictions that have to be respected) and systemic desirability (holistic thinking must not be undermined); b) culture - the organizational and/or 3 The interpretive systems methodologies have been developed, for example, in: [5; 10; 12].	1.43811
4 O Metodologiji Soft Sistema videti, na primer, u: [2; 5, pp. 181-210; 10, str. 486-506; 12].	4 The key theoretical, methodological, and applicative features of Soft Systems Methodology can be found out, for example, in: [2; 5, pp. 181210; 10, pp. 486-506; 12] Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 social limitations whose changes have to be met through interventions; c) participation - in the exploration and intervention - of those who are included into the problem situation, has to be guaranteed; d) the two ways of thinking - an abstract systemic thinking and thinking about the reality associated with specific contexts.	2.3038
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Slika 3. ~~~ Proces Metodologije Soft Sistema Kao sedmoetapni proces, MSS, obuhvata:	SSM represents a learning system that employs the ideas about the systems in formulating the basic mental procedures - observation, assertion, comparison, and deciding on action.	-0.0333333
1) otkrivanje, tj. istraživanje problemske situacije (uz njenu strukturu, procese i rezultirajuću ΄klimu΄, identifikuju se relevantni stakeholder-i.); 2) iskazivanje problemske situacije (kroz tzv. bogate slike obuhvataju se identifikovana bitna pitanja, konflikte, problemske karakteristike situacije.); 3) opredeljivanje tzv. izvornih definicija izdvojenih skupova relevantnih sistema osmišljenog delovanja (precizira se: šta treba da se učini, i zašto, ko to treba da učini, ko treba da ima koristi, tj. štete od dotične aktivnosti, koja ograničenja postavlja okruženje datim delovanjima.); 4) građenje konceptualnih modela sistema naznačenih u izvornim definicijama (ti modeli predstavljaju sredstva shvatanja realnosti i iniciranja diskusije, iz koje bi trebalo da proizađu promene kojima bi se istraživana situacija unapredila.); 5) upoređivanje modela sa akcijama realnog sveta (time se obezbeđuje struktura i supstanca organizovane debate o unapređivanju istraživane problemske situacije.); 6) opredeljivanje sistemski poželjnih i kulturalno izvodivih promena u istraživanoj problemskoj situaciji kroz koherentnu debatu; 7) preduzimanje akcije da bi se istraživana problemska situacija unapredila (efektivno i efikasno implementiranje opredeljenih poželjnih i izvodivih promena u istraživanom problemskom području s ciljem njegovog unapređivanja.).	Through the following seven phases, SSM includes: 1) uncovering, i.e. exploring the problem situation (The stakeholders, along with the problem situations structure, its processes, and the resulting milieu, should be identified.); 2) expressing the problem situation (The identified key issues, conflicts, problem features of the situation are encompassed within so called rich pictures.); 3) formulating the so called root definitions of the extracted sets of the relevant systems for the conceived action (It is necessary to specify: What should be done, and why, who should do that, who should benefit, i.e. suffer damage from the activity, what are the restrictions on the given actions imposed by the environment.); 4) constructing the conceptual models of the systems specified within the root definitions (these models represent the means of understanding of the reality, and initiating the discussion, whose results have to be the changes towards improving the situation.); 5) comparing the models with the real-world actions (the structure and substance of an organized debate about improving the problem situation are provided through this methodology phase.); 6) determining the systemically desirable and culturally feasible changes in the problem situation through a coherent debate; 7) taking action in order to improve the problem situation (an effective and efficient implementation of the determined desirable and feasible changes in the problem area with the aim of its enhancing). ~~~ Figure 3.	0.427399
MSS, s jedne strane, pomaže proces generisanja međusobnog razumevanja učesnika u upravljačkim problemskim situacijama.	The Process of Soft Systems Methodology SSM helps the process of generating a mutual understanding between the participants in the management problem situations.	1.21818
S druge strane, shodno ograničenjima interpretativne teorije na kojoj je utemeljen, MSS ne obuhvata interes organizacija za predviđanje i kontrolu, i ne posvećuje potrebnu pažnju ostvarivanju participativnog odlučivanja oslobođenog dejstava odnosa moći i prisile.	On the other hand, due to the constraints of the interpretive theory built into SSM, SSM does not include the organizations interest in prediction and control, and does not pay the necessary attention to the achievement of the participative decision-making released from the influences of the power relationships, and coercion.	0.762605
Treći tip učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje fokusiran je na moć-znanje dinamiku - Slika 1. (c).	The third type of single loop learning is focused on the power-knowledge dynamics - Figure 1.(c).	1.17151
Predmetno područje može biti opredeljeno kao nepristrasna praksa za učesnike uključene u istraživane upravljačke problemske situacije u kojima se namerava intervenisati.	A corresponding subject area can be determined as an impartial practice for the participants involved in the problem situations, in which it is intended to intervene.	1.0886
Ovaj tip učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje predstavlja reakciju na isključivu usmerenost prvog i drugog tipa učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje na intervenciju zasnovanu na dizajnu i debati.	This type of single loop learning represents a reaction to an exclusive focus of the first and second types of single loop learning on an intervention based on design and debate, respectively.	0.905875
Naime, opredeljivanje ciljeva i sredstava u centru učenja tipa Kako? smatra se problematičnim, zbog implicitnog rizika produkovanja rezultata koji su nepravični - ako ne za mnoge, a ono za neke učesnike u istraživanoj problemskoj situaciji.	That is, determining the ends and means in the learning centre of the type How? is considered as problematic, because of an implicit risk of producing the results that are unfair - if not for many participants, then - for some participants in the problem situation.	1.20393
Istovremeno, sredstva debate u centru učenja tipa Šta? smatraju se problematičnim, stoga što se rasprava o željenim stanjima i sredstvima njihovog ostvarivanja iskrivljuje dejstvima prisile, iz čega proizilazi da u istraživanoj problemskoj situaciji rasprava nije otvorena, slobodna, participativna, odnosno, nije pravična za one nad kojima se u organizaciji primenjuje prisila.	At the same time, the tools of a debate in the learning centre of the type What? are regarded as problematic, because the debate about the desirable states and means of their achieving has been distorted by means of the influences of coercion; it means that the debate in the problem situation is not open, free, and participative, i.e. is not fair for those over whom a coercion is applied in the organization.	1.12175
U trećem tipu učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje postavlja se novi centar učenja sa sledećim centralnim pitanjem: ~~~ Da li se moć podupire poštenjem, tj. pravičnošću, ili vice versa? ~~~ Odnosno, ključno pitanje u ovom tipu učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje glasi:	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 A new center of learning with the following central question is developed within the third type of single loop learning: Is fairness supported by power or vice versa?	0.160202
Zašto bi mi to trebalo da radimo? ili, Zašto bismo mi trebalo da borimo da sačuvamo/zaštitimo moć-pravo arenu od rasprave kad takva debata omogućava istraživanje moć-znanje konfiguracija u razmatranom sistemu?	The key question in this single loop learning type is: Why should we do it?, or Why should we fight to preserve/protect a power-rightness arena from the debates, when such a debate enables a research into the power-knowledge configurations in the system.	1.03451
Ovo pitanje Zašto?, iako suštinski različito od pitanja centara učenja tipa Kako? i Šta?, i dalje ostaje orijentisano na zadatak dostizanja ciljeva odgovarajućim sredstvima.	Although the question Why? is fundamentally different from the questions characterising the learning centres of the types How? and What, this question is still focused on the task of achieving the ends through the appropriate means.	0.701656
U trećem tipu učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje postavljaju se drugačiji ciljevi i opredeljuju dru Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 gačija sredstva.	Different ends are set and different means are determined within the third type of single loop learning.	0.397378
Sada su ciljevi iskazani kao forme nepristrasne prakse, a sredstva predstavljaju načine na koje ta pravična, tj. pravičnija praksa može biti realizovana.	Now, the ends are expressed as the forms of an impartial practice, and the means represent the ways in which this fair, i.e. fairer practice can be realized.	1.1993
Proces učenja je pod dominacijom isključive fokusiranosti na opredeljene ciljeve i njima korespondentna sredstva.	A learning process is under the domination of an exclusive focus on the set ends and the means corresponding to these ends.	0.7
Teorijsko-metodološki i aplikativni prilazi koji predstavljaju podršku prvom i drugom tipu učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje smatraju ove ciljeve i sredstva problematičnim.	Within the theoretical, methodological, and applicative approaches supporting the first and second types of single loop learning, these ends and means are regarded as problematical.	0.56087
Zapravo, forme nepristrasne prakse kao ciljevi, i načini na koje takva praksa može biti ostvarena shvataju se kao ideološki, a ne naučno zasnovani.	The forms of an impartial practice, treated as the ends, and the ways in which such practice can be realized are not considered as scientifically based, but as ideological.	1.14038
Smatra se da su - zbog fokusiranosti na razumevanja moć-znanje odnosa - procesi generisanja znanja potcenjeni.	It is believed that the processes of generating the knowledge are underestimated due to the focus on understanding of the power-knowledge relationships.	0.897635
Dakle, tvrđenje trećeg tipa učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje da zbog dejstava prisile može postati nemoguće prosuđivati o kvalitetu bilo kog znanja ili učenja, smatra se ideološkim.	Therefore, the assertion of the third type of single loop learning - that a judgement about quality of any knowledge or learning can become impossible because of the influences of coercion - is regarded as ideological.	1.55518
Međutim, zastupnici trećeg tipa učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje tvrde suprotno, da se ideologija upravo pojavljuje zato što ljudi ne uspevaju da problematizuju relevantne moć-znanje povezanosti.	However, the proponents of the third type of single loop learning argue the opposite: according to them, ideology appears exactly because the people fail to problematize the relevant power-knowledge connections.	0.959963
Naučno utemeljenu i praktično korisnu podršku učenju o moć-znanje dinamikama u organizacijama može pružiti metodologija Kritičke Heuristike Sistema (KHS).	The Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH)5 methodology can support learning about the power-knowledge dynamics in organizations, in a scientifically grounded and practically useful way.	1.46897
Kao emancipatorni razvoj u okviru paradigme kritičkog sistemskog mišljenja, KHS se bavi upravljačkim problemskim situacijama sa svojstvima prisile, u kojima izvori moći mogu biti relativno lako identifikovani.	As an emancipatory development within the critical systems thinking paradigm, CSH deals with the management problems that are characterised by the coercion, and in which the power sources can be relatively easily identified.	1.25631
Oslanjajući se na odgovarajuće razvijena filozofska utemeljenja, KHS nastoji da opredeli metodologiju koju zainteresovani za istraživano problemsko područje u organizaciji mogu upotrebiti da bi otkrili normativni sadržaj funkcionišućeg i/ili predloženog dizajna dotičnog sistema.	Relying on the appropriate philosophical foundations, CSH seeks to develop a methodology that can be used by the organizations stakeholders in order to reveal a normative content of the functioning design and/or the proposed design of the system.	0.850504
Pri tome, normativni sadržaj dizajna istraživane organizacije uključuje vrednosne pretpostavke ugrađene u dizajn i posledice implementacije dizajna na one na koje se dizajnom deluje.	In doing so, the normative content of the organizations design involves the value assumptions built into the design and the consequences of the designs implementation for those affected by the design.	0.767195
U okviru praktičnog rasuđivanja, konstruiše se, pre svega, odgovarajuća paradigma osmišljenih sistema, koju kreatori dizajna mogu upotrebiti da bi kritički promišljali o postojećim dizajnima, i da bi identifikovali moguće alternativne dizajne; s druge strane, za one koji moraju da funkcionišu u/sa određenim dizajnom, razvijaju se procedure kritičkog osporavanja sistemske racionalnosti dizajnera istraživanog sistema.	Within the practical reasoning, the appropriate paradigm of the conceived systems is developed; the design creators can employ this paradigm in order to think critically about the existing designs and to identify the possible alternative designs; on the other hand, the procedures for critical challenging the systemic rationality of the systems designers are developed for those who have to function in/with the respective design.	1.01247
U okviru KHS, svrha sistemskog mišljenja i učenja je naučno oblikovanje dizajna sistema, kako bi se osiguralo ostvarivanje unapređivanja položaja stakeholder-a.	Within CSH, the purpose of systems thinking and learning is to shape scientifically the systems design, in order to ensure improving the stakeholders position.	0.825747
Pri tome, epistemološka pozicija KHS-a upućuje na nastojanje da se nauka i racionalnost prošire i na ciljeve.	The epistemological position of CSH points to an endeavour to expand science and rationality also on the ends.	0.290426
Dakle, kritički se preispituju pretpostavke ugrađene u prosuđivanja u traganju za znanjem i racionalnom akcijom; sistemnost ukazuje na neophodnost kritičkog promišljanja o nesumnjivom manjku kako sveobuhvatnosti tako i objektivnosti svih dizajna društvenih sistema, a heuristika implicira obezbeđivanje odgovarajućeg metoda stalnog preispitivanja kako pretpostavki ugrađenih u dizajne, tako i njihove nesumnjive nepotpunosti.	In searching for the knowledge and rational action, the assumptions built into the judgements are critically reassessed; systemic indicates the necessity of critical thinking about the undoubted lack of comprehensiveness and objectivity of all designs of social systems; heuristics implies providing a suitable method for continual reassessment of the assumptions built into the designs, and their unquestionable incompleteness.	0.693362
Za razvoj KHS-metodologije i njeno korišćenje u procesu generisanja znanja od ključne važnosti je dvanaest kritički heurističkih kategorija, koje prave jasnu distinkciju između: onih koji su involvirani - klijent, donosilac odluke, planer, tj. dizajner i onih na koje se deluje, a koji nisu uključeni u procese izgradnje dizajna istraživanog sistema i odlučivanja - tzv. svedoci.	There are twelve critically heuristic categories that are vitally important for the CSH-methodology development, and its employment in the process of generating the knowledge; these categories make a clear distinction between: those who are involved - a client, a decision maker, a planner, i.e. a designer, and those who are affected, but who are not involved in the processes of building the systems design, and deciding - so called witnesses.	0.745536
Razvijeni sistem bi trebao da generiše znanja bitna za određene svrhe i ohrabri debatu o svrhama, a svi predlozi za dizajn istraživanog upravljačkog problemskog područja bi trebalo da budu kritički procenjeni u kategorijama normativnog dizajna.	The developed system should generate the knowledge that is important for the ends, and encourage the debate about the ends; at the same time, all proposals for the design of the explored management problem domain should be critically assessed in the categories of the normative design.	1.10015
Kao odlučujuće važna izdavajaju se sledeća tri pitanja: a) Šta se može saznati? (nastojanja da se organizacijska realnost mapira i da se proizvedu adekvatni dizajni takvih sistema karakteriše nesumnjivi manjak sveobuhvatnosti.); b) Šta se sme uraditi? (neophodna su ispitivanja vrednosti ugrađenih u dizajne i moralnih neperfektnosti dizajna.); i c) Šta učesnik u istraživanoj problemskoj situaciji sme očekivati? (ne postoji apsolutni garant da će istraživanje, tj. dizajniranje problemske situacije i implementacija dizajna rezultirati unapređivanjem situacije i položaja učesnika u njoj).	The following three questions can be considered as decisively important: a) What can one find out? (the endeavours to map the organizational reality and construct the adequate designs of such systems are characterized by the undoubted deficiency of comprehensiveness.); b) What may one do? (the values embedded in the designs, and the moral deficiencies of the designs have to be explored.); c) What may a 5 The philosophical foundations, methodological development, the ways of employing the Critical Systems Heuristics have been presented, for example, in: [13; 10, pp. 525-538]. ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 participant in the problem situation expect? (there is no absolute guarantee that exploring, i.e. designing the problem situation and implementing the design will result in improving the situation and the participants position in it.).	0.327866
Poseban deo metodologije predstavlja praktični instrument koji zainteresovani mogu upotrebiti da bi se dizajneri obavezali na racionalnu raspravu o nepotpunosti njihovih dizajna.	A practical tool that can be used by the stakeholders in order to commit the designers to a rational debate about the incompleteness of their designs represents a special part of the methodology.	1.59491
Reč je o polemičkom korišćenju graničnih prosuđivanja o tome šta je za istraživano upravljačko problemsko područje bitno, pa treba da bude uključeno u proces istraživanja i saznavanja, a šta je manje važno ili irelevantno, pa može ili sme da bude isključeno iz procesa razmatranja.	It is about a polemical using the boundary judgements about what it is important for the management problem domain, and consequently has to be included into the process of research and learning, as well as, what it is less important or irrelevant, and therefore can/may be excluded from the process of consideration.	1.02039
U procesu otkrivanja normativnog sadržaja dizajna istraživanog sistema jednovremeno se postavlja i razmatra dvanaest graničnih pitanja specificiranih u dva različita konteksta - ′je′ način i ′trebalo bi′ način.	The twelve boundary questions specified in two different contexts - the is manner and the should be manner - are simultaneously posed and considered in the process of uncovering a normative content of the systems design.	0.901335
Pri tome, pitanja koja se tiču klijenata - govore o vrednosnoj osnovi dizajna, donosilaca odluka ukazuju na osnove moći, dizajnera - svedoče o osnovi ekspertnosti, a tzv. svedoka - upućuju na osnove legitimnosti dizajna. ~~~ Kao prilaz usmeren na:	In doing so, the questions concerning: the clients - talk about the value basis of the design, the decision makers - indicate the power base, the designers - testify about the basis of expertise, the witnesses - point to the basis of the designs legitimacy.	0.282813
5 O filozofskim osnovama, metodološkom razvoju, načinima korišćenja Kritičke Heuristike Sistema videti, na primer, u: [13; 10, str. 525-538].		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 a) učenje o problemskim situacijama i njihovim dizajnima i b) oslobađenje od odnosa moći, KHS obezbeđuje heurističku podršku identifikovanju, testiranju i unapređivanju normativnog sadržaja dizajna društvenih sistema.	CSH is aimed at: a) learning about the problem situations and their designs, and b) freeing of the power relations; as a result, CSH provides a heuristic support to identifying, testing and enhancing the normative content of the social systems designs.	0.742254
KHS otkriva interese kojima služi predloženi dizajn i doprinosi organizaciji racionalne rasprave o manjkavostima razmatranog dizajna.	CSH uncovers the interests to which the proposed design serves, and contributes to organizing a rational debate about the deficiencies of the design.	1.165
Uz to, KHS se ne bavi upravljačkim problemskim situacijama sa suptilnim i kompleksnim upotrebama moći.	In addition, CSH does not deal with the problem situations characterised by subtle and complex use of the power.	0.661813
Učenje uz pomoć dvostruke petlje Postojanje tri različita centra učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje rezultira brojnim konfliktima u vezi s tim koji je centar učenja najprimereniji istraživanom upravljačkom problemskom području, i koji, stoga, treba da bude izabran.	Double loop learning An existence of the three different centres of single loop learning results in numerous conflicts concerning the issue of which of these centres is the most appropriate to the management problem area, and which, therefore, should be chosen.	0.987553
Svaki tip učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje nastoji da privuče istraživače, demonstrirajući svoju superiornost kroz pokušaje da reši pitanja i dileme koji se pojavljuju kod druga dva tipa učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje.	Each type of single loop learning seeks to attract the researchers by demonstrating its own superiority in resolving the issues and dilemmas appearing within the other two types of single loop learning.	0.973203
Poseban pokušaj da se prevaziđe dotični konflikt je odgovarajuće izmirenje između prvog i drugog tipa učenja uz pomoć jednostruke petlje.	An appropriate reconciliation between the first and the second types can be seen as a particular attempt to overcome the concerned conflict.	0.856429
Ovo izmirenje je najverovatnije, s obzirom da oba centra učenja osporavaju intervenciju koja proizilazi iz trećeg tipa učenja, smatrajući je ideološkom i nenaučnom.	This reconciliation is the most probable because the first centre and the second centre find that the intervention resulting from the third type of learning is ideological and unscientific, and, therefore, it can be challenged.	0.834396
Dotično izmirenje tipa učenja Kako? i tipa učenja Šta? predstavlja učenje uz pomoć dvostruke petlje - Slika 4.	This reconciliation between the learning type How and the learning type What represents double loop learning - Figure 4.	1.71205
Učenje uz pomoć dvostruke petlje.	Double loop learning.	0.87
Učenje uz pomoć dvostruke petlje nastoji da dovede u interakciju centre učenja koji obuhvataju prakse debata i dizajna uz pomoć postavljanja i razmatranja dva ključna pitanja: ~~~ Da li radimo prave stvari? i Da li radimo stvari na pravi način?	Double loop learning strives to bring into interaction the learning centres that include the practices of debates and designs by posing and considering the two key questions: Are we doing the right things? and Are we doing the things in a right way?	0.283333
Učenjem uz pomoć dvostruke petlje pokušavaju se zaštititi Šta i Kako centri učenja, koji respektivno obrazlažu dotična dva pitanja, ne naglašavajući prirodu intervencije orijentisanu na zadatak.	What and How learning centres, which explain these two questions, respectively, without an emphasis on the nature of intervention focused on the task, ought to be protected by double loop learning.	0.834127
Intervencija se razvija u odgovarajuće osmišljenom pravcu, prihvatajući problem izbora između dotična dva centra i baveći se njime u bilo kom trenutku istraživanja problemske situacije koja se intervencijom nastoji unaprediti.	An intervention is developed in a suitably conceived direction, accepting the problem of choice between the two centres, and tackling this problem in any moment of the problem situations exploration that should be enhanced through that intervention.	1.35135
Slika 4.	The new relevant insights, i.e. the broadened and Figure 4.	0.6875
Učenje uz pomoć dvostruke petlje Kako istraživači/praktičari kruže između dotična dva centra učenja - Slika 4. (a), generišu se novi relevantni uvidi, tj. proširena i produbljena znanja o razmatranom problemskom području u organizaciji.	Double loop learning. deepened knowledge about the problem area in the organization are generated through the process in which the researchers/practitioners circulate between the two learning centres.	1.08514
Odnosno, postoji izvestan - mada ograničeni - komplementarizam shvatanja istraživane problemske situacije jednovremeno sa dva bitna spekta: a) pluralističkih odnosa učesnika u problemskoj situaciji, između kojih se mora uspostaviti odgovarajući kompromis o preferiranim rezultatima i načinima intervenisanja u dotičnoj situaciji, i b) kompleksnosti problemske situacije, koja na odgovarajući način treba da bude primereno dizajnirana.	That is, there is a certain albeit limited - complementarism of perceptions of the problem situation simultaneously from the two important aspects: a) the pluralist relationships between the participants in the problem situation, implying that an appropriate compromise - on the preferred ends and the ways of intervening in the situation - has to be reached between them, and b) the complexity of the situation, that has to be designed in a suitable Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 manner.	1.35417
Jednovremeno istraživanje te dve bitne dimenzije funkcionisanja organizacija u savremenim okolnostima, i učenje o njima kroz dva centra tipa Šta? i Kako?, podržano je odgovarajućim teorijsko-metodološkim i aplikativnim razvojima, i to tako da se izdvaja i implementira: a) određena metodologija interpretativne naučne paradigme, na primer, Metodologija Soft Sistema, kao dominantna metodologija, i b) korespondentna metodologija funkcionalističko-strukturalističke naučne paradigme, na primer, metodologija Organizacione kibernetike, kao metodologija podrške.	The appropriate theoretical-methodological and applicative developments can support a simultaneous exploring of these two important dimensions of organizational functioning, and learning about them through the two centres of the types What and How; namely, a) a particular methodology belonging to the interpretive scientific paradigm, for example, Soft Systems Methodology, as a dominant, and b) a corresponding methodology belonging to the functionalist-structuralist scientific paradigm, for example, the methodology of Organizational Cybernetics, as a supportive, are chosen and implemented.	1.00873
Dotičnim izborima metodologija (i njihovih pridruženih metoda, tehnika, modela) i njihovim implementiranjem u procesu strukturiranja upravljačke problemske situacije, istraživačima se omogućava da se naučno utemeljeno, praktično korisno i odgovorno jednovremeno bave relevantnim pitanjima efektivnosti i efikasnosti funkcionisanja organizacija.	The concerned choices of the methodologies (and their associated methods, techniques, and models), and their implementation in structuring the problem situations allow for the researchers to simultaneously deal with the relevant issues of effectiveness and efficiency of the organizations functioning, in a scientifically grounded, practically useful and responsible way.	1.13856
Odnosno, omogućeno je odgovarajuće osmišljeno i sprovedeno upravljanje raspravom između stakeholder-a o tome šta treba činiti i kako promene treba da budu implementirane da bi se ostvarilo željeno unapređivanje razmatrane upravljačke problemske situacije u organizaciji.	In other words, an appropriately conceived and performed management of the debate between the stakeholders about what should be done, and how the changes should be implemented in order to achieve a desirable enhancement of the problem situation in the organization has been enabled.	1.12583
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Oni koji uče uz pomoć dvostruke petlje mogu upasti u manje promišljenu svesnost.	Those who learn through double loop can fall into a less thought-out awareness.	0.691387
Zapravo, umesto da kruže između centara učenja tipa Šta? i Kako?, istraživači - i njihova saznanja o problemskoj situaciji - se mogu zaglaviti u nekoj središnjoj poziciji, gledajući napolje - Slika 4. (b).	The researchers - and their knowledge about the problem situation - can be stuck in a central position, looking outside - Figure 4.(b) instead of circulating between the centres of types What? and How?	0.982805
Tada je reč ili o dvostrukoj ili o nejasnoj viziji.	It is about a double or a blurred vision.	0.511765
U slučaju dvostruke vizije, istraživačima i dalje pristižu informacije iz dva centra učenja, ali oni ne pokušavaju da upravljaju vizijom, već deluju u skladu sa ciljevima i sredstvima sopstvene preferirane petlje, menjajući pri tome prirodu druge petlje.	In the case of a double vision, the researchers still receive the information from the two learning centres, but they do not try to manage the vision; rather, they act in accordance with the ends and means of their preferred loop, and, in doing so, they change the nature of the other loop.	1.46835
U uslovima dvostruke vizije ne postoji spremnost da se promišlja o premisama ugrađenim u preferiranu petlju.	In the conditions of the double vision, there is no readiness to think about the premises embedded in the preferred loop.	0.987132
S druge strane, u slučaju nejasne vizije, postoji posebna, eklektička svesnost.	In the case of a blurred vision, there is a particular, eclectic awareness.	0.7625
Praktičari nastoje da ostvare bilo koje ciljeve s kojima se susreću, nastavljajući da koriste sredstva koja su im neposredno na raspolaganju. ~~~ Smer koji se prati je, po pravilu, neki dobro uhodani smer, koji ne implicira pažljiva promišljanja o osobenostima situacije koja se istražuje.	The practitioners seek to achieve any ends they meet, continuing to use the means that are immediately available to them; the practitioners follow the direction which is well-established and does not imply careful thinking about the details of the situation.	0.0905455
Učenje uz pomoć trostruke petlje U procesu učenja uz pomoć trostruke petlje nastoji se uspostaviti tolerantnost između sva tri centra učenja i time očuvati raznovrsnost - Slika 5.	Triple loop learning An establishment of tolerance between all three centres of learning and, as a result, a preservation of a variety should be enabled in the process of triple loop learning - Figure 5.	1.41918
Učenje uz pomoć trostruke petlje.	Triple loop learning.	1.62
Slika 5.	Figure 5.	2.2625
Učenje uz pomoć trostruke petlje Naime, u učenju uz pomoć trostruke petlje, tri identifikovana relevantna pitanja: ~~~ Da li radimo stvari na pravi način? ~~~ Da li radimo prave stvari? i Da li se pravičnost podupire silom ili se moć podupire poštenjem? nastoje se svesti u odgovarajuće holističko, tj. sistemsko saznanje o istraživanom upravljačkom problemskom području u organizaciji.	Triple loop learning Within triple loop learning, the three relevant questions: Are we doing the things in a right way?, Are we doing the right things?, and Is fairness supported by power, or is power underpinned by fairness? strive to be integrated in an appropriate holistic knowledge, i.e. in a systemic knowledge about the management problem area.	0.127149
Intervencija više nije orijentisana na zadatak, jer Kako?, Šta? i Zašto? centri učenja, koje dotična tri pitanja potpomažu respektivno, ulaze u razmatranje u bilo kom trenutku kao osnova za: a) produkovanje validnih znanja i b) pravljenje odgovornih izbora.	An intervention is not longer oriented to a task because the How?, What? and Why? centres of learning - which have been supported by these three questions - are entering the consideration in any moment as a base for: a) producing the valid knowledge and b) making the accountable choices.	1.2059
Postoji nova promišljena svesnost, pošto istraživači neprekidno kruže između precizirana tri pitanja - Slika 5. (a).	There is a new thought-out awareness, since the researchers circulate continually between the three specified questions - Figure 5.(a).	1.33105
Dotično kruženje pomaže zainteresovanima za istraživanu problemsku situaciju da za svaki pojedini centar učenja razviju primerenu raspravu: strukturalističku za Kako? centar učenja, interpretativnu za Šta? centar učenja i emancipatornu za Zašto? centar učenja.	Through the concerned circulation, the stakeholders of the problem situation can develop an appropriate debate for each learning centre: a structuralist debate for the How? learning centre, an interpretive debate for the What? centre, and an emancipatory debate for the Why? learning centre.	0.993382
Time se omogućava kritičko generisanje produbljenih i proširenih znanja o razmatranom problemskom području u organizaciji koje se želi unaprediti.	In doing so, a critical Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 production of the deepened and broadened knowledge about the problem area in the organization, that should be improved is enabled.	0.785821
Dakle, povezujući dotična tri centra učenja u odgovarajuću trostruku petlju, oni koji uče uz pomoć trostruke petlje jednovremeno istražuju relevantne dimenzije dizajna, debate, moć-znanje odnosa.	Those who learn through a triple loop connect the three centres of learning into the appropriate triple loop, and simultaneously explore the relevant dimensions of design, debate, and power-knowledge relationships.	1.44385
Rezultirajuće ukupno znanje je više od sume delova koji ga čine.	The resulting overall knowledge is more than the sum of parts that make it.	1.27414
Reč je o odgovarajućem sistemskom komplementarizmu, koji uključenima u istraživanu problemsku situaciju i onima na koje se deluje utvrđenim i implementiranim rešenjem omogućava kritičko upravljanje moć-znanje odnosima, debatom i dizajnom.	It is about an appropriate systemic complementarism which enables the stakeholders involved in the situation, as well as those affected by the found and implemented solution, to critically manage the powerknowledge relationships, debate, and design.	0.586156
Oni koji uče uz pomoć trostruke petlje sposobni su da razmotre razmere u kojima su različite metodologije primerene Kako?-, Šta?- i Zašto?-tipu svrha koje se identifikuju kao odlučujuće važne za intervenciju.	Those who learn through triple loop are able to consider the extent to which the different methodologies correspond to the different types of ends: How?, What? and Why? that are identified as decisively important for an intervention.	0.938603
Odnosno, oni su sposobni da interpretiraju metodološke principe i pridružene operacione procedure na način koji im pomaže da diskutuju izbranu svrhu.	That is, they are capable of interpreting the methodological principles and the associated operational procedures, in a manner that helps them discuss the selected purpose.	0.675509
Stoga su za izbor i upravljanje svrhom relevantna znanja o metodološkim opcijama koje mogu biti uključene u istraživanje i pravljenje izbora.	Thus, the knowledge about the methodological options, that can be included into exploring and making choices, is relevant to the choice and managing the purpose.	0.950618
Kroz proces učenja uz pomoć trostruke petlje holistički se upravlja metodološkom, metodskom i modelskom raznovrsnošću tri centra učenja, čime se zauzvrat omogućava svrhovito unapređivanje upravljanja raznovrsnošću - za organizaciju relevantnih - pitanja, problema, problemskih situacija, i dilema povezanih s njima.	Triple loop learning enables the researchers/managers/practitioners to holistically manage the diversity of methodologies, methods, techniques, and models for the three learning centres, and, in turn, to purposefully improve management of the diversity of issues, problems, problem situations, and related dilemmas, that are relevant to the organization.	1.00991
Učenje uz pomoć trostru Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 ke petlje je u osnovi pravljenje izbora o svrhama kojima treba težiti u određenim okolnostima.	In its basis, triple loop learning represents making a choice about the ends that should be achieved in certain circumstances.	1.01825
Takođe, trostruko kruženje ohrabruje istraživače/praktičare da istraže moguće principe i procese za delovanje u određenim okolnostima.	Also, through the triple circulation, the researchers/practitioners are encouraged to explore the possible principles and processes of action in certain circumstances.	1.13548
Istraživači postaju široko upućeni u moguće različite pravce delovanja za izabranu svrhu.	The researchers become familiar with a diversity of possible courses of action for the selected purpose.	0.974661
Metodološki pravci delovanja su stoga razvijeni i implementirani lokalno, shodno posebnostima istraživane problemske situacije.	Thus, the methodological courses of action are locally developed and implemented, in accordance with the specificities of the respective problem situation.	0.851282
Kao i kod učenja uz pomoć dvostruke petlje, oni koji uče uz pomoć trostruke petlje mogu skliznuti u manje promišljenu svesnost, kada su ′zaglavljeni u sredinu, gledajući napolje′.	As in double loop learning, those who learn through a triple loop can fall in a less thought-out awareness; i.e. they can get stuck in the center, looking outside.	1.17148
Tada kruženje oko tri centra učenja ili prestaje, ili ne započinje - Slika 5. (b).	As a result, a circulation between the three learning centres either stops or does not start - Figure 5.(b).	0.970833
Rezultat je ili trostruka vizija, ili mnogo nejasnoća, iz čega se izlaz neprimereno nalazi ili u nekritičkom praćenju sopstvene preferirane vizije, ili u neproduktivnom eklekticizmu, kada se odabiraju i implementiraju jednolični, dominantni i ponavljajući obrasci.	An uncritical pursuing a preferred vision, or an unproductive eclecticism, when the monotonous, dominant and repetitive patterns have been chosen and implemented represent an inappropriate solution for a triple vision, or the circumstances with much confusion.	0.618732
Zaključak U procesu učenja uz pomoć trostruke petlje, kritičko produkovanje relevantnih uvida i saznanja o bitnim dimenzijama istraživanih upravljačkih problemskih situacija u organizacijama podrazumeva razvoj odgovarajućih diskursa - strukturalističkih, interpretativnih, emancipatornih, tj. kritičko sistemskih - za svaki pojedini Kako?, Šta?, Zašto?-centar učenja.	Conslusion Within the process of triple loop learning, a critical production of the relevant insights and knowledge about the important dimensions of the management problem situations in organizations implies a development of the appropriate discourses - structuralist, interpretive, emancipatory, i.e. critically systemic - for each How?, What?, and Why? learning centre.	1.19212
Implementacijom rezultirajućih produbljenih i proširenih znanja o razmatranom problemskom području u organizaciji omogućava se kreativno upravljanje dizajnom, debatom, odnosno, moć-znanje dinamikama.	A creative management of the design, debate, and power-knowledge dynamics can be provided by means of implementation of the resulting - deepened and broadened - knowledge about the considered problem area in the organization.	1.10521
Oslonjeno na Upravljanje raznovrsnošću, kao komplementaristički metateorijski razvoj kritičkog sistemskog mišljenja, učenje uz pomoć trostruke petlje upućuje na: a) relevantnost svesti o složenosti procesa konstrukcije znanja, b) važnost neopsesivnosti posebnim teorijama, metodologijama, metodima, tehnikama, modelima, koji mogu biti upotrebljeni u procesima upravljanja problemskim situacijama, c) mogućnost i poželjnost delovanja u upravljačkim problemskim situacijama bez unapred odabrane isključive fokusiranosti na posebnu petlju učenja.	Relying on Diversity Management, as a complementarist meta-theoretical development of critical systems thinking, triple loop learning indicates: a) the relevance of awareness about the complexity of the process of knowledge construction, b) the importance of not-obsession with the particular theories, methodologies, methods, techniques, and models, that can be employed in the processes of managing the problem situations, c) the possibility and desirability of action in the management problem situations without a pre-selected and exclusive focus on a particular learning loop.	1.34461
Učenje uz pomoć trostruke petlje pomaže praktičarima da istraže principe i procese delovanja u određenim okolnostima, da neprekidno vode računa o svrsi kojoj se teži, da ne deluju kroz unapred odabranu petlju učenja u svim upravljačkim problemskim situacijama.	Triple loop learning helps the practitioners explore the principles and the processes of action in certain circumstances, to continually take care about the purpose to which they tend, not to act through a pre-selected learning loop in all management problem situations.	1.2961
Posebno, učenje uz pomoć trostruke petlje pomaže praktičarima koje odlikuje eklekticizam neprimeren utemeljenom i odgovornom upravljanju kompleksnim i višeznačnim problemskim situacijama u organizacijama.	In particular, triple loop learning helps the practitioners who are characterized by an eclecticism, which is inappropriate to grounded and accountable management of the complex and ambiguous problem situations in organizations.	1.03413
U intervenciji - oslonjenoj na znanja kritički generisana u procesu učenja uz pomoć trostruke petlje - fokus je na lokalnom - u vremenu i prostoru unapređivanju istraživane upravljačke problemske oblasti u organizaciji.	Within an intervention that relies on the knowledge critically generated in the triple loop learning process, the focus is on a local - in the temporal and the spatial sense - improvement of the explored management problem area in the organization.	1.18755
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Wiley, Chichester, 1994 [2] Checkland, P.B. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice.	Wiley, Chichester, 1994 [2] Checkland, P.B. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice.	5.20909
Wiley, Chichester, 1996 [3] Flood, R.L. and Romm, N.R.A. Diversity Management: ~~~ Triple Loop Learning.	Wiley, Chichester, 1996 [3] Flood, R.L. and Romm, N.R.A. Diversity Management: Triple Loop Learning.	2.5837
Wiley, Chichester, 1996 [4] Flood, R.L. and Romm, N.R.A. From Metatheory to ΄Multimethodology΄.	Wiley, Chichester, 1996 [4] Flood, R.L. and Romm, N.R.A. ~~~ From Metatheory to ΄Multimethodology΄.	2.73673
In:	In: Mingers, J. and Gill, A. (eds.)	-0.15
Mingers, J. and Gill, A. (eds.) Multimethodology - The Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies.	Multimethodology - The Theory and Practice of Combining Management Science Methodologies.	2.7025
Wiley, Chichester, 1997, pp. 291-322. [5] Jackson, M.C. Systems Thinking:	Wiley, Chichester, 1997, pp. 291-322. [5]	2.21583
Creative Holizm for Managers.	Jackson, M.C. Systems Thinking: Creative Holizm for Managers.	2.38889
Wiley, Chichester, 2003 [6] Jackson, M.C. Beyond Problem Structuring Methods:	Wiley, Chichester, 2003 [6] Jackson, M.C.	6.89768
Reinventing the Future of OR/MS. ~~~ Journal of the Operational Research Society. ~~~ Vol.	Beyond Problem Structuring Methods: Reinventing the Future of OR/MS. Journal of the Operational Research Society.	0.571429
57, pp. 868-878, 2006 [7] Mingers, J. Realising Systems Thinking - Knowledge and Action in Management Science.	Vol. 57, pp. 868-878, 2006 [7] Mingers, J. Realising Systems Thinking - Knowledge and Action in Management Science.	4.28737
Springer, New York, 2006. [8] Petrovic, S.P. Coherent Pluralism in Managing Problem Situations.	Springer, New York, 2006. [8] ~~~ Petrovic, S.P. Coherent Pluralism in Managing Problem Situations.	1.10311
The Book of Abstracts of The 18th Triennial Conference of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies, IFORS 2008, p. 77, Sandton, South Afica, July 13-18, 2008 [9] Petrovic, S.P. Triple Loop Learning - A Complementarist Systems Approach to Management.	The Book of Abstracts of The 18th Triennial Conference of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies, IFORS 2008, p. 77, Sandton, South Afica, July 13-18, 2008 [9] Petrovic, S.P. Triple Loop Learning - A Complementarist Systems Approach to Management.	3.73902
The Book of Abstracts of The 23rd European Conference of Operational Research, EURO 2009, p. 145, Bonn, Germany, July 5-8, 2009 [10] Petrović, S.P. Sistemsko mišljenje, Sistemske metodologije.	The Book of Abstracts of The 23rd European Conference of Operational Research, EURO 2009, p. 145, Bonn, Germany, July 5-8, 2009 [10] Petrović, S.P. Sistemsko mišljenje, Sistemske metodologije.	4.12759
Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta u Kragu jevcu, Kragujevac, 2010 [11] Rosenhead, J. Reflections on fifty years of operational research.	Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, Kragujevac, 2010 [11] Rosenhead, J. Reflections on fifty years of operational research.	3.96667
Journal of the Operational Research So ciety. ~~~ Vol.	Journal of the Operational Research So ciety.	1.125
60, pp. ~~~ S5-S15, 2009 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 [12] Rosenhead, J. and Mingers, J. (eds.) Rational Analysis for a Problematic World - Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and Conflict Revisited.	Vol. 60, pp. S5-S15, 2009 [12] Rosenhead, J. and Mingers, J. (eds.) ~~~ Rational Analysis for a Problematic World - Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and Conflict Revisited.	1.64494
Wiley, Chichester, 2001 [13] Ulrich, W. Critical Heuristics of Social Planning - A New Approach to Practical Philosophy.	Wiley, Chichester, 2001 [13] Ulrich, W. ~~~ Critical Heuristics of Social Planning - A New Approach to Practical Philosophy.	3.13286
Wiley, Chic hester, 1994 Primljen:	Wiley, Chichester, 1994 Receieved: 05. ~~~ 2011.	3.23065
Maj 2011.	Accepted: 02.	0.166667
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Februar 2012. O autoru Slavica P. Petrović Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Ekonomski fakultet e-mail: pslavica@kg.ac.rs Slavica P. Petrović je redovni profesor na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Kragujevcu.	About the Author Slavica P. Petrović University of Kragujevac Faculty of economics e-mail: pslavica@kg.ac.rs Slavica P. Petrovic is a Professor at the Faculty of Economics, University of Kragujevac.	1.50662
Diplomirala je, magistrirala i doktorirala u oblasti poslovne ekonomije i menadžmenta, na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu.	She graduated at the Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade. ~~~ She received her M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Business Economics and Management, at the Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade.	0.312107
Ključne oblasti naučnog interesovanja i rada su sistemsko mišljenje, organizaciona kibernetika, sistemske metodologije strukturiranja kompleksnih i pluralističkih upravljačkih problema u organizacijama, soft i kritički management science.	The key areas of her scientific interests and research are systems thinking, organizational cybernetics, systems methodologies for structuring the complex and pluralist management problems in organizations, soft and critical management science.	0.95969
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Milica Đurović Telekom Srbija Me nadž ment ljud skih re sur sa - stra te ški aspekt UDK: ~~~ 005.96 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2011. ~~~ (english version) U ovom ra du is ti če se zna čaj no ve, mo der ne ulo ge me nadž men ta ljud skih re sur sa u po sti za nju ci lje va uspe šno sti pred u ze ća ko ja te že vi so koj adap ta bil no sti zah te vi ma okru že nja i na tim osnov ma vi so koj kon ku rent skoj pred no sti.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Milica Đurović Telekom Serbia Human Resources Management Strategic Aspect UDC: 005.96 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2011.0006 This work emphasizes the importance of the new, modern role of human resource management in achieving objectives of companthe companies that tend to be highly adaptable to the demands of their environment and consequently achieve high competitive advantage.	-0.107329
U tom ra spo nu zah te va me nadž ment ljud skih re sur sa mo ra da ostva ri svo je tran sfor ma ci o ne ci lje ve ka ko ne bi bio pod ruč je i fak tor smet nji u funk ci o nal nom i tim skom de lo va nju pred u ze ća.	In this range of demands, human resource management has to realise its transformation objectives, so as not to become the area and factor of disturbance in functional and team activities of the company.	0.634308
Ta kve pro me ne u me nadž men tu ljud skih re sur sa pre sve ga se mo ra ju ostva ri ti u kom pe ten ci o nim ka rak te ri sti ka ma sa mih me na dže ra ljud skih re sur sa, nji ho vom zna nju i spo sob no sti ma da pod sti ču kre a tiv nu i ino va tiv nu spo sob nost za po sle nih.	Such changes in human resource management, in the first place, are to be realised in the competences of human resource managers, their knowledge and abilities to stimulate creative and innovative capability of employees.	0.711018
Ključ ne re či: me nad zment ljud skih re sur sa, stra te gi ja,adap ta bil nost,kon ku ren ska pred nost, tran sfor ma ci o ni ci lje vi 1.	Keywords: menagement human resorces,strategy, adaptable, competitiv advantage, ransformation objectives 1.	0.80872
Uvod Izazovi transformacionih promena novog doba potencirali su iskonsku potrebu čoveka da strateški promišlja i odlučuje.	Introduction Challenges of transformational changes of modern times provoked the real need of a man to think and makes decisions strategically.	0.973739
Ako je čovek naše najveće bogatstvo, onda je čoveku najveće bogatstvo znanje.	If a man is our greatest treasure, then knowledge is the greatest treasure to a man.	0.983736
Strateška aktivnost pretpostavlja minimum znanja iz različitih oblasti upravljanja preduzećem.	The sa trategic activity assumes a minimum knowledge from different areas of managing companies.	1.91851
Uspeh preduzeća se ostvaruje oprimalnom kombinacijom strukture, sistema i vrednosti, ali svi oni kreiraju se i uspostavljaju od strane zaposlenih i njihove kreativne i inovativne sposobnosti.	Company success is realized with an optimal combination of structure, system and value, and all of them are created and maintained by employees and their creative and innovative ability.	0.838574
Zbog toga je menadžment ljudskih resursa integralni deo strateškog upravljanja.	That is why human resource management is an integral part of strategic management.	0.837004
U lancu vrednosti, njegove aktivnosti su jedna od vitalnih podrški.	In the chain value, its activities are the ones of a vital support.	1.36948
Strateški značaj i orijentacija menadžmenta ljudskih resursa multifaktorski deluje na podizanje konkurentske prednosti i pozicije preduzeća.	Strategic importance and orientation of human resource management has a multi-factor influence on improving the competitive advantage and position of the company.	1.33113
U teoriji strateškog menadžmenta već je opšte prihvaćeno da su znanja kojima raspolaže zaposleni najznačajniji resurs i ključni izvor konkurentske prednosti.	It is already generally accepted in the theory of strategic management that the knowledge of the employee is the most important resource and key source of competitive advantage.	1.24427
Zašto je to tako?	Why is it so?	0.163636
Konkurentski pritisak i okruženje nameće teškoću obezbeđivanja pozicije, a pozicija je srce strategije.	The competitive pressure and the environment can impose the difficulty of ensuring a position, and the position is the heart of the strategy.	1.30029
Kako je zadržati, poboljšati?	How to maintain it, how to improve it?	0.268966
Odgovor je u zadovoljnom kupcu.	The answer is in the satisfied customer.	0.725
Iza zadovoljnog kupca stoji izbor onog rešenja (ponude) između mnogo ponuđenih (konkurencija), koje je rezultat uspešne kompilacije znanja iz više oblasti i nivoa, a koja nude najpoželjniji proizvod.	Behind the satisfied customer is the selection of the solution (offer) among many offered (competition), which is the result of a successful compilation of knowledge from a number of areas and levels which offer the most desirable product.	0.983914
Čovek znanje - informacije su krucijalne tačke orijentacije modernog menadžmenta ljudskih resursa.	Man knowledge - information are the crucial points of orientation of modern human resources management.	1.21974
Orijentacija na ljudske resurse postala je, dakle, ekonomska nužnost.[1] Između strateškog menadžmenta i menadžmenta ljudskih resursa postoje visoke međuzavisnosti kako u fazi : a) oblikovanja i izbora strategije (organizacione i poslovne); tako i u fazi b) primene strategije (implementacije).	Orientation towards human resources has become economical necessity.1. ~~~ There are high interdependencies between strategic management and human resource management in two phases: a) strategy shaping and selection (organizational and business); as well as in the phase of b) strategy application (implementation). ~~~ 1 Pržulj, Ž., Menadžment ljudskih resursa, Institut MSP, Beograd 2002.	0.197692
Različite strategije zahtevaju različite ljude i ponašanje, različite načine izbora, nagrađivanja, obrazovanja i sl.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Different strategies require different people and behavior, different ways of selection, rewarding, education and similar.	0.955455
Na osnovu načina i principa koje preduzeće primenjuje u cilju ostvarivanja konkurentske prednosti, možemo govoriti o generičkim strategijama, koje predstavljaju grupisanje tipičnih (sličnih) načina lako prepoznatljivih u oblikovanju i primeni.	According to the way and principle applied by the company in the aim of achieving competitive advantage, we can speak about generic strategies, which represent grouping of typical (similar) ways which are easily recognizable in shaping and applying.	1.15829
Svaki od njih zahteva i različitu strategiju menadžmenta ljudskih resursa.	Each of them requires a different strategy of human resource management.	1.3671
S Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 obzirom na veliki značaj i uticaj Harvardske škole, ovde ćemo istaći dve generičke strategije, koje je utvrdio M. Porter (M. Porter): - troškovna i - diferencijalna Prva, troškovna, zasniva se na polazištu da se vrednost može stvoriti smanjenjem troškova (ona ima za posledicu snižavanje cena i na toj osnovi ostvarivanje konkurentske prednosti).	Bearing in mind the great importance and influence of Harvard School, here we shall point out two generic strategies, appointed by M. Porter: - cost strategy and - differential strategy The first one, cost, is based on the starting point that value can be made by cost reduction (as a consequence it has price reduction and on that basis the achievement of competitive advantage).	0.791692
Druga, diferencijalna, zasniva se na polazištu da se vrednost može stvoriti diferenciranjem proizvoda i usluga, na način koji obezbeđuje veću cenu od konkurenata.	The other, differential, is based on the starting point that the value can be made by product and service differentiation, in the manner that achieves higher prices in comparison with the competition.	0.875685
Već sam izbor strategije je uslovljen stepenom i sadžajem uspostavljene veze između menadžmenta ljudskih resursa i poslovne strategije preduzeća.	The selection of strategy itself is conditioned by the level and content of the established connection between the human resources management and the business strategy of the company.	1.59586
Ako je ta veza direktna i uzročno posledično koncipirana, onda se svakako radi o orijentaciji na diferencijalnu strategijsku opciju i na oslonjenost na efektivnost resursa, pre svega ljudskih resursa.	If that connection is direct and based on causal connection, than it is surely about orientation towards differential strategic option and relying on resource efficiency, before all, human resources.	0.794767
U suprotom, kada su troškovi i njihovo snižavanje u žiži poslovne pažnje, tada se ljudski resursi smatraju izvorom racionalizacije i tada moderni koncept menadzmenta ljudskih resursa gubi na svojoj ulozi i poziciji. 2.	Otherwise, when costs and their reduction are in the focus of business attention, then human resources are considered to be the source of rationalization and in that case the modern concept of human resource management looses in its role and position.	1.23934
Po ve zi va nje me nad zmen ta ljud skih re sur sa sa stra te gi jom Mogućnost primene i uspešnost primene korporativne strategije u velikom obimu zavisi od usklađenosti sa strategijom ljudskih resursa.	2. ~~~ Connecting Human Resource Management with strategy The possibility and success of applying the corporate strategy depend largely on conforming to the human resources strategy.	0.222353
Ta usklađenost ne obezbeđuje se samo razvojem znanja, veština i sl., nego i promenom organizacione kulture.	Such conforming is not provided only through the development of knowledge, skills and similar, but also with the change of organization culture.	0.918382
Drugim rečima strateški aspekt menadžmenta ljudskih resursa unosi novo obeležje ove naučne misli i prakse, a to je integrativno obeležje menadžmenta ljudskih resursa.	In other words the strategic aspect of human resources management brings in the new distinction between this scientific thought and practice, and that is integrative distinction of human resource management.	0.996711
Ovo obeležje ukazuje na značajne promene u pristupu, modelu i ciljevima menadžmenta ljudskih resursa.	This distinction points to important changes in the access, model and goals of human resources management.	1.3
Pre svega, orijentacija na strateško upravljanje deluje u dva pravca: - eksterno (konkurentsko), - interno (integrativno).	First of all, orientation towards strategic managing functions in two directions: - external (competitive), - internal (integrative).	0.981112
Eksterna orijentacija daje za posledicu konkurentsku prednost i menadžment ljudskih resursa u njoj ima za cilj da ne bude ograničavajući faktor već podrške eksternoj konkurentskoj strategiji.	External orientation has a competitive advantage as its consequence, and human resources management in it has an aim not to be a limiting factor, but supportive to external competitive strategy.	1.06693
Interno t.j. integrativno delovanje ima za cilj racionalno korišćenje interne energije ljudskih resursa u korist eksterne snage preduzeća.	Internal, that is, integrative activity has a goal of a rational usage of internal energy of human resources for the benefit of the external force of the company.	1.22097
Ove dve veličine reaguju po principu spojenih sudova: - više utrošene interne energije u rešavanju konflikata neusklađenosti strukture i ljudi i njihovih odnosa (niska produktivnost) manje za eksternu ponudu (nekonkurentnost), - i obratno (visoka produktivnost konkurentnost), usklađenost strukture i ljudi, obezbeđena organizaciona uspešnost, ima za rezultat racionalno trošenje i produktivno stvaranje nove vrednosti.	These two values react on the connection principle: - the more internal energy spent in solving conflicts of non-conformed structure and people and their relations (low productivity), the less external offer (non-competitiveness), - and vice versa (high productivity competitiveness), the conformity between structure and people, ensured organization success, result in a rational spending and a productive creation of new value.	1.23959
Postoje četiri načina povezivanja menadžmenta ljudskih resursa sa poslovnom strategijom koje je definisao Pov (Paauwe ) u svojoj knjizi HRM and performance, [2]a to su: a) administrativna veza, kada postoji veoma slaba veza između strateške orijentacije preduzeća i me nadzmenta ljudskih resursa politike i prakse, b) jednosmerna veza, koja odgovara personalnom menadžmentu u kom slučaju on ne učestvuje u pro cesu formulisanja strategije, c) dvosmerna veza, koja uspostavlja recipročnu vezu i ravnotežu između menadzmenta ljudskih resur sa i strategije u kojoj menadzment ljudskih resursa u mnogome doprinosi formulisanju strategije, d) integrativna veza, koja odgovara jakim vezama u kojima menadzment ljudskih resursa i strategija podjednako utiču jedni na druge, na formalan i neformalan način.	There are four ways of connecting Human Resource Management with the business strategy defined by Paauwe in his book HRM and performance, 2 and they are: a) administrative connection, when there is a very weak connection between strategic orientation of the company and human resource management policy and practice, 2 Paauwe, J , HRM and performance, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 28. ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 b) one-way connection, which corresponds to personal management in which case it does not take part in the process of strategy formulation, c) two-way connection, which establishes reciprocal connection and balance between human resources management and strategy in which human resources management contributes a lot by formulating the strategy, d) integrative connection, which corresponds to strong connections in which human resources management and strategy equally influence each other, in formal and informal ways.	0.434857
Menadžeri i zaposleni obavljaju svoje dužnosti u okviru jednog sistema odgovornosti. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Koji tip veze će biti uspostavljen zavisi od: tipa organizacije, veličine, organizacione strukture, kulture i samog okruženja.	Managers and employees answer their obligations within one system of responsibility 27 The type of established connection depends on: organization type, size, organizational structure, culture and environment itself.	0.27987
Poslednja dekada XX veka ukazuje koliko kompanije poklanjaju pažnju povezanosti menadzmenta ljudskih resursa sa poslovnom strategijom.	The last decade of the 20th century points out the amount of attention which companies pay to the connection of human resources management with the business strategy.	0.956296
Dok se tradicionalna, komandno-kontrolna preduzeća oslanjaju na personalne menadžere, koji se jedino bave administracijom, zakonodavnim i praktičnim problemima, dotle organizacije sa visokim performansama zahtevaju od linijskih menadžera i menadžera ljudskih resursa da razumeju i pružaju podršku produktivnim pojedincima sa natprosečnim performansama koji doprinose maksimiziranju rezultate preduzeća.	While traditional, commanding-controlling companies rely on personnel managers, that only deal with administration, legal and practical problems, organizations with high performances demand from line managers and human resource managers to understand and support productive individuals with outstanding performances that contribute to maximizing the company results.	1.23739
Guestove četiri forme uklapanja (fit) prikazuju četiri gledišta na to kako veze utiču na performanse (tabela br.1).[3] Tabela br. 1 Uticaj veza na performance interno eksterno Specifičan kriterijum uklapanje kao set najbolje prakse uklapanje kao strateška interakcija Odsustvo kriterijuma uklapanje kao kombinacija uklapanje kao kontingencija Izvor:	Guests four forms of fitting demonstrate four points of views concerning how connections influence performances (table no. ~~~ 2).3 Table no.	0.181129
Paauwe, J., HRM and Performance, Oxford University Press, 2004, str. 31.	1 Influence of connections on performances Specific criterion Absence of criterion fitting as a set of best practices fitting as combination fitting as strategic interaction fitting as contingency internal external Source: Paauwe, J., HRM and Performance, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 31.	1.89524
Uklapanje kao strateška interakcija predstavlja vertikalnu vezu između menadžmenta ljudskih resursa i strategije.	Fitting as strategic interaction represents a vertical connection between human resource management and strategy.	1.57383
Preduzeća koja imaju bolju responzivnost i uklapanje pokazaće bolje performanse.	Companies with better responsiveness and fitting shall demonstrate better performances.	0.825184
Organizacije čiji menadžment ljudskih resursa bolje reaguje na spoljne faktore, faktore okruženja, primenjuje uklapanje kao kontingenciju, tj., oslanja se na klasični kontingentski pristup.	Organizations whose human resource management reacts better to external factors, environment factors, applies fitting as contingency, that is, relies on the classical contingent access.	1.15844
Uklapanje kao set najboljih praksi u osnovi se bazira na tvrdnji da postoji set univerzalnih primenljivih najboljih praksi koje obezbeđuju i najbolje performanse.	Fitting as a set of best practices is based on the claim that there is a set of universally applicable best practices which provide best performances as well.	1.27727
Uklapanje kao kombinacija polazi od kombinacije praksi koje obezbeđuju sinergetski efekat na osnovu specifične organizacione strukture i kulture koja ih povezuje.	Fitting as combination starts with the combination of practices which provide synergy effects according to specific organizational structure and culture which connects them.	0.830972
Za naše istraživanje, naročito je značajno razvijanje pristupa sa sinergetskim elementima prakse menadžmenta ljudskih resursa, koje u svojim radovima saopštavaju Baron i Kreps (Baron i Creps).[4] Karakteristike ovog pristupa su sledeće: - postoji konzistencija zaposlenih kao pojedinaca, koja podrazumeva da različiti elementi menadžmenta ljudskih resursa koji se primenjuju na jednog zaposlenog budu međusobno konzistentni, - postoji konzistencija među zaposlenima, što podrazumeva da sa zaposlenima koji pripadaju istoj grupi (stručnost, profesija, slični poslovi) postupa isto, - postoji vremenska konzistencija, koja pretpostavlja postupanje sa zaposlenima na isti način, u bilo kom vremenskom trenutku. [5] Ove karakteristike su ujedno i prepoznatljiv imidž za svako preduzeće jer odražavaju deo njegove kulture i etičke principe koji su ugrađeni u njegovu organizacionu klimu i njegov sistem vrednosti koji se realizuje kroz interne procese organizacije i komunikacija.	Developing access with synergy elements of human resources management practice, mentioned in the works of Baron and Creps are extremely important for our research4. ~~~ The characteristics of this access are the following: - there is a co-existence of employees as individuals, which implies that different elements of human resources management applied to one employee are mutually consistent, - there is consistence among employees, which implies that all employees who belong to the same group (competence, profession, similar jobs) are treated in the same manner, - there is time consistence, which assumes treating employees in the same way, at any moment. ~~~ 5 3 Guest, D.E., Human resource management, employee well-being and organisational performanse,Paper submitted at the CIPD Professional Standard Conference, University of Warwick, 2000. ~~~ 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid, p.32. ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 These characteristics are at the same time a recognizable image for every company, because they reflect part of its culture and ethical principles which are incorporated in its organizational climate and system of values realized through internal processes of organization and communications.	-0.0687273
Prema Farndalu održiva konkurenska prednost može da se ostvari pre svega inovativnošću .	According to Farndal, maintainable competitive advantage can first of all be realized by - innovativeness.	0.684127
U zavisnosti od vremena uvođenja inovacija mogu da se identifikuju firme koje su lideri ili spori igrači u tržišnoj utakmici.	As regards the moment of implementation of innovations, we can identify firms which are leaders or slow players in the market game.	1.15714
Naravno, prema ovom kriterijumu mogu da se identifikuju i tipovi menadžmenta ljudskih resursa.	Of course, we can also identify human resource management types according to this criterion.	1.57071
Farndal razlikuje sledeće tipove menadžmenta ljudskih resursa :[6] a) Lideri u HR inovacijama stvaraju konkurentsku prednost kreiranjem, primenom i uspostavljanjem uspešne prakse menadžmenta ljudskih resursa.	Farndal makes difference among the following types of human resources management:6 a) HR leaders in innovations create a competitive advantage by creating, applying and establishing successful human resource management practice.	1.55177
Ova prednost se postiže pionirskom ulogom u uvođenju novih praksi u upravljanje ljudskim resursima.	This advantage is gained by a pioneer role in bringing in new practices into human resource managing.	1.28953
Primera radi: komapnija McKinsey je uvela menadž Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 ment znanja, General Electric menadžment kompetencija a Unilever kompetentnost menadžmenta ljudskih resursa, b) Brzi sledbenici ostvaruju prednost u odnosu na konkurenciju bržim imitiranjem lidera i primenjujući nji hovu praksu.	An example: McKinsey company has introduced knowledge management, General Electric has introduced competence management, while Unilever has introduced human resource management competence, b) Fast followers achieve an advantage in relation to competition by a faster imitation of the leader and by application of his/her practice.	1.2187
Naravno da se tako ostvaruje prednost manjih troškova istraživanja i razvoja, c) Spori sledbenici kasne i sporo primenjuju inovacije u oblasti ljudskih resursa.	It is the natural way of advantage achievement lower costs of research and development, c) Slow followers are late and they slowly implement the innovations in the area of human resources.	1.1367
Oni ne preuzimaju nikakav rizik jer preuzimaju i imitiraju prakse menadžmenta ljudskih resursa, koje su se pokazale kao uspešne.	They do not take any risk because they take over and imitate the human resource management practice that once came out successful.	1.19182
Podsticaj ili ćesto i primedba da se odluče na primenu uspešnih praksi vrše vlade, sindikati i druge interesne grupe.	The support or often the remark on the need to decide on applying successful practice is made by governments, unions and other interest groups.	0.850962
Ovakva uklapanja ne obezbeđuju konkurentsku prednost.	Such fittings do not ensure competitive advantage.	0.266667
Naravno da dugoročna i održiva prednost ne može da se obezbedi samo inovacijom; tome doprinose i strategije kvaliteta, vođstva i dr. Primer: kompanija Filips je lider na tržištu elektronike (izum CD) ali druga kompanija, Sony, bolje je iskoristila ovaj pronalazak kroz imitiranje koncepta.	It is certain that long-term and maintainable advantage cannot be provided only by innovation - quality strategy, leadership and similar also contribute to it. ~~~ Example: Philips company is the leader on the market of electronics (invention of CD) but another company, Sony, used this discovery in a better way by concept imitation.	0.223465
To pred menadžment ljudskih resursa postavlja i zahtev za optimalnom kombinacijom svih elemenata i procesa upravljanja koji obezbeđuje sinergetski efekat čoveka i ostalih faktora procesa rada.	That also places before the human resource management a demand for optimal combination of all elements and processes to achieve the synergy effect of a man and other work processes factors.	0.946042
Stoga, novi ciljevi menadžmenta ljudskih resursa izražavaju se u sledećim oblastima: - razvijanje i jačanje procesa povezivanja ciljeva pojedinaca sa ciljevima timova, timova sa poslovnim ciljevima i rezultatima preduzeća, - maksimiranje i razvijanje prednosti (jake strane) ljudskih resursa u performanse konkurentske prednosti preduzeća, - integrisanje intelektualnih mogućnosti, znanja, motivacije i lojalnost u potencijalnu performansu razvoja, - jačanje ljudske dimenzije organizacione uspešnosti, - jačanje participacije izvršnih (linijskih) menadžera, - permanentno upoređivatnje stanja i performansi menadžmenta ljudskih resursa, utvrđivanje GEP-a u postupku stalnog benchmarkinga, - podizanje internih perfomansi kroz primenu modela internog marketinga [7] - negovanje i razvijanje strategije inovativnosti u modelu menadžmenta ljudskih resursa t.j. podsticanje promena kao potvrdu evolutivne vitalnosti preduzeća i ljudskih resursa, - Na tim osnovama, model strategijskog menadžmenta ljudskih resursa, celovit je pristup koji omogućuje drugačiju filozofiju, politiku i praksu ljudskih resursa. [8] Slika br. 1 Model 5 - P strategijskog menadžmenta ljudskih potencijala Izvor:	New objectives of human resource management are expressed in the following areas: - developing and strengthening of the process of connection of individual aims with the aims of teams, teams with business aims and company results, - maximizing and developing advantage (strengths) of human resources into performances of competitive advantage of the company, - integration of intellectual abilities, knowledge, motivation and loyalty into a prospective development performance, - strengthening human dimension of organization success, - strengthening participation of executive (line) managers, - permanent comparison between the condition and human resource management performances, determining the GAP in the process of constant benchmarking, - raising internal performances through application of the model of internal marketing 7 , - cherishing and developing innovation strategy in the model of human resources management, that is, supporting changes as acknowledgement of evolutive vitality of the company and human resources, - it is on these foundations that the model of strategic human resources management, is a holistic access which allows for a different philosophy, policy and prectice of human resources. ~~~ 8 6 Farndale, E, at all, The role of corporate MHCS: The interplay between Corporate,, Regional/National and Plant level, Cornell University, 2004. ~~~ 7 Ðurović , M., Strategija internog marketinga u upravljanju ljudskim resursima, Printing Centar Telekom, 2008. ~~~ 8 Barjaktarević- Šiber, F., Menadžment ljudskih potencijala, Goldenmarketing, Zagreb, 1999, p. 137.	0.0605506
Bahtijarevic-Šiber, F., Menadzment ljudskih potencijala, Golden marketing, Zagreb, 1999, str.137.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Figure 1 Model 5 - P of strategic human potential management Source: Barjaktarević-Šiber, F., Menadžment ljudskih potencijala, Golden marketing, Zagreb, 1999, p.137.	1.83576
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Ovim želimo da skrenemo pažnju na još jednu značajnu ulogu menadžmenta ljudskih resursa u uslovima strategijskog upravljanja preduzećem.	With this, we want to point out one more important role 24 of human resource management in the conditions of strategic managing in the company.	0.844808
Ova uloga proizilazi iz specifičnosti faze - sprovođenja strategije.	This role comes out from the special status of the strategy implementation Phase.	0.866667
Ciljnu, nameravanu, odlukom utvrđenu strategija preduzeća, sprovode niže izvršne strukture preduzeća.	Company strategy which is aimed, intended, established by the decision, is implemented by lower executive structures of the company.	0.99433
U toj fazi ispoljava se dar čoveka da produkuje novu ideju, koja je često bolja od utvrđene.	That phase expresses the gift of a man to produce the new idea, which is often better than the established.	1.09958
To je nepredviđena strategija koja se rađa na tom nivou i često obezbeđuje ekstra efekat konkurentsku prednost.	It is the unforeseen strategy which is born on that level and it often provides an extra effect a competitive advantage.	0.963667
Upravo u ovom efektu ističe se nova uloga modernog menadžmenta ljudskih resursa, t.j. , da aktivira i poveže procese koji dovode do kreativnosti i inovativnih efekata.	The new role of modern human resources management is emphasized exactly in this effect, that is, to activate and connect the processes which bring together creativity and innovation processes.	1.14985
Efikasna interna komunikacija obezbeđuje delotvornost novih ideja i strategija.	Effective internal communication ensures the efficiency of new ideas and strategies.	0.591781
Naravno da ovi pristupi traže i novog modernog stručnjaka za ljudske resurse, partnera i člana tima u sprovođenju strateškog menadžmenta. 3.	These approaches also demand a new, modern human resources expert, partner and team member in the implementation of strategic management. ~~~ 3.	0.209408
Menad že r ljuds kih resur sa s tr a teški pa rtner Transformacione promene menadžmenta ljudskih resursa u osnovi kompetentnog stručnjaka i menadžera ljudskih resursa. imaju za internu pretpostavku Specijalistička znanja ustupaju mesto širokoj kompetetivnoj dimenziji menadžera ljudskih resursa.	Human Resource Manager strategic partner Transformation changes of human resource management have basically an internal presumption competitive expert and human resource manager. ~~~ Specialist knowledge gives way to a wide competitive dimension of human resource managers dimension.	0.315156
Ona se ogleda u sledećem: - inkorporiranosti misije i vizije kompanije u mentalnu mapu menadžera ljudskih resursa, - implementirajućoj sposobnosti strateških ciljeva kroz: - poslovna znanja i inicijative - organizaciona znanja upravljanja personalom - specijalistička znanja i sposobnosti - rukovodilačkoj sposobnosti, motivaciji i posvećenosti učesnika procesa.	This is reflected in the following: - incorporation of the company mission and vision into the mental map of human resources managers, - implemented ability of strategic aims through: - business knowledge and initiatives - organizational knowledge of managing personnel - specialist knowledge and abilities - managing ability, motivation and dedication of process participants.	1.0012
U suštini i najkraće rečeno, on nije činilac koji je van tokova aktivnosti, on je zapravo ravnopravni kreator uslova i podsticaja da se aktivnost, t.j. , vrednost ostvari.	In brief, it is not a factor which is outside activity courses, it is actually a peer creator of conditions and impulses with the aim that an activity, that is, value should be realized.	0.807174
Takav menadžer ljudskih resursa je stručnjak ali i vođa koji ume da tumači osnovne postulate misije svog preduzeća, da ih implementira u sve procese i aktivnosti, da kreira viziju, sa aspekta pozicije ljudskih resursa i da još više, u implementaciji poslovne strategije , svojom visokom kompetentnošću ostvari sinergijski efekat povezivanja strukture i ljudi .	Such human resource manager is an expert, but also a leader who knows how to interpret the basic postulates of his company mission, to implement them into all processes and activities, to create vision from the Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 aspect of human resources position and employ his competences to realize, in business strategy implementation, the synergy effect of connecting structure and people.	0.956094
Tendencija rasta ućešća transformacionih aktivnosti u sprovodjenju menadzmenta ljudskih resursa je pokazatelj rasta i efektuiranja kompetentnosti menadžera ljudskih resursa kao strateških partnera u menadžerskom timu koji upravlja preduzećem.	The tendency in the growth of human resources management transformation activities is the indicator of growth and effectuation of human resources managers as strategic partners in the management team that manages the company.	1.59998
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Slika br. 2 Strategijski menadžment ljudskih potencijala Izvor:	Figure 2 Strategic management of human potentials Source: Bahtijarević-Šiber, F., Menadžment ljudskih potencijala, Golden Marketing, Zagreb, year 1999.	2.87409
Bahtijarević-Šiber, F., Menadžment ljudskih potencijala, Golden Marketing, Zagreb,1999 g. U prikazu slika br. 1 i 2, uočljiv je raspon oblasti u kojima strategijski menadžment ljudskih resursa postavlja zahteve pred svoje menadžere da ispolje i razvijaju svoje kompetetivne sposobnosti da analiziraju, procenjuju, kreiraju, usklađuju i menjaju se, t.j. adaptiraju brzo i efikasno.	Fugures 1 and 2 present the range of fields in which strategic human resource management requires from managers to show and develop their competitive abilities to analyze, estimate, create, conform and change, that is, to adapt quickly and efficiently.	0.278372
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Zaključak Na osnovu saopštenog, moderna uloga menadžmenta ljudskih resursa prepoznaje se u rasponu : novo definisanih ciljeva koje ova naučna disciplina ali i praksa postavlja kao smer svoje svrsishodnosti, redizajniranih procesa kojima sprovodi svoje aktivnosti i naravno, novim zahtevima u paleti menadžerskih kompetencija svojih stručnjaka.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Conslusion In accordance with the abovementioned, the modern role of human resources management is recognized in the following range: newly defined aims which this scientific discipline, and practice as well, appoint as direction of relevance, redesigned processes by which it implements its activities and of course, new demands in the palette of managerial competencies of its experts.	0.99966
Osnovni novopostavljeni ciljevi moraju biti u skladu sa srateškom vizijom i ciljevima preduzeća, koji se kao takvi uspostavljaju u ravnopravnom učešcu svih funkcionalnih celina preduzeća, dakle funkcija ljudskih resursa nije vise primalac naređenja već ravnopravni učesnik u donošenju strategijskih odluka.	The basic newly established goals have to be in accordance with the strategic vision and aims of the company, which are as such established in an equivalent involvement of all functional units of the company, that is, the human resources function is no longer the receiver of orders, but an qual participant in making strategic decisions.	1.24364
To, naravno, zahteva nove karakteristike i strukturu procesa koji se implementiraju u menadžmentu ljudskih resursa.	That, of course, requires new characteristics and structure of processes which are implemented in human resource management.	1.40752
Radi se o sve većem ućešću transformacionih procesa a sve manjem tradicionalnih,administrativnih procesa.	It is about greater participation of transformation processes and less, traditional, administrative processes.	0.72551
Takvi zahtevi traže ne samo razvoj i promene unutar same prakse menadžmenta ljudskih resursa već i u njegovim nosiocima i implementatorima, menadžerima ljudskih resursa.	Such requests demand not only the development and changes within the human resources management practice itself, but also in its holders and promoters, human resource managers.	1.37801
Pokazatelji uspeha takve prakse i koncepta menadžmenta ljudskih resursa sadržani su u stepenu integrativnog efekta koji se postiže između ciljeva preduzeća i ciljeva njegove strukture ljudskih resursa kao i inovativnog efekta koji se potvrđuje konkurentnom pozicijom preduzeća.	The indicators of success of such practice and concepts of human resource management are seen in the degree of integrative effect which is fulfilled among the aims of the company and its human resource goals, as well as innovative effect which is acknowledged by a competitive position of the company.	1.00571
LI TE RA TU RA [1] Pržulj, Ž., Menadžment ljudskih resursa, Institut MSP, Beograd 2002. [2] Paauwe, J , HRM and performance, Oxford University Press, 2004, str. 28. [3] Guest, D.E., Human resource management, employee well-being and organisational performance Paper given at the CIPD Professional Standard Conference, University of Warwick, 2000. [4] isto. [5] isto. [6] Farndale, E, at all, The role of corporate MHCS:	REFERENCE [1] Pržulj, Ž., Menadžment ljudskih resursa, Institut MSP, Beograd 2002. [2] ~~~ Paauwe, J , HRM and performance, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 28. [3] ~~~ Guest, D.E., Human resource management, employee well-being and organisational performanCePaper given at the CIPD Professional Standard Conference, University of Warwick, 2000 [4] Farndale, E, at all, The role of corporate MHCS: The interplay between Corporate,, Regional/National and Plant level, Cornell University, 2004. [5]	0.556519
The interplay between Corporate, Regional/National and Plant level, Cornell University, 2004. [7] Ðurović , M., Strategija internog marketinga u upravljanju ljudskim resursima, Printing Centar Tele kom, 2008. [8] Bahtijarević- Šiber, F., Menadžment ljudskih potencijala, Golden Marketing, Zagreb, 1999, str. 137 Primljen:	Ðurović , M., Strategija internog marketinga u upravljanju ljudskim resursima, Printing Centar Telekom, 2008. [6] ~~~ Bahtijarević- Šiber, F., Menadžment ljudskih potencijala, Golden Marketing, Zagreb, 1999, p. 137 Receieved: 08. ~~~ 2011.	0.318627
Avgust 2011.	Accepted: 03.	0.275
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Mart 2012. O autoru Milica Đurović Telekom Srbija e-mail: milicadj@telekom.rs Dr Milica Đurović je univerzitetski akademski stepen obrazovanja stekla na Ekonomskom Fakultetu u Beogradu - odeljenju u Kragujevcu.	About the Author Milica Djurović Telekom Srbija e-mail: milicadj@telekom.rs Dr Milica Djurović took her academic degree at the Faculty of Economics of Belgrade, Department in Kragujevac.	1.2561
Magistarske studije na Fakultetu za menadžment Braća Karić u Beogradu završila je 2001.	In 2001 she completed her master studies at the Faculty of Management Braća Karić in Belgrade.	1.57821
Doktorsku disertaciju na temu: ~~~ Razvijenost menadžmenta ljudskih resursa u Srbiji odbranila je na Univerzitetu Alfa, 2010. godine.	She did her PhD thesis, Development of Human Resource Management in Serbia at the Alpha University in 2010.	0.316315
Sada obavlja poslove spec. savetnika gen. direktora za oblast ljudskih resursa.	Currently she works as special aide of the Director General for the human resources area.	0.524286
Svoju naučno-istraživačku aktivnost iskazala je nizom stručnih priloga i saopstenja u časopisima i nastupima na konferencijama i simpozijumima u zemlji i inostranstvu, učesćem u projektnim timovima i neposrednim vođstvom projektnih timova u preduzecu u kome radi.	As a scientific researcher she has published a large number of reports and articles in journals and participated in numerous conferences and symposia at home and abroad.	0.427679
Autor je dve monografije:	She was also member of project teams and team leader in the company she works with.	0.3
Strategija internog marketinga u upravljanju ljudskim resursima i Razvijenost menadžmenta ljudskih resursa u Srbiji-indikatori.	She is the author of two monographs:Internal Marketing Strategy in Human Resource Management and Development of Human Resource Management in Serbia Indicators.	1.04052
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Goranka Knežević1, Vule Mizdraković1, Nada Arežina1 1 Poslovni fakultet u Beogradu, Univerziteta Singidunum Me nadž ment kom pa ni je kao uzrok i in stru ment su zbi ja nja pri me ne kre a tiv nog ra ču no vod stva UDC: ~~~ 657.632 ; 658.14/. ~~~ DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Goranka Knežević1, Vule Mizdraković1, Nada Arežina1 1 Faculty of Business in Belgrade, Singidunum University Management as Cause and Instrument of Creative Accounting Suppression UDC: 657.632 ; 658.14/.17(047.32) DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0001 The topic of this research refers to creative accounting, the causes of its presence in modern market economy and possible instruments of fight against its further expansion.	-0.0478643
version) Te ma ovog is tra ži va nja od no si se na kre a tiv no ra ču no vod stvo, uzro ke nje go ve po ja ve u sa vre me nom tr ži šnom po slo va nju i mo gu će in stru men te bor be pro tiv nje go vog da ljeg ši re nja.	The problem of creative accounting is mostly dealt with by foreign authors, while a theoretic concept in the Republic of Serbia is still at its early stage.	0.646129
Pro ble ma ti kom kre a tiv nog ra ču no vod stva uglav nom su se ba vi li stra ni auto ri, dok je te o rij ska mi sao u Re pu bli ci Sr bi ji još uvek u za čet ku.		-0.3
Sto ga, u pr vom de lu na šeg ra da či ta o cu će mo pri bli ži ti po jam kre a tiv nog ra ču no vod stva i osnov ne me to de nje go ve im ple men ta ci je u sa vre me noj po slov noj prak si.	Therefore, in the first part of our paper we will present the reader a notion of creative accounting and the basic methods of its implementation in modern business practice.	0.691549
Pri ka za će mo re zul ta te is tra ži va nja u ko jem su raz mo tre ni osnov ni uzro ci, pre ma mi šlje nju is pi ta ni ka, sve če šće pri me ne ile gal nog kre a tiv nog ra ču no vod stva u sa sta vlja nju fi nan sij skih iz ve šta ja pri vred nih su bje ka ta u Re pu bli ci Sr bi ji.	We will present the results of the research considering basic causes of, according to the opinion of interviewed persons, more and more frequent examples of illicit creative accounting in the composition of financial reports of economic entities in the Republic of Serbia.	0.485581
Na osno vu do sa da šnje li te ra tu re i re zul ta ta is tra ži va nja, raz mo tri će mo da li je re vi zi ja je dan od ključ nih in stru me na ta u bor bi pro tiv su zbi ja nja ši re pri me ne ile gal nog kre a tiv nog ra ču no vod stva.	On the basis of current literature and research results, we will analyse whether auditing is one of the key instruments in fighting a wider implementation of illicit creative accounting.	0.766038
Ključ ne re či: ile gal no kre a tiv no ra ču no vod stvo, me nadž ment, re vi zi ja. 1.	Key words: illegal creative accounting, management, auditing. ~~~ 1.	-0.025
Uvod Republika Srbija, kao država u tranziciji, poslednje decenije se suočila sa usvajanjem međunarodnih standarda iz oblasti računovodstva i revizije.	Introduction In the last decade, Republic of Serbia has, as a state in transition, faced the adoption of international standards in the area of accounting and auditing.	1.71543
Ono što se izdvojilo kao problem u primeni standarda je višedecenijsko pravdanje menadžmenta privrednih subjekata u vezi sa upotrebom nedozvoljenih računovodstvenih tehnika u sastavljanju finansijskih izveštaja.	What emerged as a problem in the implementation of these standards was a multi-decade justification of economic entities management for the use of illegal accounting techniques in composing financial reports.	1.50222
Razlozi koji su pravdali primenu ovih postupaka bili su: visoka stopa inflacije, teški uslovi tržišnog privređivanja, činjenica da je uvođenje tržišne ekonomije bilo u početnoj fazi i da je proces tranzicije još uvek u toku.	The reasons to justify the application of these processes were: a high inflation rate, severe conditions in market economy, the fact that introduction of market economy was in its initial stage and that the process of transition was still on-going.	1.1199
Međutim, da li prethodno nabrojane razloge zaista možemo uvažiti u savremenom tržišnom privređivanju, ili oni služe kao paravan zaštite interesa menadžmenta privrednih subjekata?	However, can we really accept the aforementioned reasons in the modern market economy, or do these serve as a front to protect the interests of economic entities management?	1.13622
Stoga, analiza glavnih uzroka upotrebe kreativnog računovodstva biće prvi deo našeg istraživanja, gde kao prvu hipotezu navodimo: ~~~ H1: ~~~ Osnovni uzrok upotrebe ilegalnog kreativnog računovodstva su neetički zahtevi menadžmenta privrednog subjekta.	Therefore, an analysis of the main causes for the use of creative accounting will be the first part of our research, where the following are set as hypotheses: H1: The basic causes for the use of illegal creative accounting are unethical demands of economic entity management.	0.311382
S druge strane, kvalitet finansijskih izveštaja ne zavisi u potpunosti od onih koji ih sastavljaju već i od lica koji su zadužena za proveru njihove ispravnosti.	On the other side, the quality of financial reports does not depend entirely on those that compose them, but razher on the persons in charge supervision of their regularity.	1.17603
U procesu obavljanja revizije finansijskih izveštaja, prevare i namerno netačno prikazivanje finansijskih informacija sve više dobijaju na značaju.	Frauds and intentional presentation of incorrect information are becoming increasingly important in the process of financial reports auditing.	0.91015
Postavlja se pitanje da li je proces revizije dovoljan za otkrivanje potencijalnog ilegalnog kreativnog računovodstva i u kojoj meri može sprečiti eventualnu mogućnost za njegovu pojavu?	The question is raised: is the process of auditing sufficient to detect a potential illegal creative accounting and up to which degree the options for its possible appearance can be prevented?	1.18337
U skladu sa tim predstavićemo drugu hipotezu našeg rada: ~~~ H2: ~~~ Osnovni instrument suzbijanja ilegalnog kreativnog računovodstva je vršenje revizije sa dužnom profesionalnom pažnjom.	In accordance to this we will present the second hypothesis: H2: The basic instrument in suppressing illegal creative accounting is auditing performance with due professional attention.	0.21835
U skladu sa definisanim hipotezama predstavićemo strukturu našeg rada.	According to the defined hypothesises we will present the structure of our paper.	0.576923
U prvom delu, pojasnićemo pojam kreativnog računovodstva kao i razloge za njegovu pojavu.	In its first part we will clarify the notion of creative accounting as well causes of its occurrence.	1.35268
U drugom delu rada navešćemo metode kreativnog računovodstva kao i generalni stav revizora prema njegovoj upotrebi.	In the second part, we will mention the methods of creative accounting as well as a general attitude of auditors towards its use.	1.70023
Kako bismo objasnili osnovne uzroke upotrebe kreativnog računovodstva i predložili eventualne instrumente za njegovo suzbijanje, u poslednjem delu rada prikazaćemo rezultate istraživanja.	In order to explain the basic causes of creative accounting use and suggest possible instruments of its suppression, in the final part we will present the results of the research.	1.43418
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 2.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 2.	1.49464
Po jam i uzro ci kre a tiv nog ra ču no vod stva Istraživanjem ove oblasti zaključili smo da računovođe i zaposleni u privrednim subjektima generalno poznaju koncept korišćenja računovodstvenih politika za ostvarivanje ekonomskih koristi.	Notion and causes of creative accounting Researching this area we have concluded that accountants and employees in economic entities are generally familiar with the concept of the use of accounting policies to gain economic benefit.	0.947069
Međutim, nije redak slučaj da tu pojavu ne povezuju sa terminom kreativno računovodstvo.	However, it is not rarely that this phenomenon is not linked to the term creative accounting.	0.724774
Stoga, u prvom delu rada predstavićemo pojam kreativnog računovdostva i uzroke koji dovode do njegove upotrebe.	Therefore, in the first part of this paper we will present the notion of creative accounting and causes leading to its use.	1.17023
Postoje različite definicije kreativnog računovodstva, međutim sve one upućuju na isto ili imaju slično značenje: peglanje poreza, štelovanje dobitka, kozmetičko računovodstvo i finansijsko inženjerstvo.	There are different definitions of creative accounting, but they all refer to the same or have similar meanings: tax smoothing, cosmetic accounting and financial engineering.	1.18053
Ovaj termin podrazumeva proces u kom računovođe koriste knjigovodstveno znanje iz oblasti računovodstvenih principa kako bi izmanipulisali bilansne pozicije i njihove vrednosti koje su prikazane u finansijskim izveštajima.	This term means the process where accountants are using knowledge of accounting principles to balance positions and their values presented in financial reports.	1.16835
Postoje i druge definicije, te navodimo jednu od njih: ~~~ Uključuje uzastopnu selekciju računovodstvenih metoda u finansijskom izveštavanju na jedinstven način, čiji je efekat takav da su varijacije prikazanih prihoda iz perioda u period neznatne [3], str. 101.	There are other definitions, and we are quoting one of them: It includes successive selection of accounting methods in financial reporting in a unique way, having the effect of insignificant variations in presented incomes from period to period.	0.346997
Zajedničko za sve definicije jeste to da kreativno računovodstvo koriste računovođe u cilju transformacije računovodstvenih vrednosti primenom zakonski dozvoljenih računovodstvenih izbora u proceni vrednosti i drugih praksi.	[3], p. 101. ~~~ Common to all these definitions is that creative accounting is used by accountants in order to transform accounting values applying legally permitted accounting selections in evaluation of values and other practices.	0.467704
Većina autora iz oblasti računovodstva i finansijskog izveštavanja na kreativno računovodstvo gleda kao na pojavu koja je ustaljena i koja se može vrlo često pronaći u praksi, ali smatraju da je kreativno računovodstvo aktivnost koja ima zavaravajuće dejstvo i da je generalno gledano nepoželjna.	A majority of authors in the field of accounting and financial reporting perceive creative accounting as a phenomenon which is a routine one and which can be often found in practice, but consider it the activity having a deceptive effect and, generally speaking, an undesirable one.	1.13389
Autori u ovoj oblasti se uglavnom slažu da je kreativno računovodstvo dobilo na značaju razdvajanjem vlasničke od upravljačke funkcije u privrednim subjektima.	The authors in this area mostly agree that creative accounting gained in importance by separation of proprietary and management functions in economic entities.	1.06957
Odnos između vlasnika i agenta (upravljača, menadžera) objašnjava agencijska teorija.	The relation between the proprietor and the agent (administrator, manager) is explained by the agency theory.	0.793603
Naime, smatra se da i nalogodavac i agent teže da maksimiziraju korisnost za sebe.	Namely, it is assumed that both the ordering party and the agent tend to maximize the benefit for themselves.	0.611268
To znači da će menadžer postupati u interesu vlasnika samo kada i njemu samom to ide u prilog (vidi /6/, str.28).	That means that the manager will act in the interest of the owner only when that is his/her interest too (see /6/, p.28).	1.1089
Kao trošak postojanja agencijske teorije možemo smatrati troškove sastavljanja finansijskih izveštaja kao i troškove revizije tih izveštaja, dok se u ostale troškove mogu uračunati i bonusi koje vlasnici privrednog subjekta isplaćuju upravljačima kako bi ih privoleli da postupaju u njihovom interesu.	The costs of financial reports composition as well the costs of their auditing could be considered as the costs of agency theory existence, while other costs can also be bonuses paid by owners of economic entities to managers in order to attract them to act in their interest.	1.31665
Takođe, ciljevi menadžmenta privrednog subjekta i zaposlenih mogu biti u koliziji, naročito imajući u vidu primenu ilegalnog kreativnog računovodstva kao instrumenta ostvarivanja interesa menadžmenta privrednog subjekta.	Also, the goals of economic entity management and employees can be in collision, particularly having in mind the use of illegal creative accounting as an instrument to meet the interests of economic entity management.	2.05021
Razloge postojanja kreativnog računovodstva u savremenim tržišnim uslovima možemo pronaći u vrednovanju akcija otvorenih akcionarskih društava na tržištima kapitala i berzama.	In modern market conditions we can find reasons for the presence of creative accounting in the valuation of stocks of open joint stock companies in capital markets and stock exchanges.	1.64825
Privredna društva teže što ravnomernijem prikazivanju visine rezultata obračunskog perioda, pokušavajući da izbegnu značajna odstupanja i devijacije od očekivanog ili uobičajenog iznosa finansijskog rezultata.	Economic entities tend to produce a more balanced presentation of results for the accounting period, trying to avoid significant discrepancies and deviations from the expected or usual value of financial results.	0.998689
Ovo se može postići takozvanim peglanjem rezultata tako što će privredni subjekt, u godinama kada je finansijski rezultat niži od očekivanog, da što je moguće više kapitalizuje troškove pribavljanja sredstava i naknadne troškove vezane za održanje sredstava.	This can be achieved by the so-called results smoothing where an economic entity will capitalize as more as possible costs of assets procurement and compensation of costs related to assets maintenance in years when the financial result is lower than expected.	1.14797
Takođe, prilikom procene vrednosti sredstava za koje se koristi model revalorizacije, privredni subjekt može odabrati više vrednosti od nekoliko ponuđenih, čime se stvaraju latentne rezerve koje se mogu iskoristiti u tekućoj ili narednim godinama.	Furthermore, when assessing the value of assets for which the revalorization model is used, the economic entity can select several values among the offered ones, creating latent reserves that can be used in the current or following years.	1.30035
Ovaj metod kreativnog računovodstva se naročito koristi kod otvorenih akcionarskih društava jer omogućava manji uticaj objavljenog finansijskog rezultata na visinu cene akcija kotiranog privrednog društva.	This method of creative accounting is particularly used with open joint stock companies since it enables a lower influence of the published financial result on the amount of the stock price for the quoted economic entity.	1.10769
Poznato je da objavljivanje negativnog finansijskog rezultata ili znatno nižeg u prethodnom obračunskom periodu utiče negativno na kretanje cene akcija privrednog društva.	It is well known that the publication of negative financial results or significantly lower ones in the previous accounting period results into a negative stock price fluctuation for this economic entity.	1.17627
Takođe, ovaj metod kreativnog računovodstva je naročito odgovarajući ukoliko lica ovlašćena za upravljanje privrednim društvom smatraju da bi objavljivanje finansijskog rezultata boljeg od prosečnog moglo uticati na skupštinu akcionara da ostvareni dobitak raspodeli vlasnicima kapitala u vidu dividendi.	Also, this method of creative accounting is particularly appropriate if persons authorized to manage the economic entity consider that publication of a financial result more favourable than the average could influence the stockholders assembly to distribute the earned profit to capital owners in the form of dividends.	1.06595
Često se pred lica ovlašćena za upravljanje privrednim subjektom postavlja zahtev da ostvareni finansijski rezultat ne odstupa značajno od planiranog, čime rukovodstvo demonstrira svoju sposobnost upravljanja i kontrolisanja finansijskog rezultata.	The achieved financial result not significantly deviating from planned one is often a demand set before persons authorized to manage the economic entity; by this the management demonstrates its ability to manage and control the financial result.	0.665668
Kreativno računovodstvo u ovom slučaju može se pojaviti kao primena dozvoljenih metoda u manipulisanju priznavanja realizovnih prihoda i rashoda u datom obračunskom periodu.	Creative accounting in this case can appear as the application of allowed methods in manipulation of achieved incomes and expenses recognition in a given accounting period.	1.40878
Naime, računovodstveni principi zahtevaju dodeljivanje tokova rentabiliteta obračunskim periodima u kojima su realizovani, što je često u suprotnosti sa očekivanjima koje rukovodstvo i vlasnici privrednog subjekta mogu imati u vezi sa rezultatima određenog projekta ili investicije.	Namely, accounting principles require an allocation of accrual base for accounting to accounting periods when realized, that often opposes to the expectations management and owners of the economic entity can have regarding the results of a certain project or investment.	1.32561
Međutim, tanka je linija između korišćenja ove metode kreativnog računovodstva i radnje koja se prema Međunarodnim standardima revizije definiše kao kriminalna radnja: (...) je nameran čin koji izvrši jedno ili više lica, koja su na rukovodećim položajima u klijentu revizije, odgovorna za upravljanje klijentom revizije, zaposlena u klijentu revizije ili treća lica, uključujući i obmanjivanje, u cilju sticanja nepravedne ili protivzakonite koristi [8], str. 43.	However, the line is thin between the use of this method of creative accounting and an act which is according to the International Auditing Standards defined as a criminal act: (...) is intentional act committed by one or more persons who are in management positions in auditing client, responsible for management of auditing client, employed by auditing client or by a third person, including also a deception in order to gain unfair or illegal profit [8], p. 43.	1.36926
Nedozvolje Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 no manipulisanje priznavanjem tokova rentabiliteta jedna je od najčešćih kriminalnih radnji u istoriji računovodstva.	Illicit manipulation with recognition of the accrual base of accounting is one of the most common criminal acts in the history of Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 accounting.	0.796512
Navodimo primer Enrona koji je na ovaj način nezakonito prikazao prihode od prodaje u iznosu preko 100 milijardi dolara [11], str.25.	We are presenting the example of Enron who used this method to illegally present the sale incomes in an amount of over 100 billion dollars [11], p.25.	1.09209
Zatim, privredno društvo WorldCom je pogrešno priznalo prihode od prodaje u finansijskim izveštajima u iznosu preko 958 miliona dolara [11], str. 7.	Furthermore, the company WorldCom incorrectly recognized the sale incomes in financial reports in the value of over 958 million dollars [11], p. 7.	2.89679
Rukovodstvo privrednog subjekta može koristiti metode kreativnog računovodstva i u slučaju kada želi da ukaže svim korisnicima finansijskih izveštaja privrednog društva na nepoželjne vesti ili objavljene informacije.	The management of an economic entity can use methods of creative accounting also in the case when it wants to indicate to all users of economic entitys financial reports undesirable news or published information.	1.98262
Primer je privredno društvo K-mart iz Sjedinjenih Američkih Država (SAD) koje je prikazalo finansijski rezultat veći za oko 160 miliona dolara kako bi ublažio efekat informacije da je proglašen za drugi po veličini trgovinski lanac u SAD-a [1], str. 8.	The example is the K-mart company from the United States of America (USA) which presented its financial result as higher by almost 160 million dollars in order to moderate the effect of the information that it was named as the second largest commercial chain in USA [1], p. 8.	2.11841
Ipak, moramo imati u vidu da će iskusan investitor ili berzanski broker prozreti nameru privrednog društva i prikazivanje uvećanog finansijskog rezultata shvatiti kao znak prikrivanja njegove slabosti.	Hence, we have to have in mind that an experienced investor or stock exchange broker will see through the intention of an economic entity and understand the presentation of improved financial report as a sign of covering its weaknesses.	1.23077
Autori poput Niskanena, Hermana i Keloharjua navode kao jedan od osnovnih motiva upotrebe kreativnog računovodstva i izbegavanje plaćanja poreza.	Authors such as Niskanen, Herman and Keloharju indicate that one of the basic motives for the use of creative accounting is also tax payment evasion.	1.19048
Sa kolapsom Enrona 2001. godine, pažnja se posvećuje istinitosti i objektivnosti izveštavanja, u zavisnosti od toga da li greška u izveštajima ima intenciju prevare ili je ona slučajna.	With the Enron collapse in 2001, attention is focused upon the truthfulness and fairness of reporting, depending on whether the mistake in reporting has a fraudulent intention or it is accidental.	0.917053
Danas su revizori obavezni da ocene efektivnost menadžmenta privrednog subjekta u prevenciji nastanka potencijalnih prevara.	Today, auditors are obliged to evaluate the effectiveness of economic entity management in prevention of potential frauds.	1.41098
Šta više, revizori bi trebalo da budu proaktivniji u istraživanju prevare što znači da bi morali da ocene mogućnost nezakonitih postupaka.	Moreover, auditors should be more proactive in fraud research, i.e. they will have to assess a possibility for illicit actions.	0.827392
Naravno da je za to potrebna saradnja i komunikacija među svim članovima revizijskog tima.	Of course, collaboration and communication among all members of the auditing team is necessary.	0.88875
Ako bismo govorili o nezavisnosti revizora, ovaj princip je takođe redefinisan nakon kolapsa Enrona gde je revizorima zabranjen značajan broj usluga koje vrše svojim klijentima, a promene nastaju i u pogledu odgovornosti revizora. 3.	As regards the independence of an auditor, this principle was also redefined after the collapse of Enron when a significant number of services earlier provided by auditors to their clients were forbidden, and changes related to accountability of auditors were also made.	0.77605
Me to de kre a tiv nog ra ču no vod stva Kreativno računovodstvo može se pojaviti čak i u visoko regulisanim privrednim sistemima.	3. ~~~ Creative accounting methods Creative accounting can appear even in highly regulated economic systems.	0.391905
Međunarodni standardi finansijskog izveštavanja (IFRS) smatraju se rigoroznijim od Američkih računovodstvenih principa (GAAP) po pitanju izbora metoda u sastavljanju finansijskih izveštaja.	International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are considered more rigorous than the American accounting principles (GAAP) regarding the issues of methods selection for the composition of financial reports.	1.2374
Ipak, MSFI prepuštaju rukovodstvu privrednog subjekta da putem računovodstvenih politika odabere koju metodu procene vrednosti nekretnina, postrojenja, opreme, investicionih nekretnina, nematerijalnih ulaganja i finansijskih instrumenata će koristiti: metodu troška nabavke ili metod revalorizacije.	Hence, the IFRS give an opportunity to the management of an economic entity to select through accounting policy the method of values assessment for real estates, plants, equipment, real estate investment, nonmaterial investments and financial instruments that will be used: the method of procurement expenditures or the revalorization method.	1.15699
Kada su u pitanju sredstva visoke vrednosti, promena metode vrednovanja može značajno uticati na finansijski rezultat obračunskog perioda, a privredni subjekt može vrlo jednostavno objasniti razloge i opravdati promenu metode vrednovanja savremenim tržišnim poslovanjem u kojem vrednosti, naročito nekretnina, svakodnevno rastu.	In case of high value assets, the change in the valuation method can significantly impact the financial result of the accounting period, and the economic entity can very simply explain the reasons and justify the change in the valuation method by modern market business where values, particularly values of real estates, are increasing daily.	0.93665
Američki računovodstveni principi, koji su sastavljeni pod značajnim uticajem precedentnog prava, ostavljaju dovoljno prostora za kreativnost pri izboru metoda, a u pojedinim slučajevima određenim privrednim društvima je dozvoljena i primena metoda koje inače nisu dozvoljene [11], str.14.	The American accounting principles, composed under a significant influence of the common (precedent) law, leave sufficient space for creativity in the selection of methods, and in certain cases certain economic entities are also allowed to apply methods which are not otherwise allowed [11], p.14.	1.00347
Pojedine oblasti finansijskog izveštavanja nisu u potupnosti regulisane, kao što je evidencija finansijskih instrumenta naročito opcija.	Certain areas of financial reporting are not fully regulated, such as the registry of financial instruments particularly the options.	0.806136
Zapravo, sve promene u Međunarodnim standardima finansijskog izveštanja u poslednje tri godine usmerene su ka regulisanju priznavanja, vrednovanja, prikazivanja i obelodanjivanja finansijskih instrumenata.	Actually, all changes in the International Financial Reporting Standards during the last three years are directed to the regulation of recognition, valuation, presentation and publication of financial instruments.	1.04839
Fiktivne transakcije mogu biti unete u bilans uspeha u tekućem periodu, kako bi bile izmanipulisane vrednosti pozicija prihoda, ali se mogu upotrebiti i za preusmerenje profita iz perioda u period.	Fictive transactions can be posted in income statement in the current period in order to manipulate values of incomes positions, but can be also used to redirect the profit from one period to another.	1.36094
Na primer, jedno sredstvo se može prodati drugom privrednom subjektu, a onda se od tog istog privrednog subjekta može uzeti pod lizing.	For example, an asset can be sold to another economic entity and then it can be leased from the very same economic entity.	1.03508
U tom slučaju prodajna cena se može prikazati kao značajno viša od nabavne cene čime se ostvaruje pozitivna razlika ili dobitak.	In that case, the sales price can be presented as significantly higher than the purchase one and thereby a positive difference or profit is made.	1.09713
Postoji verovanje, da su fiktivne transakcije naročito česte u državama Evrope, dok su u američkom govornom području nešto ređe.	It is believed that fictive transactions are particularly frequent in the states of Europe, while slightly rarer in the American English language zone.	1.16949
I realnim ili stvarnim transakcijama se može manipulisati tako da budu priznate u obračunskom periodu u kome je potrebno ispuniti određen cilj.	In real transactions manipulation can be made to recognize them in an accounting period where it is necessary to achieve certain goals.	1.05391
Na primer, ukoliko je cilj prikazivanje nižeg finansijskog rezultata, privredni subjekt može određeno sredstvo u potpunosti rashodovati u tekućoj godini, a koje inače planira da rashoduje naredne ili narednih godina.	For example, if the objective is to reveal a less favourable financial result, in current year an economic entity can entirely expend certain assets which are anyway planned to be expended in the next or forthcoming years.	1.16134
Reklasifikacija ili drugačije prikazivanje sredstava, kapitala i obaveza kao bilansnih pozicija je relativno od skoro primećena kao metoda kreativnog računovodstva.	The reclassification or different presentation of assets, capital and liablities as balance-sheet positions is relatively recently recognized as a method of creative accounting.	1.28591
Međunarodni računovodstveni standard 1 Prikazivanje finansijskih izveštaja, naglašava da rukovodstvo u bilansu uspeha mora razgraničiti kratkoročna od dugoročnih sredstava.	The International Accounting Standard 1 Presentation of Financial Reports, underlines that in the income statement the management must distinguish between short-term and long-term assets.	0.744444
Jedan od osnovnih kriterijuma za to razgraničenje je i namera privrednog subjekta da odnosno sredstvo proda ili likvidira u periodu kraćem ili dužem od obračunskog perioda.	One of the basic criteria for such demarcation is also the intention of an economic entity to sell the subject asset or liquidate it in a period shorter or longer than the accounting period.	1.39927
Komplikovan, Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 i možda nemoguć zadatak je postavljen pred revizora koji mora da dokaže da je privredni subjekt u vreme sastavljanja finansijskih izveštaja imao nameru da određeno sredstvo otuđi.	A complicated and maybe impossible task is set before an auditor who must prove that Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 the economic entity had the intention to sell a certain asset when composing a financial report.	0.839898
Sa druge strane, u bilansu stanja je sredstvo prikazano kao kratkoročno čime se uvećava vrednost imenioca u računanju opšteg racia likvidnosti. 4.	On the other hand, the asset is presented in the balance sheet as a short-term asset increasing the value of denominator in the calculation of a general ratio of liquidity.	1.57458
Stav re vi zo ra pre ma upo tre bi kre a tiv nog ra ču no vod stva Revizija kao sistematičan pregled finansijskih izveštaja predstavlja ključnu ulogu u poslovanju privrednih društava kao i u funkcionisanju čitave privrede.	4. ~~~ Attitude of auditors towards use of creative accounting Auditing as a systematic review of financial reports is the key role in the business of economic entities, as well in the functioning of the whole economy.	0.321536
Usluge revizije su se rapidno menjale poslednjih desetak godina.	Auditing services have changed rapidly in last tenth years.	1.17115
Značajan razvoj i promene revizija doživljava sa pojavom globalizacije kao i potrebom za harmonizacijom finansijskih izveštaja.	Auditing goes through a significant development and changes after the globalization phenomenon, as well as after the emergence of the need to harmonize financial reports.	1.45512
Promena obuhvata ne samo primenu standarada u pripremanju finansijskih izveštaja već uključuje i profesionalnu posvećenost revizora u toku čitavog procesa revizije.	Change covers not only application of standards in preparation of financial reports, but also includes a professional dedication of an auditor within the whole process of auditing.	1.10818
U početku, osnovna funkcija revizije bila je knjigovodstvena evidencija na nivou države.	At the beginning, the basic function of auditing was an accounting registry at the state level.	0.988558
Međutim, u XVIII veku revizija evoluira i dobija na značaju kao metod otkrivanja prevara i zloupotreba na nivou finansijkog knjigovodstva.	However, in XVIII century it evolves and gets in importance as a method to detect frauds and misuses within financial accounting.	1.12442
Kao što je prethodno navedeno, u tom periodu nastaju dve funkcije unutar privrednog subjekta: vlasnička i upravljačka.	As previously mentioned, that is the period when two functions within an economic entity were created: proprietary and management.	1.44686
Vlasnici privrednih subjekata su imali veliku potrebu da kontrolišu i nadgledaju rad lica ovlašćenih za upravljanje.	The owners of economic entities had a need to control and overview the work of persons authorized to manage.	0.959729
Početkom XX veka nastaje revizija koju mi danas poznajemo kao eksterna ili nezavisna revizija finansijskih izveštaja.	At the beginning of XX century emerges the auditing known to us today as external or independent financial reports auditing.	1.53244
Vlasnik privrednog subjekta ili organ upravljanja angažuje eksternog revizora koji ima zadatak da proveri da li su finansijski izveštaji sastavljeni u skladu sa odgovarajućim principima i stadardima i da li istinito i objektivno prikazuju sliku tog privrednog subjekta.	The owner of an economic entity or management authority deploys an external auditor whose task is to check whether financial reports are composed in accordance to proper principles and standards, and whether they present the image of this economic entity truthfully and objectively.	1.06287
Imajući u vidu da postoji potreba i zahtev da se privredna društva vrše reviziju jednom godišnje, vremenski period u kome eksterni revizor mora obezbediti revizijske dokaze i dati mišljenje je naročito kratak.	Having in mind that there is a need and requirement for economic entities to perform auditing once a year, the period of time in which an external auditor has to provide auditing evidence and give his/her opinion is particularly short.	1.00781
Imajući prethodno u vidu, revizori primenjuju određene metode i statističko uzorkovanje kako bi izbegli detaljnu i sveobuhvatnu proveru evidencija klijenta revizije.	Having the previously mentioned in mind, auditors apply certain methods and statistical sampling in order to avoid detailed and comprehensive check of auditing clients registries.	1.51318
Samo u izuzetnim slučajevima, kada je otkrivena kriminalna radnja ili materijalno značajna greška, vrši se detaljna i stopostotna provera.	A detailed and full check is performed only in extreme cases, when criminal act is detected or materially significant mistake has been made.	1.03487
Posebno kada je u pitanju procena imovine privrednog subjekta jer se prema Međunarodnim računovodstvenim standardima ne zahteva unajmljivanje profesionalnog procenitelja imovine za određivanje njene vrednosti [6], str. 33.	Especially if it is a matter of economic entitys property assessment because, according to the International Accounting Standards, hiring of professional assessor of property is not required for the assessment of the property value [6], p. 33.	0.596777
Kao što se navodi, revizija bi trebalo da se fokusira na sledeće: otkrivanje prevare, otkrivanje tehničkih grešaka i otkrivanje nepridržavanja računovodstvenih principa (vidi [5], str. 7).	As mentioned above, auditing should focus on the following: fraud detection, disclosure of technical mistakes and disclosure of non-observance of accounting principles (see [5], p. 7).	1.28125
Evidentno je da je revizija prošla kroz nekolicinu faza razvoja i da se danas ona bavi kompleksnošću informacija koje su potrebne korisnicima finansijskih izveštaja naglašavajući ne samo njihov kredibilitet, već stvara dodatnu vrednost koja se odnosi na izveštavanje o neregularnostima, otkrivanje rizika poslovanja kao i savetovanja menadžmenta u vezi sa potencijalnim slabostima interne kontrole.	It is obvious that auditing has gone through several development phases and today it addresses the complexity of information needed by users of financial reports stressing not only their credibility, but creating additional value referring to reporting of irregularities, discovering business risk as well advising management of potential weaknesses of internal control.	1.22945
Možemo reći da je današnja uloga revizije proširena u odnosu na nekadašnju, a same promene se odnose na tri glavna aspekta: · obim koji se odnosi na detekciju prevare i grešaka; · osnovne karakteristike nezavisnosti revizora; · odgovornost revizora [4], str. 10.	We can say that the current role of auditing is expanded in relation to the former one, and some changes relate to three main aspects: · Scope regarding detection of fraud and mistakes; · Basic characteristics of auditors independency; · Accountability of an auditor [4], p. 10.	1.27025
Smatramo da promena uloge revizora podrazumeva njegovu proaktivniju ulogu, kao i naglašavanje veće vrednosti samog izveštavanja.	It is our opinion that the change in the role of an auditor indicates their more proactive role, as well underlines a greater value of reporting itself.	1.15671
Sa promenama i većim očekivanjima privrednih subjekata, povećan je i nivo oslanjanja na finansijske izveštaje, što navodi i na promenu u očekivanju koje nudi proces revizije.	With changes and greater expectations of economic entities, the level of relying to financial reports increased too, leading to change in expectations offered by the process of auditing.	1.07009
Podrazumeva se da revizori moraju biti svesni da lica ovlašćena za upravljenje privrednim subjektom mogu imati motiv da upotrebe agresivnije knjigovodstvene metode, i da moraju biti oprezna pri proceni da li su finansijski izveštaji prikazani na fer način u ovakvim situacijama.	It implies that auditors themselves must be aware that persons authorized to manage an economic entity can have a motive to use more aggressive methods, and that they have to be more cautious while assessing whether financial reports are presented in a fair manner in such situations.	1.00926
Međutim, postavlja se pitanje koliko regulativa i kodeksi ponašanja imaju uticaj na formiranje svesti revizora i njegovih ličnih etičkih principa.	However, the question is raised: up to which degree the regulations and codes of conduct affect the formation of auditors awareness and their personal ethical principles.	0.83961
Kodeks ponašanja profesionalnih računovođa mnogi autori dele na dva dela gde bi prvi deo morao da ima značajan uticaj na formiranje svesti o poštenju i moralnosti kod profesionalnih revizora i računovođa.	Professional accountants code of conduct is divided in two parts by many authors, where first part should have significant impact to the formation of awareness of fairness and morality of professional auditors and accountants.	1.40522
Pa ipak, čini se da to nije tako jer se u kodeksu više navodi koje kvalitete i karakteristike revizorske i računovodstvene usluge moraju ispune, nego sam proces kreiranja etičnosti.	However, it seems that this is not the case, because the code of conduct rather indicates qualities and characteristics auditing and accounting services must reach than the process of ethics itself.	0.779114
Da je tako možemo zaključiti i iz osnovnog cilja revizije, a to je kao što smo pomenuli davanje mišljenja revizora o tome da li finansijski izveštaji prikazuju fer sliku finansijskog stanja privrednog subjekta, a ne i da li su izveštaji sastavljeni etički korektno i da li je ponašanje lica ovlašćenih za upravljanje etički korektno [7], str 4.	This can be also concluded from the basic objective of auditing, and that is, as we have mentioned, to provide the auditors opinion whether the financial reports represent a fair image of financial situation in an economic entity, and not to judge whether the reports are composed ethically and nor whether the behaviour of management is ethically correct [7], p 4.	1.17331
Naprotiv, revizor zasniva svoje mišljenje na revizijskim dokazima koji moraju biti dovoljni i adekvatni i koji predstavljaju predmet analize njihove tačnosti i istinitosti, dok etičnost u ovom procesu ima malo uticaja.	On the contrary, an auditor makes his/her opinion on auditing evidence which must be sufficient and adequate and which is subject to their correctness and truthfulness analysis, while ethics has little impact in this process.	0.8625
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Prema našem saznanju, nijedan Međunarodni standard revizije, a ni Američki opšteprihvaćeni standard revizije, se ne bavi analizom revizora kada je u pitanju etičnost lica ovlašćenih za upravljanje privrednim subjektom i eventualnom izveštavanju uočenih primera neetičnosti.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 According to our findings, none of the International Auditing Standards, nor Generally Accepted American Auditing Standards deal with the analysis of an auditor regarding ethics of persons authorized to manage an economic entity and a possible reporting of observed examples of non-ethics.	0.912646
Navodi se da revizor mora biti profesionalno skeptičan prema licima ovlašćenim za upravljanje, da ne sme da veruje u njihovo poštenje, ali se ne navodi kako revizor treba da postupi u situaciji kada smatra da lica ovlašćena za upravljanje nisu etički nastrojena; da li je potrebno da se povuče iz angažovanja ili da to navede u svom revizijskom mišljenju.	It is mentioned that an auditor has to be professionally sceptical about persons authorized to manage, that he/she must not believe their honesty, but it is not mentioned how an auditor should act in the situation when he/she considers persons authorized to manage are not ethically oriented; if it is necessary to withdraw from auditing or to disclose the information in his/her auditing opinion.	0.773701
Može se ustanoviti da revizori i računovođe u posao ulaze sa već formiranom dozom etičnosti i moralnosti i da kasniji uticaj profesije i regulative ima irelevantan uticaj na nivo etičnosti.	It can be confirmed that auditors and accountants start the business with an already formed dose of ethics and morality and that a later impact of the profession and regulations have a relevant impact on their level of ethics.	0.647576
Opravdana dilema koja se nameće teoriji, ali i praksi, jeste da li se revizora uopšte tiču aktivnosti ovlašćenih lica ukoliko ona time krše samo etičke principe i pravila a ne i računovodstvenu regulativu. 5.	A justified dilemma imposed against the theory, but also against practice, is: should an auditor be concerned with activities of persons authorized to manage if they infringe only principles and rules of ethics but not the accounting regulations.	0.771894
Metodologija i rezultati istraživanja Kako bismo pojasnili da li ekonomski sistem u našoj zemlji opravdava primenu upotrebe kreativnog računovodstva, sprovedeno je istraživanje na nivou Republike Srbije.	5. ~~~ Research methodology and results In order to explain whether the economic system in our country justifies the application of creative accounting, a research was conducted at the level of the Republic of Serbia.	0.552204
Samo istraživanje trajalo je u periodu od maja do polovine oktobra meseca 2011. godine.	The research itself lasted during the period May mid-October 2011.	0.479624
Osnovni metod prikupljanja podataka je slanje upitnika koji su ispitanici popunjavali u prethodno navedenom periodu.	The basic methods of data collection were questionnaires fulfilled by respondents in the mentioned period.	0.830242
Istraživanje uključuje sakupljanje primarnih podataka koji se smatraju relevantnijim od prikupljanja podataka iz već sprovedenih istraživanja.	The research includes gathering primary data which are considered more relevant than the data from the already conducted researches.	0.785064
Kao instrument procesuiranja podataka korišćeno je softversko rešenje SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) kao statistički program za obradu podataka.	The Software Solution SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) as a statistical programme for data processing was used as an instrument of data processing.	1.78521
Zaposleni koji su odgovorili na anketu obavljaju funkciju računovođa, internih revizora ili su članovi menadžmenta privrednih subjekata.	Employees responding to the survey perform the function of accountants, internal auditors or are members of economic entities management.	1.2875
Istraživanje je sprovedeno u 147 privrednih subjekata od kojih je 32 odgovorilo na upitnike, što čini 21.77% ukupnog uzorka.	The research was conducted in 147 economic entities of which 32 responded to questionnaires, that is 21.77% of the total sample.	2.84725
Prethodno navedena stopa odgovora smatra se solidnom za ovaj tip upitnika.	The previously mentioned rate of responses is considered solid for this type of questionnaire.	0.971538
Ipak, veliki broj privrednih subjekata nije želelo da odgovori na anketu uprkos insistiranju, i tu je otpor ispitanika bio očigledan.	Hence, a great number of economic entities did not want to respond to the survey in spite of insisting, where resistance of polled persons was obvious.	0.988645
Međutim, dostavljene ankete odaju utisak iskrenog pružanja odgovora na postavljena pitanja, a nekoliko anketa sadrže i komentare na postavljena pitanja u smislu dodatnih predloga tema koje treba razmotriti za jedan od budućih naučnih radova.	However, the submitted survey leave an impression of sincere responses to set questions, and a couple of surveys also contain comments to set questions as additional suggestions of topics to be considered in one of future scientific papers.	1.05672
Istraživanje je sprovedeno u najvećim industrijskim gradovima u Srbiji.	The research was performed in the largest industrial cities of Serbia.	1.77541
Tabela 1.	Table 1.	2.2625
Prikaz anketiranih privrednih subjekata prema delatnosti i geografskoj pripadnosti Gradovi Delatnost Banke Auto delovi Kozmetički saloni Javni sektor Farmaceutska industrija Građevinska industrija Trgovinska delatnost Marketing agencije Modna industrija Revizijske agencije Prehrambena industrija Osiguravajuća društva Prerađivačka industrija Obrazovanje Tekstilna industrija Konsalting agencije Proizvodnja naftnih proizvoda i derivata d a r g o e B Ukupno d a S i v o N a c i t o b u S o v e j l a V j o b i r P a k č a j n r V a j n a B š i N e c i ž U o v e č n a P d [ i o v e r e d e m S o n p u k U Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Kako bismo potvrdili prethodno definisanu prvu hipotezu, od ispitanika se tražilo da navedu koji su najčešći etički uzroci pojave kreativnog računovodstva u Srbiji.	Presentation of economic entities in survey by business activity and geographic location Towns Activity e d a r g l e B d a S i v o N a c i t o b u S o v e j l a V j o b i r P a k č a j n r V a j n a B š i N e c i ž U o v e č n a P i d [ Banks Spare parts shops Beauty parlours Public sector Pharmaceutical industry Construction industry Commerce sector Marketing agencies Fashion industry Auditing agencies Alimentary industry Insurance companies Manufacturing industry Education Textile industry Consulting agencies Oil products and derivatives production Total o v e r e d e m S l a t o T Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 In order to verify the previously defined hypothesis, respondents were asked to list the most frequent ethical causes of creative accounting occurrence in Serbia.	1.41041
Rezultati su prikazani na grafiku broj jedan.	The results are presented in Chart 1.	0.6
Grafik 1: ~~~ Najčešći etički uzroci pojave kreativnog računovodstva u Srbiji Smatramo da je neophodno naglasiti da 27 ispitanika, što je oko 84% uzorka, smatra da je glavni uzrok upotrebe kreativnog računovodstva uticaj menadžmenta privrednih subjekata koji time ispunjava određene ekonomske koristi za privredni subjekt.	Chart 1: Most frequent causes of creative accounting occurrence in Serbia We consider it necessary to stress that 27 polled persons, i.e. around 84% of the sample, consider the main cause of creative accounting use to be the impact of economic entity management using it to make certain economic benefit for the economic entity.	0.87155
Od 15 ispitanika koji obavljaju funkciju računovođe u privrednim subjektima, čak 13 smatra da je prethodno navedeni uzrok najčešći u praksi.	Out of 15 polled persons performing function of accountants in economic entities, even 13 consider the previous mentioned cause the most frequent one in practice.	2.7262
Na grafiku broj dva prikazani su rezultati odgovora ispitanika na pitanje da li oni smatraju da je kreativno računovodstvo sve češća pojava u savremenom poslovanju.	Chart 2 presents the results of the respondents answers to the question of whether they think that creative accounting is an increasingly present phenomenon in modern business.	0.749125
Grafik 2: ~~~ Učestalost pojave kreativnog računovodstva u praksi Na osnovu gore prikazanog grafika može se zaključiti da većina ispitanika smatra da je primena kreativnog računovodstva sve češća u praksi što ukazuje na značaj ilegalnog kreativnog računovodstva kao problema u računovodstvenoj profesiji.	Chart 2: Frequency of creative accounting occurrence in practice It can be concluded from the above presented chart that the majority of polled persons consider the application of creative accounting increasingly frequent in practice which stresses the significance of illegal creative accounting as a problem in the accounting profession.	0.660338
U vezi sa tim, smatrali smo značajnim da dobijemo mišljenje ispitanika u vezi sa mogućnošću potpunog suzbijanja kreativnog računovodstva u praksi.	Having this in mind, we thought it would be important to get the opinion of respondents on the possibilities of creative accounting full suppression in practice.	1.38189
Rezultati su predstavljeni na grafiku koji sledi.	The results are presented in the following chart.	0.668023
Grafik 3: ~~~ Da li je kreativno računovodstvo problem koji se može u potpunosti iskoreniti?	Chart 3: Is creative accounting a problem that can be fully eliminated?	0.554792
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Prethodno prikazani rezultati ukazuju da je još jednom potvrđeno da je primena kreativnog računovodstva veoma prisutna u poslovanju privrednih subjekata u Republici Srbiji i da većina ispitanika sprovedenog istraživanja smatra da se u praksi ne može u potpunosti iskoreniti.	The previously presented results indicate that it is once again confirmed that application of creative accounting is present in business of economic entities in the Republic of Serbia to a significant degree and that most of the respondents included in the conducted research deem that it cannot be fully eliminated in practice.	1.15558
Ipak, očigledno je da se primenom odgovarajućih instrumenata može smanjiti njegova rasprostranjena upotreba.	Hence, it is obvious that the application of adequate instruments can decrease its widespread use.	1.1042
Od ispitanika se tražio odgovor i na to koji instrumenti prema njihovom mišljenju imaju najveći uticaj.	The respondents were asked which instruments, according to their opinion, have a most effective impact.	0.855833
Kao što smo prethodno ukazali kvalitet finansijskih izveštaja u mnogome zavisi i od kvaliteta izvršene revizije, jer se time vrši atestiranje ispravnosti sastavljenih izveštaja. ~~~ Grafik 4:	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 As we have previously indicated, the quality of financial reports mostly depends on the quality of performed auditing, because this gives attestation of correctness to the composed reports.	0.486562
Značajnost uticaja pojedinih instrumenata u suzbijanju kreativnog računovodstva Ipak, rezultati pokazuju suprotno, ispitanici smatraju da vršenje revizije sa dužnom profesionalnom pažnjom kao instrument borbe protiv ilegalnog kreativnog računovodstva ima zanemarljiv ili neznatan uticaj.	Chart 4: Impact importance of certain instruments in suppression of creative accounting Hence, the results show to the contrary; the respondents think that auditing performance with due professional attention as an instrument of fight against illegal creative accounting has a negligible or insignificant impact.	1.7026
Poboljšanje uslova privređivanja se posmatra kao najbolji instrument koji treba upotrebiti, što dovodi do zaključka da anketirana lica smatraju da je upotreba ilegalnog računovodstva posledica loših uslova poslovanja privrednih subjekata.	The improvement of economy conditions is considered the best instrument to be used leading to the conclusion that polled persons think that the use of illegal accounting is the consequence of bad economic entitys business conditions.	1.04857
Imajuću u vidu da je krajnji rezultat upotrebe ilegalnog kreativnog računvodstva ekonomska korist, logično je smatrati da u slučaju kada bi postojalo ekonomsko blagostanje potreba za ilegalnim kreativnim računovodstvom bi iščezla.	Having in mind that the final result of illegal creative accounting use is the economic benefit, it is logical to think that the need for illegal creative accounting would disappear if economic welfare existed.	1.09319
Na drugom mestu po značaju uticaja je računovodstvena regulativa, odnosno zakonsko uređenje i obavezna primena Međunarodnih standarda finansijskog izveštavanja.	The second in view of the importance of impact are accounting regulations, i.e. the legal stipulation and mandatory application of the International Financial Reporting Standards.	0.883784
Zaključak Ne možemo se odupreti utisku da je kreativno računovodstvo pojava koja je prema rezultatima našeg istraživanja veoma zastupljena u poslovanju privrednih subjekata.	Conslusion We cannot but conclude on the basis of the results of the research that creative accounting is a phenomenon present in companie to a significant extent.	0.758696
Ipak, to je oblast računovodstva koja se retko pominje u domaćoj literaturi.	Hence this is the area of accounting rarely mentioned in domestic literature.	1.44937
Primećujemo da naši ispitanici, iako se svakodnevno susreću sa ilegalnom primenom računovodstvenih metoda za ostvarivanje određenih ekonomskih ciljava, ne poznaju tu pojavu kao ilegalno kreativno računovodstvo.	We notice that our respondents, although daily facing illegal application of accounting methods to achieve certain economic goals, do not recognize this phenomenon as illegal creative accounting.	0.816732
Rezultati sprovedenog istraživanja potvrđuju da je najčešći uzrok primene ilegalnog računovodstva zahtev menadžmenta privrednih subjekata za ostvarivanjem ekonomskih koristi.	The results of the conducted research verify that most often the cause of illegal accounting application is the demand of the economic entity management to earn economic benefits.	1.17843
Iz prethodnog se može zaključiti da su knjigovođe verovatno u nezavidnoj ekonomskoj situaciji i da zbog toga primenu nedozvoljenih metoda kreativnog računovodstva vide kao svakodnevnu obavezu izvršavanja naredbi menadžmenta privrednih subjekata.	It can be concluded from the previously stated that accountants are probably in an unenviable situation and therefore they see application of illicit creative accounting methods as a daily obligation to execute the orders of the economic entity management.	1.32714
Čini se da zaposleni u računovodstvu ili u računovodstenim agencijama primenu ilegalnog računovodstva ne smatraju kršenjem etičkih zahteva računovođa, već načinom poslovanja pojedinih privrednih subjekata.	It seems that employees in accounting or accounting agencies do not consider the use of illegal accounting as breach of ethical accounting demands, but the way of certain economic entities business.	1.41302
U toku istraživanja, u razgovoru sa licima koja su vlasnici privatnih računovodstvenih agencija, stekli smo utisak da privredni subjekti koji ih angažuju za vođenje knjigovodstvenih poslova smatraju da, ukoliko ne ispune njihova očekivanja sa aspekta prikazivanja stanja imovine i rezultata, verovatno neće biti ponovo angažovani na istom poslu.	During the research, considering the respondents as owners of private accounting agencies, we came to the conclusion that they suppose that they will not be employed again if they do not meet the clients expectations considering the disclosure of financial results.	0.693805
Smatramo da prethodno izneti problem mora biti rešen dodatnom edukacijom vlasnika privrednih subjekata o cilju računovodstva i revizije finansijskih izveštaja.	We believe that the previously presented problem has to be solved by an additional education of economic entities owners on the goal of accounting and auditing of financial reports.	1.70774
Druga hipoteza našeg rada nije potvrđena rezultatima istraživanja, jer vršenje revizije finansijskih izveštaja sa dužnom profesionalnom pažnjom naši ispitanici smatraju instrumentom koji neznatno utiče na suzbijanje upotrebe ilegalnog kreativnog računovodstva.	The second hypothesis in our paper was not verified by the research results, because financial reports auditing with due professional attention is considered by our respondents an instrument which insignificantly impacts the suppression of illegal creative accounting.	1.06261
Po mišljenju ispitanika, najznačajni uticaj imaju poboljšanje uslova privređivanja i zakonsko uređenje ove oblasti računovodstva.	The improvement of economic conditions and legal regulation of this area of accounting has the most significant impact in the opinion of the respondents.	1.40287
Pa ipak, analizom predloga izmena trenutno važećeg Zakona o računovodstvu i reviziji primećujemo da nije posvećeno dovoljno pažnje regulisanju nedozvoljene upotrebe metoda računovodstva u cilju ostvarivanja ekonomskih koristi, pa se ne može očekivati znatno poboljšanje zakonskog uređenja primene ilegalnog računovodstva.	Hence, after the analysis of amendments of the Law on Accounting and Auditing currently effective it was noticed that insufficient attention was paid to the regulation of illicit use of accounting methods for the purpose of economic benefit gaining, and therefore no significant improvement for legal regulation of illegal accounting use can be expected.	1.2441
Sa druge strane, imajući u vidu da je Republika Srbija država u procesu tranzicije i da je trenutno u pregovorima o dobijanju statusa kandidata za punopravno članstvo u Evropskoj uniji, a šira javnost očekuje poboljšanje uslova privređivanja u narednom periodu, pretpostavljamo da će time biti umanjena potreba za implementacijom ilegalnog kreativnog računovodstva u svakodnevnom poslovanju.	On the other hand, having in mind that the Republic of Serbia is in the process of transition, currently in negotiations on the status of a candidate for a full membership in the European Union, and that public generally expect improvements in the economic conditions in the forthcoming period, we presume that the need for implementation of illegal creative accounting in daily business will decrease.	1.52506
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 LI TE RA TU RA [1] Amat, O., Blake, J. and Dowds J., The ethics of creative accounting, 2004.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 LITERATURE [1] Amat, O., Blake, J. and Dowds J., The ethics of creative accounting, 2004.	2.29767
Tekst dostupan na: http://econpapers.repec.org/scripts/search/search.asp?ft=the+ethics+of+creative+accounting [14.04. 2011.] [2] Amat, O. and Gowthorpe, C., Creative accounting: nature, incidence and ethical issues, Economics Working Papers with number 749, 2004.	Text available at: http://econ papers.repec.org/scripts/search/search.asp?ft=the+ethics+of+creative+accounting [14.04.2011.] [2] Amat, O. and Gowthorpe, C., Creative accounting: nature, incidence and ethical issues, Economics Working Papers with number 749, 2004.	2.52222
Tekst dostupan na: http://www.econ.upf.edu/docs/papers/downloads/74 9. pdf [0 6. 05.	Text available at: http://www.econ.upf.edu/docs/papers/downloads/749.pdf [06.05.2011.] [3] Copeland, R.M., Income smoothing, Journal of Accounting Research, VVI, Supplement, str.	0.264935
[3] Copeland, R.M., Income smoothing, Journal of Accounting Research, VVI, Supplement, str. 1 01-116, 1968. [4] Cosserat, G., Modern auditing, John Wiley&Sons, Ltd, London, 2008. [5] Dicksee, L., Auditing:	101-116, 1968. [4] ~~~ Cosserat, G., Modern auditing, John Wiley&Sons, Ltd, London, 2008. [5] ~~~ Dicksee, L., Auditing: A practical manual for auditors, Gee & Co, London, 1982. [6] ~~~ Gowthorpe, C., Upravljačko računovodstvo (Management Accounting), Datastatus, Belgrade, 2009. [7]	0.255132
	Knežević, G., Analiza finansijskih izveštaja (Analysis of Financial Reports), Singidunum University, Belgrade, 2010. [8]	-0.3
A practical manual for auditors, Gee & Co, London, 1982. [6] Gowthorpe, C., Upravljačko računovodstvo, Datastatus, Beograd, 2 009. [7] Knežević, G., Analiza finansijskih izveštaja, Univerzitet Singidunum, Beograd, 2 010. [8] Petrović, Z., Međunarodni standardi revizije, Univerzitet Singidunum, Beograd, 200 8. [9] Rabin, CE., Determinants of auditors attitudes towards creative accounting, 2005.	Petrović, Z., Međunarodni standardi revizije (International Auditing Standards), Singidunum University, Belgrade, 2008. [9] ~~~ Rabin, CE., Determinants of auditors attitudes towards creative accounting, 2005.	0.65193
Tekst dostupan na: http://www.meditari.org.za/docs/2005v2/Rabin_10__Meditari_Vol_13_No_2.pdf [05.05.2011.] [10] Sredović, J., Komentar Zakona o računovodstvu i reviziji, Poslovni biro, Beograd, 2006. [11] Thibodeau, J.C. and Frier, D., Auditing and accounting cases- third edition, McGrow-Hill companies, New York, 2011. [12] Usurelu, V., Marin, M., Danaila, A., Loghin, D., Accounting ehtics responsibility versus creativity, Petrosani:	Text available at: http://www.meditari.org.za/docs/2005v2/Rabin_10__Meditari_Vol_13_No_2.pdf [05.05.2011.] [10] Sredović, J., Komentar Zakona o računovodstvu i reviziji (Commentary of the Law on Accounting and Auditing), Poslovni biro, Belgrade, 2006. [11] ~~~ Thibodeau, J.C. and Frier, D., Auditing and accounting cases - third edition, McGrow-Hill companies, New York, 2011. [12]	0.775639
Annuals of the University of Petrosani, Vol.	Usurelu, V., Marin, M., Danaila, A., Loghin, D., Accounting ethics responsibility versus creativity, Petrosani: Annuals of the University of Petrosani, Vol. 10, 2010. [13]	2.07885
10, 2010. [13] Whittington, R. and Pany, K., Principles of auditing and other assurance services, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, 2008.	Whittington, R. and Pany, K., Principles of auditing and other assurance services, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, 2008.	2.91211
Primljen:	Receieved: 01.	1.68
	2012.	-0.3
Januar 2012.	Accepted: 03.	0.275
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Mart 2012. O autoru Goranka Knežević Univerzitet Singidunum, Poslovni Fakultet u Beogradu e-mail: gknezevic@singidunum.ac.rs Goranka Knežević je diplomirala i magistrirala na Ekonomskom fakultetu iz oblasti računovodstva. ~~~ Doktorsku tezu odbranila je 2007.godine.	About the Author Goranka Knežević Singidunum University, Fakulty of Busines in Belgrade e-mail: gknezevic@singidunum.ac.rs Goranka Knežević, graduated at the Faculty of Economics in the field of Accounting.	0.597327
Predaje na osnovnim akademskim studijama i na master akademskim studijama na Univerzitetu Singidunum, kao i na MBA programu Lincoln Univerziteta iz Kalifornije i Singidunum Univerziteta u Beogradu.	She teaches at the undergraduate level and master academic studies at Singidunum University and at the MBA program of Lincoln University in California and Singidunum University in Belgrade.	1.14058
Objavila je oko 30 radova u domaćim i međunarodnim časopisima i učestvovala na domaćim i međunarodnim konferencijama.	She has published around 30 articles in national and international journals and has participated in numerous national and international conferences.	2.73889
Vule Mizdraković Univerzitet Singidunum, Poslovni fakultet u Beogradu Vule Mizdraković je diplomirao na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu 2007. godine na smeru za Računovodstvo, reviziju i finansijsko upravljanje.	Vule Mizdraković Singidunum University, Faculty of Business in Belgrade Vule Mizdraković graduated at the Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade in 2007. in the field of accounting, auditing and financial management.	1.6356
Magistarske studije završio na Linkoln Univerzitetu 2009. godine.	Mizdraković has a Masters degree in finance and accounting at Lincoln University, Oakland, California.	0.478333
Od 2007. godine zaposlen kao saradnik u nastavi na Univerzitetu Singidunum za užu naučnu oblast Računovodstvo i revizija.	He has been teaching assistant since 2007 on several courses in the field of accounting and auditing.	2.38992
Autor je više publikovanih naučnih članaka i učesnik naučnih konferencija sa međunarodnim učešćem.	Author of several scientific papers; attended several scientific conferences with international participation.	1.21058
Nada Arežina Univerzitet Singidunum, Poslovni Fakultet Beograd Nada Arežina je dipomirala 2008. godine na Poslovnom Fakultetu Univerziteta Singidunum u Beogradu na smeru Revizija i računovodstvo.	Nada Arežina Singidunum University, Faculty of Business in Belgrade Nada Arežina, MSc. ~~~ In 2008 earned Bachelor degree at Faculty of Business in Belgrade, Singidunum University.	1.31346
Godine 2010. magistrirala na Univerzitetu Lincoln, Oakland, California, usmerenje Finansijski menadžment i investiciono bankarstvo.	In 2010 earned Master degree at Lincoln University, Oakland, California in the field of Financial Management and Investment Banking.	3.08696
Od 2008. godine angažovana na predmetima iz uže naučne oblasti: ~~~ Računovodstvo i revizija i Finansije i bankarstvo na Univerzitetu Singidunum.	She has been teaching assistant since 2008 on several courses in the field of Audit and Accounting and Finance and Banking.	1.5174
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Zorica Marković1, Iva Antanasijević2, Branko Ninković3 12 Departman za psihologiju, Filozofski fakultet u Nišu, 3SANI Šabac Od nos pre ma nov cu kao fak tor po na ša nja po tro ša ča UDK: ~~~ 659.27 ; 659.113.25 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2011. ~~~ (english version) Pred met ovog ra da je is pi ta ti da li po sto je raz li ke iz me đu raz li či tih ti po va po tro ša ča i nji ho vog od no sa pre ma nov cu.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Zorica Marković1, Iva Antanasijević2, Branko Ninković3 1Psychology Department, Faculty of Philosophy, Niš, 3SANI Šabac The Relation to Money as a Factor of the Consumer´s Behavior UDC: 659.27 ; 659.113.25 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2011.0004 The subject-matter of this paper is to examine if there are statistically significant differences among various types of consumers and their relations to money.	-0.0415335
Is tra ži va nje je iz vr še no na uzor ku od 150 is pi ta ni ka rad ne po pu la ci je.	The research was conducted on a sample of 150 working population examinees.	3.06454
Za is pi ti va nje ti po va po tro ša ča ko ri šće na VALS teh ni ka, či ji je autor Ar nold Mi čel.	For examining the types of consumers, the VALS Technique was used, whose author was Arnold Mitchell.	0.9793
VALS je jed na od naj po pu lar ni jih teh ni ka da nas u sve tu, ko ja se ko ri sti za is pi ti va nje po na ša nja po tro ša ča.	VALS is one of the worldwide most popular techniques nowadays, which is used for examining consumers behavior.	0.630175
Za is pi ti va nje od no sa pre ma nov cu ko ri šće na je Etič ka Ska la Nov ca (Mo ney Et hic Sca le), ko ju je kon stru i sao Tho mas Li-Ping Tang.	For examining relationship to money, Money Ethic Scale was used that was created by Thomas Li-Ping Tang.	0.885768
Ovom ska lom de fi ni sa ni su afek tiv ni, bi hej vi o ral ni i kog ni tiv ni od nos pre ma nov cu.	Affective, behavioral and cognitive relations to money are defined by that Scale.	0.522319
Od kon trol nih va ri ja bli uklju če ne su pol, sta rost, obra zo va nje i iz nos pri ho da is pi ta ni ka.	Gender, age, education and income amount of the examinees were used as control variables.	0.284416
Re zul ta ti po ka zu ju da ge ne ral no po sto je sta ti stič ke zna čaj ne raz li ke iz me đu raz li či tih ti po va po tro ša ča i nji ho vog bi hej vi o ral nog i kog ni tiv nog od no sa pre ma nov cu, a da sa mo iz me đu po je di nih ti po va po tro ša ča, tač ni je iz me đu Mi sli0ca i Ka ri je ri ste, kao i Mi sli la ca i Am bi ci o znog po sto je zna čaj ne raz li ke u po gle du nji ho vog afek tiv nog od no sa pre ma nov cu.	The results show that, generally, there are statistically important differences among various types of consumers and their behavioral and cognitive relations to money and that only among certain types of consumers, more exactly, between the Thinker and the Careerist, as well as between the Thinker and the Ambitious, there are significant differences regarding their affective relation to money.	0.534488
U po gle du kon trol nih va ri ja bli, kod pri pad ni ka raz li či tog po la, i is pi ta ni ka raz li či tih pri ho da, ne po sto ji raz li ke u od no su pre ma nov cu, dok kod pri pad ni ka raz li či te sta ro sti po sto ji raz li ka u bi hej vi o ral nom od no su pre ma nov cu, a kod is pi ta ni ka raz li či tog obra zo va nja raz li ka u kog ni tiv nom od no su pre ma nov cu.	Regarding the control variables, among the examinees of different gender and with different income, there are no differences in their relation to money, while among the examinees of different age there is difference in the behavioral relation to money, and among the examinees of different education there is difference in the cognitive relation to money.	1.18006
Ključ ne re či: tip po tro ša ča, od nos pre ma nov cu 1.	Key words: type of consumer, relation to money 1.	0.864286
Uvod Potrošnja je složena kategorija.	Introduction Consumerism is a complex category.	0.741667
Ona ima društveni, ekonomski, tehnološki, kulturni karakter ali i psihološki, budući da je reč o zadovoljavanju ljudskih potreba.	It has a social, economic, technological and cultural character, but also a psychological one, considering that we are talking about the satisfaction of human needs.	0.712667
Brojni faktori determinišu ponašanje potrošača.	Numerous factors determine consumer behavior.	0.757143
Potrošač je ljudsko biće pa je, shodno tome, neophodno što dublje poznavati njegove potrebe, kako bi se potpunije i humanije zadovoljile.	A consumer is a human, and thus, it is necessary to know his needs as well as possible, in order for them to be fulfilled as completely and humanely as possible.	0.820864
Zadovoljenje potreba čoveka jedna je od bitnih pretpostavki za njegovo aktivno učestvovanje u razvoju društva.	The satisfaction of human needs is one of the more important requirements for human participation in the development of a society.	0.642
Uporedo sa razvojem proizvodnih snaga društva povećava se životni standard ljudi, razvijaju se potrebe pojedinca, a njegov ukus postaje suptilniji.	With the development of productive human strength, the living standard increases, the needs of individuals, and the individuals tastes become more subtle.	0.295455
Većina njih doprinosi istinskom razvitku čoveka, tj. njegovih snaga i sposobnosti, dok neke, naprotiv, ometaju taj razvoj, a neretko i prouzrukuju negativne posledice po ljudsko zdravlje, kako fizičko tako i psihičko.	Most of them contribute to the true development of man, that is, his strength and abilities, while some, on the other hand, hinder development, and oftentimes also have negative consequences on human health, both physical and psychological.	0.654688
Stoga je proučavanje psihologije potrošača od izuzetnog društvenog značaja.	That is why the study of consumer psychology is very important.	0.494444
Ono može u mnogome doprineti ne samo da se potrebe ljudi celishodnije i bolje zadovolje već i da se proizvodnja potrošnih dobara usmerava prema tim potrebama.	It can in many ways contribute not only to the needs of people being completely satisfied, but also to focusing the production of goods on these needs.	0.940476
Rezultat toga je racionalnija proizvodnja.	The result of that is a more rational production.	0.276923
Osim toga, čovek je spremniji za rad kada se njegove potrebe, naročito vitalne, potpunije zadovoljavaju.	In addition, man is more prepared to work when his needs, especially his vital needs, are satisfied more fully.	1.42177
Mogućnost zadovoljavanja sopstvenih potreba, čoveka motiviše da radi i stvara.	The possibility of satisfying ones own needs motivates man to do and to create.	0.545862
Naravno, treba shvatiti da su proizvođač i potrošač jedan entitet. [1] Ponašanje potrošača, pored ekonomskih i socijalnih faktora kakvi su kultura, subkultura, referentne grupe, porodica, stil života, određuju i psihološki faktori, potrebe, motivi, osobine ličnosti.	Naturally, we should understand that the producer and the consumer are one and the same entity. [1] ~~~ The behavior of the consumer in addition to economic and social factors such as culture, subculture, reference groups, family, and lifestyle is also determined by psychological factors, needs, motives, character features.	0.240625
Uže posmatrano, kako to ističe Milisavljević, ponašanje potrošača je uslovljeno ličnošću, proizvodom i specifičnošću situacije. [4] Ličnost je celoviti sistem, koji podrazumeva brojne kognitivne, motivacione i emocionalne procese, kao i verovanja, predrasude, aspiracije, očekivanja, stavove, što doprinosi shvatanju da je proces kupovine vrlo složen proces i da ga treba sagledati sa više strana.	Viewed more narrowly, as stated by Milisavljević, the behavior of consumers is conditioned by personality, products and the specific nature of a situation. [4] ~~~ The personality is a complete system which includes numerous cognitive, motivational and emotional processes, as well as beliefs, prejudiceS, aspirations, expectations, opinions, which contributes to the shopping process being very complex and to the fact that Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 it should be looked at from several aspects.	0.204649
Analiza ponašanja potrošača ima dve osnovne funkcije- dijagnostičku i prediktivnu.	The analysis of the behavioUr of consumers has two basic functions - a diagnostic and a predictive functions.	1.06049
U prvom slučaju omogućava da se bolje definišu tržišni segmenti a u drugom doprinosi sagledavanju budućeg ponašanja potrošača Predmet ovog rada je istraživanje povezanosti odnosa prema potrošnji i odnosa prema novcu, odnosno da li ispitanici koji ispoljavaju različito potrošačko ponašanje imaju različit odnos prema novcu.	In the first case, a better definition of the market segments is made possible, while in the second one, a contribution is made to the understanding of the future behavior of the consumer. ~~~ The subject matter of this research is the connection between the relationship towards consumerism and the relationship with money, that is, whether the participants who display various types of consumer behavior have different relations towards money.	0.392276
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 2.	2.	-0.6
Te o rij ski okvir VALS sistem je kreirao Arnold Mičel 1978. godine u nameri da ispita i objasni promene u vrednostima, navikama i načinu života u SAD 70-tih godina.	Theoretical framework The VALS system was created by Arnold Mitchell in 1978, with the intention to examine and explain the changes in the values, habits and the lifestyle in the USA during the 1970s.	1.30452
Predstavlja nastojanje da se razumeju trendovi vremena u potrošnji.	It is an attempt to understand the current trends in consumerism.	1.17321
VALS je pionirski pokušaj upotrebe psihologije u menadžment i marketing istraživanjima.	VALS is a pioneer attempt to use psychology in management and marketing research.	1.25286
VALS program je 1978. godine formalno imenovan za internacionalni proizvod SRI instituta (Stanford Research Institute-Istraživački institut Stanford) i bio pohvaljen u časopisu Advertising Age (Vreme reklamiranja) kao jedan od 10 najboljih istraživanja tržišta za postignuti uspeh 80-tih godina.	The VALS program in 1978 was formally named as the international product of the SRI (Stanford Research Institute) and was praised in Advertising Age magazine as one of the 10 best market studies of success in the 1980s.	1.31942
VALS sistem je prvobitno bio baziran na socijalnim vrednostima a tokom vremena VALS sistem se sve više bazirao na psihološkim karakteristikama.	Originally, the VALS system was based on social values, but over time the VALS system became increasingly based on psychological characteristics.	1.11818
VALS-je teorijski zasnovan na Maslovljevoj hijerarhiji motiva i Rismanovoj podeli ljudi na one koji su dominantno usmereni ka unutrašnjem i one koji su usmereni ka spoljašnjem svetu.	VALS was in theory based on the Maslows hierarchy of motives and Rismans division into those who are dominantly aimed at the internal and those aimed at the external world.	1.01875
Ovo je suština njegove ideje o čoveku usmerenom ka drugima, karakteru konstantno žrtvovanom zahtevima, očekivanjima i modi drugih..	This is the essence of his idea of the man focused on others, a character that is constantly sacrificed to demands, expectations and the fads of others.	1.06931
Dok Maslovljeva hijerarhija motiva bliže objašnjava primarnu motivaciju različitih tipova potrošača, Rismanova teorija daleko šire sagledava pojam potrošača kao sociološki i kulturološki fenomen. [8] Potrošači kupuju proizvode i usluge i traže iskustva koja ispunjavaju njihove karakteristične sklonosti i daju oblik, suštinu i zadovoljstvo njihovim životima.	While the Maslows hierarchy of motives gives a closer description of the primary motivation of various consumer types, the Rismans theory gives a wider view of a consumer as a sociological and cultural phenomenon. [8] ~~~ Consumers buy products and pay for services and seek experiences which fulfill their character preferences and give shape, essence and a sense of pleasure to their lives.	0.159805
Čovekova primarna motivacija određuje šta je ono posebno u osobi što je značajna suština koja upravlja njenim aktivnostima.	Mans main motivation determines what is personal in a man, which is the important essence guiding a persons activities.	0.899226
Prema VALS-u, potrošači se rukovode jednom od tri primarne motivacije: ideali, dostignuća i samoizražajnost.	According to the VALS, consumers are guided by one of three primary motivations: ideals, achievements and self-expression.	0.879
Potrošači koji su uglavnom motivisani idealima vođeni su znanjem i principima.	Consumers who are mainly motivated by ideals are guided by knowledge and principles.	1.04583
Oni koji su motivisani dostignućima traže one proizvode i usluge kojima pokazuju uspeh svojim vršnjacima.	Those who are motivated by achievements seek those products and services which they use to show their success to their peers.	1.20276
Potrošači koji su motivisani samoizražajnošću priželjkuju socijalnu ili fizičku aktivnost, raznovrsnost i rizik.	Consumers who are motivated by self-expression crave social or physical activity, diversity and risk.	1.0931
Danas se VALS koncept, kao standardizovana tehnika, široko primenjuje u svetu, pre svega u marketinške svrhe da bi se ispitalo ponašanje potrošača.	Today the VALS concept, as a standardized technique, has a wide application in the world, primarily for marketing purposes, so that we could study the behavior of consumers.	1.30939
Radeći test, ispitanik dobija ne samo procenu svog odnosa prema potrošnji, već i preciznu informaciju kom tipu potrošača on pripada, kom primarnom, a kom sekundarnom tipu.	Doing the test, the respondent gets not only an estimate of his relationship towards consumerism, but also a more precise information regarding which type of consumer he belongs to, which primary and which secondary type.	1.11784
Primarni VALS tip je skup karakteristika ponašanja prema kojem individua ima najjače afinitete, odnosno pojedinac sa primarnim tipom ima najviše zajedničkih karakteristika.	The primary VALS type is a group of behavioral characteristics according to which an individual has the strongest affinities, that is, an individual of the primary type shares the most common characteristics.	1.17074
Sekundarni VALS tip je tip kojem je pojedinac posle primarnog najviše sličan.	The secondary VALS type is the type which the individual, after the primary one, resembles the most.	1.15351
Menadžeri koriste VALS pre svega da bi razumeli zašto potrošači prave određene izbore prilikom kupovine.	Managers use the VALS primarily in order to understand why consumers make certain choices during purchasing.	1.98112
Koristeći VALS može se razumeti motivacija koja pokreće potrošačko ponašanje i na taj način marketing stručnjaci povećavaju svoje šanse na tržištu.	Using VALS can be understood as the motivation which moves the consumer behavior. ~~~ In this way marketing experts increase their chances on the market.	0.308638
Originalna VALS tehnika je pretrpela kritike, pa je revidirana u VALS-2 varijantu koja potrošače razvrstava u osam grupa na osnovu psiholoških činilaca i spremnosti na kupovinu.	The original VALS technique has suffered criticism and has been revised as the VALS-2 variant which classifies consumers into eight groups, on the basis of psychological factors and their readiness to shop.	0.930361
Koristeći psihologiju u analiziranju i predviđanju preferencija i izbora potošača, sadašnji VALS sistem kreira eksplicitnu vezu izmedju karakternih osobina i ponašanja pri kupovini.	Using psychology in the analysis and prediction of preferences and the selection of consumers, the current VALS system creates an explicit connection between character features and behavior during shopping.	1.02651
VALS koncept razvrstava potrošače u tipove prema tome da li im je bitno samo da obezbede siguran život ili teže da ostvare neke više ciljeve; da li su skloni novinama i riziku; jesu li usmereni na sebe ili na druge i sl.	The VALS concept classifies consumers into types based on whether what is important for them is only to ensure a safe life or to realize certain greater goals ; whether they are prone to innovations and risk; whether they are focused on each other or on others, etc.	1.01069
Različiti tipovi ljudi ispoljavaju razlike i u potrošnji.	Different types of people manifest differences in consumerism.	1.28302
Koncept podrazumeva da su psihološka motivacija i izvor prihoda, za mnoge potrošače,ono što u krajnjoj liniji oblikuje njihovo ponašanje.	The concept suggests that psychological motivation and a source of income, for many consumers, is what finally determines their behavior.	0.434874
VALS obuhvata 8 tipova i to:	VALS consists of 8 types, including: Innovators, Thinkers, Careerists, Adventurers Traditionalists, the Ambitious, the Practical and Fighters.	4.15536
Inovatori, Mislioci, Karijeristi, Avanturisti Tradicionalisti, Ambiciozni, Praktičari i Borci. [5,8] Inovatori su uspešni, sofisticirani ljudi koji preuzimaju obaveze na sebe, sa vrlo visokim mišljenjem o sebi.	[5,8] Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Innovators are successful, sophisticated people who take on responsibilities, and have very high opinions of themselves.	0.717902
Oni su lideri promena i najviše su otvoreni ka novim idejama i tehnologijama.	They are the leaders of change and are most open towards new ideas and technologies.	1.5678
Inovatori su veoma aktivni potrošači i njihove potrošačke korpe otkrivaju prefinjeni ukus, atraktivne proizvode i usluge.	Innovators are very active consumers and the products they buy reveal refined taste, attractive products and services.	0.982581
Izgled je bitan ljudima kao što su inovatori, ne kao dokaz statusa ili moći već kao izraz njihovog ukusa, pameti i ličnosti.	Appearance is important for people like innovators, not as proof of their status or power but as a reflection of their taste, intelligence and personality.	1.01594
Inovatori su među vođama koje to već jesu i među onima koji će to tek postati u biznisu ili vladi, ali ipak oni nastavljaju da traže izazove.	Innovators are among leaders and among those who are yet to become so in business or in government, but they are still on the lookout for new challenges.	1.14485
Karakteristika njihovog života je raznovrsnost.	A characteristic of their lives is diversity.	0.2625
Njihove stvari i njihova rekreacija izražavaju istančan ukus.	Their belongings and their recreation express refined taste.	0.283333
Mislioci su motivisani idejama.	Thinkers are motivated by ideas.	0.9
Zreli su, zadovoljni, slobodni, opušteni i ljudi skloni razmišljanju, koji cene red, znanje i odgovornost.	They are mature, content, free, relaxed people prone to thinking, who value work, knowledge and responsibility.	1.04368
Teže da budu dobro obrazovani i aktivno tragaju za novim informacijama u procesu odlučivanja.	They strive to be well educated and actively seek out new information in the decision making process.	0.889157
Dobro su informisani o svetu kao i o nacionalnim događajima, ali koriste svaku šansu da sačuvaju status quo kada se radi o institucijama sa autoritetom i društvenim normama.	They are well informed about the world as well as about national events, but also use every chance to preserve the status quo in the case of institutions with authority and social norms.	1.32654
Uprkos tome, otvoreni su za razmatranje novih ideja.	Despite that, they are open to considering new ideas.	1.3
Iako im prihodi dozvoljavaju slobodu izbora, mislioci su konzervativni i praktični potrošači, traže trajnost, funkcionalnost i vrednost proizvoda koje kupuju.	Even though their income allows freedom of choice, thinkers are conservative and practical consumers, they look for permanence, functionality and value in the products they buy.	1.13839
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Karijeristi teže dostignućima u karijeri.	Careerists strive for achievement in their careers.	0.368478
Obzirom na to da su motivisani željom za dostignućima, ovu vrstu ljudi tj.potrošača karakteriše život sa ciljem i duboka posvećenost karijeri i porodici.	Considering the fact that they are motivated by a desire for achievement, this type of people, that is, of consumers, are characterized by a life with a purpose and deep commitment to ones career and family.	0.726619
Njihova društvenost otkriva ovu posvećenost i okrenutost porodici i poslu.	Their sociability reveals this dedication and focus on family and work.	0.270968
Oni vode konvencionalne živote, konzervativni su u politici, poštuju autoritet i status quo.	They lead conventional lives, are conservative in politics, they respect authority and the status quo.	1.77831
Cene konsenzus, stabilnost i predvidljivost u odnosu na rizik.	They value consensus, stability and predictability in comparison to risk.	1.14545
Poštuju i čuvaju svoju intimnost.	They respect and preserve their privacy.	0.2625
Teže što većem samoostvarenju.	They strive for self-realization.	0.3
Sa mnogo želja i potreba, oni su aktivni potrošači.	With many desires and needs, they are active consumers.	0.893617
Izgled im je bitan, favorizuju proverene proizvode koji otkrivaju prestiž.	They value their appearance, favor reputable products which reveal prestige.	0.56825
Zbog svoje zauzetosti obično su zainteresovani za za mnoštvo proizvoda koji štede vreme.	Due to their many obligations they are usually interested in numerous products which save time.	1.57821
Avanturisti su istraživači u životu.	Adventurers are explorers in life.	0.751613
Oni čulnije doživljavaju svet oko sebe.	They have a more sensual experience of the world around them.	1.03552
Avanturisti su motivisani samoizražajnošću.	Adventurers are motivated by self-expression.	0.885714
Kao mladi puni entuzijazma i veoma implusivni, brzo postaju zainteresovani za nove mogućnosti, ali isto tako brzo gube interesovanja za iste.	When they are young they are full of enthusiasm and are very impulsive, quickly become interested in new possibilities, but at the same time quickly lose interest in them.	1.47605
Traže raznovrsnost i uzbuđenje, uživaju u novom, drugačijem i riskantnom.	They seek diversity and excitement, enjoy the new, different and risky.	0.811584
Avanturisti su strastveni potrošači i troše ne baš zanemarljive svote svojih primanja na modu, zabavu i druženje.	Adventurers are passionate consumers and spend not insignificant amounts of money on fashion, entertainment and socializing.	0.456082
Njihova potrošačka korpa otkriva težnju ka tome da izgledaju dobro i da imaju cool stvari.	What they buy usually reveals a desire for looking good and having cool things.	0.441791
Tradicionalisti su, kao i mislioci, motivisani odnosno vođeni idealima.	Traditionalists, like thinkers, are motivated, that is guided, by ideals.	0.3
Oni su konzervativni i konvencionalni ljudi sa čvrstim uverenjima koja se zasnivaju na tradicionalno uspostavljenim normama: porodica, religija, zajednica i nacija.	They are conservative and conventional people with firm beliefs which are based on traditionally determined norms: family, religion, community and nation.	0.957374
Mnogi tradicionalisti izražavaju moralne norme koje su duboko usađene i kojih se dosledno pridržavaju.	Many traditionalists express moral norms which are deeply ingrained and which they stick to rigorously.	0.89
Oni prate ustaljenu rutinu koja se odnosi uglavnom na dom, porodicu, zajednicu, socijalne i religijske organizacije kojima pripadaju.	They follow a set routine which refers primarily to their home, family, community, the social and religious organizations they belong to.	0.929015
Kao potrošači, tradicionalisti su predvidljivi, oni biraju poznate proizvode i ustanovljene brendove.	As consumers, traditionalists are predictable, they select well-known brands and established brands.	0.751538
Oni favorizuju nacionalne proizvode i generalno su verni potrošači.	They favor national brands and are generally loyal consumers.	0.855556
Ambiciozni su oni koji se puno trude da postignu nešto.	The ambitious consumers are those who try very hard to achieve something.	0.20625
Ovaj tip potrošača voli da je u trendu i voli zabavu.	This type of consumer likes to be trendy and likes entertainment.	1.23478
Zbog toga što su motivisani dostignućima, oni vode računa o tome šta drugi misle o njima i da li im drugi odobravaju.	Because they are motivated by achievements, they take into consideration what others think of them and whether they have their approval.	0.661566
Za njih je novac definicija uspeha, ali ga nemaju dovoljno da bi udovoljili svim svojim željama.	For them money is the definition of success, but they do not have enough of it to satisfy all their desires.	1.16067
Ova vrsta potrošača su aktivni potrošači zbog toga što je kupovina za njih društvena aktivnost i prilika da pokažu svojim vršnjacima i kolegama svoje sposobnosti za kupovinu.	This type of consumer is active because shopping for these consumers is a social activity and a chance to show their peers and colleagues their shopping abilities.	1.0087
Favorizuju proizvode od stila koje mogu sebi da priušte ljudi većeg materijalnog bogastva.	They favor products of style which people with greater material wealth can afford.	1.11489
Veoma su implusivni kao potrošači, ukoliko im to dozvoljava finansijska situacija.	They are very impulsive consumers, if their financial situation allows it.	0.253846
Praktičari su, kao i avanturisti, motivisani samoizražajnošću.	The Practical consumers just like Adventurers are motivated by self-expression.	0.62582
Oni daju sebe, a svet doživljavaju tako što rade na njemu, gradeći kuće, vaspitavajući decu, popravljajući automobile ili tako što gaje povrće.	They give themselves up, and experience the world by working on it, building houses, raising children, fixing cars or growing vegetables.	0.812404
Pri tom imaju dovoljno veštine i energije da projekte izvedu do kraja vrlo uspešno.	At the same time they have enough skills and energy to bring projects to an end very successfully.	1.26301
Oni su praktični ljudi koji imaju konstruktivne sposobnosti i cene kada je neko sam sebi dovoljan.	They are practical people who have constructive abilities and appreciate it when someone is self-sufficient.	1.20221
Žive u okvirima tradicionalnih vrednosti, vezani za porodicu, praktične poslove i fizičke aktivnosti-rekreaciju.	They live within the confines of traditional values, are tied to their families, manual labor and physical activitiesrecreation.	0.491209
Malo ih stvari interesuje van tog okvira.	Few things outside this frame interest them.	0.65
Oni su sumnjičavi prema novim idejama i velikim institucijama kao što su veliki poslovi i kompanije.	They are suspicious towards new ideas and big institutions such as big business and companies.	1.39907
Poštuju autoritet državnih institucija i organizovanog rada, ali su često i ozlojeđeni zbog državnih udara na privatna prava pojedinca.	They respect the authority of state institutions and organized work, but are often disgruntled due to state assaults on the private rights of individuals.	0.878049
Nisu impresionirani materijalnim stvarima, osim onim koje imaju praktičnu ili funkcionalnu namenu.	They are not impressed by material possessions, except those which have a practical or functional value.	0.758168
Obzirom da preferiraju vrednost i kvalitet u odnosu na luksuz, oni kupuju samo osnovne proizvode.	Considering the fact that they prefer value and quality in comparison to luxury, they only buy basic necessities.	1.37857
Borci su oni koji se bore da bi preživeli.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Fighters are individuals who fight to survive.	-0.191667
Ovakav tip ljudi obično živi tako što su usko skoncentrisani na nešto.	These people usually live by being focused narrowly on something.	0.808612
Osećaju se prijatno sa onim što im je poznato.	They feel comfortable with what is familiar to them.	0.270732
Uglavnom su zabrinuti za sigurnost i bezbednost.	Their primary concern is safety and security.	0.6525
Zbog toga što mora da se skoncentriše na to kako da zadovolji svoje potrebe, pre nego da sebi ispunjava želje, ovaj tip ljudi ne pokazuje jaku primarnu motivaciju u potrošnji.	Because they have to be focused on how to satisfy their needs, these consumers do not show strong primary motivation for spending.	0.579486
Oni su oprezni potrošači.	They are careful consumers.	0.9
Predstavljaju veoma skromno tržište za većinu proizvoda i usluga.	They represent a very humble market for most products and services.	1.18448
Odani su omiljenim brendovima, a posebno ako mogu da ih kupuju sa popustima.	They are loyal to their favorite brands, especially if they can shop at a discount.	0.91978
Novac je često tabu tema.	Money is often a taboo topic.	1.27391
Često je lakše govoriti o seksualnim uverenjima nego o novcu.	It is often easier to speak of sexual preferences than about money.	1.38
Novac ima vrlo široko značenje, to nije samo papir ili metal koji donosi dobro i čini nam usluge, već uključuje čitav kompleks osećanja, motiva i ponašanja, koji se tiče ophođenja prema novcu.	Money has a very wide meaning, it is not just paper or metal which brings benefit and does favors for us, it includes an entire range of emotions, motivations and behaviour, which have to do with ones attitude towards money.	1.18467
Madanes [3] u svojoj knjizi Tajna značenja novca, prekida ćutanje o moći novca i iznosi kako se novac koristi da se izrazi želja, da se pokaže žudnja za pripadanjem, težnja ka moći, potreba za osvetom i odmazdom.	Madanes [3], in the book The secret meaning of money, ends the silence on the power of money and presents the facts regarding how money is used to express desire, to show a longing for belonging, a desire for power, a need for revenge and retaliation.	1.13275
Odnos prema novcu određuje naš odnos prema mnogim aspektima života.	The relationship towards money is determined by many aspects of life.	0.835455
Svaka osoba, nosi iz svojih prošlih iskustava, neke «novčane poruke».	Every individual, from his past experiences, carries some financial messages.	0.554266
Novčane poruke odražavaju odnos prema novcu, percepciju i ekspresije koje utiču na njeno aktuelno ponašanje sa finansijama.	Financial messages reflect ones attitudes towards money, perception and expression which influence ones current behavior towards finances.	1.27054
Moć ranijih iskustava i dubokih verovanja o novcu je jasna.	The power of previous experience and deeply ingrained belief about money is clear.	0.190385
Kada pojedinac ispituje svoje poruke o novcu, svesne i nesvesne, postaje moguće da se bolje razumeju blokovi i modeli koji vode njegovim finansijskim odlukama, ali ne samo finansijskim, već životnim odlukama.	Once an individual questions the messages regarding money, both conscious and unconscious, it becomes possible for him to better understand blocks and models which lead to his financial decisions, not only financial but life choices.	0.92658
Debora Prajs [7] ističe da za različite ljude novac ima različito značenje.	Deborah Price [7] points out that money means different things for different people.	0.744147
Za mnoge ljude, novac je ono što se može učiniti sa njim; za druge je merilo njihovog identiteta; merilo njihovog ličnog rada itd.	For many people, money is what you can do with it; for others it is a measure of their identity; a measure of their personal work etc.	1.28899
Što više novca, to Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 se ljudi bolje osećaju, osećaju se više svojim, i obrnuto, nedostatak novca čini da se osećaju manje snažnim ili čak jadnim.	The more the money, the better people feel, they feel more like themselves and vice versa; the lack of money makes people feel not as strong or even miserable.	1.48636
Postavlja se pitanje da li otkriće da neki ljudi imaju više novca od drugih jeste zbog toga što oni bolje upravljaju sredstvima i bolje raspolažu novcem, ili je novac sam po sebi zaslužan, da pošto ga dovoljno imaju, mnogo im je lakše da bolje upravljaju njime.	The question imposes itself of whether the revelation that some people have more money than others is because of the fact that they manage their funds better or whether money on its own is responsible, and that since they have enough, it is much easier for them to manage it.	1.25343
U ličnim odnosima novac je često izvor konflikata.	In personal relationships, money is often a source of conflict.	1.2413
Dejvid Švarc [9] tvrdi da novac može apsolutno da bude jedan od životnih ciljeva.	David Schwartz [9] claims that money can absolutely be one of the life goals.	0.867692
Čak se usuđuje da kaže da ćete teško postati uspešna i kompletna ličnosti ako ne postavite novac i finansijsku sigurnost kao jedan od životnih ciljeva.	He even dares say that it is often difficult to become a successful and complete person if money and financial security are not set as one of the goals in life.	0.865473
Neko će reći da novac kvari ljude ili da je on izvor svega zla.	Someone might say that money ruins people or that it is the source of all evil.	0.832075
Ljudi su pokvareni sa njim ili bez njega i nije novac izvor svega zla već ljubav prema novcu i spremnost da se zbog njega svašta učini, kako to tačno piše u Bibliji, a to daje sasvim drugo značenje.	People are corrupted by it or without it and it is not the source of all evil, but of love of money and the readiness to do anything for it, as it says in the Bible, which gives a completely different meaning.	0.913599
Novac nije dobar ili loš.	Money is neither good nor bad.	1.26087
Dobar ili loš može biti jedino način na koji se on koristi.	Only the way in which it is used can be good or bad.	1.14259
Osoba koja tvrdi da želi da bude siromašna većinom pati od osećanja krivice ili nesposobnosti.	A person claiming to want to be poor must in general be suffering from a sense of guilt or inadequacy.	0.671429
Plan marljivih ljudi neizostavno vodi u bogatstvo.	The plans of hard-working men inevitably lead to wealth.	0.273333
Kada govorimo o novcu, to podrazumeva ne samo količinu posedovanja novca, nego i osećanja vezana za novac. ~~~ Zato što način na koji o njemu govorimo, umnogome oblikuje nas, više nego što to možemo i da pretpostavimo.	When we talk of money, this means not only the amount of money in ones possession, but also the feelings related to money, because the way in which we speak of it to a great extent shapes us, more than we can assume.	0.663
U nekim vremenskim periodima ga imamo dovoljno, a opet u nekim drugim i ne tako dovoljno.	In some periods of time we have enough of it, and yet at other times we do not.	0.948739
Ali novac je takođe veoma bitan emocionalni, psihološki i simbolički entitet u našim životima, te tako za svakog od nas ima posebno značenje, emocije i iskustva koje nosi naš odnos i stav prema njemu, kako kaže psihoterapeut Kejt Levinson. [2] Ona smatra da sva osećanja vezana za novac mogu biti katalizatori za ličnu transformaciju zato što se odnos prema novcu tiče svih aspekata našeg života i zalazi u najdublje delove naše psihe, uključujući potrebe, strahove i želje.	But money is also very important as an emotional, psychological and symbolical entity in our lives, and thus for each of us holds a special meaning, emotions and experience towards it, as the psychotherapist Kate Levinson claims. [2] ~~~ She believes that all our emotions regarding money can be catalysts for personal transformation because the relationship towards money has to do with all the aspects of our lives, and extends deeply into parts of our psyche, including our needs, fears and desires.	0.267792
Džekob Nidelman [6] ističe da je novac je zaista koristan, ali ako novac hrani ego, što obično čini, onda se treba paziti.	Jacob Needleman [6] points out that money is actually very useful, but if money feeds the ego, which it usually does, then we need to be careful.	1.17659
Tu leži ludilo.	This is where the madness lies.	0.06
I baš o tome nam govore sve grčke tragedije o oholosti, i to je deo problema sa novcem.	And this is precisely what the Greek tragedies tell us they speak of arrogance, and that is a part of the problem with money.	0.808291
Novac je veliki, novac je moć, novac je lepota.	Money is great, money is power, money is beauty.	1.2
Novac je ljubav i veze.	Money is love and relationships.	0.665
To je veličanstvena sila koja sjedinjuje ljude ali koja ih isto tako razdvaja.	It is a magnificent force which binds people but which also separates them.	0.709821
Ne može se pobeći od novca.	We cannot escape from money.	0.3
Ako bežite od njega, on će vas juriti i uhvatiti vas.	If you run from it, it will chase and hunt you down.	0.771429
Ako ne razumemo odnos prema novcu u današnjoj kulturi, onda smo osuđeni na propast.	If we do not understand the relationship towards money in todays culture, then we are doomed to fail.	1.65068
Ako ne znamo kako da se postavimo prema novcu i ne razumemo taj odnos, onda jednostavno ne poznajemo sebe.	If we do not know how to take a stand towards money and we do not understand this relationship, then we simply do not know ourselves.	0.982584
Da li, ako imamo puno novaca, ne moramo više brinuti o osnovnim potrebama života?	If we have a lot of money, do we have to worry more about the basic life necessities?	0.891304
Zar nas to ne oslobađa?	Does this not liberate us?	0.271429
Ne. ~~~ Ako sada brinemo o povrću, tada bismo brinuli o jahtama.	No. If we worry about vegetables now, then we would be worried about yachts.	0.226809
To je u nama, ne u novcu.	This lies inside of us, not in money.	0.885
Barbara Prajs [7], autor knjige Magija novca, govori o nekoliko osnovnih stilova ophođenja prema novcu, odnosno tipova ljudi.	Barbara Price [7], the author of the book Money Magic, speaks about several of the basic styles of dealing with money, that is, of the basic types of people.	1.66651
Čarobnjak je duhovan, mudar, savestan, poverljiv, dinamičan, snažan. optimističan, otvoren, finansijski uravnotežen, živi u sadašnjosti, menja stvarnost, govori istinu, ume sa novcem, nije mu problem da dođe do novca.	The Sorcerer is spiritual, wise, conscientious, reliable, dynamic, strong, optimistic, open, financially balanced, lives in the present, alters reality, speaks the truth, can handle money, and it is not a problem for him to get money.	0.79697
Tip pod nazivom Naivan je poverljiv, nekonformista, prate ga srećne okolnosti, ali i strahovi i anksioznost iznutra, oseća se nemoćno, pritiskaju ga osećanja, uverenja i nesigurnost, finansijski je zavisan.	The type known as Naive is reliable, non-con Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 formist, is followed by lucky circumstances, but has fears and anxiety on the inside, he feels powerless, is pressed upon by feelings, convictions and insecurities, he is financially dependent.	0.278689
Borac je snažan, kompetentan, disciplinovan, orjentisan ka cilju, proračunat, mudar, voli da rizikuje i finansijski je uspešan.	A Fighter is strong, competent, disciplined, goal-oriented, calculated, wise, willing to take risk and financially successful.	0.468435
Žrtva je previše osetljiva, osvetoljubiva, sklona lošim navikama, blamira druge, živi u prošlosti, oseća se nemoćno, finansijski je neodgovorna.	The Victim is too sensitive, vindictive, prone to bad habits, embarrasses others, lives in the past, feels powerless, is financially irresponsible.	0.585938
Mučenik je samokritičan, manipulativan, razočaran, pasivno agresivan, mudar, perfekcionista, brižan, kontrolisan u odnosu sa novcem.	The Sufferer is self-critical, manipulative, disappointed, passive-aggressive, wise, a perfectionist, caring, controlled in his relationship towards money.	0.633537
Tiranin je rigidan, kontrolisan, manipulativan, kritičan, agresivan, oprezan, osvetoljubiv, previše materijalistički orjentisan.	The Tyrant is rigid, controlled, manipulative, critical, aggressive, careful, vindictive, overly materialistic.	0.240594
Nepromišljen je nedisciplinovan, optimističan, bezbrižan, živi od danas do sutra, finansijski je neodgovoran.	He is thoughtless and undisciplined, optimistic, carefree, lives day to day, is financially irresponsible.	0.488754
Kreativan tip je umetnički orijentisan, duhovan, pasivan, ne previše motivisan, nedodirljiv i nije materijalista.	The Creative type is artistically oriented, spiritual, passive, not overly motivated, untouchable and is not materialistic.	0.482524
Thomas Li-Ping Tang[10] je ispitivao odnos prema novcu i u tu svrhu konstruisao Etičku skalu novca (Money Ethic Scale ) koja meri tri komponente odnosa prema novcu: afektivnu, kognitivnu i bihejvioralnu.	Thomas Li-Ping Tang [10] studied the relationship towards money and for that purpose constructed the Money Ethic Scale which measures three components of the relationship towards money: the affective, the cognitive and the behavioral components.	1.17407
Afektivnu komponentu čini pozitivan i negativan odnos prema novcu i podrazumeva ispoljavanje različitih emocija vezanih za novac, odnosno doživljavanje novca kao dobrog ili lošeg, prljavog, čistog i td.	The affective component consists of the positive and negative relationship towards money and requires the manifestation of various emotions regarding money, that is, the experience of money as good or bad, dirty or clean, etc.	1.21114
Bihejvioralni odnos prema novcu se sastoji u spremnosti da se osoba u određenoj situaciji ponaša na određeni način sa novcem.	The behavioural component consists of the readiness of a person in a particular situation to behave in a certain way regarding money.	1.15174
Bihejvioralni odnos može da predstavlja trošenje, skupljanje i čuvanje novca ili ulaganje.	The behavioural component can represent spending, saving or investing money.	0.779278
Kognitivni odnos prema novcu se tiče subjektivnog značenja koje mu osoba pridaje.	The cognitive component has to do with the subjective meaning which the individuals give to money.	0.716333
Novac može da znači postignuće, poštovanje, slobodu, moć.	Money can mean achievement, respect, freedom, power.	0.992553
Tomas Li-Ping Tang [11] je proučavao kakav je odnos prema novcu u Americi, Britaniji i na Tajlandu.	Thomas Li-Ping Tang [11] studied the relationship towards money in America, Great Britain and Thailand.	1.40735
Rezultati su pokazali da generalno ljudi imaju pozitivan stav prema novcu bez obzira kojoj kulturi oni pripadaju.	The results have shown that people generally have a positive attitude towards money irrespective of the culture they belong to.	1.59966
Novac je uvek pozitivno povezan sa ekonomskim i političkim shvatanjima ali i negativno sa nekom religioznim shvatanjima.	Money is always positively connected to economic and political attitudes.	0.383497
Došao je do zaključka da Amerikanci shvataju novac kao nešto dobro tj., da je njihov afektivan odnos prema novcu vrlo pozitivan i da se njime bukvalno kupuje život.	He came to the conclusion that Americans understand money as something good, that is, that their affective relationship towards money is very positive and that it is literally used to buy life.	0.876323
Za Kineze novac ima posebno kognitivno značenje, oni ga pre svega poštuju, dok za Britance novac najbolje reprezentuje čovekov Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 položaj u društvu, kao oličenje snage i moći.	For the Chinese, money has a special cognitive meaning, they primarily respect it, while for the British money is the best representation of a persons position in society, as the manifestation of power and strength.	1.09212
Kao što ljudi različitih nacija različito doživljavaju novac, isto tako postoje i individualne razlike.	As people of various nations experience money differently, there are also individual differences.	0.697176
Novac je u tesnoj vezi sa ljudskom motivacijom, ponašanjem i načinom izražavanja.	Money is closely bound to human motivation, behaviour and the way they express themselves.	0.976091
Dokazano je i to da postoji razlika u kognitivnom značenju novca kod muškaraca i žena.	It has been proven that there is a difference in the cognitive meaning of money between men and women.	1.01447
Za muškarce je novac ipak jedan od najznačajnijih faktora u životu, što se ne bi moglo reći i za žene. [12] Rezultati koji su dobijeni pokazuju da muškarci imaju tendenciju da novac snažnije doživljavaju kao poštovanje, i slobodu i moć, nego što je to slučaj sa ženama.	For men money is something that is one of the most important factors in life, which could not be claimed for women. [12] ~~~ The results obtained indicate that men have a tendency of experiencing money more like respect, freedom and power, than is the case with women.	0.488462
Faktor poštovanja je takođe povezan sa A tipom ličnosti, koji je u psihologiji poznat kao tip ličnosti koji ima nizak prag tolerancije na frustraciju, sklon stresu i najčešće oboljeva od čira na želucu, hipertenzije i infarkta miokarda.	The factor of respect is also bound to the A type of personality, which in psychology is known as the type of personality which has a low level of tolerance to frustration, is prone to stress and usually suffers from ulcers, hypertension and myocardial infarction.	0.994812
Oni koji se drže protestanske radne etike imaju tendenciju da novac predstavljaju kao dostignuće i kao nešto što je dobro.	The ones who stick to the protestant work ethics usually have a tendency of representing money as an achievement, and as something good.	0.994841
Radnici sa niskim organizacionim stresom imaju takođe tendenciju da novac vide kao nešto što je dobro.	Workers with low organizational stress have a tendency of viewing money as something good.	1.25
Oni koji zahtevaju da im novčani budzet bude siguran pokazuju tendenciju da imaju visoko samopoštovanje Takođe, oni koji teže da im novčani budzet bude sigurniji su stariji i porodični ljudi pre svega.	The ones who demand that their budget be safe show a tendency of high self-respect. ~~~ In addition, those who have more difficulties keeping their budget safe are older and primarily people with a family.	0.239464
Takođe se pretpostavlja da će ljudi sa visokim prihodima biti bezbrižniji u rukovanju novcem od onih koji imaju niske prihode. [13] 3.	In addition, it is assumed that people with high incomes will be more carefree in dealing with money than those with a low income. [13] ~~~ 3.	0.520446
Is tra ži va nje i re zul ta ti Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi da li postoje statističke značajne razlike između različitih tipova potrošača (Inovatori, Mislioci, Tradicionalisti, Karijeristi, Ambiciozni, Avanturisti, Praktičari i Borci i njihovog afektivnog, bihejvioralnog i kognitivnog odnosa prema novcu.	Research and results The basic aim of this research was to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the various types of consumers (Innovators, Thinkers, Traditionalists, Careerists, the Ambitious, Adventurers, the Practical, and Fighters) and their affective, behavioural and cognitive relationship towards money.	0.811382
Kako su u kontrolne varijable istraživanja uključene pol, godine starosti ispitanika, obrazovnje i visina prihoda to su u skladu sa njima postavljeni ciljevi istraživanja i to: - ispitati da li se ispitanici različitog pola razlikuju u odnosu prema novcu po svim komponentama afektivnoj, kognitivnoj i bihevioralnoj, - ispitati da li se ispitanici različitog uzrasta razlikuju u odnosu prema novcu po svim komponentama, - ispitati da li se ispitanici različitog stepena obrazovanja razlikuju u odnosu prema novcu po svim komponentama, - ispitati da li se ispitanici različitih iznosa novčanih prihoda razlikuju u odnosu prema novcu po svim komponentama.	Since the control variables included the gender, age of the participants, their education and income level, in accordance with them, the goals of the research were set: - to determine whether the participants of different genders differ in their relationship towards money based on all the components - the affective, cognitive and behavioral, - to determine whether the participants of various ages differ in their relationship towards money based on all the components, - to determine whether participants with a different degree of education differ in their attitude towards money based on all the components, - to determine whether the participants with different incomes differ in their relationships towards money based on all the components.	1.33486
Istraživanje je izvršeno na uzorku od 150 ispitanika radne populacije, različitog pola, uzrasta od 25 do 55 godina, različitog obrazovanja i različitih mesečnih prihoda.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 The research was carried out on a sample of 150 participants of a working population, of different genders, aged from 25 to 55, with different levels of education and different monthly incomes.	0.77451
Obrazovanje je podeljeno na više kategorija: a) osnovna škola; b) srednja stručna sprema; c) viša stručna sprema i d) visoka stručna sprema.	Education is divided into several categories: a) elementary; b) high school; c) community college and d) university.	1.22574
Iznos prihoda (mesečno primanje), podeljeno na sledeće kategorije: a) manje od 10.000; b) 11.000-20.000; c) 21.000-40.000; d) 41.000-60.000; e) 61.000-80.000 i g) više od 80.000 dinara.	The value of the monthly incomes was divided into the following categories: a) less than 10,000; b) 11,00020,000; c) 21,000-40,000; d) 41,000-60,000; e) 61,000-80,000 and g) over 80,000 dinars.	1.18523
Od instrumenta korišćena je VALS tehnika koja zahvata različite tipove potrošača.	The measuring instruments that were used included the VALS technique which includes various types of consumers.	0.972078
Za merenje odnosa prema novcu korišćena je MES skala (Money Ethic Scale) koja meri odnos prema novcu i to afektivni, bihejvioralni i kognitivni koju je konstruisao Tomas Li Tang.	To measure the relationship towards money the Money Ethic Scale was used to measure the affective, behavioural and cognitive components, as constructed by Thomas Li Tang.	1.06339
Tabela 1.	Table 1.	2.2625
Distribucija različitih tipova potrošača u ispitivanom uzorku Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Može se uočiti da je najzastupljeniji tip potrošača tzv. Ambiciozni odnosno oni koji se trude da postignu neke ciljeve u životu.	The distribution of various types of consumers in the studied sample We can conclude that the most widespread type of consumer is the so-called Ambitious consumer who tries to achieve certain goals in life.	0.812069
Inovatora i Boraca kao što se i u samom VALS- konceptu pretpostavlja ima najmanje među ispitivanom populacijom.	The Innovators and Fighters, as was predicted in the very concept of the VALS, are the least frequent in the studied population.	0.936054
To su dva dijametralno suprotna tipa potršača, koja se drastično razlikuju i prema primarnoj motivaciji i prema sredstvima od ostalih tipova potrošača..	- These are the two direct opposite types of consumers, which differ strikingly in terms of their primary motivation and means from the remaining types of consumers.	0.945605
Procentualna zastupljenost pojedinih tipova potrošača u našem uzorku, poklapa se, uopšteno gledajući, sa zastupljenošću tipova potrošača u populaciji, po VALS nalazima.	The percentage of the remaining types of consumers in our sample matches, generally speaking, the frequency of the remaining types of consumers in the population, according to the VALS findings.	0.966628
Tabela 2.	Table 2.	2.2625
Deskriptivna statistika odnosa prema novcu Iz tabele se može zaključiti da je u proseku najizraženija tendencija ka kognitivnom odnosu prema novcu i da je tu i najveća mera varijabilnosti, odnosno najveće odstupanje od proseka.	Descriptive statistics of the relationship towards money From the table we can conclude that, on an average, the tendency towards the cognitive relationship towards money is the most pronounced and that it is the greatest measure of variability, that is, the greatest deviation from the average values.	1.07164
To znači da u kognitivnom odnosu prema novcu postoji najveća promenljivost u pogledu tumačenja novca, odnosno značenja koje mu subjekati pripisuju.	This means that in the cognitive relationship towards money there is a great variability in terms of understanding money, that is the meaning that the subjects ascribe to it.	1.49318
Za utvrđivanje razlika između različitih tipova potrošača i njihovog afektivnog, bihejvioralnog i kognitivnog odnosa prema novcu korišćena je analiza varijanse, budući da su nezavisna i zavisna varijabla kategoričke- One-wayANOVA, Post hoc test. ~~~ Tabela 3.	In order to determine the differences between the various types of consumers and their affective, behavioral and cognitive relationship towards money, the analysis of variance was used, considering the fact that the Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Table 3.	0.265035
Afektivni odnos prema novcu Kao što se iz tabele može videti, ne postoji statistička značajna razlika između različitih tipova potrošača i njihovog afektivnog odnosa prema novcu.	The affective relationship towards money As can be seen from the table, there is no statistically significant difference between the types of consumers and their affective relationship towards money.	1.72593
Daljom analizom podataka, primenjujući Post Hoc Tests (LSD), dobijeni su sledeći rezultati: ~~~ Tabela 4.	In a further analysis of the data, by means of the Post Hoc Tests (LSD), the following results were obtained: Table 4.	0.684243
Tipovi potrošača i afektivni odnos prema novcu (ANOVA i Post hoc test) Tabela br.4 govori o postojanju statistički značajne razlike u pogledu afektivnog odnosa prema novcu između pojedinih tipova potrošača i to između Mislilaca i Karijeriste kao i Mislilaca i onih koji su Ambiciozni.	Types of consumers and the affective relationship towards money (ANOVA and the Post hoc test) Table 4 indicates the existence of a statistically significant difference in terms of the affective relationship towards money between certain types of consumers such as Thinkers and Careerists as well as Thinkers and the Ambitious.	1.39973
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Tabela 5.	Table 5.	0.275
Bihejvioralni odnos prema novcu(ANOVA) Tabela pokazuje da generalno postoji statistički značajna razlika između različitih tipova potrošača i njihovog bihejvioralnog odnosa prema novcu, odnosno njihovog ponašanja u odnosu na novac: trošenje, štednja, pažljivo ulaganje.	The behavioral relationship towards money (ANOVA) The table shows that there is, generally speaking, a statistically significant difference between the various types of consumers and their behavioural relationship towards money, that is, their behavior in relation to money: spending, saving, careful investing.	1.59571
Daljom obradom podataka primenjujući Post HocTests(Tukey HSD) dobijeni su sledeći rezultati:	A further processing of data, using the Post Hoc Tests (Tukey, HSD) led to the following results: Table 6.	1.03588
Tabela 6. ~~~ Tipovi potrošača i bihejvioralni odnos prema novcu Daljom analizom dobijaju se još precizniji podaci, tako da iz ove tabele možemo zaključiti da, budući da postoji statistička značajna razlika između tipova potrošača i bihejvioralnog odnosa prema novcu, ona je ipak najveća kod Inovatora i Boraca.	Types of consumers and the behavioral relationship towards money Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 A further analysis leads us to even more precise data, so that from this table we can conclude that since there is a statistically significant difference between the types of consumers and the behavioural relationship towards money, it is still the greatest in the case of the Innovators and Fighters.	0.446067
Tačnije Inovatori i Borci se najviše razlikuju u pogledu bihejvioralnog odnosa prema novcu.	To be more precise, Innovators and Fighters differ the most in terms of the behavioural relationship towards money.	1.09495
Ovo samo potvrđuje činjenicu da su ovo dva suprotna tipa potrošača, kao što je to sam VALS koncept definisao.	This only confirms the fact that these are two completely opposite types of consumers, as the VALS concept defined.	1.34691
Tabela 7.	Table 7.	2.2625
Kognitivni odnosa prema novcu(ANOVA) Rezultati pokazuju da između različitih tipova potrošača i njihovog kognitivnog odnosa prema novcu, postoji statistički značajna razlika.	The cognitive relationship towards money (ANOVA) The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between various types of consumers and their cognitive relationship towards money.	1.49187
Potrošači koji se razlikuju u ponašanju prilikom kupovine, razlikuju se i u subjektivnom doživljavanju novca, odnosto značenju koje mu pripisuju.	The consumers who differ in their behavior while shopping differ also in their subjective experience of money, that is, the meaning which they ascribe to it.	1.15487
Ovde je takođe urađen i Post Hoc Test i dobijeni su sledeći rezultati: ~~~ Tabela 8.	The Post Hoc Test was also done here and the following results were obtained: Table 8.	0.642857
Razlika između tipova potrošača i njihovog kognitivnog odnosa prema novcu Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Može se videti da postoji statistički značajna razlika između Karijerista i Praktičara.	Differences between the types of consumers and their cognitive relationship towards money It can be seen that there is a statistically significant difference between Careerists and the Practical.	1.17245
To dalje govori da pored toga što se tipovi potrošača generalno razlikuju u pogledu kognitivnog odnosa prema novcu, između Karijerista i Praktičaraa je razlika najizraženija.	What this further says is that in addition to the other types of consumers generally differing in terms of the cognitive relationship towards money, the most pronounced difference was found between Careerists and the Practical.	1.49853
Za utvrđivanje razlike između odnosa prema novcu (afektivnog, bihejvioralnog i kognitivnog) i kontrolnih varijabli (pol, starost, obrazovanje i izvor prihoda), korišćen je T-test.	In order to determine the differences between the relationship towards money (the affective, behavioural and cognitive) component and the control variables (gender, age, education and source of income), the Ttest was used.	0.619444
Rezultati pokazuju da kod pripadnika različitog pola ne postoji razlika u odnosu prema novcu ni u jednom aspektu, ni u afektivnom, ni u bihejvioralnom niti u kognitivnom aspektu.	The results indicate that, among people of different genders, there is no difference in terms of the relationship towards money in any of the aspects, the affective, behavioural or the cognitive aspect.	0.883435
To dalje implicira da bez obzira na pol, ni muškarci ni žene ne pokazuju razlike u emocionalnom doživljavanju novca, niti u ponašanju sa novcem, kao i ni u subjektivnom tumačenju novca.	This further implies that without considering gender, neither men nor women show differences in the emotional experience of money, nor in the behaviour towards money, or the subjective interpretation of it.	1.30144
Kod ispitanika različite starosti ne postoji razlika u emotivnom i kognitivnom odnosu prema novcu, ali postoji razlika u bihejvioralnom odnosu prema novcu između mlađih i starijih ispitanika ,odnosno, mlađi i stariji ispitanici se različito ponašaju prema novcu.	In the case of participants of different ages there is no difference in the emotional and cognitive relationship towards money, but there is a difference in the behavioural relationship towards money between the younger and older participants, that is, younger and older participants behave differently towards money.	1.59189
U pogledu odnosa nivoa obrazovanja ispitanika i odnosa prema novcu dobijeni su interesantni rezultati.	In terms of the relationship between the level of education of the participants and the relationship toward money, interesting results were obtained.	0.97
Tabela 9.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Table 9.	0.533333
Razlika između afektivnog, bihejvioralnog i kognitivnog odnosa prema novcu i nivoa obrazovanja ispitanika Rezultati pokazuju da između afektivnog odnosa prema novcu i obrazovanja ispitanika ne postoji statistički značajna razlika, kao ni između bihejvioralnog odnosa prema novcu i obrazovanja ispitanika.	The difference between the affective, behavioural and cognitive relationship between the attitude to money and the level of education of the participants The results prove that between the affective relationship towards money and the education of the participants there is no statistically significant difference.	1.34889
	Also, there is no statistically significant difference between the behavioral relationship towards money and the education of the participants.	-0.3
Međutim između kognitivnog odnosa prema novcu i obrazovanja ispitanika pronađena je statistički značajna razlika od 0.002 verovatnoće, što znači da ispitanici različitog obrazovanja različito tumače novac.	Nevertheless, between the cognitive relationship towards money and the education of the participants, a statistically significant difference was determined with a 0.002 probability, which means that the participants with different levels of education interpret money in different ways.	1.65538
Budući da je obrazovanje ispitanika podeljeno u četiri kategorije (osnovna škola, srednja, viša i visoko obrazovanje), kod bihejvioralnog odnosa prema novcu i obrazovanja ispitanika, daljom statističkom obradom podataka, primenjujući Post Hoc Test, dobijeni su sledeći rezultati: ~~~ Tabela 10.	Considering the fact that the education of the participants was divided into four categories (elementary school, high school, community college and university), in the case of the behavioral relationship towards money and the education of the participants, in the further statistical processing of data, we used the Post Hoc Test, and obtained the following results: Table 10.	0.534488
Razlika između bihejvioralnog odnosa prema novcu i obrazovanja ispitanika (Post Hoc Tests) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 Kao što se iz tabele može videti, primenom Post Hoc Testa pronađene su razlike u bihejvioralnom odnosu prema novcu između ispitanika različitog nivoa obrazovanja, Postoji statistički značajna razlika između ispitanika osnovnog obrazovanja i visokog (sig, 0,032), zatim, višeg i visokog obrazovanja (sig, 0,042), u odnosu na bihejvioralan pristup novcu.	The difference between the behavioral relationship towards money and the education level of the participants (Post Hoc Tests) As can be seen from the table, the use of the Post Hoc Test has led us to determine the differences in the behavioural relationship towards money between participants of different levels of education. ~~~ There is a statistically significant difference between the participants with an elementary school education and university education (sig. 0.032), then community college and university education (sig. 0.042), in terms of the behavioural approach to money.	0.558009
	A further consideration can lead to the conclusion that the participants with an elementary school, high school and university education are more similar in their behavior toward money, than participants with a university education.	-0.3
Daljim razmatranjem se može zaključiti da se ispitanici osnovnog, srednjeg i višeg obrazovanja sličnije ponašaju u odnosu sa novcem, nego ispitanici visokog obrazovanja, Tabela 11, Razlika između afektivnog, bihejvioralnog i kognitivnog odnosa prema novcu i visine prihoda ispitanika Iz tabele se može videti da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika između afektivnog, bihejvioralnog i kognitivnog odnosa prema novcu i izvora prihoda ispitanika, Zaključak Rezultati pokazuju da se različiti tipovi potrošača razlikuju u odnosu prema novcu.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 Table 11. ~~~ The difference between the affective, behavioural and cognitive relationship towards money and the income of the participants From the table we can see that there is no statistically significant difference between the affective, the behavioral and the cognitive relationships towards money and the source of income of the participants. ~~~ Conslusion The results show that various types of consumers differ in their relationship towards money.	0.272292
U nekim aspektima odnosa prema novcu ne postoji razlika između svih tipova potrošača, ali između pojedinih tipova postoji, kakav je slučaj sa afektivnim odnosom.	In some of the aspects of the relationship towards money there is no difference between all these types of consumers, however, between certain types there is a difference, as is the case with the affective relationship.	1.53458
Generalno ne postoji razlika u afektivnom odnosu prema novcu između svih tipova potrošača ali između Mislilaca i Karijerista, kao i Mislilaca i onih koji su Ambiciozni postoji razlika, Mislioci su vođeni idejama, sakupljanjem informacija i sticanjem znanja.	Generally, there is no difference between all the types of consumers, but between Thinkers and Careerists, as well as between Thinkers and the Ambitious a difference was determined. ~~~ Thinkers are guided by ideas, collecting information and the acquisition of knowledge.	0.292392
Više su zainteresovani za ideje nego za praktične stvari i za ono što se novcem može postići.	They are more interested in practical matters and what can be achieved by means of money.	0.973882
Karijeriste i Ambiciozne interesuje dostignuće, prestiž.	Careerists and the Ambitious are interested in achievement, prestige.	0.684127
Za Ambiciozne je novac merilo uspeha, a Karijeristi takođe imaju mnogo potreba i želja koje realizuju novcem tako da je i razumljivo što se u afektivnom odnosu prema novcu razlikuju Mislioci od Ambicioznih i Karijerista.	For the Ambitious, money is the measure of success, and Careerists also have many needs and desires which are realized by means of money, so it is understandable why in the affective relationship towards money the Thinkers differ from the Ambitious and the Careerists.	1.07649
U pogledu bihevioralnog i kognitivnog odnosa prema novcu postoji razlika između svih tipova potrošača, U kognitivnom odnosu najveća je razlika između Karijerista i Praktičara, Praktičari su motivisani samoizražajnošću, onim što sami stvaraju, ne cene luksuz, ne impresioniraju ih materjalne stvari pa u tom smislu za njih novac nema isto značenje kao kod Karijerista, Najveća razlika u bihejvioralnom odnosu prema novcu, odnosno u ponašanju sa novcem je između Inovatora i Boraca.	In terms of the behavioural and cognitive relationship towards money there is a difference between all types of consumers. ~~~ In the cognitive relationship, the greatest difference can be found between Careerists and the Practical. ~~~ The Practical are motivated by self-expression, what they use to create themselves, they do not value luxury, they are not impressed by material things and in that sense money for them does not have the same meaning as for Careerists. ~~~ The greatest difference in the behavioural relationship towards money, that is, in how money is used, was found between Innovators and Fighters.	-0.005
Inovatori troše novac na mnogo lepih stvari i demonstriranje svog ukusa, oni vole raznovrsnost, dok Borci vrlo promišljeno i pažljivo troše novac na ono što je neophodno.	Innovators spend money on many beautiful things and demonstrate their taste, they like diversity, while Fighters spend money very carefully and thoughtfully on what is necessary.	1.06978
Između pripadnika muškog i ženskog pola nema statistički značajne razlike ni u jednom aspektu odnosa prema novcu.	Between the male and the female participants there are no statistically significant differences in any of the aspects of the relationship towards money.	1.21845
	Between the participants with different levels of education there was no difference in the affective relationship towards money.	-0.3
Između pripadnika različitog nivoa obrazovanja ne postoji razlika u afektivnom odnosu prema novcu, u kognitivnom odnosu postoji statistička razlika između ispitanika svih nivoa obrazovanja, dok u bihevioralnom odnosu postoji razlika između ispitanika osnovnog i visokog obrazovanja i višeg i visokog obrazovanja.	In the cognitive relationship there was a statistically significant difference between the participants of all levels of education, while in the behavioral relationship there was a difference between the participants with an elementary and university education and community college and university education.	1.0734
Između ispitanika sa različitom visinom prihoda ne postoji razlika ni u jednom aspektu odnosa prema novcu.	Between the participants with different incomes there is no difference in any of the aspects of the relationship towards money.	1.31095
	Irrespective of the amount of money these participants have at their disposal they do not differ in terms of the affective, behavioural or cognitive relationship towards money.	-0.3
Bez obzira na količinu novca kojom raspolažu, ispitanici se ne razlikuju ni u afektivnom, ni bihevioralnom, ni u kognitivnom odnosu prema novcu, Ljudi mogu da vole ili ne vole novac i kada ga imaju i kada ga nemaju dovoljno, a isto tako često ga lakše troše oni koji ga nemaju dovoljno od onih koji ga imaju u izobilju Prema rezultatima našeg istraživanja generalno, izgleda da nije bitno koliko novaca imate, jer to ne određuje kakav će odnos prema novcu biti, već kakav ste tip ličnosti, kakva vam je psihološka struktura, odnosno kom tipu potrošača pripadate.	People can love or not love money even when they have it or when they do not have enough, and the ones who do not have enough often spend it with more ease than those who have it in abundance. ~~~ According to the results of our research in general, it seems that it is not important how much money you have, because it does not determine what kind of relationship towards money you have, but the type of personality, your psychological structure, that is, what type of consumer you are.	0.35062
U svakom slučaju, odnos između potrošnje i odnosa prema novcu je složen i zahteva dalje istraživanje.	In any case, the relationship between consumerism and the relationship to money is complex and requires further research.	1.13996
	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/62 REFERENCES: [1] Ilić, S. Psihologija potrošača, Draganić, Beograd, 1995. [2]	-0.3
	Levinson, K. Emotional currency, Celestial Arts, Berkley, 2011. [3] ~~~ Madanes, C.	-0.3
	The Secret Meaning of Money, Jossey Bass, 1998. [4]	-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/62 LITERATURA: [1] Ilić,S, Psihologija potrošača, Draganić, Beograd, 1995. [2] Levinson,K, Emotional currency,Celestial Arts, Berkley, 2011. [3] Madanes, C, The Secret Meaning of Money, Jossey Bass, 1998. [4] Milisavljević M, Marketing, Savremena administracija a,d, izadavčko-štamparsko preduzeće, Beograd, 2003. [5] Mitchell,A,A, Cognitive Processes Initiated by Exposure to Advertising, in Information Processing Research in Advertising ed, R,Harris, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1983. [6] Needleman, J,(Money and the Meaning of Life, Currency Doubleday,)New York,1991. [7] Price, L,D, Money Magic, New World Library, Navato, California,2000. [8] Radulović D, Psihologija marketinga, Institut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja, Beograd, 1998, [9] Schwartz, Dr David J, The Magic of Thinking Big, Simon &Schuster, Inc,, New York,1987. [10] Tang, T, L, P, The development of a short Money Ethic Scale:	Milisavljević M. Marketing, Savremena administracija a.d. izadavčko-štamparsko preduzeće, Beograd, 2003. [5] ~~~ Mitchell, A. A. Cognitive Processes Initiated by Exposure to Advertising, in Information Processing Re search in Advertising ed. R. Harris, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1983. [6] ~~~ Needleman, J.(Money and the Meaning of Life, Currency Doubleday,)New York, 1991. [7] ~~~ Price, L. D. Money Magic, New World Library, Navato, California, 2000. [8] ~~~ Radulović D. Psihologija marketinga, Institut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja, Beograd, 1998. [9] ~~~ Schwartz, Dr David J. ~~~ The Magic of Thinking Big, Simon &Schuster, Inc., New York, 1987. [10]	-0.0668227
Attitudes towards money and pay satis faction revisited, Personality and Individual Differences,19, 809-817, 1995. [11] Tang, T, L, P, The development of a New Money Ethic Scale:	Tang, T. L. P. ~~~ The development of a short Money Ethic Scale: Attitudes towards money and pay satis faction revisited. ~~~ Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 809-817, 1995. [11] ~~~ Tang, T. L. P.	0.412249
	The development of a New Money Ethic Scale: A cross-cultural Study, 1999. [12]	-0.3
A cross-cultural Study, 1999. [12] Tang, T, L, P, and team The Love of Money and Pay Level Satisfaction:	Tang, T. L. P. et al. ~~~ The Love of Money and Pay Level Satisfaction: Measurement and Functional Equivalence in 29 Geopolitical Entities around the World.	0.630172
	Management and Organization Review, 2:3, 423452.	-0.3
	Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2006. [13]	-0.3
Measurement and Functional Equivalence in 29 Geopolitical Entities around the World, Management and Organization Review, 2:3, 423-452, Blackwell Publishing Ltd,,2006, [13] Tang, T, L, P, and team Who ever loves money is never satisfied with his or her income: implications for unethical behavior intention, Parts of paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, August 8-13, 2008.	Tang, T. L. P. et al. Whoever loves money is never satisfied with his or her income: implications for unethical behavior intention. ~~~ Parts of paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, August 8-13, 2008.	0.870081
Primljen:	Receieved: 07.	1.68
	2011.	-0.3
Jul 2011.	Accepted: 03.	0.166667
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Mart 2012. O autoru Zorica Marković Departman za psihologiju, Filozofski fakultet u Nišu Dr Zorica Marković trenutno radi kao docent na Odseku za psihologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Nišu.	About the Author Zorica Marković Psyhology Department, Faculty of Philosophy, Niš Zorica Marković, PhD, is currently working as assisstant professor at the Psychology Department, Faculty of Philosophy in Niš.	1.40157
Predaje predmete Psihologija marketinga, Psihologija menadžmenta, Psihologija rada i Psihologija organizacije.	She teaches Marketing Psychology, Management Psychology, Work Psychology and Organizational Psychology courses.	0.54703
Diplomirala je psihologiju na Filozofskom fakultetu u Nišu, magistrirala na Filozofskom fakultetu u Beogradu i doktorirala na Filozofskom fakultetu u Nišu 2006. godine sa tezom Profili ličnosti menadžera i njihove sklonosti u stilu upravljanja i odlučivanja.	She received her bachelor degree in psychology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Niš, completed her masters degree at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade and received her PhD degree from the Faculty of Philosophy in Niš in 2006 on Personality profiles of managers and their preferences in management styles and decisionmaking.	1.37094
Objavila je monografiju pod naslovom Psihologija lidera i sledbenika i brojne naučne članke.	She published a monograph entitled The Psychology of Leaders and Followers in addition to numerous scholarly articles.	0.441997
Iva Antanasijević Departman za psihologiju, Filozofski fakultet u Nišu e-mail: olla717@open.telekom.rs Diplomirani psiholog, na master studijama iz kliničke psihologije.	Iva Antanasijević Psychology Department, Faculty of Philosophy, Niš e-mail: olla717@open.telekom.rs Iva Antanasijević is a BA psychologist, currently at master studies in clinical psychology.	1.16516
Edukant druge godine sistemske porodične terapije.	She is a second year trainee in systemic family therapy.	0.293617
Zaposlena u Centru za socijalni rad Paraćin u službi za zaštitu dece i mladih, kao stručni radnik na poziciji voditelja slučaja.	She is employed at the Welfare Center Paraćin in child and adolescent protection service, as a welfare worker at the case manager position.	0.96866
Angažovana kao stručni saradnik na projektima pružanje usluga u socijalnoj zaštiti.	She is also engaged as an expert consultant on projects providing services in social welfare.	1.29231
Poseduje brojne sertifikate akreditovanih programa iz oblasti socijalne zaštite. ~~~ Branko Ninković SANI, Šabac Rodjen 1967. godine u Šapcu.	She has numerous certificates of accredited programs in the field of social protection.	0.0807692
Profesionalnu karijeru započeo 1990. godine kao suosnivač i suvlasnik privatnog preduzeća Sani d.o.o. ~~~ Šabac.	Born in Šabac, in 1967, he started his professional career in 1990, as a co-founder and co-owner of a private company Sani d.o.o Šabac.	0.409454
Kao generalni menadžer, preduzeće je vrlo uspešno razvio u poslovni sistem Sani Group koji danas čini pet kompanija : ~~~ Sani d.o.o. ~~~ Šabac, Oto-Optik a.d.Beograd, Cineoptica.d. ~~~ Beograd i Getaldus d.o.o.	As manager general, he successfully developed the company into a business system, Sani Group which currently includes five companies: Sanid.o.o. Šabac, Oto-Optika.d. Beograd, Cineoptic a.d. Beograd and Getaldus d.o.o. Kraljevo.	-0.0543103
Kraljevo. ~~~ Aktivan u radu stručnih udruženja i asocijacija.	Mr. Ninković is an active participant in the work of professional associations.	0.291667
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Robert M. Mason Fakultet za informatiku, Vašingtonski univerzitet u Sijetlu, WA 98195-2840 Pro me ne u agil no sti or ga ni za ci je: iza zov i mo guć no sti dru štve nih me di ja UDK: ~~~ 005.591:005.21 ; 005.336.5:005.57 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.-09. ~~~ Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija Or ga ni za ci je, po seb no or ga ni za ci je ko je se ba ve raz vo jem i pri me nom zna nja či ja do da ta vred nost u ve li koj me ri za vi si od in for ma ci ja pred so bom ima ju če ti ri iza zo va.	Branko Ninković SANI, Šabac Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Robert M. Mason The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2840 The Changing Face of Agility: the Challenge and Opportunity of Social Media UDC: 005.591:005.21 ; 005.336.5:005.57 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0009 XIII International Symposium SymOrg 2012, 05 - 09 June 2012, Zlatibor, Serbia Organizations, especially organizations that are engaged in knowledge work whose value added depends heavily on information are facing 4 challenges.	-0.1475
U ovoj pre zen ta ci ji že leo bih da ob ja snim za što ovi iza zo vi po sto je, ka kve su po sle di ce tren do va ko je da nas za pa ža mo u eko nom skom i po slov nom okru že nju i ka ko or ga ni za ci je mo gu da od go vo re na ove iza zo ve. ~~~ Ključ ne re či:	In this presentation, I want to illustrate why these challenges exist, what the consequences are of the trends that we see in todays economic and business environment, and how organizations can meet these challenges.	0.123515
Agilnost, socijalni mediji, strategija, organizacija, inovacija, milenijumska generacija.	Keywords: Agility, social media, strategy, organization, innovation, millennial generation.	1.29639
Živimo u periodu revolucije, u periodu dubokih promena.	We are in a revolution, a period of profound change.	1.25909
Organizacije i institucije moraju da se menjaju ako žele da opstanu i da zadrže svoj značaj, kao što i mi kao istraživači moramo kritički da ispitujemo naše organizacione modele i pretpostavke.	Organizations and institutions must transform themselves if they are to survive and remain relevant; and we as researchers must critically examine our organizational models and assumptions.	0.953939
Revolucija je posledica sticanja i međusobnog delovanja 3 toka promena: ~~~ Tehnologije [internet i povezanost, platforme društvenih medija] Demografije Vrednosti i društvenih normi ponašanje u društvu i zajednici. ~~~ U nekoliko narednih pasusa analiziraćemo ova tri trenda i opisati kao oni utiču na način kao živimo i radimo zajedno, kako utiču na proces inovacija i kako ćemo možda morati da revidiramo naš pristup liderstvu i istraživanju kada su organizacije u pitanju.	The revolution is due to the confluence and interactions of 3 streams of change: Technology [Internet and connectivity, social media platforms] Demographics Values and social normssocietal and community behavior The next few paragraphs review these three trends and describe how they affect how we work and live together, how they affect the process of innovation, and how we may need to revise our approaches to leadership and research on organizations.	0.396875
Bez obzira na to da li smo praktičari ili naučnici, moramo kritički da pristupimo ranijim iskustvima i znanjima kao i ranijim pretpostavkama o tome kao treba da se organizujemo za razvoj i primenu znanja. 1.	Whether we are practitioners or researchers, we have to take a critical approach to our past experiences and knowledge and our past assumptions about how we organize for knowledge work. ~~~ 1.	0.178642
Teh no lo gi ja i tok in for ma ci ja Prvi trend predstavlja talas platformi i usluga društvenih medija koji se pojavio i koji privlači ogroman broj korisnika (i investitora: dok ja ovo pišem, u početnoj javnoj ponudi Fejsbuk je procenjen na više od 100 milijardi dolara, što je do sada najveći IPO).	Technology and information flow The first trend is the wave of social media platforms and services that have emerged and are attracting huge numbers of users (and investors: as I write this, Facebooks initial public offering valued the company at over $100B, the largest ever IPO).	0.789119
Sveprisutnost društvenih medija menja način na koji se ljudi ponašaju kao što menja i društvene norme.	The ubiquity of social media changes how people behave and changes societal norms.	0.849899
Da navedemo samo neke primere o tome šta je normalno u skladu sa današnjim skupom informacija i komunikacionih tehnologija: ~~~ Knjige se za sekundu isporučuju na tablet-računare koji mogu da prime skoro neograničen broj knjiga Podrazumeva se da svi imaju pristup informacijama; rasprava o podacima se može završiti u vrlo kratkom roku; Wikipedia je ogroman broj podataka uobličila i okupila u skup dostupnih podataka, i to na nekoliko jezika Staromodni sneakernet (fizičko prenošenje podataka putem USB, flopi diska, itd.) koji se koristio kao metod prenošenja informacija među prijateljima i kolegama dopunjen je internet platformama koje omogućuju razmenu informacija i to velikom brzinom i dometom; informacija postaje dostupna svima za nekoliko dana ili čak sati Razmena ličnih informacija i dalje se širi putem sve većeg broja platformi društvenih medija.	Here are some examples of what is normal with todays set of information and communications technologies Books delivered in seconds to hand-held tablets, which can hold trunk-loads of books Access to information is assumed; discussions of facts can be settled quickly; Wikipedia has consolidated the world of facts into a set of accessible resourcesin multiple languages The old-fashioned sneaker-net used to communicate by word of mouth among friends and colleagues is complemented by Internet platforms that enable information sharing with unprecedented speed and reach; an information event can go viral in days or even hours Personal information sharing continues to expand through an increasing number of social media platforms.	0.284671
Facebook je možda najpoznatija takva mreža, sa više od 900 miliona aktivnih korisnika (Anon.), ali ima još mnogo drugih platformi: ~~~ Youtube, Twitter, Pinterest, ... a svakodnevno se rađaju i nove.	While Facebook perhaps is the best known, with over 900 million active users , there are dozens of other platforms: Youtube, Twitter, Pinterest, …, and new ones are being offered every day.	1.08467
Nepoznato je koliko zaista blo Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 gova postoji, ali imenik Technorati navodi više od 1,3 miliona.	Its unclear how many blogs exist, but the Technorati directory list over 1.3 million The result is an information ecosystem in which different platforms evolve and change and become differentiated over time.	0.581667
Posledica svega ovoga je nastajanje jednog ekosistema informacija u kome se različite platforme rađaju i razvijaju i vremenom diferenciraju jedna od druge.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Information sharing has become big business.	0.162766
Razmena informacija postala je zaista unosan posao.		-0.3
Po ceni od 38 dolara po akciji, po početnoj ponudi (IPO) Facebook je vredeo više od 100 milijardi dolara, što predstavlja dosad najveću početnu vrednost neke javne kompanije (RAICE).	With a price of $38/share, Facebooks initial public offering (IPO), which valued the company at over $100 billion, which was the largest ever initial valuation for a public company .	0.788312
Čak i uz nedavne fluktuacije cena akcija, visok rejting firme pokazuje koliko je poslovno interesovanje za kompanije u oblasti društvenih medija. 2.	Even with the recent fluctuations in share price, the high valuation of the firm shows how much business interest exists in social media companies. ~~~ 2.	0.390142
De mo gra fi ja Kao da tehnološke promene koje su u toku nisu dovoljne, svedoci smo kretanja svetskog stanovništva.	Demographics If the technological changes taking place were not enough, were seeing a major shift in the demographics of the worlds population.	0.655844
Net Generation generacija koja je odrasla uz internet ulazi u poslovni svet dok se generacija bebi bumersa polako povlači u penziju.	The Net Generationthe generation that has grown up with the Internetis entering the workplace as the Baby Boomers are entering retirement age.	0.688038
Kao što se može videti na tabeli 1 (pokazuje cifre za SAD, mada su relativne veličine kad je reč o generacijama u svetu sasvim slične), ova generacija je najrasprostranjenija od svih generacija nastalih posle Drugog svetskog rata.	As shown in Table 1 (which shows U.S. figures, although the relative sizes of the generations for the world are comparable), the generation is the largest post World War II generation.	0.869153
Tabela 1.	Table 1.	2.2625
Procena populacije tri generacije radnika Generacija Bebi bumeri Generacija X Odrasli uz ra(cid: ~~~ Godina ro(cid:		-0.3
Uzrast 2000 po popisu Uzrast u teku(cid: ~~~ 2012 Procene populacije * 1946-1964 1965-1977 1978-1994 82,8 miliona 50,9 miliona 69,1 miliona 36-54 20-35 6-22 48-66 35-47 18-34 *procene populacije zasnovane su na popisu u SAD 2000. godine Demografska kretanja se ipak ne odnose samo na brojeve.	Population Estimates of Three Generations of Workers Generation Birth Year Age in 2000 Current Age in Baby Boomers Generation X Digital Natives 1946-1964 1965-1977 1978-1994 Census 36-54 20-35 6-22 48-66 35-47 18-34 Population Estimates * 82.8 million 50.9 million 69.1 million The demographic shift is not just about numbers, however.	0.522895
Pripadnici ove generacije unose na radno mesto lakoću rukovanja novim informacionim i komunikacionim tehnologijama.	Members of this generation bring into the workplace an ease with the new technologies of information and communication.	0.497087
Pripadnici ove generacije nikada nisu upoznali svet bez interneta, mobilnih telefona, laptop računara i slobodnog pristupa informacijama.	Members of this generation have never known a world that does not have the Internet, mobile phones, laptop computers, and ready access to information.	0.787805
Ova generacija ima drugačiji stav prema informacijama i radu.	This generation has a different attitude about information and work.	1.47273
Oni imaju drugačija očekivanja u vezi sa njihovim odnosom sa organizacijom za koju rade i o tome šta treba da bude rezultat njihovih zalaganja.	They have different expectations about their relationship to organizations for which they work and what they expect their efforts to produce.	1.11326
Za njih poslodavci ne predstavljaju sigurnu luku, stoga ne pokazuju lojalnost firmi.	They do not see employers as safe economic havens and thus do not exhibit firm loyalty.	0.29589
Oni se mogu odlučiti za neku kompaniju na osnovu vrednosti te kompanije i mogućnosti da ta kompanija ima uticaj na društvo; oni žele da svojim radom promene svet.	They may choose companies based on the values of the company and the opportunity to have an impact on society; they want their work to change the world.	0.783908
Iako ovo nije univerzalno rasprostranjeno osećanje, u ovoj generaciji postoji veliki broj onih sa izoštrenim osećajem za socijalnu pravdu.	While not universal, there is a high percentage in this generation that has a heightened sense of social justice.	0.5125
Oni se bave asimetrijom u svetu, i u ekonomskom smislu i u smislu informacija.	They are concerned with the asymmetries in the world, both economic and information.	1.12532
Njihov osećaj za informaciju razlikuje se od osećaja starije generacije.	Their sense of information differs from the older generation.	1.13333
Kako je jedna predstavnica internet generacije izjavila na simpozijumu o inovacijama (dok je tvitovala onome o čemu se diskutuje):		-0.3
Ideja nije stvarna ukoliko je nisam razmenila s nekim. ~~~ Na tabeli 2 sumirane su neke razlike između bebi bumera i internet generacije.	As one NetGener expressed it in a symposium on innovation (as she was tweeting about what was being discussed), An idea isnt real until Ive shared it.).Table 2 summarizes some of the distinctions between the Baby Boomers and Net Generation.	1.09727
Pripadnici internet generacije su uglavnom naučili od svojih roditelja da je sve moguće i tako stekli samopouzdanje i optimizam u svojoj nameri da nešto promene. [Još uvek je prerano da se kaže da li će ova produžena recesija i privredni pad uticati na ovo samopouzdanje.] Veliki broj pripadnika ove generacije otvara svoje firme ili očekuje da otpočne posao, a veliki broj tih novih firmi vezan je za informacionu tehnologiju, razmenu informacija i društveno umrežavanje.	For the most part, members of the Net Generation have been told by their parents that anything is possible, resulting in self-confidence and optimism in their capability to make a difference. ~~~ [It is too early to tell if a protracted recession and economic downturn will affect this confidence.] ~~~ Many in this generation start businesses or anticipate starting businesses, and many of the new businesses are related to information technology, information sharing, and social networking.	0.00421607
Internet generacija u pojavi novih tehnologija ne vidi samo priliku; oni vide mogućnosti da kombinuju tehnologije (mashup).	The NetGeners see not only opportunities in the emergence of new technologies; they see opportunities with combining technologies (mashups).	1.26147
Veliki broj pripadnika internet generacije, čak i ako kasnije postanu preduzetnici, prvo se zapošljavaju u stabilnim kompanijama.	Many NetGeners, even if they become entrepreneurs later, first go into established companies.	1.03275
Kada se zaposle, kombinacija njihovog samopouzdanja u vezi sa novim oblicima komuniciranja i lagodnosti koju osećaju prema novim tehnologijama često dovode do napetosti u odnosima sa drugim zaposlenima koji su navikli na ustaljen način rada.	When they do, the combination of their confidence with new forms of communication with their comfort with technologies often creates tensions with workers used to more established routines.	0.832346
Ovi mlađi radnici a i drugi koji su prihvatili novije tehnologije i postupke u radu kao da se izdvajaju po svom pristupu radu.	These younger workersand others who have embraced the newer technologies and work practicesseem to stand apart with their approach to work.	0.805832
Njihovo ponašanje nije uvek u skladu s postupcima i očekivanjima njihovih kolega koji više vole drugačiji pristup informacijama i radu.	They exhibit behaviors that often are inconsistent with the practices and expectations of their colleagues who prefer a different approach to information and work.	0.821842
To ima za posledicu da lideri organizacija u kojima postoji mešovita radna snaga u smislu uzrasta i iskustva nailaze na izazove koji nadilaze očekivane izazove sa kojima su suočene organizacije koje imaju homogeniju radnu snagu (Barzilai-Nahon i Mason, 2010).	As a consequence, leaders of organizations with a mix of ages and experience in their workforce face challenges that go beyond the expected challenges of organizations that have a more homogeneous workforce .	0.924526
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Tabela 2.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Table 2.	1.66364
Poređenje stilova rada između generacije odrasle uz računar i bebi bumera Vrednosti, stavovi i stilovi Generacija odrasla uz ra(cid:		-0.3
Bebi bumeri Stila rada Stil u(cid:		-0.3
Saradnja Motivacija Multitasking Upravljanje vremenom U(cid:		-0.3
na osnovu iskustva U(cid:		-0.3
na osnovu predavanja Saradljivost Nezavisnost Pozitivno podsticanje; takmi(cid:		-0.3
iz zabave Takmi(cid: ~~~ se obi(cid: ~~~ završava bez pobednika Poštovanje prema autoritetu Shvatanje autoriteta Poštovanje prema drugima treba da se zasluži Struktura Decentralizovana, nema hijerarhije, sveobuhvatna Centralizovana, hierarhijska, isklju(cid: ~~~ Pristup informacijama Svi imaju pristup Pristup imaju samo oni koji imaju mo(cid: ~~~ [Prilagođeno na osnovu (Barzilai-Nahon i Mason, 2010); takođe videti (Tapscott, 2009a)] 3.	Comparison of Working Styles of Digital Natives and Baby Boomers Values, Attitudes, and Styles Digital Natives Baby Boomers Work style Multitasking Time management Learning style Learn from experience Learn from instruction Collaboration Collaborative Independent Motivations Positive reinforcement; competition for fun Competition typically is zero-sum game View on authority Respect for others is earned Respect for authority Structure Decentralized, nonhierarchical, inclusive Centralized, hierarchical, exclusive Information access Access for all Access to those in power [Adapted from(Barzilai-Nahon and Mason 2010) ; See also (Tapscott 2009a)] 3.	-0.131321
Vred no sti i dru štve ne nor me Tehnologija, društvene norme ponašanja i propisane vrednosti razvijaju se zajedno (Barzilai-Nahon i Mason, 2010).	Values and social norms Technology, social norms of behavior, and enacted values coevolve .	0.513924
Vrednosti zajednice i društvene vrednosti izražene su društvenim normama; norme ponašanja jedne zajednice odražavaju vrednosti koje se nalaze u osnovi te zajednice.	Community and societal values are expressed in social norms; a communitys behavioral norms reflect the underlying values of that community.	1.08772
Tehnologija ne izaziva promene, ali olakšava istraživanje opcija u ponašanju što može da dovede do promena u načinu na koji se osnovne vrednosti manifestuju.	Technology does not cause changes but does facilitate the exploration of behavioral options, which may lead to changes in how fundamental values are manifest.	0.648971
Uzmimo, na primer, koncept privatnosti.	Consider, as an example, the concept of privacy.	0.75
Softverske platforme omogućavaju trgovcima da ponude određene koristi kupcima koji razmenjuju više informacija, stoga ljudi mogu da zaključe da te koristi mogu da budu veće od cene odustajanja od onoga što se može smatrati privatnom informacijom.	As software platforms enable merchants to offer benefits to buyers who share more information, people may decide the benefits outweigh the cost of giving up what can be private information.	0.772571
Isto tako, korisnici obično zaključuju da Facebook i Google donose dovoljno koristi tako da rado tolerišu njihove pokušaje da prikupe lične informacije u zamenu za lagodnost korišćenja ovih mreža.	Similarly, users typically find that Facebook and Google provide sufficient benefits that they are willing to tolerate the collection of personal information in return for the convenience of use.	0.783929
Posledica toga je da se prethodno prihvaćene norme privatnosti po mišljenu mnogih razaraju.	As a consequence, previously accepted norms of privacy have been, in many observers eyes, eroded.	1.14983
To opet ima za posledicu da se i sam pojam privatnosti u današnjem svetu menja.	The result is that the very notion of privacy in todays world is undergoing change.	0.849067
Druge promene u normama ponašanja se u različitom stepenu zapažaju u različitim zajednicama i korporativnim kulturama: ~~~ Dostupnost smart-telefona znači da vlasnik takvog aparata uvek može da bude na raspolaganju i to menja očekivanja u vezi sa njegovom reakcijom na pitanja i probleme koje njegovi saradnici mogu da mu postave. ~~~ Dostupnost usluga baziranih na lokaciji koja za posledicu ima osećaj stalnog prisustva za prijatelje, po rodicu i saradnike. ~~~ Posledica činjenice da su nove tehnologije danas dostupne svima, radnici koji se bave razvojem i primenom znanja osećaju da je podvojenost između života kod kuće i života na poslu manja.	Other changes in behavioral norms are observed to varying degrees in different communities and corporate cultures: The availability of smartphones means that one may always be available, changing the expectations of responsiveness to questions and issues arising from coworkers The availability of location-based services, leading to a sense of persistent presence for ones friends, family, and coworkers As a consequence of the affordances of the technologies, knowledge workers experience less separation of home life and work life.	-0.0401195
Društveni život, lični život i radni život mešaju se više nego ikad. ~~~ Telekomuniciranje se sve više prihvata.	Social life, personal life, and work life become intermingled more than ever before Telecommuting is more accepted.	0.380769
Rad od kuće predstavlja normu za veliki broj radnika čiji se posao zasniva na radu sa kodovima i sistemima.	Working from home is the norm for many workers whose jobs are based on coding and systems work.	0.566422
Mnogi ljudi mogu da rade (i rade) a da nemaju kancelariju u firmi.	Many people can (and do) work without an office at the firm.	1.42385
Drugi mogu da dele radno mesto na centralnoj lokaciji (centrali).	Others may share workplaces at a central location.	0.211364
U većini slučajeva timski rad je pravilo.	In most cases, teamwork is the norm.	0.607258
Rad obavljaju zajednice prakse gde pojedinci rade u sprezi sa drugima i tako stvaraju rezultate, više nego što je to slučaj kad rade svaki za sebe po principu razbijanja posla na posebne zadatke, po šemi kakvu je dao i Taylor (Wenger, 1998).	Work is accomplished by communities of practice where individuals are working interdependently to produce output more often than working independently on a Taylor-like decomposition of separable tasks.	0.893425
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 4.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 4.	1.49464
Po sle di ce Zajednički razvoj informacionih tehnologija (posebno društvenih medija) i društvenih normi i vrednosti tokom promena u demografiji radnika znanja podržava ovaj period revolucije.	Consequences The coevolution of information technology (particularly social media) with social norms and values as the demographics of knowledge workers are shifting provides the fuel for this revolutionary period.	0.605263
Ovo vodi značajnim pomeranjima i lomovima, a posledično i izazovima kako za praktičare tako i za istraživače.	This results in significant shifts and disruptions, and consequential challenges for practitioners and researchers.	0.887879
Ipak, u svakoj revoluciji nešto ostaje nepromenjeno, a naš zadatak je da ispitamo šta se u ovom periodu nije promenilo.	However, in any revolution, some things remain unchanged, and we should examine what is unchanged in this period.	1.06782
Trebalo bi da ispitamo šta to ostaje u osnovi i kad pred sobom imamo okruženje koje izgleda dinamično, kao da se velikom brzinom menja.	We should examine what continues to be foundational whenever we face what appears to be a dynamic and rapidly changing environment.	0.83474
U današnjoj situaciji, usudio bih se da tvrdim da jedan princip ostaje neizmenjen.	In todays setting, I would posit that one principle remains constant.	0.74
Taj princip jeste da primarni pokretač ekonomskog rasta i razvoja ostaje inovacija, posebno tehnička inovacija.	This principle is that the primary driver of economic growth and development continues to be innovation, particularly technical innovation.	1.5465
Ipak, čak i kad inovacija ostaje ključ ekonomskog rasta, procesi koji dovode do inovacije se menjaju.	However, even as innovation remains a key to economic growth, the processes by which innovation occurs are changing.	1.49822
Sama inovacija je pod uticajem spoja tehnologije, društvenih normi i demografije.	Innovation itself is affected by the confluence of technology, social norms, and demographics.	0.258904
Glavni pomeraj u mišljenju bila je ideja da inovacija proizilazi iz velikog broja izvora.	A major shift in thinking has been the idea of crowdsourcing innovation.	0.684119
Ova ideja postoji već decenijama (Quinn, 2000), a iskustvo velikih firmi kao što je Procter & Gamble (Rao i Sakkab, 2006) pokazalo je koliko je značajna upotreba mreže resursa van firme kad treba rešiti probleme vezane za inoviranje proizvoda i procesa.	The idea has been around for a decade, and the experience of major firms such as Procter & Gamble has shown the value of using networks of resources outside the firm to resolve issues associated with product and process innovation.	0.844951
Ono što izgleda drugačije jeste ritam kojim generacija odrasla uz računare (i drugi) stvaraju nova preduzeća na osnovu dostupnosti društvenih medija.	What seems to be different is the rate of new venture formation by NetGeners (and others) based on the affordances of social media.	0.777273
Na primer, to što je Facebook stvorio jedan pripadnik ove generacije ne bi trebalo da predstavlja iznenađenje.	It should not be a surprise that Facebook was started by a NetGener, for example.	0.547059
Neki drugi primeri možda nisu tako očigledni, ali pogledajmo još jedan preduzetnički primer, primer kompanije Quirky.	Other examples may not be so obvious, but lets look at another entrepreneurial case, that of Quirky.	0.575294
Quirky je osnovao Ben Kaufman 2009. godine, kada je imao 23 godine.	Quirky was formed in 2009 by Ben Kaufman when he was 23.	1.38211
Quirky je pravi primer korišćenja resursa iz više izvora (crowdsourcing), razvoja na bazi tehnologija društvenih medija koji predstavljaju osnovu mnogih preduzetničkih poduhvata internet generacije. 5.	Quirky illustrates the power of crowdsourcing, building on social media technologies, which provide the basis for many of the NetGeners entrepreneurial efforts. ~~~ 5.	0.220245
Qu irky Quirky je kompanija osnovana 2009. godine kao rezultat vizije Bena Kaufmana.	Quirky Quirky is a company formed in 2009 that resulted from the vision of Ben Kaufman.	0.942857
Njegovo lice se viđalo na posterima, bio je dete preduzimača, a poseduje (kada je imao 23 godine) veliki broj karakteristika koje se vezuju za internet generaciju.	As a self-identified poster child of young serial entrepreneurs, Kaufman (age 23) illustrates many of the characteristics we identify with NetGeners.	0.547343
Njegova životna priča otkriva kreativnost, želju, porive i pristupe koje internet generacija pokazuje kada se zabavlja sa inovacijama.	His story demonstrates the creativity, desire, drive, and approach NetGeners take to having fun with innovation.	0.406062
Quirky je Kaufmanov treći veliki poduhvat.	Quirky is Kaufmans third major launch.	0.684454
Njegov prvi poduhvat bio je mophie, a započeo je kad je još bio srednjoškolac.	His first venture was mophie, begun when he was in high school.	1.13251
Mophie je osnovan kao firma za proizvodnju i prodaju slušalica sa kablom na izvlačenje za iPod Shuffle.	Mophie was formed to manufacture and sell retractable lanyard ear buds for the iPod Shuffle.	1.00823
Ovaj proizvod je imao uspeha i mophie je kao model bio savršeniji od slušalica sa kablom na izvlačenje, sa više dodataka za iPod i Apple proizvode.	The product succeeded, and mophie followed the lanyard with more add-ons for the iPod and Apple products.	1.17667
Godine 2006., dve godine pošto je osnovan, mophie proizvod pod nazivom Relo postao je još jedan hit na izložbi MaxWorld.	In 2006, two years after its formation, mophies Relo product was another hit at the MacWorld expo.	0.887149
Naredne godine, pošto je uspeo da prikupi kapital koji mu je omogućio da ima profesionalno projektovan štand na MacWorld, Kaufman ga je izbacio rekavši da ne želi da bude samo neka obična uspešna kompanija i upotrebio 2x4s da izgradi kompaktnu prostoriju bez zidova koja je metaforično opisivala nesvršenu prirodu njegovog posla.	The next year at MacWorld, having succeeded in raising venture capital that enabled him to have a professionally designed booth, Kaufman threw it outnoting that he did not want to be just another successful companyand used 2x4s to build a framed-in, wall-less room that metaphorically stated the unfinished nature of his business.	0.694203
Podelio je 30000 pad aparata dežurnim radnicima na MacWorld sa porukom pomozite nam da odlučimo šta ćemo dalje i da projektujemo našu sledeću proizvodnu liniju.	He handed out 30,000 pads to MacWorld attendees with the message, help us decide on and design our next product line.	0.707699
Otkrio je da desetine hiljada ljudi želi da ponudi svoje ideje i prihvatio je izazov da uradi celokupan projekat za 72 časa.	He discovered tens of thousands of people were willing to offer ideas, and he took on the challenge of doing a complete design within 72 hours.	2.08929
Do kraja izložbe mophie je poslužio kao prototip i predstavio tri nova proizvoda (Anon.,2009).	By the end of the show, mophie had prototyped and introduced three new products .	1.22941
Izvanredan uspeh ovog procesa kraudsorsinga u razvoju novog proizvoda naveo je Kaufmana da razmišlja i o procesu, a ne samo o proizvodima.	The extraordinary success of this process of crowdsourcing new product development got Kaufman thinking about the process, not just the products.	0.691444
Uprkos uspehu mophie aparata, ili baš zbog njegovog uspeha, Kaufman je shvatio da mu je dosadno.	Despite, or perhaps because of, the success of mophie, Kaufman realized he was bored.	0.858904
Tri meseca posle MacWorld 2006 prodao je mophie (koji je opisao kao izradu iPod kondoma).	Three months after MacWorld 2006, he sold mophie (which he described as making iPod condoms).	1.03421
Rekao je Prodao sam proizvod ali sam zadržao proces.	As he put it, I sold the product but kept the process.	0.586364
Onda je posvetio vreme usavršavanju ideje za kluster, platforme za zajedničko odlučivanje koja bi usmeravala kraudsorsing inovacije predstavljene na MacWorld 2007.	He then devoted time to refining the idea of kluster, a collaborative decision making platform that would streamline the crowdsourcing of innovation that was done at MacWorld 2007.	1.1039
Kluster prati doprinose koje svaka osoba daje dizajnu (na primer, boja, ime ili neka druga karakteristika koja doprinosi uspehu proizvoda) i primenjuje zajedničko odlučivanje kada se radi o najvažnijim odlukama u Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 vezi sa dizajnom.	Kluster tracks the contributions each person makes to the design (e.g., color, name, or other characteristic that contributes to the products success) and uses collaborative decision making on major design decisions.	0.848763
Kluster je ubrzo doveo do namethis (dajte mu ime), grupni pristup izboru imena za proizvode i proizvodne linije.	Kluster soon spun off namethis, a crowd-based approach to selecting names for products and product lines.	0.636458
Koristeći kluster kao platformu i uvažavajući snagu procesa kraudsorsinga Kaufman je počeo da okuplja tim koji će oformiti Quirky [12].	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 With kluster as the platform and an appreciation of the power of the crowdsourcing process, Kaufmanhas begun assembling a team that would form Quirky .	1.0096
Posle dve godine istraživanja, izgradnje tima i testiranja, Quirky se pojavio juna 2009. godine.	After two years of research, team-building, and testing, Quirky emerged in June 2009.	1.32683
Quirky nudi kombinaciju platforme i procesa (na bazi klustera) kojima se usmerava saradnički (kraudsorsing) pristup inovacijama i razvoju novog proizvoda.	Quirky provides a combination of platform and process (based on kluster) that streamlines the collaborative (crowdsourcing) approach to innovation and new product development.	0.834202
Quirky omogućava svima da predlože ideju za proizvod koja se onda predstavlja zajednici Quirky gde se komentariše i odakle se šalje povratna informacija (uključujući i demografiju onih koji daju povratnu informaciju).	Quirky enables anyone to suggest a product idea, which is then submitted to the Quirky community for comments and feedback (including the demographics on those providing feedback).	0.76023
Svaka ideja se razmatra za naredni proizvod kompanije Quirky, što znači da se Quirky fokusira na ocenjivanje i usavršavanje jedne ideje i pretvaranje te ideje u proizvod.	Each idea is considered for the next Quirky product, which means that the Quirky community focuses on evaluating and polishing an idea and turning it into a product.	1.13772
Quirky proces i platforma omogućava svakome u ovoj širokoj mreži (zajednica Quirky) da predloži svoje ideje, da svoj doprinos u svakoj fazi procesa inoviranja i bude nagrađen za svoj doprinos. 6.	The Quirky process and platform enables anyone in the extensive network (the Quirky community) to submit ideas, contribute at each stage of the innovation process, and be rewarded for their contribution. ~~~ 6.	0.184868
Dru gi pri me ri Ideja o kraudsorsingu i otvorenoj inovaciji postala je toliko popularna da postoji vebstranica posvećena razmeni informacija o prilikama lista otvorenih inovatora (De Ridder)- spisak skoro 100 sajtova je opsežan od ranih proizvoda nastalih masovnom saradnjom kao što je Linux, Yahoo Answers, WikiPedia preko nezavisnih platformi kojima se dovode u kontakt nezavisni ugovarači sa specifičnim potrebama [na primer, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Human Grid] do onih koje se više fokusiraju na nove proizvode [na primer, Quirky, Threadless and Spreadshirt (majice i majice s kapuljačom); Dream Heels (cipele po meri i ukusu korisnika)].	Other Examples The idea of crowdsourcing and open innovation has become so popular that there is a website devoted to sharing information about the opportunitiesa list of open innovators. ~~~ The list of almost 100 sites is widerangingfrom early peer production represented by Linux, Yahoo Answers, WikiPediato freelance platforms that match independent contractors with specific needs [e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk; Human Grid]to those more focused on creating new products [e.g., Quirky, Threadless and Spreadshirt (T-shirts and hoodies); Dream Heels (custom shoes)].	0.501044
Sve ove firme ipak nisu stvorili isključivo pripadnici internet generacije na spisku se nalaze i dobro pozicionirane i stabilne firme (na primer, Dell, Kraft, Sara Lee, Nokia, Starbucks,...) što pokazuje da su svesne ovih mogućnosti ali se pripadnici internet generacije svakako nalaze u velikom broju među osnivačima firmi na ovom spisku. 7.	Not all are startups by NetGenersestablished firms are represented in the list (e.g., Dell, Kraft, Sara Lee, Nokia, Starbucks, …), showing that they are aware of the opportunitiesbut founders from the Net Generation are well represented in the list. ~~~ 7.	0.283142
Im pli ka ci je za prak tič nu pri me nu Sažimanje gore opisanih trendova i kraudsorsing pristup procesu inovacija stavljaju pred lidere organizacija četiri izazova kojima treba da odgovore ako žele da njigove organizacije ostanu u formi.	Implications for practice The convergence of the above trends, and the crowdsourcing approaches to the innovation process, present organizational leaders with four challenges if their organizations are to remain agile.	0.566638
Izazov 1: ~~~ Životni ciklus talenta (ili: pet sila ponovo) U prošlosti, konkurencija i dinamičnost prvenstveno su smatrani karakteristikama tržišta i industrijskog sektora: takmičenje za pridobijanje kupca i tržišnog udela i sprečavanje drugih da uđu na tržište.	Challenge 1: The Talent Life Cycle (or, the Five Forces Revisited) In the past, competition and dynamism have been seen primarily as market and industry sector characteristics: competition for the customer and market share and defending against new entrants into the marketplace.	0.214286
Tokom 1990ih, konkurencija se definiše kao trka (rat) za osvajanje i upravljanje talentima, a organizaciona agilnost predstavljala je ključ za privlačenje talenata.	In the 1990s, the competition was seen as the race (war) to acquire and manage talent, and organizational agility was a key to attracting talent.	0.760264
U današnjem hiperkonkurentnom ekonomskom okruženju zadržale su se obe dimenzije, i dinamičnost prema potrošaču i dinamičnost prema dobavljaču, ali konkurencija u privlačenju talenata sama za sebe predstavlja samo početni korak u takmičenju da se ovaj talenat iskoristi na efektivan način, u jednom proširenom ciklusu talenta koji prevazilazi samo zapošljavanje.	In todays hypercompetitive economic environment, both dynamism in downstream (customer) and upstream (supplier) dimensions remain, but the competition for attracting talent per se is only the beginning step in a competition to effectively utilize this talent in an expanded talent cycle that extends beyond employment.	1.22044
Kada dolaze na radno mesto, mladi radnici znanja sa sobom donose novu dimenziju dinamike: oni očekuju da se lično usavršavaju preko zadataka koji predstavljaju izazov, traže posao koji je fleksibilniji od onoga što bi bebi bumers voleli (i što su prihvatili), žele da učestvuju u razvoju usmerenom prema ciljevima koji su za njih značajni i traže fleksibilnost u povezivanju i razvijanju svojih sopstvenih mreža.	Young knowledge workers entering the workplace bring with them a new dimension of dynamics: they demand personal development through challenging tasks, job flexibility that is higher than what baby boomers would have preferred (and have accepted), participation in development towards objectives that matter to them, and flexibility in connecting and developing their own networks.	0.925366
Takva očekivanja pred organizaciju postavljaju izazove na koje naši ispitanici odgovaraju na različite načine.	Such preferences pose challenges to organizations to which our respondents provide different responses.	0.695963
U jednoj studiji o firmama u Švajcarskoj koja u Evropi vodi po broju primenjenih inovacija (Anon. ~~~ razgovarali smo sa direktorima C nivoa i pitali ih kako njihove firme izlaze na kraj sa promenama u demografiji (mlađi radnici znanja) i prevlašću društvenih medija (Katzy, Bondar i Mason, 2012).	In a study of firms in Switzerland, which has one of the highest innovation scores in Europe , we interviewed C-level executives and asked how their firms were handling the changes in demographics (younger knowledge workers) and the prevalence of social media.	0.257386
Direktori shvataju da su promene u njihovom pristupu organizacionim strukturama i liderstvu potrebne.	The executives recognized that changes are needed in their approach to organizational structures and leadership.	0.912857
Na primer: ... mladi ljudi koji su odrasli uz igrice, te kompjuterske igrice, oni rade drugačije nego što smo mi radili ... ~~~ Mladi ljudi preuzimaju veću odgovornost [za] na sebe i poslodavcu daju manje, što svakako ima i prednosti i loše strane ... ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Ovakvi stavovi potvrđuju da u firmi i dalje preovlađuje stav da su resursi važni.	For example: …young people whove grown up with games, these computer games, they dont do things the same way as we have done it… ... young people take over more responsibility [for] themselves and give less to an employer, which is certainly having advantages and disadvantages … These observations affirm that the resource-based view of the firm remains dominant.	0.113921
Kako navode direktori, kreativni radnici znanja određuju konkurentnu prednost firme i predstavljaju potencijal za permanentno učenje.	In the eyes of the executives, creative knowledge workers determine the competitive advantage of the firm and represent the Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 capabilities for continued learning.	1.00384
Direktori shvataju da znanje i učenje nisu samo sposobnost pojedinca već kvalitet koji se manifestuje kroz timski rad i organizaciju kao celinu.	The executives recognize that knowledge and learning are not simply an individual capability but one that is manifest through work teams and the organization as a whole.	1.43106
Nove motivacije i vrednosti Kako smo nagovestili u tabeli 2, pripadnici internet generacije se teško prilagođavaju tzv. industrijskim načinima rada, hijerarhijskoj organizaciji i birokratskom odlučivanju organizacionim modelima koje su bebi bumeri prihvatili.	New Motivations and Values As implied in Table 2, NetGeners do not adapt easily to the industrial ways of working, hierarchical organizations, and bureaucratic decision makingorganizational models that have been accepted by baby boomers.	1.07721
Internet generacija želi da menja stvari, oni vole izazove.	NetGeners seek to make a difference; they like challenges.	0.888235
Oni žele da usavrše svoje veštine i sposobnosti.	They want to continue to improve their skills and capabilities.	1.23333
Ovi motivacioni faktori stimulišu ovu generaciju radnika više nego stabilnost posla i rutina u radu.	These motivators, more than job stability and routine, stimulate this generation of workers.	1.12751
Naši ispitanici prepoznaju ove vrednosti: ... sve je više ljudi koji žele da rade nešto što vole.	Our respondents recognize these values: … there are more people who are looking to do something they like.	0.782759
A to što vole nije samo karijera, na primer, da imaju mnogo novca i visoko zvanje ili šta već za šta bi radili.	And what they like is not only the career, like having a lot of money and the title and all that, that they start a career.	0.659043
Oni takođe žele da rade nešto što mnogo vole.	They also want to do something which they have a passion for.	1.43571
A ljudi koje vodi strast prema nečemu, a ne samo zvanje i plata ... ... ljudi su danas postali fleksibilniji zbog mladih ... koji, ne svi, ali veliki broj njih, ... imaju sopstvene ideje o tome šta žele ... ~~~ Naše istraživanje i druge studije o ovoj generaciji (Tapscott, 2009b) pokazuju da internet generacija ima visoka očekivanja u vezi sa razvojem svoje karijere.	And people who are driven also by passion not only by titles and by salary … … people have become more flexible because of the young people nowadays … who, not all of them, but a lot of them,… have [their] own ideas of what they want … Our research and other studies of this generation show that NetGeners have high expectations about their career development.	0.52064
Oni često preuzimaju ličnu odgovornost da svaki zadatak obave na najbolji način.	They frequently assume personal responsibility to make the best out of every job.	0.979451
Očekuju da nastave stručno usavršavanje i žele da osete da napreduju; ne zadovoljava ih da ostanu na istom položaju duže vreme.	They expect to continue professional development and want to see themselves progressing; they are dissatisfied with remaining in the same position for long.	0.926555
Posledica ovoga jeste da su putevi karijere nove generacije radnika znanja dinamičniji i manje predvidljivi nego što su nekada bili.	As a consequence, career paths for the new generation of knowledge workers are more dynamic and less predictable than they once were.	1.29204
Stabilnost radnog mesta koju su cenili bebi bumeri polako se zamenjuje željom za silovitim profesionalnim razvojem.	The job stability preferred by the baby boomers is slowly being replaced by a desire for vigorous professional development.	0.288235
Direktori prepoznaju sledeće: ... ovi novodošli zaista preuzimaju veću odgovornost za sebe i za svoju karijeru ... ... ovi ljudi su angažovani i bave se poslom koji žele da rade ... ~~~ Rešenje: ~~~ Ponovo razmisliti kako treba upravljati radnicima znanja Pripadnici internet generacije zahtevaju drugačije pristupe u liderstvu i organizacije koje vode u ovoj oblasti su to dobro shvatile.	Executives recognize this: … those newcomers really take more responsibility for themselves and for their career… … these people are engaged and they do a job they want to do … Solution: Re-think the Management of Knowledge Workers NetGeners require different leadership approaches, and the pioneering organizations recognize this.	0.0327627
Direktori koji su bili uspešni u privlačenju najinteligentnijih i najboljih novih radnika priznavali su i zalagali se u svojim organizacijama za postupke kao što su sledeći:	Executives who had been successful in attracting the brightest new workers acknowledged and promoted work practices such as the following in their organizations.	1.02214
Angažujte radnike rano.	Engage the workers early.	1.05
Veliki broj vodećih firmi proširile su mogućnosti stažiranja, nepunog radnog vremena i zapošljavanja preko leta za studente.	Many of the leading firms have expanded their internship, part-time, and summer employment possibilities for college students.	0.791892
Ovo im omogućava da dovoljno rano uspostave odnose sa potencijalnim zaposlenima i predstavlja niskorizičnu i relativno jeftinu mogućnost da se zaposleni i firma upoznaju.	This enables them to establish a relationship with potential employees early and provides a low-risk and relatively low-cost opportunity for both employee and firm to get acquainted.	0.768079
Jedna strana može da uči od druge a verovatnoća da će se uskladiti je veća ako ovaj angažman preraste u stalno zaposlenje.	Each can learn from the other, and there is a greater likelihood of a good match in roles if the engagement turns into regular employment.	0.802295
Tragajte za projektima koji predstavljaju izazov.	Search for challenging projects.	0.15
Glavnu ulogu u radu koji obavljaju za pripadnike internet generacije ima to da je posao zabavan i da učestvuju u onome što menja svet.	For NetGeners, having fun while working and being a part of what changes the world plays a crucial role in the work they do.	0.624706
Konsultantske i turističke firme otvorile su stranice na društvenim mrežama za zaposlene.	Consulting and tourism firms have opened the social network sites for employees.	0.479341
Mnogi navode da se kod onih koji se opredele za ovaj pristup stav o ravnoteži između života na poslu i života van radnog mesta menja u korist stava o integraciji života i posla.	Many said that an attitude of work-life balance is being replaced by an attitude of work-life integration for those who choose this approach.	0.8475
Ako zaposleni rade tokom svojih neradnih sati, mogu privatno da se priključuju mrežama tokom radnog vremena.	If employees work during their non-working hours, they can do private networking during their workday.	1.2139
Firme su obezbedile mogućnosti za fleksibilno radno okruženje (ljudi mogu da rade odakle god hoće), mogućnosti da se kancelarija organizuje kod kuće (ovo je posebno bitno za žene koje imaju decu) i interesantne poslove koji omogućavaju zaposlenima da se samopotvrde i da budu zadovoljni sobom.	The firms provided opportunities for flexible working environment (people can work from anywhere they want); home office opportunities (this is especially crucial for women with children); and interesting jobs that bring self-realization and selfsatisfaction.	1.1175
U ovim firmama naglašavaju da izazovni projekti u kojima zaposleni mogu da razvijaju sopstvene ideje i da budu kreativni predstavljaju veću pokretačku snagu za internet generaciju nego viša plata.	Those firms emphasize that challenging projects in which employees can develop their own ideas and be creative provided more incentives to the digital natives than a higher salary.	1.09057
Mogućnosti za razvoj umesto unapređenja.	Opportunities for development rather than promotion.	0.730769
Ljudi vole da budu uspešni i po tome se internet generacija ne razlikuje od drugih.	People like to succeed, and the NetGeners are no exception.	0.727807
Oni zahtevaju da dobiju veću odgovornost za posleove koje obavljaju, ali i da budu nagrađeni za učinak i doprinos.	They demand more personal responsibility for what they do, but they want to be rewarded for their contributions and performance.	0.72
Stoga napredne kompanije podstiču zaposlene da uče i da se razvijaju a isto tako obezbeđuju alternativne tokove nagrađivanja.	Therefore, progressive companies encourage employees learning and development as well as provide alternative reward paths.	1.03899
Organizuju seminare i konferencije na kojima zaposleni mogu da razmene priče o svojim uspesima i daju savet onima koji još uvek traže pravu priliku.	They organize seminars and conferences where employees can share their success stories and give advice to those who is still looking for new opportunities.	0.890698
Veća lična odgovornost.	More personal responsibility.	0.25
Još odavno su telekomunikacione firme i advokati napustili koncept kontrole koliko vremena radnici provode na radnom mestu i počeli da grade odnose sa svojim radnicima na bazi usme Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 renosti ka rezultatima i na poverenju.	Telecommunication firms and attorneys long ago began building the relationships with their workers on results orientation and trust rather than on directing and controlling time Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 spent in the office.	0.98786
U ovim firmama veruju da su njihovi radnici sposobni da urade potreban posao u odgovarajućem vremenskom periodu.	These firms trust the workers to be capable and do the work needed in the time framework required.	0.741463
Da bi se to postiglo, oni obezbeđuju jednu čvrstu šemu komunikacije: razgovaraju sa zaposlenima o tome šta očekuju i prenose im realne ciljeve o kojima su se složili.	To accomplish this, they ensure a dense communication pattern: they discuss with the employees what they expect and communicate the realistic goals to which they have agreed.	0.722407
U ovim firmama su zaključili da se radnici trude ne zato što se njihov rad kontroliše, već zbog toga što napreduju zahvaljujući dobrim rezultatima koje ostvare.	These firms have concluded that it is not about controlling what employees do, but rather about prospering from the good results they achieve.	0.872934
Obrnuti mentorski programi i modeli nadzora.	Reverse mentor programs and supervision modes.	0.713571
U naprednim firmama su zaključili da su hijerarhijske strukture, kontrola odozgo-nadole i modeli nadzora nad radnicima znanja zastareli i da nemaju efekta.	For the advanced firms, hierarchical structures and topdown control and supervision modes for knowledge workers were judged to be outmoded and ineffective.	0.819517
Zaposleni predstavljaju osnovni deo i doprinos dinamičnoj korporativnoj strategiji.	Employees were an essential component and contributor to a dynamic corporate strategy.	0.596053
Dinamična uprava i fleksibilne uloge zamenjuju statične strukture odgovornsti/podređenosti i tako omogućavaju integrisanje formulacije i primene strategije.	Dynamic governance and flexible roles are replacing static reporting structures, enabling an integration of strategy formulation and execution.	0.25748
Na primer, turističke organizacije zasnivaju svoj model upravljanja i strukturu odlučivanja na autoritetu znanja, kao što su ekspertske provere, revizije, i strategija saradnje, umesto da sprovode strategiju upravljanja odozgo-nadole.	For example, tourism firms base their governance and decision structures on knowledge authority, such as processes of peer reviews, revisions, and collaborative strategy rather than following a top-down strategy.	0.559459
One u proces odlučivanja uključuju stručnjake za znanje.	They engage knowledge workers in the decision making processes.	0.616352
Dobrom praksom smatraju manje pravila, zajedničko učenje i stalni dijalog.	For these firms, fewer rules, mutual learning and continuing dialogues are effective practices.	0.502139
Ako ove organizacije zamislimo kao hijerarhijske, rekli bismo da je nadzor odozgo-nadole zamenjen vertikalnom (gore i dole) saradnjom i intenzivnijim horizontalnim komunikacijama. ~~~ Rešenje:	If we pictured these organizations as hierarchical, we would say that the top-down supervision has been replaced by vertical (up and down) collaboration and more intense horizontal communications.	0.185275
Rešavanje pitanja kratkoročnog zadržavanja na datom položaju Direktori su svesni mobilnosti i povećane dinamičnosti ljudskih resursa.	Solution: Resolving the Issue of Short Tenure Executives have recognized the mobility and increased dynamism of the human resources.	0.450384
Pošto je zapošljavanje za ceo život sve ređe, mali je broj zaposlenih među mladima koji se na istom radnom mestu zadrže nekoliko godina.	As long-life employment becomes rare, fewer young employees stay at the same work place for several years.	1.03443
Oni postaju nomadi ne samo po fleksibilnosti radnog mesta i mogućnosti da rade s bilo koje lokacije već zahtevaju fleksibilnost na mestu koje su odabrali za rad.	They become nomadic workers not only in terms of work space flexibility and work from anywhere, but they desire flexibility in where they choose to work.	1.16796
Direktori koje je naša studija obuhvatila priznaju da internet generacija misli da lako može da prelazi iz jedne kompanije u drugu; zapazili su da gubitak posla više ne predstavlja veliki stres.	Executives in our study acknowledged that NetGeners felt they easily could move from company to company; they observed that there seemed to be little stress associated with losing ones job.	0.770827
Njihovi tipični komentari bili su sledeći: ... kada sam ja počeo da radim, pre 25 godina, izgledalo je da veliki broj ljudi izabere jednog poslodavca i onda ostaje lojalan svom poslodavcu.	Typical comments were: … when I started to work 25 years ago, it looked like a lot of people chose an employer and they were loyal to their employer.	1.50806
To se promenilo ...	That has changed ...	0.282353
Sada mladi biraju ono što vole da rade.	Now young people choose something they like to do.	0.887255
Oni nešto rade i, ako shvate da to nije ono što se njima dopada, oni jednostavno odu negde drugde.	They do something and if its not what they like, they just move on and go somewhere else.	0.574694
I mislim da je to i nas nateralo da drugačije razmišljamo ... ... većina misli da to nije problem. ~~~ Ako izgube posao, tražiće i prihvatiće sledeći ...	And I think that has also forced us to think differently… … most of them, they do not think that this is a problem.	0.276786
Pristup: ~~~ Kreirajte i investirajte u alumni mreže.	If they lose their job, they will go for the next one… Approach: Create and invest in alumni networks.	0.225869
U nekoliko firmi su priznali da nikada ne pokušavaju da zadrže zaposlenog što je moguće duže.	Several of the firms acknowledged that they never try to keep employees as long as possible.	0.806335
To jednostavno ne koristi ni firmi ni zaposlenom.	It simply does not work for the firm or the employee.	0.293023
Ove firme prihvataju odluku zaposlenog da ode, priznaju mu zasluge, ali ga angažuju u alumni mrežama tako da ostaju u vezi s njim.	What these firms do is accept when employees choose to leave, recognize their valued service, but engage them in alumni networks so they remain connected.	1.12095
Ove firme prate šta njihovi bivši zaposleni rade i gde rade.	These firms keep track of what their former employees do and where they work.	1.23208
Pozivaju ih na godišnje božićne večere i drže ih u svojoj mreži resursa znanja.	They invite them to the annual Christmas dinners and keep them in their network of knowledge assets.	1.05068
Time ne samo da proširuju mrežu kompanije već mladim ljudima daju priliku da se vrate u firmu kad se pojavi zgodna prilika.	This not only widens the companys network but gives young people the chance to come back to the firm when the good opportunity arises.	0.804758
Ovakav pristup predstavlja snažan resurs za identifikovanje novog talenta i održavanje žive mreže kao izvora novih ideja i učenja. ~~~ Izazov 2:	This approach serves as a powerful resource for identifying new talent and maintaining an engaged network as a source of new ideas and learning.	0.444915
Osnovni resursi oni se ne nalaze samo unutar organizacije Direktori u našem istraživanju priznaju da su njihove firme deo šire mreže izgrađene oko društvenih mreža pojedinaca: ... to ide ovako; iznad svega mi treba da bacimo pogled i na te društvene mreže i njihove stranice, kao što je Facebook ili čak i takve poslovne mreže kao što je XING, o čemu se ovde priča.	Challenge 2: Core Resourcestheyre not just inside the organization Our executives acknowledge their firms are part of a broader network built around individuals social networks: …it goes in this direction; above all, we will also have to look at these social networking sites, like Facebook or even in such a business network like XING, what is being talked about there.	1.13224
Mislim, to se ne može sprečiti, a i kako bi uopšte moglo da se spreči? ... primena svih tih novih formi je važna i rekao bih da ljudi uspostavljaju svoje sopstvene mreže van kompanije, unutar kompanije, ali to u osnovi nije organizovano.	I think, this cannot be prevented, or how can one prevent that anyhow? … the use of all of these new forms is important and I should say people establish their own networks out of the company, within the company, but this is not basically organized.	1.20107
To svako radi kako ume.	That is done on individual ways.	0.18
Mislim, ljudi imaju potrebu da budu na mreži i da ostanu na vrhu u razvoju u svojoj oblasti delovanja ... ~~~ Bez obzira što za ovaj efekat odavno znamo, sada je sve jasnije da firme priznaju značaj mreža i da razvijaju načine da izgrade poverenje u njih.	I mean people have this urge and this need to network and to stay on top of the development in their fields… While we have known about this effect for a long time, it now becomes increasingly clear that firms acknowledge the importance of the networks and develop ways of building trust in them.	0.478271
Mreže služe za interakcije kojima se održavaju veze između pojedinaca, ali i za sticanje novih znanja i informacija koje se u tim mrežama nalaze. ... mislim da način na koji ljudi žele da kontaktiraju jedni s drugima, način na koji počinju da rade u grupama, način na koji međusobno kontaktiraju ima drugačiji stil funkcionisanja.	The networks are about interactions that maintain the ties between individuals, but they also are about getting access to new knowledge and information embedded in these networks.	0.999351
Ima nešto u njemu, ima u njemu neki poziv koji mi se čini značajnim, verovatno za dobro obučene, vidim tu i neki značajan razvoj ...	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 … I think the way people need to interact with each other, the way people start to work in groups, the way people interact has a different work style.	0.590486
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 ... zavisi kako povezujete svoje lične prijatelje i prijatelje s posla.	There is something in it, there is a call in it which I would say is relevant probably trained, its a relevant development that Im also seeing out there… … it depends on how you can link your private friends and working friends together.	0.835345
Mislim da je to šta mladi ljudi žele da imaju jedna od tema za budućnost.	I think that one of the topic in the future that what the young people like to have.	1.21369
Onda, naravno, i najnovija tehnologija koju treba da primenjujete u svojoj kancelariji.	Then of course, the newest technology you should apply in your office.	0.907308
Društvena mreža za mene je tema, mislim da je značajna i za oblast rada, iako je sada ograničena.	Social network for me is the topic, I think thats also for the working area important even its now restricted.	0.906873
Ali mi bismo želeli da motivišemo mlade ljude da koriste taj ... ~~~ Korišćenje društvenih medija omogućilo je profesionalcima širom sveta da pitaju za savet svoje kolege i da razmene iskustva jednostavnim pritiskom na miša.	But we would like to motivate young people to use that… The use of social media has made it possible for professionals around the globe to get advice from their colleagues and share experiences with a mouse click.	0.17973
Korišćenje ogromne količine resursa dostupnih online čini da pristup bude vrednovan više nego samoostvarenje.	Utilizing the vast amount of resources that are available online available tends to make access more valued than self-creation.	1.67647
Kako tehnologija to sve više olakšava, fokus se pomera od razmenjivanja jednostavnog faktualnog znanja prema omogućavanju prećutnih razmena i saradnje između članova mreže koji jedni drugima veruju: ... nije to samo imati pristup rezultatima studija i dobiti cifre.	As the technology makes this easier, the focus shifts from simple factual knowledge exchanges to enabling tacit exchanges and collaboration among trusted members of the network: …it is less about just having access to study results and getting numbers.	0.889117
Sve više se radi o pristupu ljudima koji su imali slična iskustva i tako dalje i imati takve mreže u dimenziji gde je ljudska interakcija od velike važnosti ... ~~~ Kao deo prakse upravljanja znanjem u firmi, zajednice prakse (CoPs) takođe prolaze kroz značajne promene zahvaljujući uticaju društvenih medija.	It is more and more also having access to the people who have experienced something similar and so on and so forth and having these types of networks in this dimension where the human interaction earns a great value… Communities of practice (CoPs), as part of the knowledge management practices of the firm, are also undergoing significant changes due to the social media influence.	0.381298
Akademska literatura obično uzima CoPs kao efektivne alatke za prenošenje prećutnog znanja u okviru jedne organizacije (Wenger, 1998); pretpostavka je da se one nalaze unutar korporativnih granica.	The academic literature typically views CoPs as effective tools for tacit knowledge transfer within an organization ; the presumption is that they are contained within the corporate borders.	1.02988
Naše studije pokazuju da one sve više prelaze granice organizacija i da mogu da se formalizuju kao nezavisne celine.	Our studies show they increasingly bridge organizational boundaries and may be formalized as independent entities.	1.05
Profesionalne zajednice su već odavno prihvatile ovakav pristup formalnim nezavisnim asocijaijama.	Professional communities have long taken this approach to formal independent associations.	0.266667
Novinari, lekari, nastavnici i advokati šire veze van organizacionih granica i na taj način održavaju svoju profesionalnu etiku i poboljšavaju učenje u saradnji sa drugim profesionalcima.	Journalists, doctors, teachers, and lawyers extend linkages beyond organizational boundaries to preserve their professional ethics and enhance their learning in collaboration with other professionals.	0.762143
Ranije studije su pokazale da se članovi profesionalnih zajednica često više vezuju za svoju struku nego za kompaniju u kojoj su zaposleni.	Prior studies have shown that members of the professional communities often feel a stronger identity with their profession than with the companies that employ them.	0.775018
FLOSS (Free/Libre Open Source Software) i druge otvorene softverske zajednice primer su uspešnih zajednica za stvaranje znanja u slobodnom ekosistemu znanja.	FLOSS (Free/Libre Open Source Software) and other open source software communities are examples of successful open knowledge creation communities in a free knowledge ecosystem.	1.90399
Mnogima od njih rukovode nezavisni radnici znanja, ali mnoge veće firme eksplicitno ili prećutno podstiču svoje zaposlene da podržavaju te događaje na FLOSS, kao što su IBM i Oracle učinili za Linux i OpenOffice softverski paket.	Many of them are operated by independent knowledge workers, but many larger firms explicitly or tacitly encourage their employees to support these FLOSS developments, as IBM and Oracle have done for the Linux and the OpenOffice software package.	1.1815
Pitanje kontrole Individualne mreže se po svojoj prirodi šire van granica jedne zemlje što dovodi do pitanja kako organizacija može da kontroliše tok informacija u ovim mrežama i koju ulogu treba da ima menadžment u ovom otvorenijem informatičkom okruženju.	Question of Control The cross-boundary nature of the individual networks raises the question of how an organization can control the flow of information in these networks and what should be the role of management in this more open information environment.	1.03194
Ako pojedinac lojalnost prema sopstvenoj mreži pretpostavi lojalnosti prema poslodavcu, kako direktori treba da pristupe ovom novom okruženju?	If individuals loyalties shift away from their employer toward their personal network, how should executives approach this new environment?	0.916825
Iako veliki broj organizacija izražava zabrinutorst zbog rizika da mogu da izgube svojinu nad nekim znanjima, neki direkrori obuhvaćeni ovom studijom izražavaju optimizam da koristi imaju prevagu nad rizikom: ... ubrzano se razvijamo u smeru novih kanala komunikacije kao što je instant poruka, Facebook i Linkedin i takođe našim kupcima nudimo određene usluge putem ovih proizvoda ... ~~~ Sasvim sam uveren da, ako kompanije koriste Facebook ili XING ili neki drugi servis, steći će konkurentnu prednost, a ako to ne urade u dogledno vreme, u stvari će izgubiti priliku da iskoriste ideje koje su već u njihovoj kompaniji ali ih ne mogu naći pošto ne koriste ove nove alatke ... ~~~ Izgleda da je ključ za ovo agilnost organizacije da prihvati otvorenost i prilike da uči putem individualnih mreža.	Although many organizations express concern over the risk of potential loss of proprietary knowledge, some executives in our study express optimism that the benefits outweigh the risks: … we have a strong development to the new communication channels like instant messaging, Facebook, and LinkedIn, and we are also offering these products with certain services to our customers … I am absolutely convinced that if companies make use of those features like Facebook or XING, they will gain a competitive advantage and if they dont do it at some point in time, they will actually lose people and they will lose the chance to realize on ideas that are in their company but they are not being found because they dont use these new tools … The key seems to be an organizational agility to embrace openness and the opportunities for learning through the individual networks.	0.167718
Korporacije su i ranije koristile slične pristupe kada su gradile partnerstva između firmi sa kojima su mogle da sarađuju.	Corporations have used similar approaches before to build strategic partnerships between and among firms with whom they could cooperate.	0.719444
Razlika je danas u tome da su mreže individualne i potencijalno više saradničke.	The difference now is that the networks are individual and potentially more collaborative.	0.485119
Izazov 3: ~~~ Ekologija Novih komunikacionih mreža Početno isticanje primene društvenih medija za potrebe marketinga i ljudskih resursa nestaje pošto su firme shvatile koja ograničenja se nameću kad koriste društvene mreže kao druge kanale za marketing.	Challenge 3: A New Communication Network Ecology Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 The early emphasis on the use of social media for marketing and HR purposes is diminishing as firms recognized the limitations of treating social media like other marketing channels.	0.292231
Platforme za saradnju i zajednički radni prostor omogućavaju komunikaciju koja je u većoj meri zasnovana na zajednici kao i kolektivne aktivnosti.	Collaboration platforms and shared workspaces enable more community-based communication and collective actions.	0.213861
Neke firme su prešle sa fizičkih sastanaka na virtualna radna okruženja, što omogućava da se upravljanje projektima i ljudskim resursima, tehnička podrška, obuka i umrežavanje vrši s bilo kog mesta.	Some firms have made a shift from physical meetings to virtual working environments, enabling project and human resource management, technical support, training, and networking to be accomplished from anywhere.	0.793296
Takozvani Enterprise Microblogging (slanje poruka preko intraneta firme, kao na Twitteru) povećava vidljivost zaposlenih i pruža nove mogućnosti za upravljanje znanjem.	The so-called Enterprise Microblogging (Twitter-like messaging on a firms intranet) improves employees visibility and provides new opportunities for knowledge management.	1.01429
Raznovrsnost kanala komunikacije (SMS, twitter, email, video-konferencija, zajednički radni prostor, itd.) takođe povećava kontakte sa ljudima izvan firme i zamagljuje granice između kupaca i zaposlenih.	The variety of communication channels (SMS, twitter, email, phone, video-conference, shared workspace etc.) also increases contact with those outside the firm and blurs boundaries between customers and employees.	1.3352
Svi kanali nisu isti, ali naši ispitanici shvataju da treba pažljivo da izaberu koje će kanale da koriste da bi izbegli pad produktivnosti.	Not all channels are the same, however, our respondents recognized that they need to make careful choices among communication channels to avoid loss of productivity.	0.497934
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Mogućnosti za virtualnu saradnju povećale su se s porastom broja mogućnosti za zajedničko skladištenje i čak obradu u oblaku, što je omogućilo veću agilnost organizacije za rad znanja bez obzira na granice.	The capabilities for virtual collaboration are enhanced with the wider range of opportunities for shared storage and even processing capacity in the cloud, enabling greater organizational agility for knowledge work across boundaries.	0.975549
GoogleDocs i zajedničke platforme za skladištenje kao što je Dropbox predstavljaju samo početak, a firme očekuju pojavu dodatnih opcija u uslugama primenom oblaka.	GoogleDocs and shared storage platforms such as Dropbox are just the beginning, and firms can expect to see additional cloud service options.	0.887711
Rešenje: ~~~ Angažujte se Što više mogućnosti firme daju zaposlenima da budu povezani, ostvariće sve bolji pristup novim znanjima i idejama.	Solution: Getting Engaged The more possibilities the firms provide to the employees to stay connected, the greater access they will have for new knowledge and ideas.	0.266087
Platforme za saradnju, zajedničko skladištenje podataka, wikis, blogovi, forumi kako u firmi tako i van nje povećavaju broj resursa koji su na raspolaganju firmi i pomažu postojeće investicije.	Collaboration platforms, shared data storage, wikis, blogs, and forumsboth inside and outside the firmenlarge the range of resources available to the firm and leverage existing investments.	0.398384
Jeste da mrežno okruženje koje nastaje isključuje gubitak kontrole, ali ono istovremeno zahteva od direktora da ponovo razmisle o načinu na koji će upravljati rizukom.	The emerging network environment does preclude the loss of control but does require executives to rethink the means by which risk is managed.	0.4775
Stalno bavljenje informacionom ekologijom koja se rađa predstavlja jedini način da firme održe svest o proširenim mogućnostima za učenje i stvaranje vrednosti.	Only by remaining engaged with the emerging information ecology can firms maintain an awareness of the expanded opportunities for learning and creating value.	0.804221
Upravljanje rizicima putem ograničenog eksperimentisanja i angažovanje na širim mrežama predstavljaće bolje rešenje nego stajanje po strani.	Managing risks through limited experimentation and bounded engagement with the wider networks will be a better choice than staying on the sidelines.	1.29297
Angažovanje je svakako bolji izbor nego siguran rizik da će vas konkurencija ostaviti za sobom.	Engagement is a better choice than the certain risk of being left behind by the competition.	1.02692
Izazov 4: ~~~ Još uvek nema konsenzusa u vezi sa jedinstvenim modelom za nove načine rada Direktori obuhvaćeni našom studijom, čak i oni koji su svesni mogućnosti koje daje ovo novo okruženje koje je još u nastajanju, još uvek se razlikuju u stavovima o tome koji su najefektivniji modeli za realizaciju ovih mogućnosti.	Challenge 4: Still no Consensus on a Single Model for New Ways of Work The executives in our studies, even those that recognize the opportunities of this still emerging environment, still have widely divergent views on the most effective management models for realizing these opportunities.	0.280725
Razlike se u velikoj meri mogu pripisati poslovnim sektorima (dinamičnost sektora, karakteristike potrošača i konkurencije) i filosofiji upravljanja.	The differences can be attributed largely to the business sector (dynamism of the sector, characteristics of the customers and competition) and management philosophy.	0.753831
Ne postoji jedan jedini pravi način za angažovanje tehnologije. ... imamo različite sisteme, kao iChat, Skype ..., i dok pokušavamo da radimo zajedno i to brzo, mi ih koristimo.	There is no single right way to engage the technologies. …we have different systems, like iChat, Skype …and, as we try to work together very quickly we are using these.	1.27917
To je postignuće koje smo uradili sami.	This is a development which we have made by ourselves.	0.580714
Gledamo šta je završeno ili da li se negde zaglavilo ... u ovome smo vrlo dobro organizovani ... ... mi čak ni ne znamo kako da kompetentno odlučimo da li da koristimo iPhone, Smartphone, Blackberry ili HTC.	We look what is completed or whether it is stuck…we are organized very well at this point… …we dont even know how to competently decide whether we use iPhone, Smartphone, Blackberry or HTC.	1.33687
Standard definiše samo centralizovana kompetentnost.	Its just a centralized competence which defines the standard.	0.276
To je verovatno i razlog što nismo proaktivni u traženju različitih načina.	Thats probably the reason why we are not proactive looking for different ways.	0.752583
U tome smo prilično ograničeni ...	We are quite limited in that...	0.673016
Ono što mi vidimo jeste da neke kompanije ne brane svojim zaposlenima da koriste internet tokom radnog vremena, dozvoljavaju im da surfuju internetom i traže nove ideje i kupce i da se povezuju sa drugim pojedincima na društvenim mrežama.	What we see is that some companies have no restrictions on employee use of the Internet during working hours, allowing them to surf the Internet in search of new ideas and customers as well as linking to other individuals on social networks.	0.81903
Druge su potpuno uverene da ne postoji neposredna veza između društvenih mreža i rada njihovih zaposlenih i stoga zatvaraju sve društvene veb stranice kako bi primorale svoje zaposlene da tokom radnog vremena misle samo na posao.	Others are absolutely convinced that there is no direct linkage between social media and the work their employees are doing and consequently close all the social websites in an attempt to force their employees to think only about work in the working hours.	1.00561
Ma koliko mi smatramo da će prve kompanije koje eksperimentišu sa dostupnošću društvenih medija i čak ih prihvataju na kraju izbiti na vrh, po rezultatima naših studija ne vidi se da kompanije koje primenjuju reaktivniju taktiku greše.	While we judge that the pioneering companies that are experimenting with, or even embracing, the affordances of social media will ultimately come out ahead, our studies cant say that the companies that take a more reactive tactic are misguided.	0.851182
Naše studije navode da pokušaji da se promeni ponašanje zaposlenih i uspostave norme putem čisto tehničkih barijera ili političkih mera predstavljaju ograničavajući faktor.	Our studies do suggest that trying to change employee behavior and establish norms through only technical or policy barriers is limiting.	1.01394
Kao što smo ranije zapazili, ponašanje zaposlenih, tehnologija i društvene norme (u okviru firme ili u široj zajednici) povezani su i razvijaju se zajedno.	As noted earlier, employee behavior, technology, and social norms (within the firm and in the larger community) are linked and coevolve.	0.930536
Organizacija koja pokuša da promeni jednu dimenziju, a nije svesna ovog procesa koevolucije, verovatno će da propadne.	An organization that attempts to change one without being aware of this coevolution process is likely to fail.	0.598227
Eksperimentisanje će u mnogim firmama da se nastavi, pri čemu će se isprobavati, ocenjivati i konačno prihvatiti ili odbaciti nove radne prakse i organizacione forme.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 For most firms the experimentation will continue, with new work practices and organizational forms being tried, evaluated, and subsequently either adopted or discarded.	0.53595
Ovi eksperimenti se posmatraju kao deo ukupne strategije prilagođavanja i agilnosti firmi. ... evolucija još traje, tako da mlada generacija koja ulazi u kompaniju nema problema i mi nemamo problema sa njima.	These experiments are seen as part of the firms overall adaptive and agile strategy. … the evolution is still going on, so that the young generation entering the company has no trouble and we dont have trouble with them.	1.01894
Tako da se mi trudimo da evoluiramo, da idemo u korak sa tehnologijom, nema potrebe da se stvara posebno radno mesto za adaptaciju.	So we try to evolve, be up-to-date with the technology, no need to make a special job for adaptation.	0.357143
To je proces koji traje ... ~~~ 8.	Its an ongoing process… 8.	-0.012
Im pli ka ci je za is tra ži va nja Sažimanje ova tri trenda (demografije, društvenih medija i normi i vrednosti ponašanja) predstavlja veliki podstrek za teoretičare da preispitaju naše modele organizacije i upravljanja.	Implications for research The confluence of the three trends (demographics, social media technologies, and behavioral norms and values) provides a strong incentive for scholars to re-examine our models of organization and management.	0.55881
Možda je ono što je u redu upravo kritička procena modela koji su prihvaćeni kao norma, prihvaćeni kao osnova onoga što mi predajemo na kursevima menadžmenta i što prihvatamo kao konvencionalnu mudrost.	Perhaps what is in order is a critical review of the models that have become accepted as the norm, that are accepted as the bases for what we teach in management courses and what we accept as conventional wisdom.	1.0187
Kako je već rečeno, mo Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 žda se neki principi ne menjaju, ali način na koji mi artikulišemo ove principe u praksi možda treba da se modifikuje.	As noted above, it may be that some principles dont change, but how we articulate these principles in practice may need to be modified.	0.972743
Evo dva primera: ~~~ Coase-ov koncept prirode firme (Coase, 1937) u kome se ističe da firma postoji da bi se smanjili troškovi koordinacije u današnjem informatičkom sistemu zahteva dublju analizu.	Two examples of these include the following: Coases concept of the nature of the firm , which argues that firms exist to reduce coordination costs, needs a close look in todays information ecosystem.	0.266239
Internet je troškove razmene informacija koja je inače neophodna za koordinaciju sveo skoro na nulu.	Information exchange costs, necessary for coordination, have dropped to near zero with the Internet.	0.696591
Potrebom da se radni resursi urede bavio se ogroman broj studija o virtualnoj organizaciji.	The necessity to collocate work resources has been addressed with a flood of studies of virtual organizations.	0.439241
Ipak, u nekom momentu, troškovi ispitivanja kanala koordinacije sami po sebi mogu da umanje ideal potpuno rasparčane organizacije, ali u najmanju ruku, teoretičari treba kritički da ispitaju pretpostavke koje se nalaze u osnovi naših kurseva o menadžmentu i da otkriju skrivene pretpostavke zasnovane na Coase-ovoj prirodi firme.	However, at some point, the cost of sorting through the options for coordination channels may itself constrain the ideal of a totally distributed organization, but as a minimum scholars should critically examine the underlying assumptions in our management courses to detect the hidden assumptions based on Coases nature of the firm.	1.10616
Shvatanja firme zasnovane na resursima/zasnovane na znanju (J.B. Barney, 1996; J. Barney, 2001; Kogut, 1996) u kojima se tvrdi da se firme organizuju da bi eksploatusale specijalizovana znanja još uvek su možda validna.	The Resource-based/Knowledge-based views of firm , which argue that firms are organized to exploit specialized knowledge, may still be valid.	0.565157
Šta je to resurs u današnjem informatičkom ekosistemu?	In todays information ecosystem, what is the resource?	0.614583
Za firme koje znanje smatraju ključnim resursom (a teško je naći izuzetke), informatički ekosistem znači da se znanje manje zadržava (lepi), a više curi.	For firms that consider knowledge as the key resource (and its hard to identify exceptions), the information ecosystem means that knowledge is less sticky and more leaky.	1.36478
Firma ima manju kontrolu nad kritičnim znanjem (bez obzira da li je to znanje opipljivo ili prećutno).	The firm has less control over the critical knowledge (whether that knowledge is in tangible form or more tacit).	1.10974
Prvi kritički osvrti na modele upravljanja organizacijom i znanjem pojavili su se početkom ove godine (Katzy, Bondar i Mason, 2012; Hemsley i Mason, 2012); garantujemo da će ovde još biti posla.	Early critical reviews of organizational and knowledge management models appeared earlier this year; more work is warranted.	0.468196
Zaključak Oduvek je tehnologija stavljala pred društvo izazove za koje nije bilo šablona, presedana, niti smernica za odlučivanje.	Conslusion It has always been the case that technology presents society with challenges for which there are no templates, no precedents, and no guidelines for making decisions.	0.847681
Ovo je i danas tačno, samo se tehnološke promene odvijaju brže, zajedno sa promenama u društvu i čak sa promenama u vrednostima koje zajednice poštuju a ovi trendovi se na više načina međusobno pojačavaju.	Today, this remains true, only the technological changes are happening more rapidly, coevolving with society changes and even changes in community valuesand these trends in many ways have become mutually reinforcing.	1.23094
Organizacije se suočavaju sa značajnim izazovima dok tragaju za strategijama koje bi im omogućile da iskoriste prilike inherentne ovom dinamičnom informatičkom sistemu koji se rađa.	Organizations confront significant challenges as they seek strategies that will enable them to take advantage of the opportunities inherent in this dynamic and emerging information ecosystem.	1.21759
Postoje dokazi da internet generacija, odrasla u okruženju ovih sila koje se razvijaju zajedno, jasnije vidi prilike nego njihovi parnjaci koji su bili uspešni u neko ranije vreme.	There is some evidence that the Net Generation, having grown up surrounded by these coevolving forces, see the opportunities more clearly than their counterparts who have been successful in earlier times.	0.780703
Već dobro uspostavljene organizacije koje nastoje da ostanu agilne i uvode inovacije postupiće pametno ako angažuju ovu novu generaciju; ovakav angažman predstavlja kako ozbiljan izazov, tako i kritičnu priliku.	Established organizations that pursue agility and innovation will do well to engage this new generation; such engagement is both a serious challenge and the critical opportunity.	1.12071
Iz ja ve za hval no sti Zahvaljujem kolegama i saradnicima sa kojima sam radio na ranijim radovima i člancima koji su bili predložak za ovaj rad.	Acknowledgements Thanks to colleagues and collaborators with whom I have worked in prior papers and articles that have informed the contents of this paper.	0.632951
Među njima su, iz SoMeLab na Univerzitetu Vašington (Sijetl): ~~~ Josef Eckert, Jeff Hemsley, Karine Nahon i Shawn Walker, a sa CeTIM (Minhen i Lajden): ~~~ Katerina Bondar i Bernhard Katzy.	These include, from the SoMeLab at the University of Washington (Seattle): Josef Eckert, Jeff Hemsley, Karine Nahon, and Shawn Walker; and from CeTIM (Munich and Leiden): Katerina Bondar and Bernhard Katzy.	0.267308
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 LITERATURA (i dodatni materijali za proučavanje) [1] Anon.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 REFERENCES (and further reading) [1] Anon.	1.65435
2009. ~~~ Ben Kaufman of Quirky, Kluster, and Mophie Design Glut. http://www.designglut.com/2009/09/ben-kaufman-of-quirky-kluster-and-mophie/. [2] ———.	2009.Ben Kaufman of Quirky, Kluster, and Mophie Design Glut. http://www.designglut.com/2009/09/ben-kaufman-of-quirky-kluster-and-mophie/. [2]	1.24432
2011. IUS 2011 Dashboard.	2011. ~~~ IUS 2011 Dashboard.	1.08333
Pro Inno Europe. http://www.proinno europe.eu/sites/default/files/innometrics/IUS2011.html. [3] ———.	Pro Inno Europe. http://www.proinno-europe.eu/sites/default/files/inno metrics/IUS2011.html. [3]	1.55637
Key Facts - Facebook Newsroom. http://newsroom.fb.com/content/default.aspx? ~~~ NewsAreaId=22. [4] ———.	Key Facts - Facebook Newsroom. http://newsroom.fb.com/content/default.aspx?NewsAreaId=22. [4]	0.821227
Blog Directory - Technorati.	Blog Directory - Technorati.	2.1
Technorati. http://technorati.com/blogs/directory/. [5] Barney, Jay.	Technorati. http://technorati.com/blogs/directory/. [5] ~~~ Barney, Jay.	0.745385
2001.	2001.	1.8
The Resource-based View of the Firm: ~~~ Ten Years After 1991.	The Resource-based View of the Firm: Ten Years After 1991.	1.20134
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625641. [6] Barney, Jay B. 1996.	Barney, Jay B. 1996.	2.53333
The Resource-based Theory of the Firm. ~~~ Organization Science 7 (5):	The Resource-based Theory of the Firm.Organization Science 7 (5): 469. [7]	3.66
469. [7] Barzilai-Nahon, Karine, and Robert M. Mason.	Barzilai-Nahon, Karine, and Robert M. Mason.	2.81893
2010.	2010.	0.3
How Executives Perceive the Net Generation.	How Executives Perceive the Net Generation.	2.87143
Information, Communication & Society 13 (3): ~~~ 396418. doi:	Information, Communication & Society 13 (3): 396418. doi:10.1080/13691180903490578. [8]	3.27857
[8] Coase, R. H. ~~~ 1937.	Coase, R. H. 1937.	0.878571
The Nature of the Firm. ~~~ Economica 4 (16).	The Nature of the Firm.Economica 4 (16).	4.32188
New Series (November 1):	New Series (November 1): 386405. [9]	2.56364
386405. [9] Hemsley, Jeff, and Robert M. Mason.	Hemsley, Jeff, and Robert M. Mason.	2.77465
2012.	2012.	0.3
The Nature of Knowledge in the Social Media Age: ~~~ Impli cations for Knowledge Management Models.	The Nature of Knowledge in the Social Media Age: Impli cations for Knowledge Management Models.	1.28206
In Proceedings of HICSS 45.	In Proceedings of HICSS 45.	2.3
Maui:	Maui: IEEE. [10]	1.35
IEEE. [10] Katzy, Bernhard, Kateryna Bondar, and Robert M Mason.	Katzy, Bernhard, Kateryna Bondar, and Robert M Mason.	2.90922
2012.	2012.	0.3
Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm, Challenges by Social Media.	Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm, Challenges by Social Media.	3
In Maui:	In Maui: IEEE. [11]	0.9625
IEEE. [11] Kogut, B. 1996.	Kogut, B. 1996.	2.35714
What Firms Do?	What Firms Do?	2.55
Coordination, Identity, and Learning. ~~~ Organization Science 7 (5):	Coordination, Identity, and Learning.Organization Science 7 (5): 502518. [12]	3.63
502518. [12] Quinn, J. B.	Quinn, J. B. 2000.	1.9875
2000. ~~~ Outsourcing Innovation:	Outsourcing Innovation: The New Engine of Growth.	0.863043
The New Engine of Growth.	Sloan Management Review 41, no.	0.218182
Sloan Management Review 41, no. 4 (Summer):	4 (Summer): 1328. [13]	7.23
1328. [13] Raice, Shayndi.	Raice, Shayndi.	2.12
Facebook Prices Its IPO at $38 - WSJ.com. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303448404577409923406193162.html. [14] Rao, L., and Nabil Sakkab.	Facebook Prices Its IPO at $38 - WSJ.com. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303448404577409923406193162.html. [14]	2.69861
2006. ~~~ Connect and Develop:	Rao, L., and Nabil Sakkab. ~~~ 2006.	0.193421
Inside Procter & Gambles New Model for Innovation.	Connect and Develop: Inside Procter & Gambles New Model for Innovation.	2.51061
Harvard Business Review 84 (3):	Harvard Business Review 84 (3): 5866. [15]	7.70357
5866. [15] De Ridder, Philippe.	De Ridder, Philippe.	2.40789
List of Open Innovation & Crowdsourcing Examples - Best Practices - Open In novation and Crowdsourcing. http://www.openinnovators.net/list-open-innovation-crowdsourcingexamples/. [16] Tapscott, Don. ~~~ 2009a.	List of Open Innovation & Crowdsourcing Examples - Best Practices - Open In novation and Crowdsourcing. http://www.openinnovators.net/list-open-innovation-crowdsourcing6examples/. [16]	1.09455
Grown up Digital:	Tapscott, Don.	0.257143
How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World. ~~~ New York:	2009a. Grown up Digital: How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World.	1.25458
McGraw-Hill. [17] ———.	New York: McGraw-Hill. [17]	1.776
2009b.		-0.3
Grown up Digital: ~~~ How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World.	2009b. Grown up Digital: How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World.	1.25458
New York: ~~~ Mc Graw-Hill. [18] Wenger, E. 1998.	New York: McGraw-Hill. [18]	0.733333
Communities of Practice: ~~~ Learning, Meaning, and Identity.	Wenger, E. 1998.Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity.	1.02
Cambridge Univ Pr.	Cambridge Univ Pr.	2.55
Primljen: ~~~ April 2012.	Receieved: April 2012.	0.585
Prihvaćen:	Accepted: June 2012.	1.625
Jun 2012. O autoru Robert M. Mason Fakultet za informatiku, Vašingtonski univerzitet u Sijetlu, WA 98195-2840 rmmason@uw.edu Prof. Mason (Bob) je profesor na Fakultetu za informatiku Univerziteta Vašington u Sijetlu.	About the Author Robert M. Mason The Information School, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2840 rmmason@uw.edu Prof. Mason (Bob) is professor at the Information School of the University of Washington in Seattle.	1.36294
Stekao je diplome na MIT i Tehničkom fakultetu u Džordžiji, a prethodno je bio na Državnom fakultetu u Floridi i Univerzitetu Case Western Reserve.	He has degrees from MIT and Georgia Tech and previously was on the faculty at Florida State University and Case Western Reserve University.	0.772034
U svojim najnovijim istraživanjima proučava uticaj društvenih medija na primenu znanja kao i način na koji organizacije obezbeđuju dalju podršku implementiranim sistemima preduzeća.	His recent research examines the impact of social media on knowledge work and how organizations provide post-implementation support for enterprise systems.	0.777072
Jedan je od osnivača i članova Social Media Lab @ UW (somelab.net) i zajedno sa timom studenata radi na informatičkim tokovima vezanim za pokret Occupy.	He is a founding member of the Social Media Lab @ UW (somelab.net) and is working with a team of students on information flows related to the Occupy movement.	1.1054
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Milena Popović1, Marija Kuzmanović2, Milan Martić3 1,2,3 Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet Organizacionih nauka Od re đi va nje pre fe ren ci ja ključ nih kom pe ten ci ja biznis me na dže ra od stra ne donosioca od lu ke o za po šlja va nju ko ri šće njem Co njo int ana li ze UDK: ~~~ 005.953.2 ; 005.52:005.331 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.-09. ~~~ Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija Ovaj rad ima za cilj da iden ti fi ku je kom pe ten ci je kan di da ta za za po šlja va nje za po zi ci ju bu si ness me na dže ra ko je do no si o ci od lu ke o za po šlja va nju sma tra ju va žnim.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Milena Popović1, Marija Kuzmanović2, Milan Martić3 1,2,3 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Using Conjoint Analysis to Elicit Employers Preferences Toward Key Competencies for a Business Manager Position UDC: 005.953.2 ; 005.52:005.331 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0011 XIII International Symposium SymOrg 2012, 05 - 09 June 2012, Zlatibor, Serbia This paper attempts to identify those competences for a business manager position which potential recruiters consider to be important.	-0.134
Pred lo ži li smo Co njo int ana li zu kao teh ni ku za od re đi va nje pre fe ren ci ja od lu ke o za po šlja va nju.	We propose conjoint analysis as an appropriate tool to determine the recruiters preferences.	0.916931
Co njo int ana li za je eks pe ri men tal ni pri stup ko ji se ko ri sti kao sred stvo za me re nje pre fe ren ci je ku pa ca pre ma pro iz vo di ma ili uslu ga ma, kao i za raz u me va nje po je di nač nih pre fe ren ci ja.	Conjoint analysis is an experimental approach used as a tool for measuring customer preferences regarding the attributes of a product or a service, as well as for understanding the development of an individuals preferences.	0.760582
Spro ve de no je is tra ži va nje i do bi je ni re zul ta ti ima ju za cilj da in for mi šu po ten ci jal ne kan di da te o oče ki va nji ma od lu ke o za po šlja va nju, kao i da po mog nu na stav ni ci ma na fa kul te ti ma u kre i ra nju pro gra ma na sta ve.	The conducted research and the obtained results have the purpose to inform potential candidates about various recruiters expectations, and to help university teachers design their courses.	0.367209
Ključ ne re či: ključ ne kom pe ten ci je, bi znis me na džer, do no si o ci od lu ke o za po šlja va nju, Co njo int ana li za, pre fe ren ci je. 1.	Keywords: key competencies, business manager, recruiters, Conjoint analysis, preferences 1.	1.00613
Uvod Zaposleni predstavljaju ključ uspeha svake kompanije.	Introduction The employees are the key to success for any company.	1.40833
Stoga će, zahvaljujući tome, kompanije koje su spremne da prepoznaju ovu činjenicu i koje uspevaju da izaberu i zadrže kvalitetan kadar ostvariti konkurentsku prednost.	Therefore, the companies that recognize this fact and manage to select and retain quality staff are more likely to achieve competitive advantage.	0.761739
Da bi se odabrao kvalitetan kadar neophodno je dobro organizovati sam proces selekcije i izabrati kandidate koji su spremni da budu efikasni i lojalni kompaniji.	To choose good quality staff means to organize the recruitment process properly and to select the candidates capable of being efficient and loyal to the company.	0.759349
Selekcija je proces identifikovanja i zapošljavanja najbolje kvalifikovanih kandidata, od ukupnog prethodno generisanog broja podnosilaca prijava, koji zadovoljavaju ciljeve kompanije i trenutne zakonske uslove (Catano et al., 2001).	Recruitment is the process of identifying and hiring the best-qualified candidate from a previously generated applicant pool so as to meet the goals of a company and to satisfy current legal requirements (Catano et al., 2001).	1.10259
U procesu zapošljavanja, kompetencije kandidata imaju najvažniju ulogu.	In the recruitment process, candidates competences have a vital role.	1.27049
Postoji veliki broj radova posvecìenih kako samom pojmu kompetencija, tako i različitim modelima ključnih kompetencija.	There are a number of papers devoted both to concepts of competence and to various models of the key competencies.	1.19687
Prema Dalton (1997), model kompetencija se opisuje kao motivi, obeležja i skup željenih ponašanja pojedinca za određeno radno mesto ili nivo.	According to Dalton (1997), a competency model describes motives, traits, and so forth as a set of desired behaviors for a particular job position or level.	1.37662
Kao takav, model kompetencija je obrazovni profil obično razvijen za pojedinačna zanimanja, ali i kao nadogradnja.	As such, a competency model is an occupational profile typically developed for individual occupations but also extensible to occupational groups.	1.10882
Modeli kompetencija se koriste da izjednače specifikacije posla sa strategijama organizacije; i kompetencije tad imaju ulogu zajedničkog jezika (Lievens et al.,2004) koji se koristi za identifikovanje kritičnih fakora uspeha organizacije (Delamare Le Deistand & Winterton, 2005).	Competency models are used to tie job specifications to the organizational strategy; the competencies then function as a common language (Lievens et al.,2004) which is used to identify the critical success factors driving performance in organizations (Delamare Le Deistand & Winterton, 2005).	1.51138
Cilj ovog rada je da definiše listu ključnih kompetencija kandidata za poziciju business menadžera koje donosioci odluke o zapošljvanju smatraju važnim.	The objective of this paper is to determine the list of key competencies for a business manager position which potential recruiters consider particularly valuable.	0.975296
U tu svrhu korišćena je Conjoint analiza.	For that purpose we employ conjoint analysis.	0.659211
Conjoint analiza je istraživačka tehnika koja se koristi za utvrđivanje optimalnih karakteristika proizvoda ili usluga i za merenje individualnih preferencija.	Conjoint analysis is an experimental approach used for measuring customer preferences regarding the attributes of a product or a service (Kuzmanović & Obradović, 2010; Venkatesh et al., 2012).	0.964286
Conjoint analiza vodi poreklo iz psihometrije, a privukla je posebnu pažnju u marketing istraživanjima kao metod koji odslikava odluke potrošača.	Originally developed in the field of mathematical psychology, conjoint analysis has attracted considerable attention, especially in marketing research, as a method that portrays consumer decisions (Iyengar & Jedidi, 2012).	1.29629
Međutim, svega nekoliko studija je koristilo conjoint analizu u okviru istraživanja tržišta rada.	However, few studies have used the conjoint analysis within the labor market.	0.658553
Korišcìenjem conjoint analize Baker and McGregor (2000) su odredili relativni značaj sedam kriterijuma o zapošljavanju računovođa i istovremeno ispitali da li se ove vrednosti razlikuju među različitim grupama pojedinaca.	Using conjoint analysis Baker and McGregor (2000) determined the relative importance of seven criteria on hiring accountants and, at the same time, examined whether these values differ among different groups of individuals.	1.68601
Biesma et al. (2007) su primenili conjoint analizu za određivanje preferencija zaposlenih prema ključnim kometencijama kandidata koji imaju master diplomu za zapošljavnje u sektoru javnog zdravlja.	Biesma et al. (2007) applied conjoint analysis to estimate preferences of employers for key competencies of master level graduates entering the public health field.	0.828169
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Rad je organizovan na sledecìi način.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 This paper is organized as follows.	0.889412
U drugom poglavlju dat je pregled literature koji se odnosi na modele ključnih kompetencija.	Section 2 provides an overview of the literature related to the models of key competencies.	0.888462
U trećem poglavlju je opisana Conjoint analiza, metoda koju smo predložili da odredi značajnosti kompetencija kandidata od strane odluke o zapošljavanju kao i da izdvoji najznačajnije kompetencije u procesu selekcije.		-0.3
U okviru studije sprovedeno je istraživanje i najvažniji rezultati su dati u poglavlju 4. U petom poglavlju data su zaključna razmatranja. 2.		-0.3
Mo de li ključ nih kom pe ten ci ja U uslovima nezaposlenosti i velikog pritiska ka racionalizaciji proizvodnje, kao posledica sve veće konkurencije koja prouzrokuje podizanje produktivnosti rada, od ključnog je značaja zaposliti u kompaniji najbolje kadrove.		-0.3
Drugim rečima, tehnološke i organizacione promene dovode do povećenja potrebe za kadrovima viših i boljih sposobnosti (Elias & McKnight 2001; Green et al., 2001; Stasz, 2001) koje se prvenstveno postižu kroz obrazovanje i obuku (Borghans et al., 2001).		-0.3
Da bi organizacija odgovorila zahtevima modernog doba, neophodno je vršiti kvalitetnu i efikasnu selekciju kandidata, odabrati prave ljude za posao, efikasno koristiti ljudske potencijale, motivisati radnike, eliminisati odsustva, uvesti pravedno nagrađivanje, sisteme napredovanja i donositi odluke na osnovu trenutnih informacija.		-0.3
Stručna selekcija i orijentacija zaposlenih omogućuje da zaposleni budu raspoređeni na osnovu svojih sposobnosti, sklonosti i motivisanosti za rad.		-0.3
Iako ne postoji direktna i linearna veza između selekcije kadrova i organizacione efikasnosti i performansi, ipak je razumno pretpostaviti da će poboljšanje selekcije kadrova dovesti do boljih performansi (Kurz & Bartram, 2002).		-0.3
Pored potencijalnih koristi direktno vezanih za dobru selekciju, tu su i niži troškovi lošeg izbora kandidata, kao i opasnost od odbacivanja dobrog kandidata koji može biti angažovan od strane konkurenata (Robertson et al., 2002).		-0.3
Postavlja se pitanje koje su to sposobnosti i veštine, odnosno kompetencije, koje bi trebalo da poseduje kandidat kako bi u procesu selekcije bio odabran od strane koja vrši taj izbor.		-0.3
Pri tome, javlja se i problem da potencijali i želje kandidata ponekad nisu usklađeni sa zahtevima onih kojih ih zapošljavaju.		-0.3
Kao odgovor na ovo pitanje sprovedena su brojna istraživanja.		-0.3
Po pitanju osobina i veština koje treba da poseduje kandidat, mnogi autori prave razliku između dve vrste sposobnosti: stručnih i opštih.		-0.3
Opšte se definišu kao kombinacija učenja, analitičkih sposobnosti, veštine rešavanja problema i snalažljivosti u različitim oblastima (Heijke et al., 2003).		-0.3
Nekoliko studija istraživalo je ulogu ključnih kompetencija na tržištu rada. (Borghans et al., 2001; Stasz, 2001; Heijke et al., 2003).		-0.3
Drugi, pak, naglašavaju ili ulogu isključivo stručnih kompetencija na ishode na tržištu rada (Mane, 1999) ili značaj opštih kompetencija (Stasz, 2001).		-0.3
Prema Ruetzler et al. (2010) šest je kriterijuma na osnovu kojih se ocenjuje kandidat: prosek ocena, veštine komunikacije, pripremljenost za intervju, sposobnost rada u timu, organizaciona kultura i radno iskustvo.		-0.3
Prosek ocena kandidata, kao kriterijuma u odabiru, može biti od izuzetne važnosti posebno u slučaju kada kandidat ne poseduje ili ima ograničeno radno iskustvo.		-0.3
Prosek ocena je objektivni kriterijum, na osnovu kog se može napraviti jasan pregled, kao i lista potencijalnih kandidata (Kuncel et al., 2004).		-0.3
Iako neke studije pokazuju da se prosek ocena u nekim delatnostima ne smatra važnim kriterijumom (Baker & McGregor, 2000; Guo et al., 2009; McKinney et al., 2003), s druge stane, postoji podrška ovom kriterijumu koji se koristi kao sredstvo za izbor onih kandidata koji će biti intervjuisani (Roth & Bobko, 2000). ~~~ Veština komunikacije uključuje i usmenu i pismenu komunikaciju.		-0.3
Ove veštine su rangirane među pet najvažnijih veština, za zapošljavanje kandidata od mesta menadžera do mesta lidera u ugostiteljstvu (Chung-Herrera et al., 2003; Fjelstul, 2007; Mayo & Thomas-Haysbert, 2005; Tesone & Ricci, 2005).		-0.3
Postoji veoma mali broj istraživanja u kojima se direktno ispituje pripremljenost kandidata za intervju.		-0.3
U okviru nedavno sprovedene studije organizovani su probni intervjui, tako da su kandidati mogli da probaju sam nastup u intervjuu.		-0.3
Ovaj probni intervju doveo je do povecìanja samopouzdanja kandidata i poboljšanja same veštine intervjuisanja (Hansen et al., 2009).		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Sposobnost kandidata da rade sa drugima, kao članovi tima, stavlja ih u komparativnu prednost u odnosu na one koji vole sami da rade ili ne vole da pomažu drugima.		-0.3
Biti deo tima, odnosno biti orijentisan ka timskom radu, veoma je cenjena osobina u mnogim delatnostima.		-0.3
Tessone i Ricci (2005) su utvrdili da je sposobnost rada u timu jedna od najtraženijih praktičnih veština.		-0.3
Fjelstul (2007) je na osnovu sprovedenog istraživanja timski rad rangirao kao drugu najvažniju veštinu.		-0.3
Baker and Harris (2000) su zaključili da studenti specijalizovani za informacione sisteme i tehnologiju smatraju da je sposobnost timskog rada jedna od dve najvažnije osobine u očima donosilaca odluke o zapošljavanju.		-0.3
Usklađivanje sa kulturom i misijom organizacije nastaje kada su vrednosti i verovanja kandidata konzistentne sa vrednostima i verovanjima organizacije.		-0.3
Emocionalna posvecìenost zaposlenog i njegov osecìaj identiteta sa organizacijom može dovesti do vecìeg zadovoljstva zaposlenih i veće organizacione efikasnosti (Hemp, 2002).		-0.3
Meta - analiza koju je sproveo Kristof-Brown et al., (2005) pokazala je da je kompatibilnost između pojedinca i kompanije u značajnoj korelaciji sa namerom o zapošljavanju i aktuelnim ponudama za posao. 3.		-0.3
Co njo int ana li za Conjoint analiza je istraživačka tehnika bazirana na multivarijacionoj analizi, a koja se koristi za merenje individualnih preferencija.		-0.3
Konkretno, tehnika se koristi da se stekne uvid u to kako potrošači vrednuju različite atribute proizvoda na osnovu procene kompletnog proizvoda.		-0.3
Conjoint analiza, koja se ponekad naziva i trade-off analiza, odnosno analiza kompromisa, omogućava da se otkrije na koji način pojedinci donose kompleksne sudove.		-0.3
Suština je u pretpostavci da su kompleksne odluke bazirane ne samo na jednom kriterijumu ili faktoru već na više faktora koji se posmatraju zajedno (CONsidered JOINTly), a otuda i naziv metode.		-0.3
Conjoint eksperimenti podrazumevaju da pojedinci izraze svoje preferencije prema različitim, eksperimentalno dizajniranim, stvarnim ili hipotetičkim alternativama.		-0.3
Ove hipotetičke alternative predstavljaju opis potencijalnih realnih alternativa u smislu njihovih najvažnijih karakteristika ili atributa.		-0.3
Liste atributa koji opisuju pojedine alternative nazivaju se profili.		-0.3
U praksi se skup relevantnih atributa najčešće određuje na osnovu postojeće literature ili na osnovu obavljenih pilot istraživanja tehnikama kao što su fokus grupe, faktorske liste i slično.		-0.3
Za svaki atribut se definišu dve ili više fiksiranih vrednosti ili nivoa, koji se dalje kombinuju kako bi se kreirali različiti profili.		-0.3
Očigledno je da se broj mogućih profila neizmerno povećava sa povećanjem broja atributa i/ili nivoa.		-0.3
Skup profila koji se sastoji od svih mogućih kombinacija atributa nivoa je kompletan faktorski plan eksperimenta.		-0.3
Kao i u većini conjoint studija, veliki broj mogućih kombinacija atributa i nivoa čine nemogućim da se generiše plan zasnovan na svim mogućim kombinacijama.		-0.3
Naime, takvi planovi su nepraktični kako zbog kognitivnih ograničenja ispitanika tako i zbog vremenskih ograničenja.		-0.3
Stoga se u cilju smanjenja broja profila u praksi koristi redukovan faktorski plan, koji ne podrazumeva nikakvu interakciju između atributa i obezbeđuje odsustvo multikolinearnosti.		-0.3
Eksperimentalni postupak podrazumeva da ispitanici svoje preferencije izraze dodeljivanjem ocena ili rangiranjem ponuđenih profila.		-0.3
Funkcije preferencija se procenjuju iz ovih podataka, i to primenom metode najmanjih kvadrata u slučaju ocenjivanja i ordinalnim tehnikama u slučaju rangiranja.		-0.3
Nakon što se prikupe informacije o individualnom izboru, odgovori se dalje analiziraju.		-0.3
Da bi se odredio relativni značaj različitih atributa za ispitanike, kompromisi koje pojedinci čine između ovih atributa, kao i ukupna korist uzimajući u obzir ove kompromise, mora se specifikovati veza između korisnosti atributa i dodeljenih ocena.		-0.3
Najjednostavniji i najčešće korišćen model je linearni aditivni model.		-0.3
Ovaj model pretpostavlja da se ukupna korisnost bilo koje kombinacije atributa proizvoda ili usluge dobija kao zbir parcijalnih korisnosti nivoa atributa koji opisuju dati proizvod ili uslugu.		-0.3
Dakle, ukupna korisnost profila j za i-tog ispitanika može se izraziti na sledeći način: , , gde I predstavlja ukupan broj ispitanika, J - ukupan broj profila, dok je nivoa k-tog atributa, a nost 1 ukoliko je l-ti nivo k-tog atributa prezentovan u profilu j, u suprotnom uzima vrednost 0. korisnost l-tog nivoa k-tog atributa za i-tog ispitanika.		-0.3
Promenljiva ukupan broj atributa. (1) je broj uzima vred Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Parametri , (parcijalne korisnosti) se procenjuju primenom regresione analize i mogu se dalje koristiti da se ustanove različite stvari.		-0.3
Prvo, vrednost ovih parametara ukazuje na uticaj koji svaki od atributa ima na ukupnu korisnost.		-0.3
Što je ova vrednost veća, to je veći i uticaj.		-0.3
Drugo, parcijalne korisnosti se mogu koristiti za segmentaciju baziranu na preferencijama.		-0.3
Naime, s obzirom da se parcijalne korisnosti računaju na individualnom nivou, ukoliko postoji heterogenost preferencija, istraživač ih može otkriti.		-0.3
Ispitanici koji su dodelili sličnu vrednost nivoima atributa grupišu se u isti segment.		-0.3
Treće, na osnovu vrednosti parcijalnih korisnosti nivoa atributa, za svaki atribut je moguće izračunati njegovu relativnu značajnost, a koja predstavlja meru uticaja atributa na ispitanikov izbor.		-0.3
Što je ova vrednost veća, to je atribut značajniji za ispitanika ili grupu ispitanika, i obrnuto.		-0.3
Relativna značajnost atributa računa se na taj način što se raspon vrednosti korisnosti za svaki od atributa podeli sumom raspona korisnosti svih atributa, i to posebno za svakog ispitanika.		-0.3
Rezultate je dalje moguće uprosečiti kako bi se uzele u obzir preferencije svih ispitanika:		-0.3
Ukupne korisnosti profila mogu se, umetanjem odgovarajućih vrednosti parcijalnih korisnosti u izraz (1), odrediti za različite kombinacije atributa,.		-0.3
Dalje se ove ukupne korisnosti koriste za predviđanje tržišnog udela izabranih profila.		-0.3
Konačno, parcijalne korisnosti se mogu koristiti za proveru validnosti rezultata conjoint analize tj. za proveru do koje mere su dobijeni rezultati konzistentni sa a priori očekivanjima. 4.		-0.3
Em pi rij ska stu di ja Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da identifikuje koje su to ključne kompetencije kandidata za poziciju business menadžera od strane donosilaca odluke o zapošljavanju, ali i da opiše najpoželjnijeg kandidata.		-0.3
Istraživanje je sprovedeno u Beogradu, u Srbiji, u maju 2011 godine.		-0.3
Ukupno 31 ispitanik je učestvovao u anketiranju.		-0.3
Iako se ovaj uzorak može smatrati relativno malim, to nije atipično za primenu conjoint analize, kada je cilj istraživanja razvijanje hipoteze (Orme 2006).		-0.3
Dizajniranje studije U prvoj fazi conjoint analize izvršena je identifikacija karakteristika, odnosno atributa.		-0.3
Definisali smo deset ključnih atributa korišćenjem različitih izvora: literature (Biesma et al., 2007; Ruetzler et al., 2010), mišljenja donosilaca odluke o zapošljavanju i ranije sprovedenih istraživanja.		-0.3
Kada su izabrani atributi, potrebno je definisati i nivoe za svaki od njih.		-0.3
Atributi i njihovi nivoi prikazani su u Tabeli 1.		-0.3
Atributi Završene studije Radno iskustvo Strani jezik Poznavanje rada na ra(cid:		-0.3
Veštine komunikacije Krativnost i vešina rešavanja problema Timski rad Organizacione veštine Proaktivnost Pripremljenost za intervju Tabela 1.		-0.3
Lista atributa i njihovih nivoa Nivo 1 Nivo 2 Nivo 3 Osnovne studije Bachelor Nema Jedan Osnovno Umerene Prose(cid:		-0.3
Orjentisanost ka timskom radu Prose(cid: ~~~ Da Nedovoljno Master opšti Master specijalizovani Praksa Više Napredno Izražene Veoma Orjentisanost ka individualnom radu Dobre Nedovoljno Da Posao / / / / / / / / Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Prvi atribut, Završene studije, odnosi se to da kandidat koji konkuriše za neki posao, odnosno uđe u proces selekcije, mora da ima završene bar osnovne studije, Bachelor.		-0.3
Pored diplome sa osnovnih studija, kandidat može da ima opštu master diplomu ili može biti usko specijalizovan za neku oblast (master specijalizovani).		-0.3
Atribut Radno iskustvo izabran je jer su poslodavci često naglašavali njegov značaj u toku predistraživanja.		-0.3
U ovoj studiji smo pravili razliku radnog iskustva u smislu posla ili prakse.		-0.3
Praksa se najčešcìe odnosi na tromesečni rad u toku studija.		-0.3
Pretpostavlja se da svi kandidati tečno govore barem jedan strani jezik (obično engleski jezik).		-0.3
Stoga smo definisali dva nivoa ovog atributa.		-0.3
Prvi nivo odgovara odličnom čitanju, pisanju i dobroj konverzaciji na jednom stranom jeziku, dok drugi nivo podrazumeva isto to, ali za više od jednog jezika.		-0.3
Pripremljenost kandidata za intervju pokazuje njegovu spremnost i želju za datu poziciju.		-0.3
Ovaj atribut se odnosi ne samo na to koliko je kandidat informisan o kompaniji i poziciji za koju se prijavljuje, već i njegove manire, stav i odecìu.		-0.3
Dakle, definisali smo dva nivoa ovog atributa: pripremljen i nedovoljno pripremljen za intervju.		-0.3
Svi ostali atributi opisani su korišcìenjem dva nivoa, gde se jedan od njih odnosi na prosečan nivo, a drugi na viši nivo određene sposobnosti ili veštinu.		-0.3
Iako se u mnogim studijama pokazao kao važan, u predistraživanju koje smo sproveli atribut GPA se pokazao kao manje značajan za poziciju business menadžera.		-0.3
Stoga ga nismo uzeli u obzir u ovoj studiji.		-0.3
Nakon odabira atributa i njihovih nivoa, oni se moraju kombinovati kako bi formirali različite hipotetičke profile kandidata koje će ispitanici ocenjivati.		-0.3
Atributi i njihovi nivoi prikazani u tabeli 1 dali su 2304 mogucìih profila (32 x 28).		-0.3
Da bi se ovaj broj smanjio, u ovoj studiji je korišćena komponenta statističkog paketa SPSS 16.0 (Orthoplan).		-0.3
Tako je broj od 2304 mogucìih profila smanjen na 16.		-0.3
Data su i dva kontrolna profila (holdout tasks).		-0.3
Kontrolni profili nisu korišćeni za računanje preferencija.		-0.3
Njihova jedina namena je provera kvaliteta dobijenih rezultata. 18 hipotetičkih profila prikazani su u Tabeli 2.		-0.3
Kao metoda evaluacije od strane ispitanika izabrana je metoda ocenjivanja profila.		-0.3
Ispitanici su na skali od 1 do 9, gde 1 znači apsolutno ne zadovoljava kriterijume, a 9 u potpunosti zadovoljava kriterijume, izražavali svoje preferencije prema kombinaciji atributa kandidata za zapošljavanje.		-0.3
Prikupljanje podataka je obavljeno tradicionalnom metodom papir-olovka.		-0.3
ID Završene Studije Radno Iskustvo Strani Jezik Rad na ra(cid:		-0.3
Veštine Komun.		-0.3
Kreativnost i VRP Timski Rad Org.		-0.3
Veštine Proaktivnost Pripremljenost za intervju Tabela 2. ~~~ Generisana lista profila nema nema praksa posao praksa posao posao nema posao nema praksa nema nema nema nema praksa praksa praksa Master O Bachelor Bachelor Bachelor Master S Bachelor Master O Bachelor Master S 10 Bachelor 11 Master O 12 Bachelor 13 Master O 14 Master S 15 Master S 16 Bachelor 17* Bachelor 18* Master S * kontrolni profili jedan više više jedan više više više više jedan jedan jedan jedan više jedan više jedan jedan jedan izražene napredno umerene osnovno izražene napredno izražene napredno osnovno izražene napredno umerene umerene osnovno izražene osnovno izražene osnovno osnovno izražene umerene osnovno umerene osnovno napredno izražene napredno umerene napredno umerene napredno umerene napredno umerene napredno umerene prose(cid: ~~~ prose(cid: ~~~ veoma veoma prose(cid: ~~~ prose(cid: ~~~ veoma veoma prose(cid: ~~~ veoma veoma prose(cid: ~~~ prose(cid: ~~~ veoma veoma prose(cid: ~~~ prose(cid: ~~~ veoma dobre dobre prose(cid: ~~~ nedovoljno nedovoljno timski dobre nedovoljno individ. dobre individ. prose(cid: ~~~ nedovoljno timski timski timski da individ. dobre timski nedovoljno dobre individ. prose(cid: ~~~ nedovoljno individ. prose(cid: ~~~ da prose(cid: ~~~ nedovoljno timski timski prose(cid: ~~~ da individ. prose(cid: ~~~ da individ. dobre timski individ. dobre timski timski nedovoljno da da prose(cid: ~~~ da da prose(cid:		-0.3
nedovoljno dobre nedovoljno nedovoljno da nedovoljno da nedovoljno nedovoljno nedovoljno da da nedovoljno da nedovoljno da nedovoljno da da da da Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Analiza i Rezultati U ukupnom uzorku, nešto više od polovine ispitanika su bile žene (54,8%). ~~~ U Tabeli 3 su prikazani detaljniji demografski podaci. ~~~ Tabela 3.	Section 3 describes conjoint analysis, a method we have proposed as an appropriate tool for determining the importance of a variety of competencies from the recruiters point of view, as well as to isolate the most important ones in the process of candidate selection.	0.864583
Demografske karakteristike Karakteristike Opis Sektor u kome su zaposleni Pozicija u kompaniji Godine radnog iskustva Banka Proizvodno preduze(cid: ~~~ Prodajno preduze(cid: ~~~ Uslužno preduze(cid:		-0.3
HR Menadžer prodaje Marketing menadžer Project menadžer TOP menadžeri Do 5 Izme(cid:		-0.3
6 i 10 Više od 10 % 9,6 19,4 29,1 41,9 38,7 25,9 12,9 6,4 16,1 54,8 32,3 12,9 Rezultati analize su prikazani u Tabeli 4 i na Slici 1.		-0.3
Parcijalne korisnosti nivoa atributa prikazane su Tabeli 4, dok su na Slici 1 grafički predstavljene značajnosti svakog od atributa.		-0.3
Vrednost konstante je 5,771 (Tabela 4) i koristi se za računanje ukupne korisnosti svakog profila.		-0.3
Vrednost Pearson-ovog koeficijenta iznosi 0,983, što ukazuje na to da dobijeni rezultati imaju visok nivo značajnosti i stoga se može zaključiti da su visokog kvaliteta.		-0.3
Visoka vrednost Kendall-ovog koeficijenta korelacije (0,899) takođe ukazuje na visok nivo korelacije između ulaznih i procenjenih preferencija.		-0.3
Kendall-ov koeficijent za 2 kontrolna (holdout) profila ima vrednost 1,000, što je dodatni pokazatelj da su dobijeni podaci visokog kvaliteta.		-0.3
Predznak ispred parcijalih korisnosti je u skladu sa očekivanjima.		-0.3
Na primer, negativan predznak ukazuje da kandidat ne poseduje radno iskustvo.		-0.3
Ispitanici su pokazali očekivano ponašanje i za sve ostale atribute, gde najpoželjniji nivo ima najvecìu korisnost.		-0.3
Ovi rezultati se mogu smatrati kao indikacija teorijske validnosti upitnika, odnosno u kojoj meri su dobijeni rezultati u saglasnosti sa očekivanjima.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Tabela 4.	A survey was conducted and most important findings are given in Section 4.	0.840616
Parcijalne korisnosti Atributi Nivoi atributa Završene studije Radno iskustvo Strani jezik Poznavanje rada na ra(cid:		-0.3
Veštine komunikacije Krativnost i vešina rešavanja problema Timski rad Organizacione veštine Proaktivnost Osnovne studije Bachelor Master opšti Master specijalizovani Nema Praksa Posao Jedan Više Osnovno Napredno Umerene Izražene Prose(cid:		-0.3
Veoma Orjentisanost ka timskom raduOrjentisanost ka individualnom radu Prose(cid: ~~~ Dobre Da Nedovoljno Nedovoljno Da 5,771 Parcijalne korisnosti -0,164 -0,188 0,352 -0,427 0,109 0,319 -0,087 0,087 -0,236 0,236 -0,236 0,236 -0,240 0,240 0,236 -0,236 -0,067 0,067 0,409 -0,409 -0,296 0,296 0,095 Std. greška 0.114 0.134 0.134 0.114 0.134 0.134 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 Pripremljenost za intervju Konstanta Korelacije izme(cid:		-0.3
posmatranih i procenjenih pereferencija Pearson's R Kendall's tau Kendall's tau for 2 Holdouts 0,983 0,899 1,000 Significance = 0,000 Significance = 0,000 Kao što se sa Grafika 1 može videti, najznačajniji atribut na nivou celog uzorka je Proaktivnost, čija prosečna značajnost iznosi 16,69%.		-0.3
Nešto manju značajnost ima Radno iskustvo (15,22%).	Section 5 provides the concluding remarks.	0.221053
Atributi sa relativno većom značajnošću su i Pripremljenost za intervju (12,08%) i Završene studije (11,02%).		-0.3
Umereno važan atribut je Kreativnost i veština rešavanja problema (9,80%) praćen sa tri podjednako važna atributa Poznavanje rada na računaru, Timski rad i Veštine komunikacije (prosečna značajnost=9,63%).		-0.3
Najmanje značajni atributi su Strani jezik i Organizacine veštine, čije prosečne značajnosti iznose 3,55% i 2,73%, respektivno.		-0.3
Slika 1. ~~~ Prosečne značajnosti atributa Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Parcijalne korisnosti pokazuju osetljivost ispitanika na promenu nivoa atributa (vidi Sliku 2).		-0.3
Može se videti da svi atributi imaju visok nivo osetljivosti na promene nivoa, međutim manje strm nagib imaju jedino atributi sa tri nivoa i to u slučaju prelaska sa najpoželjnijeg nivoa na srednje poželjan nivo.		-0.3
Na primer, ako posmatramo atribut Radno iskustvo, korisnost opada mnogo brže u intervalu Praksa-Nema radno iskustvo nego u intervalu Posao-Praksa.		-0.3
U slučaju atributa Završene studije, samo najpoželjniji nivo (Master specijalizovani) povecìava ukupnu korisnost, dok je nivoi Master Opšti i Osnovne studije-Bachelor smanjuju.		-0.3
Ova dva nivoa imaju negativan predznak vrednosti pacijalne korisnosti.		-0.3
Slika 2.	2.	1.3
Funkcije parcijalnih korisnosti atributa Karakteristike koje opisuju najboljeg kandidata su: završen master specijalizovani, ima radno iskustvo i to posao, zna više stranih jezika, veoma dobro poznaje rad na računaru, ima izražene veštine komunikacije, veoma je kreativan i vešt u rešavanju problema, orijentisan ka timskom radu, poseduje dobre organizacione veštine, proaktivan je i pripremljen za intervju.		-0.3
Zaključak Za utvrđivanje poželjnih veština i sposobnosti business menadžera u ovom radu je korišcìena conjoint analiza.		-0.3
Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prvo istraživanje u Srbiji koje za postavljeni cilj koristi ovaj pristup.		-0.3
Istraživanje pokazuje da donosioci odluke o zapošljavanju smatraju da su radno iskustvo (posao) i završene studije (jedino master specijalizovani) najznačajniji atributi, dok su poznavanje stranih jezika i organizacione veštine najmanje značajni.		-0.3
Oni su istakli da češcìe biraju proaktivne kandidate zbog nedostatka vremena za njihovu obuku.		-0.3
Zbog kracìeg vremena obuke, odabrani kandidati moraju biti vešti, snalažljivi i sposobni da se brzo prilagode novoj radnoj sredini.		-0.3
S obzirom na postavljeni cilj istraživanja, odnosno primenljivost Conjoint analize za utvrđivanje preferencija donosilaca odluke o zapošljavanju o ključnim kompetencijama kandidata za poziciju business menadžera, dobijeni rezultati potvrđuju da je zadatak uspešno realizovan.		-0.3
Sprovođenje Conjoint analize u procesu selekcije kandidata za zapošljavanje može potencijalno smanjiti troškove selekcije, unaprediti proces razmatranja hiljade biografija i sprovođenja na stotine intervjua, a time će se i menadžeri fokusirati na manji broj efikasnih kandidata.		-0.3
S druge strane, kandidatima je omogucìeno da se fokusiraju na određene tehnike savladavanja veština i sposobnosti poželjnih od strane poslodavaca.		-0.3
Rezultati studije imaju značaj i na teorijskom i na praktičnom nivou.		-0.3
Na teorijskom nivou, oni nam daju informaciju koje veštine i sposobnosti preferiraju donosioci odluke o zapošljavanju.		-0.3
Na praktičnom nivou, rezultati pružaju korisne informacije kako studentima (potencijalnim kandidatima) tako i nastavnicima (upravo onima koji kreiraju buduće kandidate).		-0.3
Ova informacija može pomoći nastavnicima kako bi što efikasnije usmerili studente ka poželjnim veštinama i sposobnostima potrebnim za njihovo buducìe zaposlenje.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 LITERATURA [1] Baker, W.M., & Harris, A. (2000).		-0.3
Empirically assessing students perceptions of the importance of stu dent characteristics.		-0.3
Journal of Information Systems Education, 11 (1-2), 41-46. [2] Baker, W.M., & McGregor, C. C. (2000).		-0.3
Empirically assessing the importance of characteristics of ac counting students.		-0.3
Journal of Education for Business, 75(3), 149-157. [3] Biesma, R. G., Pavlova, M., Van Merode, G. G., & Groot, W. (2007).		-0.3
Using conjoint analysis to estimate employers preferences for key competencies of master level Dutch graduates entering the public health field.		-0.3
Economics of Education Review 26, 375386. [4] Borghans, L., Green, F., & Mayhew, K. (2001).		-0.3
Skills Measurement and Economic Analysis:		-0.3
An Introduc tion. ~~~ Oxford Economic Papers, 53(3), 375384. [5] Catano, V., Cronshaw, S., Wiesner, W., Hackett, R., & Methot, L., (2001).		-0.3
Recruitment and Selection in Canada.		-0.3
2nd edition.		-0.3
Scarborough, Ontario: ~~~ Nelson Series in Human Resources Management. [6] Chung-Herrera, B.G., Enz, C.A., & Lankau, M.J. (2003).		-0.3
Grooming future hospitality leaders:		-0.3
A compe tencies model. ~~~ Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 44(3), 17-25. [7] Dalton, M. (1997, October).		-0.3
Are Competency Models a Waste?		-0.3
Training and Development, 51(10), 46 50. [8] Delamare Le Deist, F., & Winterton, J. (2004).		-0.3
What is competence and does it matter?		-0.3
Fifth Conference on HRD Research and Practice:		-0.3
International Comparative and Cross Cultural Dimensions of HRD, Limerick, 27-28 May. [9] Elias, P., & McKnight, A. (2001).		-0.3
Skill measurement in official statistics: recent developments in the UK and the rest of Europe.		-0.3
Oxford Economic Papers, 3, 508540. [10] Fjelstul, J. (2007).		-0.3
Competencies and opportunities for entry-level golf and club management careers: perceptions from the industry.		-0.3
Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 19 (3), 32-38. [11] Green, F., Ashton, D., & Felstead, A. (2001).		-0.3
Estimating the determinants of supply of computing, pro blem-solving, communication, social, and teamworking skills.		-0.3
Oxford Economic Papers, 3, 406433. [12] Guo, L., Adams, C.R., & Price, M.A. (2009).		-0.3
Factors influencing hospitality recruiters hiring decisions in college recruiting.		-0.3
Paper presented at I-CHRIE conference, San Francisco. [13] Hansen, K., Oliphant, G.C., Oliphant, B.J., & Hansen, R.S. (2009).		-0.3
Best practices in preparing for mock interviews.		-0.3
Business Communication Quarterly, 72(3), 318-327. [14] Heijke, H., Meng, C., & Ris, C. (2003). ~~~ Fitting to the Job:		-0.3
The role of generic and vocational competen cies in adjustment and performance.		-0.3
Labour Economics, 10(2), 215229. [15] Hemp, P. (2002).		-0.3
My week as a room service waiter at the Ritz (HBR at Large reprint RO206B).		-0.3
Harvard Business Review, 4-11. [16] Kristof-Brown, A.L., Zimmerman, R.D., & Johnson, E.C. (2005).		-0.3
Consequences of individuals fit at work:		-0.3
A meta-analysis of person-job, person-organization, person-group, and person-supervisor fit.		-0.3
Personnel Psychology, 58, 281-342. [17] Kuncel, N.R., Hezlett, S.A., & Ones, D.S. (2004).		-0.3
Academic performance, career potential, creativity,and job performance:		-0.3
Can one construct predict them all?		-0.3
Journal of Personality ad Social Psychology, 86(1), 148-161. [18] Kurz, R., & Bartram, D. (2002).		-0.3
Competency and individual performance:		-0.3
Modelling the world of work.		-0.3
In: ~~~ Robertson et al. (2002b), 227255. [19] Lievens, F., Sanchez, J. I., & De Corte, W. (2004).		-0.3
Easing the Inferential Leap in Competency Modeling:		-0.3
The Effects of Task-related Information and Subject Matter Expertise.		-0.3
Personnel Psychology 57: 881-904. [20] Mane, F. (1999). ~~~ Trends in the payoff to academic and occupation-specific skills: the short and medium run returns to academic and vocational high school courses for non- college-bound students. ~~~ Economics of Education Review, 18(4), 417437. [21] Mayo, C.R., & Thomas-Haysbert, C. (2005).	Models of key competencies In todays environment characterized by high rate of unemployment and high pressure to rationalize production, as a result of increased competition causing an increase in labor productivity, it is crucial for the company to hire the best people possible.	0.140087
Essential competencies needed by hospitality and tourism management graduates as determined by industry professionals and hospitality educators.		-0.3
The Consortium Journal, 9(2), 5-17. [22] McKinney, A.P., Carlson, K.D., Mecham, R.L., DAngelo, N.C., & Connerley, M.L. (2003).		-0.3
Recruiters use of GPA in initial screening decisions:		-0.3
Higher GPAs dont always make the cut.		-0.3
Personnel Psychology, 56, 823-845. [23] Orme, B. (2006).		-0.3
Sample Size Issues for Conjoint Analysis (Chapter 7).		-0.3
Getting Started with Conjoint Analysis:		-0.3
Strategies for Product Design and Pricing Research.		-0.3
Reprinted from Orme B. Madison, Wis., Research Publishers LLC. [24] Robertson, I. T., Bartram, D., & Callinan, M. (2002).		-0.3
Personnel selection and assessment. ~~~ In:		-0.3
P. Warr (Ed.), Psychology at work.		-0.3
London: ~~~ Penguin Books, 5th edition, chapter 5, 100152.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 [25] Roth, P.L., & Bobko, P. (2000).		-0.3
College grade point average as a personnel selection device:		-0.3
Ethnic gro up differences and potential adverse impact.		-0.3
Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 399-406. [26] Ruetzler, T., Taylor, J., Reynolds, D., & Baker, W. (2010).		-0.3
Assessing Professional Attributes using Conjo int Analysis.		-0.3
International CHRIE Conference-Refereed Track. [27] Stasz, C. (2001).		-0.3
Assessing skills for work:		-0.3
Two perspectives.		-0.3
Oxford Economic Papers, 53(3), 385 405. [28] Tesone, D., & Ricci, P. (2005).		-0.3
Job competency expectations for hospitality and tourism employees:		-0.3
Perceptions of educational preparation.		-0.3
Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 4(2), 53-64. [29] Venkatesh, V., Chan, F.K.Y. & Thong, J.Y.L. (2012).		-0.3
Designing e-government services:		-0.3
Key service attributes and citizens preference structures.		-0.3
Journal of Operations Management, 30(1-2), 116-133, doi: ~~~ 10.1016/j. ~~~ jom.2011. ~~~ Primljen: ~~~ April 2012.		-0.3
Prihvaćen: ~~~ Jun 2012. O autoru Milena Popović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: djurovicmilena86@gmail.com Milena Popović diplomirala je na odseku menadžmenta na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka u Beogradu, 2010.godine.		-0.3
Trenutno radi kao saradnik u nastavi na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, Univerziteta u Beogradu, u oblasti Operacionih istraživanja.		-0.3
Njeni istraživački interesi vezani su za probleme matematičkog modeliranja i teorije igara.		-0.3
Marija Kuzmanović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: marija.kuzmanovic@fon.bg.ac.rs Marija Kuzmanović je docent na predmetima Operaciona istraživanja i Teorija igara, na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, Univerziteta u Beogradu.		-0.3
Doktorirala je na smeru Operacionih istraživanja i Statistike na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka.		-0.3
Teme njenog istraživanja uključuju analizu i primenu matematičkog modeliranja, conjoint analizu, teoriju igara i druge kvantitativne metode u oblasti marketinga i menadžmenta.		-0.3
Milan Martić Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: milan@fon.bg.ac.rs Milan Martić je profesor na Univerzitetu u Beogradu, Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, na predmetima Operaciona istraživanja, Metode za merenje efikasnosti i Teorija igara.		-0.3
Njegova istraživačka interesovanja uključuju analizu i primenu matematičkog modeliranja, analizu obavijanja podataka i teoriju igara.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Milena Popović1, Marija Kuzmanović2, Milan Martić3 1,2,3 Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet Organizacionih nauka Od re đi va nje pre fe ren ci ja ključ nih kom pe ten ci ja biznis me na dže ra od stra ne donosioca od lu ke o za po šlja va nju ko ri šće njem Co njo int ana li ze UDK: ~~~ 005.953.2 ; 005.52:005.331 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.-09.		-0.3
Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija Ovaj rad ima za cilj da iden ti fi ku je kom pe ten ci je kan di da ta za za po šlja va nje za po zi ci ju bu si ness me na dže ra ko je do no si o ci od lu ke o za po šlja va nju sma tra ju va žnim.		-0.3
Pred lo ži li smo Co njo int ana li zu kao teh ni ku za od re đi va nje pre fe ren ci ja od lu ke o za po šlja va nju.		-0.3
Co njo int ana li za je eks pe ri men tal ni pri stup ko ji se ko ri sti kao sred stvo za me re nje pre fe ren ci je ku pa ca pre ma pro iz vo di ma ili uslu ga ma, kao i za raz u me va nje po je di nač nih pre fe ren ci ja.		-0.3
Spro ve de no je is tra ži va nje i do bi je ni re zul ta ti ima ju za cilj da in for mi šu po ten ci jal ne kan di da te o oče ki va nji ma od lu ke o za po šlja va nju, kao i da po mog nu na stav ni ci ma na fa kul te ti ma u kre i ra nju pro gra ma na sta ve.		-0.3
Ključ ne re či: ključ ne kom pe ten ci je, bi znis me na džer, do no si o ci od lu ke o za po šlja va nju, Co njo int ana li za, pre fe ren ci je. 1.		-0.3
Uvod Zaposleni predstavljaju ključ uspeha svake kompanije.		-0.3
Stoga će, zahvaljujući tome, kompanije koje su spremne da prepoznaju ovu činjenicu i koje uspevaju da izaberu i zadrže kvalitetan kadar ostvariti konkurentsku prednost.		-0.3
Da bi se odabrao kvalitetan kadar neophodno je dobro organizovati sam proces selekcije i izabrati kandidate koji su spremni da budu efikasni i lojalni kompaniji.		-0.3
Selekcija je proces identifikovanja i zapošljavanja najbolje kvalifikovanih kandidata, od ukupnog prethodno generisanog broja podnosilaca prijava, koji zadovoljavaju ciljeve kompanije i trenutne zakonske uslove (Catano et al., 2001).		-0.3
U procesu zapošljavanja, kompetencije kandidata imaju najvažniju ulogu.		-0.3
Postoji veliki broj radova posvecìenih kako samom pojmu kompetencija, tako i različitim modelima ključnih kompetencija.		-0.3
Prema Dalton (1997), model kompetencija se opisuje kao motivi, obeležja i skup željenih ponašanja pojedinca za određeno radno mesto ili nivo.		-0.3
Kao takav, model kompetencija je obrazovni profil obično razvijen za pojedinačna zanimanja, ali i kao nadogradnja.		-0.3
Modeli kompetencija se koriste da izjednače specifikacije posla sa strategijama organizacije; i kompetencije tad imaju ulogu zajedničkog jezika (Lievens et al.,2004) koji se koristi za identifikovanje kritičnih fakora uspeha organizacije (Delamare Le Deistand & Winterton, 2005).		-0.3
Cilj ovog rada je da definiše listu ključnih kompetencija kandidata za poziciju business menadžera koje donosioci odluke o zapošljvanju smatraju važnim.		-0.3
U tu svrhu korišćena je Conjoint analiza.		-0.3
Conjoint analiza je istraživačka tehnika koja se koristi za utvrđivanje optimalnih karakteristika proizvoda ili usluga i za merenje individualnih preferencija.		-0.3
Conjoint analiza vodi poreklo iz psihometrije, a privukla je posebnu pažnju u marketing istraživanjima kao metod koji odslikava odluke potrošača.		-0.3
Međutim, svega nekoliko studija je koristilo conjoint analizu u okviru istraživanja tržišta rada.		-0.3
Korišcìenjem conjoint analize Baker and McGregor (2000) su odredili relativni značaj sedam kriterijuma o zapošljavanju računovođa i istovremeno ispitali da li se ove vrednosti razlikuju među različitim grupama pojedinaca.		-0.3
Biesma et al. (2007) su primenili conjoint analizu za određivanje preferencija zaposlenih prema ključnim kometencijama kandidata koji imaju master diplomu za zapošljavnje u sektoru javnog zdravlja.		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Rad je organizovan na sledecìi način.		-0.3
U drugom poglavlju dat je pregled literature koji se odnosi na modele ključnih kompetencija.		-0.3
U trećem poglavlju je opisana Conjoint analiza, metoda koju smo predložili da odredi značajnosti kompetencija kandidata od strane odluke o zapošljavanju kao i da izdvoji najznačajnije kompetencije u procesu selekcije.		-0.3
U okviru studije sprovedeno je istraživanje i najvažniji rezultati su dati u poglavlju 4. U petom poglavlju data su zaključna razmatranja. 2.		-0.3
Mo de li ključ nih kom pe ten ci ja U uslovima nezaposlenosti i velikog pritiska ka racionalizaciji proizvodnje, kao posledica sve veće konkurencije koja prouzrokuje podizanje produktivnosti rada, od ključnog je značaja zaposliti u kompaniji najbolje kadrove.		-0.3
Drugim rečima, tehnološke i organizacione promene dovode do povećenja potrebe za kadrovima viših i boljih sposobnosti (Elias & McKnight 2001; Green et al., 2001; Stasz, 2001) koje se prvenstveno postižu kroz obrazovanje i obuku (Borghans et al., 2001).	In other words, technological and organizational changes lead to an increased need for staff equipped with higher and better skills (Elias & McKnight 2001; Green et al., 2001; Stasz, 2001) which is primarily achieved through education and training (Borghans et al., 2001).	1.97738
Da bi organizacija odgovorila zahtevima modernog doba, neophodno je vršiti kvalitetnu i efikasnu selekciju kandidata, odabrati prave ljude za posao, efikasno koristiti ljudske potencijale, motivisati radnike, eliminisati odsustva, uvesti pravedno nagrađivanje, sisteme napredovanja i donositi odluke na osnovu trenutnih informacija.	To respond to the demands of the modern age, it is necessary for an organization to perform quality and efficient recruitment, selecting the right people for the job, and efficiently using human resources, motivating employees, eliminating the leaves, introducing fair remuneration and promotion systems, and making decisions based on current information (Mitchell et al., 2011).	0.708619
Stručna selekcija i orijentacija zaposlenih omogućuje da zaposleni budu raspoređeni na osnovu svojih sposobnosti, sklonosti i motivisanosti za rad.	Expert recruitment and orientation of employees enables assigning the employees on the basis of their skills, attitudes and work motivation.	0.872951
Iako ne postoji direktna i linearna veza između selekcije kadrova i organizacione efikasnosti i performansi, ipak je razumno pretpostaviti da će poboljšanje selekcije kadrova dovesti do boljih performansi (Kurz & Bartram, 2002).	Although there is no direct and linear relationship between the recruitment of personnel and organizational efficiency and performance, it is reasonable to assume that improved personnel selection will result in better performance (Kurtz & Bartram, 2002).	1.8156
Pored potencijalnih koristi direktno vezanih za dobru selekciju, tu su i niži troškovi lošeg izbora kandidata, kao i opasnost od odbacivanja dobrog kandidata koji može biti angažovan od strane konkurenata (Robertson et al., 2002).	In addition to potential benefits directly related to good recruitment, there are lower costs of poor selection of candidates, as well as the risk of rejection of good candidates who can be hired by competitors (Robertson et al., 2002).	1.32254
Postavlja se pitanje koje su to sposobnosti i veštine, odnosno kompetencije, koje bi trebalo da poseduje kandidat kako bi u procesu selekcije bio odabran od strane koja vrši taj izbor.	The question is to determine the capabilities, skills and competencies which a candidate should possess so he/she could be chosen.	0.748214
Pri tome, javlja se i problem da potencijali i želje kandidata ponekad nisu usklađeni sa zahtevima onih kojih ih zapošljavaju.	In addition, some other potential problems can occur, as when the candidates wishes and potentials do not align with the demands of the employer.	0.696139
Kao odgovor na ovo pitanje sprovedena su brojna istraživanja.	In response to the above question, numerous studies have been conducted.	0.856364
Po pitanju osobina i veština koje treba da poseduje kandidat, mnogi autori prave razliku između dve vrste sposobnosti: stručnih i opštih.	In terms of qualities and skills a candidate should possess (using notions of many authors) two types of competencies: field-specific competencies and generic competencies.	0.912966
Opšte se definišu kao kombinacija učenja, analitičkih sposobnosti, veštine rešavanja problema i snalažljivosti u različitim oblastima (Heijke et al., 2003).	Generic competencies can be defined as the combination of learning, analytical and problem-solving abilities applicable in various domains (Heijke et al., 2003).	1.43222
Nekoliko studija istraživalo je ulogu ključnih kompetencija na tržištu rada. (Borghans et al., 2001; Stasz, 2001; Heijke et al., 2003).	Several studies investigated the role of key competencies for the labor market (Borghans et al., 2001; Stasz, 2001; Heijke et al., 2003).	2.00403
Drugi, pak, naglašavaju ili ulogu isključivo stručnih kompetencija na ishode na tržištu rada (Mane, 1999) ili značaj opštih kompetencija (Stasz, 2001).	Some emphasize the role of field-specific competencies on labor market outcomes (Mane, 1999) while others stress the importance of generic competencies (Stasz, 2001).	1.51432
Prema Ruetzler et al. (2010) šest je kriterijuma na osnovu kojih se ocenjuje kandidat: prosek ocena, veštine komunikacije, pripremljenost za intervju, sposobnost rada u timu, organizaciona kultura i radno iskustvo.	According to Ruetzler et al. (2010), there are seven criteria to evaluate a candidate: academic grade point average (GPA), interpersonal skills, interview preparedness, the ability to work with others, alignment with organizational culture, and work experience.	1.01196
Prosek ocena kandidata, kao kriterijuma u odabiru, može biti od izuzetne važnosti posebno u slučaju kada kandidat ne poseduje ili ima ograničeno radno iskustvo.	Since a students primary job is to study academic materials, a students GPA is often seen as an equivalent to an employers performance evaluation.	0.496452
Prosek ocena je objektivni kriterijum, na osnovu kog se može napraviti jasan pregled, kao i lista potencijalnih kandidata (Kuncel et al., 2004).	The use of the GPA as a selection variable is controversial; however, when a job candidate has limited work experience, the GPA provides an apparently objective criterion to which recruiters can turn in screening applicants and establishing a candidates potential (Kuncel et al., 2004).	1.18831
Iako neke studije pokazuju da se prosek ocena u nekim delatnostima ne smatra važnim kriterijumom (Baker & McGregor, 2000; Guo et al., 2009; McKinney et al., 2003), s druge stane, postoji podrška ovom kriterijumu koji se koristi kao sredstvo za izbor onih kandidata koji će biti intervjuisani (Roth & Bobko, 2000).	Although some studies suggest that the overall GPA is not considered to be an important selection criterion (Baker & McGregor, 2000; Guo et al., 2009; McKinney et al., 2003), there is support elsewhere for the proposition that GPA is used as a selection tool and may well be important when identifying a set of candidates to be interviewed (Roth & Bobko, 2000).	1.99257
Veština komunikacije uključuje i usmenu i pismenu komunikaciju.	Interpersonal skills, which include listening as well as oral and written communication abilities, are widely identified across the literature as important competencies.	0.175706
Ove veštine su rangirane među pet najvažnijih veština, za zapošljavanje kandidata od mesta menadžera do mesta lidera u ugostiteljstvu (Chung-Herrera et al., 2003; Fjelstul, 2007; Mayo & Thomas-Haysbert, 2005; Tesone & Ricci, 2005).	Interpersonal skills sometimes referred to generically as communication skills have been ranked among the five most important skills for entry-level managers by hospitality industry leaders (Chung-Herrera et al., 2003; Fjelstul, 2007; Mayo & ThomasHaysbert, 2005; Tesone & Ricci, 2005).	1.73738
Postoji veoma mali broj istraživanja u kojima se direktno ispituje pripremljenost kandidata za intervju. ~~~ U okviru nedavno sprovedene studije organizovani su probni intervjui, tako da su kandidati mogli da probaju sam nastup u intervjuu.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Little research exists that directly examines the preparedness of a candidate for an interview or the impact of such preparation on job offers.	-0.0264205
Ovaj probni intervju doveo je do povecìanja samopouzdanja kandidata i poboljšanja same veštine intervjuisanja (Hansen et al., 2009).	A recent study addresses the effects of preparation for interviews that involves faculty members conducting mock interviews so that candidates can rehearse performing in the interview setting, concluding that mock interviews lead to increased confidence and enhanced interviewing skills (Hansen et al., 2009).	1.18753
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Sposobnost kandidata da rade sa drugima, kao članovi tima, stavlja ih u komparativnu prednost u odnosu na one koji vole sami da rade ili ne vole da pomažu drugima.	Having the ability to work with others involves being able to work as a team member as opposed to behaving as an individual who prefers to work alone or does not like to help others.	0.632103
Biti deo tima, odnosno biti orijentisan ka timskom radu, veoma je cenjena osobina u mnogim delatnostima.	Being team-oriented is a highly valued trait in most industries.	0.390584
Tessone i Ricci (2005) su utvrdili da je sposobnost rada u timu jedna od najtraženijih praktičnih veština.	Tesone and Ricci (2005) found that the ability to work as part of a team was the number one skill identified by industry practitioners.	1.0727
Fjelstul (2007) je na osnovu sprovedenog istraživanja timski rad rangirao kao drugu najvažniju veštinu.	In Fjelstuls (2007) research, teamwork ranked as the second most important skill.	0.664355
Baker and Harris (2000) su zaključili da studenti specijalizovani za informacione sisteme i tehnologiju smatraju da je sposobnost timskog rada jedna od dve najvažnije osobine u očima donosilaca odluke o zapošljavanju.	Baker and Harris (2000) discovered that students specialized in technology or information systems felt that the ability to work with others was one of the two most important traits in the eyes of recruiters.	1.30211
Usklađivanje sa kulturom i misijom organizacije nastaje kada su vrednosti i verovanja kandidata konzistentne sa vrednostima i verovanjima organizacije.	Alignment with an organizations culture and mission occurs when a candidates values and beliefs are consistent with those espoused in the organizations internal literature, such as its mission statement.	0.958889
Emocionalna posvecìenost zaposlenog i njegov osecìaj identiteta sa organizacijom može dovesti do vecìeg zadovoljstva zaposlenih i veće organizacione efikasnosti (Hemp, 2002).	An employees emotional commitment and sense of identity with a company lead to greater performance both of an employee and a firm (Hemp, 2002).	1.02149
Meta - analiza koju je sproveo Kristof-Brown et al., (2005) pokazala je da je kompatibilnost između pojedinca i kompanije u značajnoj korelaciji sa namerom o zapošljavanju i aktuelnim ponudama za posao. 3.	A meta-analysis conducted by Kristof-Brown et al., (2005) found that person-organization fit, the compatibility between a person and an organization, correlated significantly with the intent to hire and with actual job offers.	0.724208
Co njo int ana li za Conjoint analiza je istraživačka tehnika bazirana na multivarijacionoj analizi, a koja se koristi za merenje individualnih preferencija.	3. ~~~ Conjoint analysis Conjoint analysis is a multivariate technique that can be used to understand how an individuals preferences are developed.	0.266042
Konkretno, tehnika se koristi da se stekne uvid u to kako potrošači vrednuju različite atribute proizvoda na osnovu procene kompletnog proizvoda.	Specifically, the technique is used to gain an insight into how consumers value various product attributes based on their evaluation of the complete product (Kuzmanovic & Martic, 2012).	1.04841
Conjoint analiza, koja se ponekad naziva i trade-off analiza, odnosno analiza kompromisa, omogućava da se otkrije na koji način pojedinci donose kompleksne sudove.	Conjoint analysis, sometimes called trade-off analysis, reveals how people make complex judgments.	1.49371
Suština je u pretpostavci da su kompleksne odluke bazirane ne samo na jednom kriterijumu ili faktoru već na više faktora koji se posmatraju zajedno (CONsidered JOINTly), a otuda i naziv metode.	The technique is based on the assumption that complex decisions are made not based on a single factor or criterion, but on several factors CONsidered JOINTly, hence the term Conjoint.	0.857419
	Conjoint analysis enables the investigator to better understand the interrelationship of multiple factors as they contribute to preferences.	-0.3
Conjoint eksperimenti podrazumevaju da pojedinci izraze svoje preferencije prema različitim, eksperimentalno dizajniranim, stvarnim ili hipotetičkim alternativama.	Conjoint experiments involve individuals being asked to express their preference for various experimentally designed, real or hypothetical alternatives.	1.14926
Ove hipotetičke alternative predstavljaju opis potencijalnih realnih alternativa u smislu njihovih najvažnijih karakteristika ili atributa.	These hypothetical alternatives are descriptions of potential realworld alternatives in terms of their most relevant features, or attributes; hence, they are multi-attribute alternatives (Parker & Schrift, 2011).	1.09922
Liste atributa koji opisuju pojedine alternative nazivaju se profili.	Lists of attributes describing single alternatives are called profiles.	0.590323
U praksi se skup relevantnih atributa najčešće određuje na osnovu postojeće literature ili na osnovu obavljenih pilot istraživanja tehnikama kao što su fokus grupe, faktorske liste i slično.	Typically, the set of relevant attributes is generated by reviewing the research literature and performing pilot research with techniques such as focus groups, factor listings, or repertory grids.	1.33095
Za svaki atribut se definišu dve ili više fiksiranih vrednosti ili nivoa, koji se dalje kombinuju kako bi se kreirali različiti profili.	Two or more fixed values, or levels, are defined for each attribute, and these are combined to create different profiles.	0.967684
Očigledno je da se broj mogućih profila neizmerno povećava sa povećanjem broja atributa i/ili nivoa.	Obviously, the number of possible profiles increases immensely with the increasing number of attributes or levels.	1.20783
Skup profila koji se sastoji od svih mogućih kombinacija atributa nivoa je kompletan faktorski plan eksperimenta.	A set of profiles that consists of all the possible combinations of the attribute levels is the full-factorial experimental design.	0.966882
Kao i u većini conjoint studija, veliki broj mogućih kombinacija atributa i nivoa čine nemogućim da se generiše plan zasnovan na svim mogućim kombinacijama.	As in most conjoint studies, a large number of possible combinations of attributes and levels make it impossible to generate a design based on all the possible combinations.	1.365
Naime, takvi planovi su nepraktični kako zbog kognitivnih ograničenja ispitanika tako i zbog vremenskih ograničenja.	Namely, such designs are impractical because the subjects cognitive limitations and time constraints do not allow considering a large number of profiles.	0.598585
Stoga se u cilju smanjenja broja profila u praksi koristi redukovan faktorski plan, koji ne podrazumeva nikakvu interakciju između atributa i obezbeđuje odsustvo multikolinearnosti.	Thus, fractional factorial designs, which assume no interactions between attributes and ensure the absence of multicollinearity, are used to reduce the number of profiles.	0.635839
Eksperimentalni postupak podrazumeva da ispitanici svoje preferencije izraze dodeljivanjem ocena ili rangiranjem ponuđenih profila.	The experimental procedure involves profiles being presented to respondents who are invited to express their preference by rating or ranking these profiles.	0.66
Funkcije preferencija se procenjuju iz ovih podataka, i to primenom metode najmanjih kvadrata u slučaju ocenjivanja i ordinalnim tehnikama u slučaju rangiranja.	Preference functions are estimated from this data, using OLS regression for rating the data, and ordinal techniques when the rankings are obtained.	0.655871
Nakon što se prikupe informacije o individualnom izboru, odgovori se dalje analiziraju.	Having collected the information on individual preference, the responses need to be analyzed.	0.746154
Da bi se odredio relativni značaj različitih atributa za ispitanike, kompromisi koje pojedinci čine između ovih atributa, kao i ukupna korist uzimajući u obzir ove kompromise, mora se specifikovati veza između korisnosti atributa i dodeljenih ocena.	To determine a relative importance of different attributes to respondents, the trade-offs that individuals make between these attributes, as well as the overall benefit taking into account these trade-offs, a relationship must be specified between the attributes utility and the rated responses.	1.47006
Najjednostavniji i najčešće korišćen model je linearni aditivni model.	The simplest and most commonly used model is the linear additive model.	0.865574
Ovaj model pretpostavlja da se ukupna korisnost bilo koje kombinacije atributa proizvoda ili usluge dobija kao zbir parcijalnih korisnosti nivoa atributa koji opisuju dati proizvod ili uslugu.	This model assumes that the overall utility derived from any combination of attributes of a given good or service is obtained from the sum of the separate part-worths of the attributes.	1.24313
Dakle, ukupna korisnost profila j za i-tog ispitanika može se izraziti na sledeći način: , , gde I predstavlja ukupan broj ispitanika, J - ukupan broj profila, dok je nivoa k-tog atributa, a nost 1 ukoliko je l-ti nivo k-tog atributa prezentovan u profilu j, u suprotnom uzima vrednost 0. korisnost l-tog nivoa k-tog atributa za i-tog ispitanika.	Thus, respondent is predicted conjoint utility for profile j can be specified as follows: Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 , , (1) where I is the number of respondents; J is the number of profiles; K is the number of attributes; Lk is the number of levels of attribute k. ikl is respondent is utility with respect to level l of attribute k. xjkl is a (0,1) variable that it equals 1 if profile j has attribute k at level l, otherwise it equals 0. ij is a stochastic error term.	0.989669
Promenljiva ukupan broj atributa. (1) je broj uzima vred Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Parametri , (parcijalne korisnosti) se procenjuju primenom regresione analize i mogu se dalje koristiti da se ustanove različite stvari.	The parameters are estimated by a regression analysis. ~~~ These beta coefficients, also known as partworth utilities, can be used to establish a number of things.	-0.0558052
Prvo, vrednost ovih parametara ukazuje na uticaj koji svaki od atributa ima na ukupnu korisnost. ~~~ Što je ova vrednost veća, to je veći i uticaj.	Firstly, the value of these coefficients indicates the amount of any effect that an attribute has on overall utility of the profiles the higher the coefficient, the greater the impact.	0.3378
Drugo, parcijalne korisnosti se mogu koristiti za segmentaciju baziranu na preferencijama.	Secondly, part-worths can be used for preference-based segmentation.	0.874731
Naime, s obzirom da se parcijalne korisnosti računaju na individualnom nivou, ukoliko postoji heterogenost preferencija, istraživač ih može otkriti.	Namely, given that part-worth utilities are calculated at the individual level, if preference heterogeneity is present, the researcher can find it.	0.733594
Ispitanici koji su dodelili sličnu vrednost nivoima atributa grupišu se u isti segment.	Respondents who place similar value to the various attribute levels will be grouped together into a segment.	1.09945
Treće, na osnovu vrednosti parcijalnih korisnosti nivoa atributa, za svaki atribut je moguće izračunati njegovu relativnu značajnost, a koja predstavlja meru uticaja atributa na ispitanikov izbor.	Thirdly, part-worths can be used to calculate the relative importance of each attribute, also known as an importance value.	0.551887
Što je ova vrednost veća, to je atribut značajniji za ispitanika ili grupu ispitanika, i obrnuto.	Importance values are calculated by taking the utility range for each attribute separately, and then dividing it by the sum of the utility ranges for all of the factors.	0.457592
Relativna značajnost atributa računa se na taj način što se raspon vrednosti korisnosti za svaki od atributa podeli sumom raspona korisnosti svih atributa, i to posebno za svakog ispitanika.	The results are then averaged to include all of the respondents.	0.189091
Rezultate je dalje moguće uprosečiti kako bi se uzele u obzir preferencije svih ispitanika:	If the market is characterized by heterogeneous customer preferences, it is possible to determine the importance of each attribute for each of isolated market segments.	0.262963
Ukupne korisnosti profila mogu se, umetanjem odgovarajućih vrednosti parcijalnih korisnosti u izraz (1), odrediti za različite kombinacije atributa,.	Overall utility scores can be estimated for different combinations of attributes by inserting the appropriate levels into Equation 1.	0.882441
Dalje se ove ukupne korisnosti koriste za predviđanje tržišnog udela izabranih profila.	These utility scores can be further used to predict the market shares for each of the defined combinations.	0.720288
Konačno, parcijalne korisnosti se mogu koristiti za proveru validnosti rezultata conjoint analize tj. za proveru do koje mere su dobijeni rezultati konzistentni sa a priori očekivanjima. 4.	Finally, part-worths can be used to test the internal validity of conjoint analysis, i.e. the extent to which the results are consistent with economics theory, or, more generally, a priory expectations .	0.930207
Em pi rij ska stu di ja Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da identifikuje koje su to ključne kompetencije kandidata za poziciju business menadžera od strane donosilaca odluke o zapošljavanju, ali i da opiše najpoželjnijeg kandidata.	4. ~~~ Empirical study The main objective of this study was to identify the key competencies of candidates for the business manager position from the employers point of view, but also to determine a most preferred candidate.	0.19529
Istraživanje je sprovedeno u Beogradu, u Srbiji, u maju 2011 godine.	The survey was fielded in Belgrade, Serbia, in May 2011.	1.04318
Ukupno 31 ispitanik je učestvovao u anketiranju.	In total, 31 individuals answered the survey.	4.395
Iako se ovaj uzorak može smatrati relativno malim, to nije atipično za primenu conjoint analize, kada je cilj istraživanja razvijanje hipoteze (Orme 2006).	While this sample size may be regarded as relatively small, it is not atypical for conjoint analysis application when the survey goal is investigational work, or an attempt to develop a hypothesis about a market (Orme 2006).	1.18613
Dizajniranje studije U prvoj fazi conjoint analize izvršena je identifikacija karakteristika, odnosno atributa.	Study design The first stage in the design of a conjoint analysis study is the selection of the attributes.	1.12048
Definisali smo deset ključnih atributa korišćenjem različitih izvora: literature (Biesma et al., 2007; Ruetzler et al., 2010), mišljenja donosilaca odluke o zapošljavanju i ranije sprovedenih istraživanja.	We have defined ten key attributes based on literature review (Biesma et al., 2007; Ruetzler et al., 2010), and opinions of potential employers obtained within the pilot research.	1.67582
Kada su izabrani atributi, potrebno je definisati i nivoe za svaki od njih.	Having chosen the attributes, levels must be assigned to them.	0.517172
Atributi i njihovi nivoi prikazani su u Tabeli 1.		-0.3
Atributi Završene studije Radno iskustvo Strani jezik Poznavanje rada na ra(cid:	These should be realistic, plausible and capable of being traded.	0.221053
Veštine komunikacije Krativnost i vešina rešavanja problema Timski rad Organizacione veštine Proaktivnost Pripremljenost za intervju Tabela 1.	The attributes and levels chosen for this study are shown in Table 1. ~~~ Table 1.	0.178145
Lista atributa i njihovih nivoa Nivo 1 Nivo 2 Nivo 3 Osnovne studije Bachelor Nema Jedan Osnovno Umerene Prose(cid:		-0.3
Orjentisanost ka timskom radu Prose(cid: ~~~ Da Nedovoljno Master opšti Master specijalizovani Praksa Više Napredno Izražene Veoma Orjentisanost ka individualnom radu Dobre Nedovoljno Da Posao / / / / / / / / Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Prvi atribut, Završene studije, odnosi se to da kandidat koji konkuriše za neki posao, odnosno uđe u proces selekcije, mora da ima završene bar osnovne studije, Bachelor.	Attributes and their levels Attribute Education Work Experience Foreign languages Computer skills Communication skills Problem solving skills and creativity Team working skills Organizational skills Proactivity Interview preparedness Level 2 Master, general Internship Level 1 Bachelor None One language More languages Basic Fair Fair Team worker Average Highly Insufficient Advanced Good Good Individualist Good Insufficient Full Level 3 Master, specialized Employment / / / / / / / / Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 The first attribute, Education, refers to the fact that a candidate entering the selection process must have at least the Bachelor degree.	0.319799
Pored diplome sa osnovnih studija, kandidat može da ima opštu master diplomu ili može biti usko specijalizovan za neku oblast (master specijalizovani).	In addition to Bachelor degree, the candidate may have a general master degree, or may be specialized in a specific field.	0.891527
Atribut Radno iskustvo izabran je jer su poslodavci često naglašavali njegov značaj u toku predistraživanja.	The attribute work experience is chosen because employers often emphasized its importance during the pilot research.	0.853409
U ovoj studiji smo pravili razliku radnog iskustva u smislu posla ili prakse.	In this study we distinguish work experience in terms of either employment or internship.	1.53571
Praksa se najčešcìe odnosi na tromesečni rad u toku studija.	The internship most often refers to the three-month period of work during studies.	0.765097
Pretpostavlja se da svi kandidati tečno govore barem jedan strani jezik (obično engleski jezik).	The assumption is that all candidates are fluent in at least one foreign language (usually the English language).	1.06163
Stoga smo definisali dva nivoa ovog atributa.	Therefore, we define two levels for this attribute.	1.3875
Prvi nivo odgovara odličnom čitanju, pisanju i dobroj konverzaciji na jednom stranom jeziku, dok drugi nivo podrazumeva isto to, ali za više od jednog jezika.	The first level corresponds to excellent reading, writing and good conversation in one foreign language, while the second level assumes the same for more than one languages.	1.08595
Pripremljenost kandidata za intervju pokazuje njegovu spremnost i želju za datu poziciju.	The candidates preparedness for the interview indicates his willingness and desire for a given position.	0.951058
Ovaj atribut se odnosi ne samo na to koliko je kandidat informisan o kompaniji i poziciji za koju se prijavljuje, već i njegove manire, stav i odecìu.	This attribute refers not only to how the candidate is informed about the company but also his attitude, manners and outfit.	1.32805
Dakle, definisali smo dva nivoa ovog atributa: pripremljen i nedovoljno pripremljen za intervju.	Therefore, we define two levels of this attribute: fully and insufficiently prepared.	0.721538
Svi ostali atributi opisani su korišcìenjem dva nivoa, gde se jedan od njih odnosi na prosečan nivo, a drugi na viši nivo određene sposobnosti ili veštinu.	All other attributes are described using two levels, where one of them refers to the fair level while the other refers to a higher level of a certain skill.	1.17028
Iako se u mnogim studijama pokazao kao važan, u predistraživanju koje smo sproveli atribut GPA se pokazao kao manje značajan za poziciju business menadžera.	Although many previous studies stressed the GPA as an important factor, the results of the pilot research we conducted indicate that this attribute is of negligible importance for the position of business manager.	1.04435
Stoga ga nismo uzeli u obzir u ovoj studiji.	Therefore, we excluded it from this study.	0.675
Nakon odabira atributa i njihovih nivoa, oni se moraju kombinovati kako bi formirali različite hipotetičke profile kandidata koje će ispitanici ocenjivati.	Once attributes and attribute levels are selected, they must be combined to form different hypothetical profile of candidates for survey respondents to assign preference ratings.	0.947286
Atributi i njihovi nivoi prikazani u tabeli 1 dali su 2304 mogucìih profila (32 x 28).	The attributes and levels in Table 1 gave rise to 2304 possible profiles (32 x 28).	1.5179
Da bi se ovaj broj smanjio, u ovoj studiji je korišćena komponenta statističkog paketa SPSS 16.0 (Orthoplan).	To reduce this number of profiles to a manageable level, in this study a component of the statistical package SPSS 16.0 (Orthoplan) was used.	1.39863
Tako je broj od 2304 mogucìih profila smanjen na 16.	Thus the 2304 possible profiles were reduced to 16.	3.89318
Data su i dva kontrolna profila (holdout tasks).	Two control profiles (holdout tasks) were added to the given design.	0.511905
Kontrolni profili nisu korišćeni za računanje preferencija.	These 2 profiles were not used by the conjoint procedure for estimating the utilities.	0.585526
Njihova jedina namena je provera kvaliteta dobijenih rezultata. 18 hipotetičkih profila prikazani su u Tabeli 2.	Instead, the conjoint procedure calculates correlations between the observed and predicted rank orders for these profiles, as a check of the validity of the utilities. ~~~ The 18 hypothetical profiles considered are shown in Table 2.	1.64254
Kao metoda evaluacije od strane ispitanika izabrana je metoda ocenjivanja profila.	In order to elicit the preferences for the various profiles, in this study a rating approach was utilized.	0.480137
Ispitanici su na skali od 1 do 9, gde 1 znači apsolutno ne zadovoljava kriterijume, a 9 u potpunosti zadovoljava kriterijume, izražavali svoje preferencije prema kombinaciji atributa kandidata za zapošljavanje.	The respondents expressed their preferences for a particular candidate on a scale of 1 to 9, where 1 stands for absolutely undesirable, and 9 stands for absolutely desirable.	0.84569
Prikupljanje podataka je obavljeno tradicionalnom metodom papir-olovka.	The survey was conducted using the traditional paper and pencil method.	0.655645
ID Završene Studije Radno Iskustvo Strani Jezik Rad na ra(cid:		-0.3
Veštine Komun.		-0.3
Kreativnost i VRP Timski Rad Org.		-0.3
Veštine Proaktivnost Pripremljenost za intervju Tabela 2.	Table 2.	0.6125
Generisana lista profila nema nema praksa posao praksa posao posao nema posao nema praksa nema nema nema nema praksa praksa praksa Master O Bachelor Bachelor Bachelor Master S Bachelor Master O Bachelor Master S 10 Bachelor 11 Master O 12 Bachelor 13 Master O 14 Master S 15 Master S 16 Bachelor 17* Bachelor 18* Master S * kontrolni profili jedan više više jedan više više više više jedan jedan jedan jedan više jedan više jedan jedan jedan izražene napredno umerene osnovno izražene napredno izražene napredno osnovno izražene napredno umerene umerene osnovno izražene osnovno izražene osnovno osnovno izražene umerene osnovno umerene osnovno napredno izražene napredno umerene napredno umerene napredno umerene napredno umerene napredno umerene prose(cid: ~~~ prose(cid: ~~~ veoma veoma prose(cid: ~~~ prose(cid: ~~~ veoma veoma prose(cid: ~~~ veoma veoma prose(cid: ~~~ prose(cid: ~~~ veoma veoma prose(cid: ~~~ prose(cid: ~~~ veoma dobre dobre prose(cid: ~~~ nedovoljno nedovoljno timski dobre nedovoljno individ. dobre individ. prose(cid: ~~~ nedovoljno timski timski timski da individ. dobre timski nedovoljno dobre individ. prose(cid: ~~~ nedovoljno individ. prose(cid: ~~~ da prose(cid: ~~~ nedovoljno timski timski prose(cid: ~~~ da individ. prose(cid: ~~~ da individ. dobre timski individ. dobre timski timski nedovoljno da da prose(cid: ~~~ da da prose(cid: ~~~ nedovoljno dobre nedovoljno nedovoljno da nedovoljno da nedovoljno nedovoljno nedovoljno da da nedovoljno da nedovoljno da nedovoljno da da da da Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Analiza i Rezultati U ukupnom uzorku, nešto više od polovine ispitanika su bile žene (54,8%).	Generated list of profiles ID Education Work Experience Foreign languages Computer skills Commun . skills Master G Bachelor Bachelor Bachelor Master S Bachelor Master G Bachelor Master S 10 Bachelor 11 Master G 12 Bachelor 13 Master G 14 Master S 15 Master S 16 Bachelor 17* Bachelor 18* Master S * holdout profiles one more more none none internship employment one internship more employment more employment more none more employment one one none one internship one none none more one none more none one internship one internship internship one fair advanced good basic advanced good advanced good basic good fair advanced fair basic good basic basic good good basic fair basic basic fair advanced good advanced advanced advanced advanced advanced fair fair fair fair fair Problem solving and creativity fair fair good good fair fair good good fair good good fair fair good good fair fair good Organiz. skills Proactivity good good average insufficient Team working skills insufficient teamwork good individualist good insufficient individualist average insufficient teamwork teamwork teamwork highly individualist good teamwork insufficient good individualist average insufficient individualist average highly average insufficient teamwork teamwork average highly individualist average highly individualist good teamwork individualist good teamwork teamwork average insufficient good insufficient average highly highly highly highly insufficient Interview prepare. insufficient full insufficient full insufficient insufficient insufficient full full insufficient full insufficient full insufficient full full full full Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Analysis and Results In the entire sample, slightly more than half of the respondents were female (54,8%).	-0.211784
U Tabeli 3 su prikazani detaljniji demografski podaci.	Table 3 provides detailed demographic data.	4.94505
Tabela 3.	Table 3.	2.2625
Demografske karakteristike Karakteristike Opis Sektor u kome su zaposleni Pozicija u kompaniji Godine radnog iskustva Banka Proizvodno preduze(cid: ~~~ Prodajno preduze(cid: ~~~ Uslužno preduze(cid: ~~~ HR Menadžer prodaje Marketing menadžer Project menadžer TOP menadžeri Do 5 Izme(cid: ~~~ 6 i 10 Više od 10 % 9,6 19,4 29,1 41,9 38,7 25,9 12,9 6,4 16,1 54,8 32,3 12,9 Rezultati analize su prikazani u Tabeli 4 i na Slici 1.	Demographic characteristics Characteristics Industry Position at the company Working experience Description Bank Production company Sales company Service company HR Sales manager Marketing manager Project manager Top manager Less than five years From six to ten years More than ten years % 9.6 19.4 29.1 41.9 38.7 25.9 12.9 6.4 16.1 54.8 32.3 12.9 The results of the analysis are shown in Table 4 and Figure 1.	-0.152157
Parcijalne korisnosti nivoa atributa prikazane su Tabeli 4, dok su na Slici 1 grafički predstavljene značajnosti svakog od atributa.	Table 4 presents the (averaged) part-worth utilities of each level of the attributes, while Figure 1 is the graph description of the attributes importance.	0.558974
Vrednost konstante je 5,771 (Tabela 4) i koristi se za računanje ukupne korisnosti svakog profila.	The constant whose value is 5.771 (Table 4) represents a stochastic error obtained through regression analysis, and it is used to calculate the total utility of each profile.	0.833721
Vrednost Pearson-ovog koeficijenta iznosi 0,983, što ukazuje na to da dobijeni rezultati imaju visok nivo značajnosti i stoga se može zaključiti da su visokog kvaliteta.	A high value of the Pearson coefficient, 0.983, confirms the high level of significance of the obtained results.	0.604934
Visoka vrednost Kendall-ovog koeficijenta korelacije (0,899) takođe ukazuje na visok nivo korelacije između ulaznih i procenjenih preferencija.	Similarly, a high value of the Kendall correlation coefficient, 0.899, indicates a high level of correlation between the observed and the estimated preferences.	0.945897
Kendall-ov koeficijent za 2 kontrolna (holdout) profila ima vrednost 1,000, što je dodatni pokazatelj da su dobijeni podaci visokog kvaliteta.	The Kendall coefficient for two holdout profiles has a value of 1.000, which is an additional indicator of the high quality of the obtained data.	1.00691
Predznak ispred parcijalih korisnosti je u skladu sa očekivanjima.	The signs of the part-worths are in line with the a priori expectations.	0.595
Na primer, negativan predznak ukazuje da kandidat ne poseduje radno iskustvo.	For example, a negative sign is attached to the level which indicates that there is no work experience.	0.716176
Ispitanici su pokazali očekivano ponašanje i za sve ostale atribute, gde najpoželjniji nivo ima najvecìu korisnost.	Respondents showed the expected behavior for all other attributes, with the highest level having the highest utility.	0.820588
Ovi rezultati se mogu smatrati kao indikacija teorijske validnosti upitnika, odnosno u kojoj meri su dobijeni rezultati u saglasnosti sa očekivanjima. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Tabela 4.	These results can be regarded as an indication of the theoretical validity of the questionnaire, i.e. the extent to which the results conform to the a priori expectations.	0.4625
Parcijalne korisnosti Atributi Nivoi atributa Završene studije Radno iskustvo Strani jezik Poznavanje rada na ra(cid:	As Figure 1 shows, the most important attribute is Proactivity, with an importance value of 16.69%.	0.229412
Veštine komunikacije Krativnost i vešina rešavanja problema Timski rad Organizacione veštine Proaktivnost Osnovne studije Bachelor Master opšti Master specijalizovani Nema Praksa Posao Jedan Više Osnovno Napredno Umerene Izražene Prose(cid:		-0.3
Veoma Orjentisanost ka timskom raduOrjentisanost ka individualnom radu Prose(cid:	Slightly less important is the attribute Work Experience, with a value of 15.22%.	0.282857
Dobre Da Nedovoljno Nedovoljno Da 5,771 Parcijalne korisnosti -0,164 -0,188 0,352 -0,427 0,109 0,319 -0,087 0,087 -0,236 0,236 -0,236 0,236 -0,240 0,240 0,236 -0,236 -0,067 0,067 0,409 -0,409 -0,296 0,296 0,095 Std. greška 0.114 0.134 0.134 0.114 0.134 0.134 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 Pripremljenost za intervju Konstanta Korelacije izme(cid:		-0.3
posmatranih i procenjenih pereferencija Pearson's R Kendall's tau Kendall's tau for 2 Holdouts 0,983 0,899 1,000 Significance = 0,000 Significance = 0,000 Kao što se sa Grafika 1 može videti, najznačajniji atribut na nivou celog uzorka je Proaktivnost, čija prosečna značajnost iznosi 16,69%. ~~~ Nešto manju značajnost ima Radno iskustvo (15,22%).		-0.3
Atributi sa relativno većom značajnošću su i Pripremljenost za intervju (12,08%) i Završene studije (11,02%).	Attributes with a relatively higher importance are also Interview preparedness (12.08%) and Education (11.02%).	0.493939
Umereno važan atribut je Kreativnost i veština rešavanja problema (9,80%) praćen sa tri podjednako važna atributa Poznavanje rada na računaru, Timski rad i Veštine komunikacije (prosečna značajnost=9,63%).	A moderately important attribute is Problem solving and creativity (9.80%) followed by three equally important attributes Computer skills, Communication Skills and Team working skills (importance value = 9.63%).	0.936371
Najmanje značajni atributi su Strani jezik i Organizacine veštine, čije prosečne značajnosti iznose 3,55% i 2,73%, respektivno. ~~~ Slika 1.	By far the least important attributes are Foreign Language and Organizational skills, whose importance values amount to 3.55% and 2.73%, respectively.	0.0653846
Prosečne značajnosti atributa Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Parcijalne korisnosti pokazuju osetljivost ispitanika na promenu nivoa atributa (vidi Sliku 2).	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Attribute Education Work Experience Foreign languages Computer skills Communication skills Problem solving skills and creativity Team working skills Organizational skills Proactivity Interview preparedness Table 4.	0.78488
	Averaged part-worth utilities Attribute level Bachelor Master, general Master, specialized None Practice Work One language More languages Basic Advanced Fair Good Fair Good Team work orientation Individual work orientation Average Good Yes Insufficient Insufficient Yes 5.771 Part-worth utilities -0.164 -0.188 0.352 -0.427 0.109 0.319 -0.087 0.087 -0.236 0.236 -0.236 0.236 -0.240 0.240 0.236 -0.236 -0.067 0.067 0.409 -0.409 -0.296 0.296 0.095 Std.	-0.3
	Error 0.114 0.134 0.134 0.114 0.134 0.134 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 Constant Correlations between observed and estimated preferences Pearson's R Kendall's tau Kendall's tau for 2 Holdouts 0.983 0.899 1.000 Significance = 0.000 Significance = 0.000 Part-worth utilities reflect the sensitivity of respondents to change of attribute levels (see Figure 2).	-0.3
Može se videti da svi atributi imaju visok nivo osetljivosti na promene nivoa, međutim manje strm nagib imaju jedino atributi sa tri nivoa i to u slučaju prelaska sa najpoželjnijeg nivoa na srednje poželjan nivo.	It may be noted that all attributes included in the study are extremely sensitive to level changes, but in the case of three-level attributes this sensitivity varies depending on the interval.	0.9176
Na primer, ako posmatramo atribut Radno iskustvo, korisnost opada mnogo brže u intervalu Praksa-Nema radno iskustvo nego u intervalu Posao-Praksa.	For example, when we observe the attribute Work Experience, the preferences decline much faster in the interval Internship-None than in the interval Employment-Internship.	1.67973
U slučaju atributa Završene studije, samo najpoželjniji nivo (Master specijalizovani) povecìava ukupnu korisnost, dok je nivoi Master Opšti i Osnovne studije-Bachelor smanjuju.	In the case of attribute Education, only the best level (master specialized) increases the overall preferences, while the medium (master general) and lowest (bachelor) decrease them.	0.685608
Ova dva nivoa imaju negativan predznak vrednosti pacijalne korisnosti.	These two levels have a negative sign of part-worth utilities.	1.15
Slika 2.	Figure 1.	1.2625
Funkcije parcijalnih korisnosti atributa Karakteristike koje opisuju najboljeg kandidata su: završen master specijalizovani, ima radno iskustvo i to posao, zna više stranih jezika, veoma dobro poznaje rad na računaru, ima izražene veštine komunikacije, veoma je kreativan i vešt u rešavanju problema, orijentisan ka timskom radu, poseduje dobre organizacione veštine, proaktivan je i pripremljen za intervju.	Averaged attribute importance values Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Figure 2. ~~~ Part-worth utility functions Characteristics that describe the best candidate are: Specialized Master degree in education, has work experience, speaks two or more foreign languages, has advanced computer skills, has strong communication skills, he/she is very creative and skilled in problem solving, oriented to teamwork, possess good organizational skills, is proactive and well prepared for the interview.	0.505115
Zaključak Za utvrđivanje poželjnih veština i sposobnosti business menadžera u ovom radu je korišcìena conjoint analiza.	Conslusion To determine the skills and competencies for the business manager position which recruiters particularly prefer conjoint analysis was used in this paper.	0.922847
Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prvo istraživanje u Srbiji koje za postavljeni cilj koristi ovaj pristup.	To our knowledge, this is the first study to use this approach for that purpose in Serbia.	0.761412
Istraživanje pokazuje da donosioci odluke o zapošljavanju smatraju da su radno iskustvo (posao) i završene studije (jedino master specijalizovani) najznačajniji atributi, dok su poznavanje stranih jezika i organizacione veštine najmanje značajni.	Research has shown that potential employers consider the proactivity as the most important attribute, while number of foreign languages and organizational skills are of least importance.	0.853704
Oni su istakli da češcìe biraju proaktivne kandidate zbog nedostatka vremena za njihovu obuku.	They stressed that they more often pick proactive candidates due to the lack of time for the training of hired workers.	0.847059
Zbog kracìeg vremena obuke, odabrani kandidati moraju biti vešti, snalažljivi i sposobni da se brzo prilagode novoj radnoj sredini.	Because of the shorter training, selected candidates must be skilled, resourceful and capable of quickly incorporating into the new work environment.	0.716667
S obzirom na postavljeni cilj istraživanja, odnosno primenljivost Conjoint analize za utvrđivanje preferencija donosilaca odluke o zapošljavanju o ključnim kompetencijama kandidata za poziciju business menadžera, dobijeni rezultati potvrđuju da je zadatak uspešno realizovan.	Since the goal of the research was to show the applicability of conjoint analysis to determine the recruiters preferences toward key competencies for a business manager position, the findings obtained and presented above confirm that our task is successfully accomplished.	0.454676
Sprovođenje Conjoint analize u procesu selekcije kandidata za zapošljavanje može potencijalno smanjiti troškove selekcije, unaprediti proces razmatranja hiljade biografija i sprovođenja na stotine intervjua, a time će se i menadžeri fokusirati na manji broj efikasnih kandidata.		-0.3
S druge strane, kandidatima je omogucìeno da se fokusiraju na određene tehnike savladavanja veština i sposobnosti poželjnih od strane poslodavaca.		-0.3
Rezultati studije imaju značaj i na teorijskom i na praktičnom nivou.	The findings of the study are significant both on a theoretical and an applied levels.	0.246774
Na teorijskom nivou, oni nam daju informaciju koje veštine i sposobnosti preferiraju donosioci odluke o zapošljavanju.	On a theoretical level, they add to our knowledge of the relative importance of some factors influencing recruiters preferences.	0.46232
Na praktičnom nivou, rezultati pružaju korisne informacije kako studentima (potencijalnim kandidatima) tako i nastavnicima (upravo onima koji kreiraju buduće kandidate).	On the applied level, the results provide useful information both to students (the potential candidates) and university teachers (those that guide and educate candidates).	1.28993
Ova informacija može pomoći nastavnicima kako bi što efikasnije usmerili studente ka poželjnim veštinama i sposobnostima potrebnim za njihovo buducìe zaposlenje.	Indeed, this information could help teachers to provide students more effectively with appropriate skills and competencies needed for their future employment.	0.689666
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April 2012. ~~~ Prihvaćen:	Accepted: June 2012.	0.6625
Jun 2012. O autoru Milena Popović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: djurovicmilena86@gmail.com Milena Popović diplomirala je na odseku menadžmenta na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka u Beogradu, 2010.godine.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 About the Author Milena Popović University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: djurovicmilena86@gmail.com Milena Popović received her B.Sc. degree in Management from the Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade in 2010.	1.45424
Trenutno radi kao saradnik u nastavi na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, Univerziteta u Beogradu, u oblasti Operacionih istraživanja.	Currently, she works as teaching assistant at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences at the University of Belgrade, where she lectures courses in the Operations Research field.	1.21356
Njeni istraživački interesi vezani su za probleme matematičkog modeliranja i teorije igara.	Her research interests are related to Mathematical Modeling and Game theory.	0.723881
Marija Kuzmanović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: marija.kuzmanovic@fon.bg.ac.rs Marija Kuzmanović je docent na predmetima Operaciona istraživanja i Teorija igara, na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, Univerziteta u Beogradu.	Marija Kuzmanović University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, e-mail: marija.kuzmanovic@fon.bg.ac.rs Marija Kuzmanović is assistant professor in Operations Research and Game Theory at the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	1.53355
Doktorirala je na smeru Operacionih istraživanja i Statistike na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka.	She obtained PhD degree from Department of Operations Research and Statistics, Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	0.482493
Teme njenog istraživanja uključuju analizu i primenu matematičkog modeliranja, conjoint analizu, teoriju igara i druge kvantitativne metode u oblasti marketinga i menadžmenta.	Topics of her research include analysis and application of mathematical modeling, conjoint analysis, game theory and other quantitative methods in marketing and management.	1.32758
Milan Martić Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: milan@fon.bg.ac.rs Milan Martić je profesor na Univerzitetu u Beogradu, Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, na predmetima Operaciona istraživanja, Metode za merenje efikasnosti i Teorija igara.	Milan Martić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: milan@fon.bg.ac.rs Milan Martić is professor of Operations Research, Performance Measurement Methods and Game Theory at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade.	1.29615
Njegova istraživačka interesovanja uključuju analizu i primenu matematičkog modeliranja, analizu obavijanja podataka i teoriju igara.	His research interests include analysis and application of mathematical modeling, data envelopment analysis and game theory.	0.824318
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Dima Alberg Odsek za industrijski inženjering i upravljanje, SCE - Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel Inkrementalno izučavanje intervala primenom drveta regresije sa srednjom varijansom numeričkih tokova podataka UDK: ~~~ 005.521 ; 005.82 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.-09. ~~~ Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija U ovom radu predstavljamo novi model inkrementalnog učenja primenom drveta regresije koristeći numeričke tokove podataka struktuirane pomoću srednje varijanse.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Dima Alberg Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, SCE - Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel Incremental Interval Regression Tree Learning with Mean Variance Numerical Data Streams UDC: 005.521 ; 005.82 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0013 XIII International Simposium SymOrg 2012, 05-09 June 2012, Zlatibor, Serbia In this paper, we present a novel method for interval regression tree incremental learning with mean variance patterned numerical data streams.	-0.0115995
Predloženi MVIRT (Mean Variance Interval Regression Tree) algoritam pretvara kontinuirane vremenske podatke u dva statistička momenta u skladu sa vremenom koje je korisnik odredio i gradi model stabla regresije za procenu intervala predvidljivosti ciljne varijable.	The proposed Mean Variance Interval Regression Tree (MVIRT) algorithm transforms continuous temporal data into two statistical moments according to a user-specified time resolution and builds a regression model tree for estimating the prediction interval of the target variable.	1.20641
Glavna osobenost ovog algoritma jeste vremenski određen algoritam za indukciju inkrementalne varijanse koji se kombinuje sa novom rezolucijom vremena i mehanizmom za detekciju podataka koji odstupaju od uobičajenih.	The algorithm main properties are time - based incremental mean variance tree induction algorithm accompanying novel time resolution and outliers detection mechanism.	0.729273
Rezultati tokova podataka u realnom vremenu pokazuju da se primenom MVIRT algoritma dobijaju precizniji modeli predviđanja koje je lakše tumačiti u poređenju sa drugim metodamama za serijsku obradu inkrementalnog modela drveta koji su danas u upotrebi.	Results of real world data stream show that the MVIRT algorithm produces more accurate and easily interpretable prediction models than other state-of-the-art batch incremental model tree methods.	1.17252
Ključne reči: predviđanje, drvo regresione analize, inkrementalno učenje, analiza tokova podataka, predviđanje intervala 1.	Keywords: prediction, regression tree, incremental learning, data stream mining, interval prediction 1.	1.14888
Uvod Jedan niz momenata, na primer, podaci preneti putem senzora, geoprostorna lokacija, trenutne cene akcija i devizni kurs, električni signali i napon, vrednosti koje se mogu beležiti i posmatrati neprekidno u vremenu, naziva se tok podataka.	Introduction A sequence of instances, such as sensor transmitted data, geospatial location, tick - by - tick stock prices and exchange rates, electric signals and voltage, the values of which may be recorded and observed continuously in time, is called a data stream.	0.685594
Izvori tokova podataka su, između ostalog, meteorološki i finansijski podaci, kontrola mreže, web aplikacije, senzorske mreže, itd.	The sources of data streams include meteorological and financial data, network monitoring, web applications, sensor networks, etc.	0.953623
U slučaju regresije, atribut za koji se predviđaju vrednosti jeste numeričkog (stalno vrednovan i uređen), a ne kategorijskog tipa (vrednovan diskretnim vrednostima i neuređen).	In regression, the attribute for which values are being predicted is numeric (continuous-valued and ordered) rather than categorical (discrete valued and unordered).	0.66027
Ovaj atribut se može nazvati predviđenim atributom.	This attribute can be referred to as the predicted attribute.	1.39375
Treba imati na umu da se regresija7 može takođe posmatrati kao funkcija mapiranja, Y=f(X), gde X predstavlja input, a autput je neprekidna ili uređena vrednost Y. Stoga ćemo problem regresije u tokovima podataka posmatrati kao problem učenja funkcije nekoliko ulaznih (input) atributa iz prethodnog toka podataka sa ciljem da što preciznije procenimo vrednost numeričkog ciljnog atributa u budućem toku podataka.	Note that regression7 can also be viewed as a mapping function, Y=f(X), where X is the input and the output is a continuous or ordered value Y.	1.07252
Klasični metodi regresionog drveta za predviđanje numeričke ciljne varijable u serijskoj obradi podataka nadograđuju se na kontrolisani pristup poznat kao razdvoji i osvoji.	Thus, the regression problem in data streams will be considered as the problem of learning a function of several input attributes from the past data stream with the goal of estimating as accurately as possible the value of a numerical target attribute in the future data stream.	0.901923
Kad je reč o predstavljanju poslednjeg čvorišta (lista), ovi metodi se mogu klasifikovati i sledeće kategorije: konstantna ili srednja vrednost model predviđanje intervala.	The classical batch regression tree methods for predicting a numerical target variable build upon the supervised divide-and-conquer approach.	0.383495
Glavna razlika između metoda jeste ta da za predstavljanje modela i predviđanja intervala, za razliku od pristupa primenom srednje vrednosti, koriste složenije modele predviđanja s ciljem da što preciznije predvide ciljnu varijablu.	In terms of the terminal node (leaf) representation, these methods can be classified into following categories: constant or mean value model interval prediction The main difference between the methods is that the model and the interval representations, unlike the mean value approach, employ more complex prediction models with the aim of improving the target variable prediction accuracy.	0.843215
Efikasan algoritam regresionog modela drveta u serijskoj obradi obezbeđuje da konstrukcija i predviđanje modela mogu da se urade tako što će preciznost biti značajno unapređena pri unosu Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 novih informacija.	An efficient batch regression model tree algorithm ensures that the model construction and prediction can be processed with consistently improving accuracy, as new information is incorporated.	0.843452
Šta više, manje modele drveta, t.j., modele u kojima drvo ima manje račvanja lakše je i dobiti i tumačiti.	Moreover, smaller trees, i.e., those which do not have too many splits, are easier to get and to interpret.	0.436667
U mnogim aplikacijama u stvarnim situacijama, u kojima postoji ogroman broj podataka, brza obrada i lakoća tumačenja regresionog modela drveta od jednake je važnosti kao i preciznost u predviđanju6,10.	In many real world applications, which contain large data masses the regression model tree fast processing and ease of interpretation is just as important as predictive accuracy 6, 10.	0.859873
Prema Holmes i dr.8, seriski-inkrementalni algoritmi nameću oštra ograničenja učenju primenom regresionog drveta.	According to Holmes et al.8 the batch - incremental algorithms place hard restrictions on regression tree learning.	0.710571
Prvo, model mora da bude inkrementalno uzrokovan.	First, a model must be induced incrementally.	1.395
Drugo, instance koje sadrže vreme moraju da stižu istom brzinom.	Second, the instances processing time must keep up with their speed of arrival.	1.06646
Treće, model mora da koristi konstantnu količinu memorije dok stvara jedan precizan i ažuriran model predviđanja, i to u svakom trenutku u vremenu.	Third, a model may only use a constant amount of memory while providing an Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 accurate and updated prediction model at any point in time.	0.966923
Stoga su, da bi prevazišli ova ograničenja, Bifet i dr.3,4 uveli novu klasu grupe serijskih-inkrementalnih algoritama.	Therefore to overcome these restrictions Bifet et al.3, 4 introduced the new class of the ensemble batch - incremental algorithms.	0.63596
Ovi algoritmi obično primenjuju grupu metoda padajućih prozora i razdvajaju tok podataka u tok nepovezanih serija, pri čemu svaka serija podataka može da se obrađuje onim redom kako je pristigla, primenom jednog od algoritama regresionog stabla o kojima ćemo podrobnije raspravljati u narednom poglavlju. 2.	These algorithms usually apply an ensemble of sliding window methods and split the data stream into a stream of disjoint batches whereas each data batch can be processed in the order of its arrival using one of batch regression tree algorithms, which are discussed much deeper in the next section. ~~~ Mining data streams with model 2.	0.443871
Analiza tokova podataka primenom metoda regresionog drveta Iako su regresiona stabla već dobro proučena klasa metoda za učenje, malo je istraživanja urađeno u oblasti indukovanja inkrementalnog regresionog drveta.	Mining data streams with model tree regression methods Although regression trees are well-studied class of learners, little research has been done in the area of incremental regression tree induction.	1.09464
Problem postaje još ozbiljniji kada učenje ima posla sa neprekidnim tokovima podataka.	The problem becomes even harder if the learning must deal with continuous data streams.	0.749538
To znači da onaj koji uči primenom regresionog drveta postaje u potpunosti inkrementalan i mora se ažurirati sa svakim novim unosom.	That means that the regression tree learner becomes fully incremental and must be updated with every new arriving instance.	1.3217
U inkrementalnom sistemu učenja pojedinačni skupovi podataka pristižu prirodnim redosledom u vremenu.	In an incremental learning system, the data instances arrive sequentially in time.	1.13141
Svaki taj pojedinačni slučaj predstavlja jedan momenat u sistemu promena u okružanju u vremenu t.	Each instance represents a snapshot of the changing environment system at time t.	1.08429
Pošto su tokovi podataka veoma dugi i često nemaju kraja, sistem se mora ažurirati instancu po instancu, skup po skup.	Since data streams are very long and often open-ended, the system must be updated using one instance at a time.	1.26774
Svaki skup se odbacuje čim se iskoristi za ažuriranje.	Each instance is discarded as soon as it is used for updating.	0.581633
Potts11,12 spaja serijsku i inkrementalnu verziju dva pravila razdvajanja modela linearnog drveta regresije pomoću dve unifikovane strukture Online-RD i RA.	Potts11, 12 brings together the batch and incremental versions of the two splitting rules of regression linear model tree with two uni(cid:0)ed frameworks Online - RD and RA.	1.28058
Predloženi modeli drveta grade se s vrha nadole, primenom jednog od dva statistička testa da bi se odredila tačka razdvajanja i odlučilo da li da se nastavi sa razdvajanjem.	The proposed tree models are built from the top down, using one of two statistical tests to determine both the split point and whether to carry on splitting.	0.77373
Ovi autori koriste Chow4 test, standardni statistički test za homogenost između pod-uzoraka.	They use the Chow4 test, a standard statistical test for homogeneity amongst sub-samples.	0.969231
Alberg i Last1,2 uvode MOPT (Mean Output Prediction Tree) algoritam za predviđanje intervala numeričkih ciljnih varijabli iz privremeno spojenih numeričkih podataka, gde je svaka instanca tako spojenih podataka predstavljena svojom srednjom vrednošću i varijansom.	Alberg and Last1,2 introduced MOPT (Mean Output Prediction Tree) algorithm for interval prediction of numeric target variables from temporally aggregated numerical data, where each aggregated data instance is represented by its mean and variance.	1.46776
Predloženi algoritam se razlikuje od regresionih algoritama koji su danas u primeni po tome što raslojava ili razdvaja svaki input i autput na dva momenta, u skladu sa rezolucijom vremena i zato što može da identifikuje najbolju vremensku rezoluciju u predviđanju i time smanjuje grešku u predviđanju i stvara kompaktnije regresiono drvo bazirano na intervalima.	The proposed algorithm differs from the state-of-the-art regression algorithms in the splitting of each input and output feature to two moments according to the input time resolution and it can also identify the most appropriate prediction time resolution that minimizes the prediction error and builds more compact interval based regression tree.	1.03188
Glavni nedostaci MOPT algoritma proizilaze iz činjenice da on ne koristi mehanizam za detekciju rezolucije eksplicitnog vremena te stoga nije pogodan kada se radi sa glomaznim tokovima podataka koji mogu da obuhvate i šeme promene u distribuciji i da zahtevaju prekomerno veliku memoriju i masivne mogućnosti obrade.	The main disadvantages of the MOPT algorithm are posed by the fact that is not using an explicit time resolution detection mechanism and thus is not suitable for dealing with massive data streams, which may include distribution change patterns and can require excessive memory and processing power resources.	0.97376
Ikonomovska i dr.9 definišu FIMT-DD algoritam (Fast and Incremental Model Tree with Drift Detection) i predstavljaju ga kao naprednu adaptaciju FIMT (Fast and Incremental Model Tree ) i FIRT (Fast and Incremental Regression Tree) algoritama koja primenjuje metod eksplicitne detekcije promene (DD) u slučajevima dinamičkih okruženja i distribucija koje se menjaju u vremenu.	Ikonomovska et al.9 describe the FIMT-DD (Fast and Incremental Model Tree with Drift Detection) algorithm which is an advanced adaptation of the FIMT (Fast and Incremental Model Tree) and FIRT (Fast and Incremental Regression Tree) algorithms and uses an explicit change detection method (DD) for dynamic environments and time-changing distributions.	1.56928
Glavna razlika između FIRT i FIMT algoritma jeste u činjenici da kod FIRT ne postoje linearni modeli u listovima.	The main difference between FIRT and FIMT algorithms lies in the fact that FIRT has no linear models in the leaves.	1.34375
Prema ovim autorima, glavne prednosti FIMT-DD jesu da je on konkurentan serijskim algoritmima u smislu preciznosti, omogućava detekciju lokalnih promena i omogućava da se izbegnu dodatni troškovi za ponovno građenje celog drveta kada su neophodne samo lokalne promene.	According to the authors, the main advantages of the FIMT-DD are that it is competitive with batch algorithms in terms of accuracy, enables local change detection, and avoids the costs of re-growing the whole tree when only local changes are necessary.	1.11376
Uobičajeni nedostatak predstavljenih metoda jeste taj što oni ne mogu valjano da otkriju promene i da prilagode svoje drvo uz minimalni gubitak preciznosti.	The common disadvantage of the represented methods that they are unable to detect changes properly and adapt their tree models with a minimal loss of accuracy.	0.795556
Jednostavan način da se izađe na kraj sa ovim problemom jeste da se izračuna svaka moguća tačka razdvajanja.	A simple way to cope with this problem is to calculate every possible splitting point.	0.76387
Time zadatak postaje skup za izračunavanje, a to ima negativne posledice na skalabilnost algoritma.	As a result, the task becomes computationally expensive and it has a negative effect on the algorithm scalability.	1.06591
Ovo nije trivijalan problem i kao takav on zahteva primenu inkrementalnih algoritama za koje je karakteristično brzo rešavanje i brz vremenski odgovor, algoritama koji su u stanju da pravilno otkriju promene i prilagode svoje modele drveta uz minimalni gubital preciznosti.	This non-trivial problem raise the need of incremental algorithms with fast execution and response time, which are able to detect changes properly and adapt their tree models with a minimal loss of accuracy. ~~~ 3.	0.1686
	The Mean Variance Interval Regression Tree MVIRT Methodology The Mean Variance Interval Regression Tree (MVIRT) algorithm introduced in this paper requires continuous aggregated temporal variables, represented in the form of two unbiased estimators (sample average and variance) and produces an interval batch incremental interval regression tree for a numeric target variable Y.	-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 3. ~~~ Metodologija MVIRT MVIRT algoritam predstavljen u ovom radu zahteva kontinuirane ukupne vremenske varijable predstavljene kao dva nepristrasna pokazatelja procene (prosek uzorka i varijansu) i proizvodi serijsko-inkrementalno drvo regresije za intervale za numeričku ciljnu varijablu Y. U našem algoritmu, prosečna vrednost i varijansa svake varijable biće mapirane u univarijantnoj Mahalanobis distanci zasnovanoj na pomoćnoj kontrolnoj varijabli M (.) koja treba da reaguje na promene kod oba statistička momenta.	In our algorithm the average and variance of each variable will be mapped in univariate Mahalanobis distance Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 based on auxiliary control variable M (.) that should respond to changes in both statistical moments.	0.275893
Predloženi pristup omogućava nam da zapostavimo vrednosti koje odstupaju od normalnih i zbog kojih predviđanje može da izgubi na stabilnosti i da model bude opterećen overfiting efektom i da se tako značajno smanji veličina izgrađenog drveta.	The proposed approach enables to ignore outliers, which cause prediction instability and model overfitting effect, and thus achieve a considerable reduction in the size of the induced tree. (1)	0.609639
Pretpostavimo da je svaka instanca i ulazne varijable X predstavljena sa dva ukupna estimatora srednje vredza datu rezoluciju agregacije r merenja u vremenu.	Suppose that each instance i of input variable X is represented by two aggregated mean and variance estiand mators for a given temporal measurement aggregation resolution r.	1.14853
Uzmimo da su xA nosti i varijanse i (1) i xS prosečne vrednosti uzorka za sve momente i da su VA i VS varijansa uzorka odgovarajućih nepristrasnih estimatora.	Let xA and xS be the sample variance of the corresponding unbiased estimators.	0.642857
Odgovarajuća kovarijansa uzorka između označena je kao VAS a Mahalanobis distanca između dva merena stati stička momenta ulazne varijable X izračunava se pomoću: (2) Da bismo identifikovali vanredne vrednosti Mi potrebno je da odredimo distribuciju njegove verovatnoće.	The corresponding sample covariance be be the sample average values over all instances, and let VA and VS tween measured statistical moments of the input variable X is calculated by: is denoted by VAS and the Mahalanobis distance between the two (2) To identify outlying values of Mi we need to determine its probability distribution.	0.962179
Predložene mere distance po nultoj hipotezi (koja obuhvata pretpostavku multivarijantne normalnosti varijable X) ima chi-square distribuciju sa dva stepena slobode i označava Mahalanobis multivarijantnu standardizovanu distancu između vrednosti dva prva momenta koja posmatramo.	The proposed distance metric under the null hypothesis (which includes the assumption of multivariate normality of X variable) has a chi square - distribution with two degrees of freedom and express Mahalanobis multivariate standardized distance between the values of the current two first moments.	1.08692
Na primer, ako prosečne vrednosti ulazne varijable zadrže vrednosti xA i xS, onda vrednosti M(.) treba da budu niže od i više od 0, gde predstavlja gornju α procentnu tačku chi-square distribucije sa dva stepena slobode.	For example, if the input variable averages remain at the values xA and xS then values of M(.) should be less than the is the upper α percentage point of the chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom.	1.08167
Ako bar jedna od prosečnih vrednosti dobije neku novu vrednost, onda se verovatnoća da će statistički momenat preći granicu povećava.	If at least one of the averages shifts to some new value, then the probability that the statistical moment exceeds the limit increases.	0.995865
U algoritmu za indukovanje drveta, ograničenja intervala pouzdanosti metrike M distance izračunavaju se na sledeći način: (3) gde r predstavlja vremensku rezoluciju agregacije. 4.	In the tree induction algorithm the confidence interval limits of the M distance metric are calculated by: and greater than 0, where (3) where r is a temporal aggregation resolution. ~~~ 4.	0.537152
Postupak račvanja drveta primenom MVIRT U fazi razdvajanja u MVIRT algoritmu pretpostavljamo da imamo skup n trening momenata u datom čvorištu.	The MVIRT Tree Splitting Procedure In the instance splitting stage of the MVIRT algorithm we assume that we have a set of n training instances at a given node.	1.24273
Pseudo kod na slici 1 pronalazi najbolje mesto račvanja za predviđanje srednje vrednosti numeričke ciljne varijable.	The pseudo code in Figure 1 finds the best split for predicting the mean of a numeric target variable.	0.935294
Ovaj postupak se primenjuje kod razdvajanja vrednosti bivarijantnih ulaznih varijabli gde je svaka varijabla predstavljena srednjom vrednošću uzorka AVG(X) i varijansom VAR(X) u skladu sa prethodno definisanom rezolucijom r vremenske agregacije.	This procedure applies to splitting the values of bivariate numeric input variables, where each variable is represented by the sample mean AVG(X) and variance VAR(X) according to the predefined temporal aggregation resolution r.	0.92427
Postupak grananja sastoji se iz tri glavna koraka.	The splitting procedure includes three main steps.	0.668182
U prvom koraku izračunava se Mahalanobisova distanca za numeričku ulaznu varijablu X u svakom momentu (videti jednačinu 2) i sprovodi se postupak detekcije vrednosti koje odstupaju od uobičajenih.	The first step consists of the Mahalanobis distance calculation for numeric input variable X in every instance (see Equation 2) and outliers detection procedure.	1.18446
Drugi korak sadrži logički mehanizam rezolucije inkrementalnog vremena koji povećava trenutnu rezoluciju vremena TR u slučaju kada svi momenti ulazne varijable odstupaju od normalnih vrednosti.	The second step contains incremental time resolutions logic mechanism which increases current time resolution TR when all input variables instances are outliers.	1.4037
Treba imati na umu da ukoliko je broj ovakvih vrednosti jednak broju trening momenata (instanci), onda algoritam zanemaruje datu ulaznu varijablu i prelazi na sledeću ili vraća drvo.	It should be noted that if the number of outliers equals to the number of training instances, then the algorithm ignores a given input variable and shifts to the next one or returns the tree.	0.817241
U trećem, finalnom koraku odabira se najbolji estimator (uzorak srednje vrednosti ili varijanse) za ulaznu varijablu.	The third final step is aimed at selecting the best estimator (sample average or variance) for input variable.	0.973967
U ovom koraku algoritam izračunava odnos apsolutnih razlika između vrednosti MXY i vrednosti estimatora MAVG i MVAR u poslednjem momentu razdvajanja X i odabira najbolji estimator čvorišta (Best_Contributor) koji će smanjiti odnos razlika na minimum. ~~~ MVIRT((cid: ~~~ TR, X, Y) postupak ra(cid: ~~~ Ulazni Arg: ~~~ Definisan od strane korisnika , (cid: ~~~ Teku(cid:	In this step, the algorithm calculates the absolute differences ratio between the value of MXY and the values of the estimators MAVG and MVAR in the best splitting instance of X and chooses the best node estimator (Best_Contributor), which minimizes that difference ratio.	-0.0353604
vremenska rezolucija, r Srednja varijansa ulazne varijable, X Srednja varijansa ciljne varijable, Y Najbolja ta(cid: ~~~ ra(cid: ~~~ za ulazni atribut X Izlaz: ~~~ Glavnina pseudokoda: # Izra(cid:		-0.3
vektor Mahalanobis distance za ulaznu varijablu MX Za svaki momenat Do:		-0.3
MX = M (AVG(X),VAR(X)) (formula 2) Slede(cid:		-0.3
# Postupak detekcije i odbacivanja vrednosti koje odstupaju od normalnih šCć = nula Ako MX((cid:		-0.3
ima vrednost koja odstupa od normalne (formula 2) Onda šCć + + # Prikupljanje momenata za podatke (cid:		-0.3
vrednost odstupa od normalnih Poslednji uslov # Odre(cid:		-0.3
vremenske rezolucije Ako je šCć prazan skup, Onda # Pre(cid:		-0.3
na slede(cid:		-0.3
ulaznu varijablu Vratiti se na MVIRT((cid: ~~~ , TR, X, Y) Ako vrednosti svih momenata varijable odstupaju od normalnih (otkriveno je da koncept menja pravac) Onda # Pove(cid: ~~~ vremensku rezoluciju TR za sadašnju ulaznu varijablu TR = r - - Ako je TR prazan skup, Onda Vratiti MVIRT drvo Ili Vratiti se na MVIRT((cid: ~~~ TR, X, Y) Poslednji uslov Poslednji uslov # Detekcija najbolje kontributivne varijable Za svaki momenat u šCć Uraditi: ~~~ MY = M (AVG(Y), VAR(Y)) MXY = M (M(X), M(Y)) #Mahalanobis distancu izme(cid: ~~~ prose(cid: ~~~ vrednosti X i Y MAVG = M (AVG(X), AVG (Y)) (formula 2 ) #Mahalanobis distancu izme(cid: ~~~ varijansi X i Y MVAR = M (VAR(X), VAR (Y)) (formula 2) Slede(cid: ~~~ Racio najboljeg estimatora = Max(đMXY - MAVG đ,đ MXY - MVARđ)/ đMXYđ # Najbolja vrednost ra(cid: ~~~ za sadašnju ulaznu varijablu X u vremenskoj rezoluciji TR Vratiti Ra(cid: ~~~ (TR; Najbolji estimator (Avg/Var) ; Najbolja vrednost ra(cid: ~~~ (1) (2) (3) Slika 1. MVRT pseudo kod za kriterijum račvanja Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 5.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 MVIRT((cid:302), TR, X, Y) splitting procedure Input Args: User defined , (cid:302) Current time resolution, r The mean-variance input variables, X The mean-variance target variable, Y The best split point for input attribute X Output: Pseudocode body: # Calculate the Mahalanobis distance vector for input variable MX For each instance Do: MX = M (AVG(X),VAR(X)) (formula 2) Next #Outliers detection & droping procedure šCć = null If MX((cid:302)) is not outlier (formula 2) Then šCć + + # Non outliers data instances collection End If # Time resolution setting If šCć is empty Then #Shift to the next input variable Call recursively MVIRT((cid:302) , TR, X, Y) If all input variables instances are outliers (concept drift is detected) Then # Increase time resolution TR for current input variable TR = r - - If TR is empty Then Return MVIRT Tree Else Call recursively MVIRT((cid:302), TR, X, Y) End If End If # Best contribution variable detection For each instance in šCć Do: MY = M (AVG(Y), VAR(Y)) MXY = M (M(X), M(Y)) #Mahalanobis distance between averages of X and Y MAVG = M (AVG(X), AVG (Y)) (formula 2 ) #Mahalanobis distance between variances of X and Y MVAR = M (VAR(X), VAR (Y)) (formula 2) Next Best_Contribution_Ratio = Max(đMXY - MAVG đ,đ MXY - MVARđ)/ đMXYđ #Best split value for current input variable X in time resolution TR Return Split (TR; Best_Contributor (Avg/Var) ; Best_Split_Value ) Figure 1: MVIRT splitting criterion pseudo code (1) (2) (3) Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 5.	-0.290125
Postupak konstruisanja lista drveta primenom MVIRT U svakom završnom čvorištu MVIRT algoritam izračunava granice intervala predviđanja za odgovarajući list drveta sa nivoom pouzdanosti 1-α koju određuje korisnik primenom sledećih jednačina: (4) predstavljaju momente listova na drvetu, a gde predstavljaju estimatore srednje i standardne devijacije na listu.	The MVIRT Tree Leaf Construction Procedure In each terminal node the MVIRT algorithm computes the bounds of a prediction interval for the corresponding tree leaf with a user-defined confidence level 1-α using the following equations: (4) are tree leaf instances and where , represent mean and standard deviation estimators of the tree leaf.	1.34993
Tako, kad stepen pouzdanosti bude jednak nuli (na primer, α = 100%), onda su odgovarajuće vrednosti distribucija t0.5 i z0.5 jednake nuli i MVIRT model transformiše prezentaciju intervala lista drveta u utvrđenu prosečnu vrednost ciljne varijable (kao po uzorku).	Thus, when the confidence level equals to zero (i.e. α =100%) then the corresponding values of t0.5 and z0.5 distributions are equal to zero, the MVIRT model transforms the interval representation of a tree leaf into the sample average of the target variable.	1.33356
Ovaj podatak je od velike koristi kad je reč o eksperimentalnom poređenju između MVIRT drveta i drugih algoritala drveta regresije kod kojih se procena vrši po tačkama. 6.	This fact is very useful in the sense of experimental comparison between MVIRT tree and other, point estimation regression tree algorithms. ~~~ 6.	0.445821
Skup podataka za EL Nino Tok podataka za El Nino može se dobiti na UCU KDD Archive (http://www.ics.uci.edu).	El Nino Data Set The El Nino data stream is available at the UCI KDD Archive (http://www.ics.uci.edu).	1.44598
Ovi podaci su sakupljeni pomoću Rešetke za tropsku atmosferu okeana (TAO rešetke) koja je projektovana u okviru programa izučavanja tropske globalne atmosfere okeana (TOGA program) (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov).	This data was collected with the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array, which was developed by the international Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov).	0.380241
TAO rešetka se sastoji od skoro 70 porinutih bova koje premrežavaju ekvatorsku oblast Pacifika i mere okeanografske i površinske meteorološke varijable koje su od kritičnog značaja za poboljšanu detekciju, razumevanje i predviđanje varijacija u klimi između godišnjih doba i između godina u tropskim predelima, posebno onih koje se odnose na cikluse El Nino/Južne oscilacije (ENSO cikluse).	The TAO array consists of nearly 70 moored buoys spanning the equatorial Pacific, measuring oceanographic and surface meteorological variables critical for improved detection, understanding and prediction of seasonal to inter-annual climate variations originating in the tropics, most notably those related to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles.	1.45288
Ovaj tok podataka prikupljan je svakodnevno od marta 1980. do juna 1998. godine i sadrži 178.080 numeričkih momenata.	This data stream was collected on a daily basis and contains 178,080 numerical instances from March 1980 to June 1998.	1.08047
Svaki momenat u ovom toku podataka sadrži sledeće numeričke atribute: datum, geografsku širinu, geografsku dužinu, zonske vetrove (zapadni <0, istočni>0), meridijanske vetrove (južni<0, severni>0), relativnu vlažnost, temperaturu vazduha, temperaturu vode na površini i temperature vodene mase do dubine od 500 metara.	Each instance in the data stream has the following numerical attributes: date, latitude, longitude, zonal winds (west<0, east>0), meridional winds (south<0, north>0), relative humidity, air temperature, sea surface temperature and subsurface temperatures down to a depth of 500 meters.	1.75161
Geografska širina i dužina u podacima pokazale su da se bove kreću i stižu na različite lokacije.	The latitude and longitude in the data showed that the buoys moved around to different locations.	0.814954
Podaci o vetrovima, kako zonskim tako i meridijanskim fluktuirali su između -10m/s i 10m/s.	The wind data, both the zonal and meridional winds fluctuated between -10 m/s and 10 m/s.	0.68
Vrednosti relativne vlažnosti u tropskoj oblasti Pacifika tipično su iznosile između 70% i 90%.	Relative humidity values in the tropical Pacific were typically between 70% and 90%.	1.10372
Temperatura vazduha i temperatura površinskog sloja vode kretale su se između 20 i 30°Celzijusa.	Both air temperature and sea surface temperature fluctuated between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius.	0.681707
Ciljni atribut (za predviđanje) u toku podataka za El Nino jeste temperatura površine vode (SST) koja je po merenjima bila viša nego normalne temperature površine mora.	The target (prediction) attribute in the El Nino data stream is sea surface temperature (SST), which is identified as warmer than normal sea surface temperatures.	1.08827
U podacima neke vrednosti nedostaju.	There are missing values in the data.	0.290625
Kao što smo ranije napomenuli, sve bove nisu mogle da mere trenutne vrednosti atributa zato što su te vrednosti mogle da izostanu zbog nemogućnosti pojedinačne bove da ih izmeri.	As mentioned earlier, not all buoys are able to measure current attributes because these values may be missing dependent on an individual buoy.	0.968852
Operacja zamene nedostajućih vrednosti izvedena je postupkom interpolacije srednjih vrednosti susednih srednjih vrednosti obe vremenske serije.	The missing values replacement operation was performed with both time series neighbors average value interpolating procedure.	0.425119
Konačno, da bismo mogli da procenimo predviđanje, čitav skup svih primera razložen je u skupove primera učenja i testiranja u proporciji 70:30.	Finally in order to evaluate the predictive performance, the set of all examples was split into learning and testing examples sets in proportion 70:30.	1.08026
Učinak MVIRT algoritma poredi se sa tri posojeća algoritma modela drveta odlučivanja koje koristi Rapid Miner, a koji su usaglašeni sa uključivanjem vremenskih serija M5P13, Mp-Rules14, Rep Tree14.	The MVIRT algorithm performance is compared to three state-of-the-art incremental model tree algorithms implemented by the Rapid Miner and tuned with time series plug-in: M5P13, M5-Rules14, RepTree14.	1.04829
Zbog ograničenja memorije i vremena bilo je veoma značajno proceniti sposobnosti svih algoritama da uče i inkrementalno i pravilno i da istovremeno konstruišu odgovarajući model drveta malih dimenzija.	Due to the memory and time constraints, it was very important to evaluate the capabilities of all algorithms to learn incrementally and correctly and at the same time to construct an appropriately small model tree.	1.02247
Stoga smo u svakom ogledu primenili mehanizam padajućeg prozora.	Therefore in each experiment we applied the constant months sliding window mechanism.	0.812069
Ovi mehanizmi u principu ne omogućavaju predviđanje intervala; stoga, da bi se izbeglo ovakvo ograničenje, koristili smo estimator srednje vrednosti padajućih prozora i tako napravili predviđanja po tačkama u našem eksperimentu komparativne procene.	These algorithms do not typically provide interval predictions, therefore, to overcome this limitation we have used the average sliding windows mean estimator to make point predictions in our comparative evaluation experiment.	0.91361
Konačno, u cilju poboljšanja skalabilnosti algoritma, uskladili smo M5P i Rep Tree sa mehanizmom procene celog pakovanja kakav je primenjen u Java API u WEKA paketu.	Finally, in order to improve the algorithm scalability, we tuned M5P and RepTree with bagging evaluation mechanism which was implemented in Java API of WEKA package.	1.29574
Rezultati prikazani na tabeli 1 pokazuju da pod uslovom prosečne greške u korenskom kvadratu srednje vrednosti (Average Root Mean Square Error (A[RMSE] i prosečne razjašnjene varijabilnosti (A[EV]), kriterijumi MVIRT i RETIS-M algoritmi postaju precizniji nego drugi predloženi algoritmi u smislu razlike u par-wise testa t-studenta.	The results in Table 1 show that under Average Root Mean Square Error (A[RMSE]) and Average Explained Variability (A[EV]) criteria the MVIRT and the RETIS-M algorithms are more accurate than other proposed algorithms in terms of pair-wise t-Student test difference.	1.45403
Označili smo znakom * one slučajeve gde je vrednost p razlike između MVIRT i drugih al Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 goritama manja ili jednaka 5%.	We have denoted by * the cases where the p value of the difference between MVIRT and other algorithms is smaller than or equal to 5%.	1.50948
MVIRT algoritam je daleko efikasniji od drugih algoritama u smislu mere složenosti srednjeg troška (A[CCM]).	The MVIRT algorithm outperforms significantly the other algorithms in terms of Average Cost Complexity Measure (A[CCM]).	1.39716
Konačno, moramo da uzmemo u obzir i to da je naše predložene modele MVIRT drveta lakše tumačiti nego modele RETIS-M u smislu prosečne veličine drveta (A[TS]) (7 prema 23). ~~~ Tabela 1.	Fi Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 nally, we maintain that our proposed MVIRT tree models are more interpretable than RETIS tree models in terms of Average Tree Size (A[TS]) measure (7 vs. 23).	0.412252
Poređenje skupa potrebnih podataka za El Ninjo A[EV] Learner 0,46* B-M5R B-M5P 0,47* NA B-REPT 0,45* M5 RLS M5P TR 0,46* 0,62 MVIRT NA REPT RETIS 0,60 A[RMSE] 0,84* 0,83* 1,57* 0,86* 0,84* 0,60 1,57* 0,63 A[TS] A[CCM] 1,01* 1,07* 1,69* 1,03* 1,03* 0,77 1,64* 1,18* Zaključak U ovom radu smo predstavili MVIRT algoritam koji može da predvidi vrednosti numeričkih atributa glomaznih skupova podataka u vremenu.	Table 1: El Nino data set learners comparison Learner B-M5R B-M5P B-REPT M5 RLS M5P TR MVIRT REPT RETIS A[RMSE] A[TS] A[CCM] A[EV] 0.84* 0.83* 1.57* 0.86* 0.84* 0.60 1.57* 0.63 1.01* 1.07* 1.69* 1.03* 1.03* 0.77 1.64* 1.18* 0.46* 0.47* NA 0.45* 0.46* 0.62 NA 0.60 Conclusions and Future Work In this paper, we have presented the two moments MVIRT algorithm, which is able to predict values of numeric attributes in massive temporal data sets.	1.40216
Predloženi algoritam razlikuje se od algoritama regresije koji se danas koriste po tome što svaku kontinualnu ulaznu osobenost razdvaja u skladu sa najboljom vrednošću koja doprinosi srednjoj varijansi, što u skupu trening podataka identifikuje vrednosti koje odstupaju od normalnih i konačno gradi kompaktnije drvo predviđanja intervala.	The proposed algorithm differs from the state-of-the-art regression algorithms in the splitting of each input continuous feature according to the best mean variance contributor, identifies outliers in the training data and as result builds more compact interval prediction tree.	0.825311
Sprovedeni eksperiment ukazuje na to da predloženi MVIRT algoritam proizvodi preciznije i kompaktnije modele u poređenju sa algoritmima drveta regresije koji se trenutno koriste.	The conducted experiment indicate that the proposed MVIRT algorithm produces more accurate and compact models by comparison to the state-of-the-art regression tree algorithms.	1.04221
Po našem mišljenju, predloženi algoritam predstavlja samo prvi korak ka čitavom skupu stvarno skalabilnih i brzih algoritama drveta regresije.	In our opinion, the proposed algorithm is only the first step towards a family of truly scalable and fast regression tree algorithms.	1.30752
Kad je reč o budućim pravcima istraživanja, ona se po našem mišljenju mogu odvijati u dva pravca.	We see two immediate extensions for the future work.	0.32
Prvo, naš opšti cilj jeste da stvorimo jedan on-line mehanizam koji bi precizno i snažno predviđao multi-r ciljne varijable, a koji se sa svoje strane može koristiti i za predviđanje velikih tokova podataka.	First, our general aim is to construct online accurate and robust multi-r target variable forecasting mechanism, which in turn can be used for massive data streams prediction.	0.986
Drugo, možemo da proučimo druge moguće analitičke metode za izbor tačke razdvajanja, čime bismo mogli da smanjimo složenost algoritma i što se tiče vremena i što se tiče prostora.	Second, we can look into other possible analytical methods for the split point selection, which may reduce the algorithm time and space complexity.	1.3369
LITERATURA [1] Alberg, D., Last, M., Neuman, R., & Sharon, A. (2009).	REFERENCES [1] Alberg, D., Last, M., Neuman, R., & Sharon, A. (2009).	3.06923
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Knowledge Discovery in Data Streams with Regression Tree Methods.	Knowledge Discovery in Data Streams with Regression Tree Methods.	3
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Primljen: ~~~ April 2012.	Receieved: April 2012.	0.585
Prihvaćen:	Accepted: June 2012.	1.625
Jun 2012. O autoru Dima Alberg Odsek za industrijski inženjering i upravljanje, SCE - Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel E-mail: dimitria@sce.ac.il Dr. Dima Alberg je predavač na Odseku za industrijski inženjering i menadžment na SCE Shamoon College of Engineering (Mašinski fakultet Šamon) u Izraelu.	About the Author Dima Alberg Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, SCE - Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel e-mail: dimitria@sce.ac.il Dr. Dima Alberg is lecturer at the Industrial Engineering and Management Department, SCE Shamoon College of Engineering, Israel.	1.92315
Osnovne fakultetske i magistarske studije u oblasti ekonomije i informatike završio je na Univerzitetu Ben Gurion, Negev.	He received his B.A and M.A. in Economics and Computer Science from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.	0.568561
Na ovom univerzitetu takođe je odbranio doktorsku disertaciju iz oblasti projektovanja informacionih sistema.	He also received his Ph.D. degree in Information Systems Engineering from the Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Israel.	0.930226
Oblasti njegovog naučnog interesovanja trenutno su poslovna inteligencija, analiza podataka i mašinsko učenje.	His current research interests are in business intelligence, financial time series data mining, and machine learning.	0.939916
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Slađana Benković1, Marina Dobrota2 1,2 Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Pri me na na stav nih me to da i teh ni ka na uni ver zi te ti ma u Sr bi ji: na pre dak to kom vre me na UDK: ~~~ 378.147 ; 005.336.1:378.014.3 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) Cilj ovog ra da je ste da uka že na re zul ta te is tra ži va nja spro ve de nog na če ti ri naj ve ća dr žav na uni ver zi te ta u Sr bi ji, a ko ji se od no se na pri me nu me to da i teh ni ka ko je se ko ri ste na uni ver zi te ti ma u Sr bi ji.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Sladjana Benković1, Marina Dobrota2 1,2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Application of Teaching Methods and Techniques at Serbian Universities: Progress Over Time UDC: 378.147 ; 005.336.1:378.014.3 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0007 The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the results of a research conducted at four biggest universities in Serbia, which refer to the application of teaching methods and techniques used at universities in Serbia.	-0.0865651
Po la znu osno vu za pi sa nje ovog ra da či ni is tra ži va nje ko je je na sta lo kao po sle di ca re gi o nal nog is tra ži vač kog pro jek ta re a li zo va nog 2009. go di ne od stra ne stpen di sta Ame rič kog sa ve ta za vi so ko obra zo va nje, ka da je pr vi put spro ve de na an ke ta od stra ne uče sni ka pro jek ta me đu pre da va či ma uni ver zi te ta ze ma lja ju go-is toč nog Bal ka na, me đu ko ji ma je bi la i Sr bi ja.	The starting point for this paper is the research that came about as a consequence of a regional research project conducted by scholars of the American Council for Higher Education in 2009; it was the first time that the project participants had conducted a survey among university lecturers of the southeastern Balkans, including Serbia.	0.534965
Ta da je uoče no da je re zul tat uče šća in for ma ci o nih teh no lo gi ja, na ro či to uče nja na da lji nu, u pre no še nju zna nja stu den ti ma ek strem no ni zak.	It was noted on this occasion that the share of information technology, especially distance learning, in teaching is extremely low.	0.686094
Do bi je ne re zul ta te is ko ri sti li smo kao po la znu tač ku za no vo is tra ži va nje (dve go di ne ka sni je), ovog pu ta spro ve de no na uzor ku od 153 is pi ta ni ka.	We used those results as a starting point for a new research (two years later), this time on a sample of 153 subjects.	1.82912
Za klju či li smo da, iako je si tu a ci ja u Sr bi ji ne znat no po bolj ša na, još uvek je da le ko od to ga da is pu ni evrop ske stan dar de.	We have concluded that, even though the situation in Serbia has slightly improved, it is still far from meeting European standards.	0.69798
Ključ ne re či: me to de uče nja, teh ni ke uče nja, uče nje na da lji nu, uni ver zi te ti u Sr bi ji, vi so ko obra zo va nje. 1.	Keywords: teaching methods, teaching techniques, distance learning, University of Belgrade, higher education 1.	1.15414
Uvod U mnogim istraživanjima razmatrana je zavisnost uspeha učenika od kvaliteta i posvećenosti nastavnika (Stronge, Ward & Grant, 2011; Rockoff et al., 2011; Harris & Sass, 2011; Fernandez & Suarez, 2011), kao kao i značaj nastavnika i njihova ekonomska vrednost (Hanushek, 2011; Gikandi, Morrow & Davis, 2011; Gamage, Tretiakov & Crump, 2011).	Introduction The dependence of the students success on the quality and commitment of the teachers has very often been the topis of discussion (Stronge, Ward & Grant, 2011; Rockoff et al., 2011; Harris & Sass, 2011; Fernandez & Suarez, 2011), and so was the teachers importance and economic value (Hanushek, 2011; Gikandi, Morrow & Davis, 2011; Gamage, Tretiakov & Crump, 2011).	2.31867
Iz ovog razloga, nastavnici su dužni da aktivno prate i učestvuju u procesu učenja, kao i da budu spremni da implementiraju savremene metode i tehnike učenja (Pantic & Wubbels, 2010; Maitles, 2010).	This is why the teachers are obligated to actively follow and participate in a learning process, and to be willing to implement modern educational methods and techniques (Pantic & Wubbels, 2010; Maitles, 2010).	1.56052
Obrazovne reforme sve više uključuju proces standardizacije koji podrazumeva sve viši nivo znanja koji predavači moraju posedovati, a odnosi se na sam proces prenošenja znanja i učenja studenta, što opet ima za posledicu povećanje efikasnosti i kvaliteta procesa učenja (Jianping & Hsieh, 1999; Devas, 2011).	Education reforms increasingly include the standardization process that in turn ivolves raising the level of knowledge that the teachers have to possess, in connection with the very process of student teaching and learning; consequently, the efficiency and quality of the learning process increase (Jianping & Hsieh, 1999; Devas, 2011).	1.52271
Uticaj obrazovnih reformi na nastavno osoblje i njihov rad jeste rezultat globalnih promena, kulturnog i društvenog uticaja sredine u kojoj su nastavnici angažovani, kao i visokoškolskih institucija u kojoj nastavnici uče i rade (Tatto, 2006; Brereton, 2011).	The influence of education reforms on teaching staff and their work is the result of global changes, cultural and social influence of the environment the teachers are working in, as well as the higher education institutions (Tatto, 2006; Brereton, 2011).	1.30965
Zato je uvođenje standarda u proces učenja od posebnog značaja i predstavlja sastavni deo valjanog obrazovnog sistema.	Introduction of standards in the learning process is especially important and represents an integral part of a quality education system.	1.4327
Pored toga, obezbeđuje i jasne uvide u mnoge prednosti i pozitivne aspekte (Van Maele & Van Houtte, 2010), ali i nedostatke koji su evidentni u obrazovanju.	It gives a clear view of many advantages and positive aspects (Van Maele & Van Houtte, 2010) as well as shortcomings that are obvious in education.	1.27561
Pored standardizacije, nova vizija visokog obrazovanja nudi otvorene pristupe i promene, i ima specijalnu ulogu u obezbeđivanju ekonomskog i kulturnog razvoja društva i društvene kohezije.	Apart from standardization, the new vision of higher education offers an open approach and changes and has a special role in providing economic and social development of the society and social cohesion.	1.10055
Nove tendencije su usmerene ka studentima, ka drugačijim didaktičkim pristupima i strategijama, kvalitetnijom komunikacijom nastavnika i studenata, što u isto vreme ukazuje i na nove kvalitativno drugačije odnose i partnerstva u zajednici (Kennedy, Hyland & Ryan, 2006).	The new tendencies are directed towards students, towards different didactical approaches and strategies, a better quality communication between students and teachers, which at the same time points to new, qualitatively different relationships and partnerships in the community (Kennedy, Hyland & Ryan, 2006).	1.28866
Međunarodni trendovi u obrazovanju ukazuju da se fokus interesovanja pomera od pristupa u čijem je središtu profesor ka pristupu obrazovanju koje je više orijentisano na ishod.	International tendencies in education point to the shift of the focus of interest from the teacher centered approach towards the approach that is more outcome oriented.	1.05278
Taj trend je dobio novi zamah Bolonjskim procesom, koji akcenat stavlja na učenje orijentisano na studenta i na potrebu za većom preciznošću i jasnoćom prilikom osmišljavanja nastavnih programa, između ostalog i u pogledu njihovih sadržaja.	That tendency flourished with the Bologna Process, which emphasizes student-oriented learning and the need for greater precision and clarity while designing teaching curricula, as well as their contents.	0.545938
Očigledno je da ishodi učenja igraju presudnu ulogu u obezbeđivanju transparentnosti kvalifikacija i okvira kvalifikacija, pri čemu se takođe doprinosi primeni brojnih smernica Bolonjskog procesa u okviru Evropskog prostora visokog obrazovanja U Srbiji se implementacija Bolonjskog procesa, kao još jedne politike Evropske unije sprovodi sporo, interpretira ponekada prilično frivolno, ali se zato o njoj mnogo priča.	It is obvious that learning outcomes are crucial for Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 transparency and scope of qualifications, which also contributes to application of many guidelines of the Bologna Process within European Higher Education Area.	0.732353
Često se zaboravlja da Bolonjska Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 deklaracija ne predstavlja ograničavanje politike obrazovanja.	The Bologna Process, as yet another European Union policy, is being implemented slowly in Serbia, sometimes interpreted quite frivolously, but much talked about.	0.447857
	It is often forgotten that the Bologna Declaration does not represent a limitation to education policy.	-0.3
Štaviše, ona otvara prostor razvoju nacionalne politike obrazovanja, koja je u skladu sa interesima zemlje u odnosu na Evropsku uniju.	Moreover, it opens up space for the development of a national education policy, which is in accordance with the interests of the country in relation to the European Union.	0.805327
To znači da je uz odgovarajuća partnerstva, moguće ostvariti intenzivniju razmenu znanja, nastavnika i studenata, ostvariti više šansi za realizaciju projekata i, što je naročito važno, dostići viši nivo usklađenosti raspoloživih znanja predavača potrebama visokoškolske ustanove.	It means that, with appropriate partnerships, it is possible to have a more intense exchange of knowledge, teachers and students, to create more opportunities for projects, and especially important, to achieve a better match between the available teacher knowledge and the needs of a higher education institution.	1.18266
Stoga stručnost, kao i metode i tehnike nastavnika angažovanih na univerzitetima u Srbiji treba da odgovaraju kompetencijama njihovih kolega angažovanih na univerzitetima na prostoru Evropske unije.	Therefore, competence, as well as teachers methods and techniques at the universities in Serbia should correspond to the competencies of their colleagues at the universities in the European Union.	1.84135
To je upravo ono što može omogućiti nastavnicima sa univerziteta u Srbiji angažman na univerzitetima Evropske unije, a studentima mogućnost nastavka studija i priznavanje diploma van granica Srbije.	That is exactly what can ensure the university teachers in Serbia engagement at the European Union universities, and enable the students to continue their studies and their degrees to be recognized outside of Serbia.	1.11572
Ovaj rad je organizovan u nekoliko celina.	This paper is divided into several units.	1.04167
Drugo poglavlje pruža kratak pregled stanja u obrazovnom sistemu u Srbiji, pri čemu se pokušava ukazati na najevidentnije probleme i ograničenja obrazovnog sistema Srbije sa kojima će se ona suočiti prilikom približavanja sistemu Evropske unije.	The second chapter gives a short overview of the education system in Serbia; it tries to point to the most obvious problems and limitations that the education system in Serbia will face on its way towards the European Union system.	0.926252
Treće poglavlje pruža detaljan prikaz sprovedenog istraživanja.	The third chapter describes the framework of the research.	0.991176
Kako rad predstavlja nastavak istraživanja koji je prvi put sprovedeno 2009. godine, u četvrtom poglavlju se daje i kratak prikaz promena koje su se na univerzitetima dogodile u vezi sa za metodama i tehnikama koje se koriste.	Since this paper is an extension of the research originally conducted in 2009, the fourth chapter presents the changes at the universities in methods and techniques used.	0.95069
Zaključna razmatranja su data u poslednjem poglavlju. 2.	Finally, conclusion remarks are given in the last section.	0.966667
Vi so ko obra zo va nje u Sr bi ji Visoko obrazovanje u Srbiji predstavlja veliki izazov koji proizilazi iz napora koje Srbija čini u procesu usvajanja i implementacije standarda obrazovanja Evropske unije, a u cilju pridruživanja zajedničkom evropskom obrazovnom prostoru.	2. ~~~ Higher education in Serbia Serbia stands before a great challenge that comes out of efforts to adopt and implement the European Union education standards, with the goal of joining the common European education area.	0.385129
Stoga i ekonomija obrazovanja predstavlja izuzetno važan činilac u oblasti visokog obrazovanja u Srbiji, iako je ona u Srbiji najčešće svedena isključivo na diskusiju o izvorima finansiranja.	Therefore, education economy is an important factor in higher education in Serbia, even though in Serbia it most often amounts solely to discussion on sources of financing.	1.32041
Predstavnici Ministarstva obrazovanja i nauke su zato u više navrata poslednjih nekoliko godina i potencirali da je jedan od strateških ciljeva Srbije povećanje broja visokoobrazovanog stanovništva, što istovremeno podrazumeva i povećanje izdvajanja finansijskih sredstava za visoko obrazovanje.	Representatives of the Ministry of Education and Science have therefore emphasized several times in the last few years that one of the strategic goals in Serbia is to increase its highly educated population, which at the same time means an increase in financial means for higher education.	1.22032
Tome posebno doprinosi činjenica da među stanovništvom starijim od 15 godina prema školskoj spremi i pismenosti u Srbiji ima samo 6,5% visoko obrazovanih (Kutlaca et al., 2011).	That is strongly supported by the fact that among the population of 15 years and older, according to the education level and literacy, there are only 6.5% of highly educated people in Serbia (Kutlaca et al., 2011).	2.39863
Srbija je među poslednjim zemljama jugoistočne Evrope koja prolazi ekonomsku i socijalnu transformaciju (Kogan, 2011).	Serbia is one of the last countries in Southeast Europe to go through economic and social transformation (Kogan, 2011).	1.41029
Ako pratimo podatke vezane za ulaganja u visoko obrazovanje Srbije izvesno je da postoje odgovarajuće odstupanja u odnosu na zemlje Evropske unije.	If we analyze the investments in higher education in Serbia, it is evident that there is some discrepancy when compared to the EU countries.	0.92675
Tako se može uočiti da je u periodu između 2005. i 2010. godine, stopa izdvajanja iz budžeta za visoko obrazovanje iznosila između 0,55 i 0,67% bruto domaćeg proizvoda (BDP).	Between 2005 and 2010, the rate of allocation from the budget for higher education was between 0.55 and 0.67% of gross domestic product (GDP).	1.0575
U isto vreme, ukoliko se posmatra stopa budžetskih izdvajanja za visoko obrazovanje u državama EU, ona varira od minimalnih 0,8 % bruto domaćeg proizvoda, kolika su izdvajanja u Bugarskoj i Rumuniji, pa do 2,4 % BDP, kolika su izdvajanja u Danskoj.	At the same time, if we look at the rate of budget allocations for higher education in the EU countries, it varies between a minimum of 0.8 % GDP in Bulgaria and Romania and up to 2.4 % GDP in Denmark.	0.993122
Odnosno, može se uočiti da je prosečna stopa finansijskih izdvajanja EU na nivou od 1,2 % bruto društvenog proizvoda (Bojkovic & Ostojic, 2010).	The average rate of monetary allocations in the EU is at the level of 1.2 % GDP (Bojkovic & Ostojic, 2010).	1.12159
Na osnovu iznetih podataka jasno je da će Srbija u narednom periodu morati da nađe dodatna sredstva kako bi dostigla bar donju granicu izdvajanja finansijskih sredstava u visoko obrazovanje u zemljama Evropske unije.	Based on these data it is clear that Serbia will have to find additional means in order to achieve at least the lower limit of funds allocated for higher education in the EU countries.	1.02504
Međutim, unapređenje visokog obrazovanje ne znači isključivo i povećanje izdvajanja finansijskih sredstava.	However, improvement of higher education does not exclusively mean increase in allocated funds.	0.928022
Proces realizacije nastave na visokoškolskim ustanovama mora stalno da bude predmet evaluacije postojećih sistemskih i institucionalnih rešenja, odnosno potrebno je povećati postojeći nivo znanja i dostupnost relevantnih informacija u obrazovanom procesu, kao i unaprediti efikasnost i efektivnost postojećeg sistema.	The teaching process at higher education institutions constantly has to be evaluated by the existing system and institutional solutions, i.e. it is necessary to increase the existing level of knowledge and availability of relevant information in the education process, as well as to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the existing system.	1.26346
U poslednjih nekoliko godina, otvoreno učenje i učenje na daljinu prošli su kroz tri generacije.	In recent years, open and distance learning have gone through three generations.	1.38527
Prva generacija je bila nastava gde je jedan medij, kao što je tekst, korišćen u sprezi sa poštanskom službom kao sredstvom isporuke.	The first generation was correspondence teaching where a single medium, such as a text, is used in conjunction with the postal service as a means of delivery.	1.04447
Sledeća generacija uključuje multimedijalno učenje na daljinu, gde se tekstualni materijal zamenjuje sa interakcijom instruktora ili licem-u-lice ili putem tehnologija kao što su elektronska pošta.	The next generation involved multimedia distance learning, where text-based material is supplemented by interaction with the instructors either in face-to-face settings or via technologies such as electronic mail.	0.9789
Treća i najnovija generacija je interaktivno multimedijalno učenje na daljinu, gde je naglasak na korišćenju informacionih tehnologija u olakšavanju komunikacije (Petrovic et al., 2011). ~~~ Nastava na visokoškolskim ustanovama u Srbiji još uvek nije reformisana, odnosno proces učenja studenata ne prati ostale promene u društvenom sistemu. ~~~ Proces učenja studenata još uvek se oslanja na tradicionalni metod ex-cathedra učenja, koji predavača tretira kao prenosioca znanja, sa jasno definisanim načinima učenja ispitivanja i evaluacije studenata.	The third and most recent generation is interactive multimedia distance education, where heavy emphasis is placed on the use of information technology to facilitate the communication (Petrovic et al., 2011) Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 However, Students learning process still relies on the traditional ex-cathedra method, which treats the teacher as someone who passes knowledge, with clearly defined ways of learning testing and student evaluation.	0.113254
Proces učenja i predavanja u Srbiji je još uvek umno Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 gome zasnovan na prikupljanju činjeničnog znanja, pri čemu se obeshrabruje uključivanje studenata u proces učenja, kao i svaka inicijativa sa njihove strane (Klenha et al., 2010).	The learning and teaching process in Serbia is still largely based on acquiring factual knowledge, which discourages student participation in the learning process, as well as any initiative on their part (Klenha et al., 2010).	1.19896
Zato je potrebno transformisati sistem u hodu, odnosno obavezati nastavnike angažovane na visokoškolskim ustanovama na doživotno obrazovanje, t.j., na periodične obuke i seminare, a za neke kategorije nastavnika i dugotrajnije, formalizovano obrazovanje prevashodno vezano za korišćenje stranih jezika i informatičko-komunikacionih tehnologije i veština (Mujicic, 2011).	Therefore it is necessary to transform the system as it goes along, i.e. to obligate teachers employed at higher education institutions to lifelong learning, i.e. periodical trainings and seminars, and also offer some categories of teachers a longer, more formal education, primarily in the use of foreign languages and information and communication technology and skills (Mujicic, 2011).	1.27646
Jedino tako nastavnici angažovani na univerzitetima u Srbiji imaju šansu da svojim znanjima, metodama i tehnikama učenja studenata, ponude kvalitet učenja prepoznat na univerzitetima Evropske unije, ali i sveta.	That is the only way for teachers employed at higher education institutions in Serbia to offer the quality of learning recognized at the universities in the EU and the world, with their knowledge, methods and techniques of student teaching.	1.27606
Dodatno, jedino tako je moguće ostvariti mobilnost nastavnika iz Srbije u inostranstvo i obrnuto, obezbediti priznanje visokoškolskih diploma studentima iz Srbije, a proces učenja unaprediti, učiniviši ga u isto vreme i efikasnijim, interesantnijim i lakšim.	That is also the only way for teachers from Serbia to be able to go abroad, to ensure acceptance of higher education degrees for students from Serbia, and to improve the learning process, making it more efficient, interesting and easier at the same time.	1.02311
Cilj rada je da se ukaže na metode i tehnike obrazovanja koje koriste profesori univerziteta u Srbiji, odnosno na prisutnost implementacije i korišćenja informacionih metoda i tehnika učenja u učionicama univerziteta u Srbiji.	The aim of the paper is to point to the teaching methods and techniques used by university professors in Serbia, i.e. to the balance between the implementation and use of IT (informational technology) supported methods and techniques and traditional teaching methods and techniques.	1.03262
Polaznu osnovu za pisanje ovog rada čini istraživanje koje je nastalo kao posledica regionalnog istraživačkog projekta realizovanog 2009. godine od strane stpendista Američkog saveta za visoko obrazovanje, kada su učesnici projekta prvi put sproveli anketu među predavačima univerziteta, u vezi sa metodama i tehnikama koje se koriste u visokom obrazovanju u pojedinim zemljama jugoistočnog Balkana.	The starting point for this paper is the research that came about as a consequence of a regional research project conducted by scholars of the American Council for Higher Education in 2009. ~~~ That was the first time that a survey was conducted by the project participants among university lecturers about methods and techniques used in higher education in some countries of the southeastern Balkans.	0.349153
Srbija je samo jedna od zemalja na kojoj je 2009. godine sprovedeno istraživanje.	Serbia is only one of the countries where the research was conducted in 2009.	0.700879
Kao učesnici tog projekta, dobijene rezultate za Srbiju iskoristili smo kao polazni osnov za pisanje ovog rada, upoređujući dobijene rezultate 2009. godine sa rezultatima ponovljenog istraživanja 2011. godine.	As participants of that project, we used the results obtained in Serbia as a starting point for this paper, comparing the results from 2009 with the results of a repeated research from 2011.	1.07476
Iako je upoređivanje podataka vršeno sa jedne relativno kraće vremenske distance, bilo je moguće izvesti odgovarajuće zaključke i odgovore na jednostavne hipoteze postavljene prilikom pisanja rada, a koji čine samo jedan delimičan odgovor na pitanja na koje projekat u kome trenutno učestvujemo treba da pruži odgovor i koji nosi naziv Infrastruktura za elektronski podržano učenje u Srbiji.	Even though the data were compared from a relatively short time distance, it was possible to draw appropriate conclusions and answers to simple hypotheses defined while writing the paper; those are only partial answers to questions that the project we are currently participating in (Infrastructure for electronically supported learning in Serbia) should answer.	1.1532
Rezultati dobijeni 2009. godine vezani za primenu elektronski podržanog učenja bili su zabrinjavajuće loši, te se želelo proveriti stanje stvari dve godine kasnije, sagledavajući ovaj metod učenja kao samo jednu od metoda učenja koja je istraživanjem obuhvaćena. 3. okvir is tra ži va nja Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni najveći državni univerziteti u Srbiji, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Univerzitet u Kragujevcu i Univerzitet u Nišu.	The results from 2009 on the application of electronically supported learning were quite worrying, so we wanted to reevaluate the situation two years later, viewing this learning method as only one of the learning methods included in the research. ~~~ 3. ~~~ Framework of the research The research included the biggest state universities in Serbia, i.e. the University of Novi Sad, University of Belgrade, University of Kragujevac and University of Nis.	0.011215
Sprovedeno anketiranje bilo je anonimno.	The conducted survey was anonymous.	0.253125
Prilikom sprovođenja istraživanja nastojao se dobiti reprezentativan uzorak, budući da je veliki broj nastavnika (naročito u zvanju vanrednog i redovonog profesora) tokom 2009. godine pokazao nespremnost da pristupi procesu anketiranja.	The research strove to get a representative sample, since a large number of teachers (especially associate and full professors) during 2009 were not really willing to participate in the survey.	0.698416
Situacija je bila nešto povoljnija prilikom sprovođenja ankete 2011. godine, mada se animozitet prema sprovođenju istraživanja ponovio.	The situation was slightly better in the 2011 survey, although there was a repeated animosity against the research.	2.39091
Upitnik korišćen za istraživanje sastojao se iz dva dela.	The questionnaire used in the research consisted of two parts.	0.89434
Prvi deo upitnika obuhvatao je pitanja demografskog karaktera i uključivao je podatke vezane za naziv univerziteta, fakulteta, odseka, područja istraživanja, akademskog zvanja, kao i godine rada provedene na univerzitetu.	The first part included questions of demographic type as well as data on university, faculty, department, research area, academic title, as well as the period of employment at the university.	0.437423
U isto vreme omogućio je i dolazak do informacija vezanih za aktuelni naučni stepen ispitanika, kao i broja predmeta na kojima su predavači angažovani i broja studenata kojima realizuju nastavu.	At the same time, it allowed for the researchers to collect information on current scientific degree of the test subjects, as well as the number of subjects and the number of students they teach.	0.867762
Drugi deo upitnika odnosio se na pitanja vezana za učestalost korišćenja određenih metoda i tehnika prilikom realizacije nastave.	The second part of the questionnaire was related to questions about the frequency of use of some methods and techniques in teaching.	1.07608
Metode koje su tom prilikom razmatrane odnosile su se na realizaciju predavanja, izradu seminarskih radova, radionice, studije slučaja, terenske nastave, simulacija, service learning, distance learning, timske projekte, grupne projekte, istraživačke projekte.	The methods that were considered at that time referred to lectures, seminar papers, workshops, case studies, field research, simulation, service learning, distance learning, team projects, group projects, research projects.	0.943367
Tehnike koje su bile ponuđene upitnikom, odnosile su se na korišćenje power-point prezentacija, folije & grafoskopa, flomastera & table, flip-charta.	The techniques that were offered in the questionnaire referred to the use of PowerPoint presentations, overhead transparencies and overhead projector, markers and board, flip chart.	0.531983
Ispitanicima je postavljeno i pitanje vezano za implementaciju alternativnih metoda i tehnika koje se koriste u cilju stimulisanja zainteresovanosti studenata za materiju, imajući u vidu gostovanja profesora sa drugih katedri/fakulteta/univerziteta, kritičko mišljenje studenata, sastavljanje portfolija, intra i interdisciplinarna saradnja.	The subjects were also asked about the implementation of alternative methods and techniques used to stimulate the students interest in the subject matter, considering guest professors from other departments/faculties/universities, students critical opinion, creation of portfolios, collaborative learning.	0.81152
Sa Univerziteta u Beogradu bilo je 55,6% ispitanika, 19,6% je obuhvaćeno na Univerzitetu u Novom Sadu, 14,4% u Kragujevcu, a 10,5% ispitanika su bili sa Univerziteta u Nišu.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 There were 55.6% subjects from the University of Belgrade, 19.6% from the University of Novi Sad, 14.4% from Kragujevac, while 10.5% of the subjects were from the University of Nis.	0.28667
Vreme koje su ispitanici proveli u radnom odnosu na visokoškolskim ustanovama kreće se od pola godine, do 40 godina radnog staža, gde je Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 srednja vrednost 12.16, odnosno SD=9.51.	The duration of employment of the subjects at higher education institutions was between half a year to 40 years of service, with the mean value of 12.16, i.e. SD=9.51.	1.85643
Tabela 1 pruža prikaz strukturnog sastava nastavnika prema akademskom zvanju.	Table 1 gives an overview of structural composite of the teachers according to their academic title.	0.776883
Lako je uočljivo da baš kao što je i 2009. godine to bio slučaj, tako je i 2011. godine mnogo veći odziv asistenata i docenata na sprovedenu anketu.	It can easily be noted that the assistants and assistant professors responded to the questionnaire in a much greater number in 2011, as they had in 2009.	1.04764
Tabela 1.	Table 1.	2.2625
Struktura naučnog zvanja ispitanika u 2009. i 2011. godini Nau(cid: ~~~ zvanje 2009 Ukupno % Beograd Unutrašnjost Asistent Docent Vanredni profesor Redovni profesor Ukupno 48,70 27,92 12,99 10,39 100,0 Asistent Docent Vanredni profesor Redovni profesor Ukupno Nau(cid:	Structure of the subjects scientific degree in 2009 and 2011 Scientific Degree 2009 Total % Belgrade Country Assistant Assistant Professor Associate Professor Full Professor Total 48.70 27.92 12.99 10.39 100.0 Scientific Degree 2011 Total % Belgrade Country Assistant Assistant Professor Associate Professor Full Professor 52.94 24.84 11.11 11.11 Total 100.0 Table 2.	0.00235043
zvanje 2011 Ukupno % Beograd Unutrašnjost 52,94 24,84 11,11 11,11 100,0 Tabela 2. ~~~ Naučno područje u 2009. i 2011. godini Društveno- -humanisti(cid: ~~~ nauke Tehni(cid: ~~~ nauke Prirodne nauke Medicinske nauke Ukupno Nau(cid: ~~~ podru(cid: ~~~ 2009 Ukupno % Beograd Unutrašnjost 87,1 9,62 - 3,21 - 100, - - Nau(cid:	Teachers fields of expertise in 2009 and 2011 Social Sciences Technical Sciences Natural Sciences Medical Sciences Total Field of Expertise 2009 Total % Belgrade Country Field of Expertise 2011 Total % Belgrade Country 87.18 9.62 - 3.21 - - - Social Sciences Technical Sciences Natural Sciences Medical Sciences 60.78 15.69 5.88 17.65 100.00 Total 100.00 From the aspect of the science they belong to, the structure of the subjects is presented in Table 2.	-0.187218
podru(cid: ~~~ 2011 Ukupno % Beograd Unutrašnjost Društveno- -humanisti(cid:	It can easily be noted that the sample collected in 2011 is more diverse than the one from 2009, and that there are fewer teachers from natural, technical and medical sciences; still, the percentage of subjects willing to participate in the survey is higher at the University of Belgrade than at the other universities in the country.	1.49095
nauke Tehni(cid:	4.	-0.6
nauke Prirodne nauke Medicinske nauke Ukupno 60,78 15,69 5,88 17,65 100,0 Sa aspekta područja nauke kojoj pripadaju, struktura ispitanika prikazana je Tabelom 2.		-0.3
Lako je uočljivo da je uzorak prikupljen 2011. godine šarolikiji od uzorka prikupljanog 2009. godine, te da je manje procentualno učešće nastavnika koji se bave prirodnim, tehničkim i medicinskim naukama, no i dalje se učešće ispitanika spremnih da pruže odgovor na sprovedeno istraživanje više viši na Univerzitetu u Beogradu, nego na ostalim univerzitetima u zemlji. 4.		-0.3
Re zul ta ti po re đe nja Kao što je već pomenuto, polaznu osnovu ovog rada čini istraživanje realizovano 2009. godine.	Results of the comparison As it has been mentioned, the starting point for this paper is the research conducted in 2009.	0.563816
Kada smo smo ponovili istraživanje dve godine kasnije, cilj istraživanja nam je bio da proverimo: a) da li postoje određene promene u strukturi metoda i tehnika koje nastavnici koriste u visokom obrazovanju u Srbiji, b) da li je došlo do većeg učešća informatički podržanih metoda i tehnika učenja u Srbiji.	After the repeated survey two years later, the goal of our research was to determine: a) If there had been any changes in the structure of methods and techniques that higher education teachers in Serbia use, b) If the share of IT-supported teaching methods and techniques increased in Serbia.	1.28939
Korišćenje informatički podržanih tehnologija je jedna od osnovnih veština koju nastavnici u današnje vreme na visokoškolskim ustanovama treba da poseduju.	The use of IT-supported technologies is one of the basic skills that higher education teachers nowadays should possess.	0.812161
Ona je svakako neophodna jer, pored ostalog, omogućuje prenos znanja van tradicionalno utvrđenih okvira i redovnu komunikaciju sa studentima koja nije niti vremenski niti prostorno ograničena.	It is certainly necessary because, among other things, it enables a transfer of knowledge outside traditionally established boundaries as well as a regular communication with students that is not limited by time or place.	0.935088
Jedna od osnovnih pretpostavki komparativne analize jeste da nastavnici na visokoškolskim ustanovama više koriste informatički podržane metode i tehnike u sprovođenju nastave nego što je to bio slučaj dve godine ranije.	One of the basic assumptions of comparative analysis is that teachers at higher education institutions use IT-supported teaching methods and techniques to a higher degree in comparison with two years before.	1.20548
Učestalost korišćenja pojedinih metoda i tehnika za 2009. i 2011. godinu prikazana je Tabelom 3.	The frequency of use of teaching methods in 2009 and 2011 is shown in Table 3.	1.13437
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Analizirajući podatke može se uočiti da je 2011. godine došlo do vrlo blagog poboljšanja situacije, u vezi sa korišćenja informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Data analysis shows that there was a slight improvement in 2011 in the use of information and communication technology.	2.03297
Dok je 2009. godine samo 1.64 % predavača koristilo distance learning kao metod učenja studenata, taj procenat se popeo na 7.84% u 2011. godini.	While in 2009 only 1.64 % of teachers used distance learning as a teaching method, the percentage went up to 7.84% in 2011.	1.48529
Učestalost korišćenja nastavnih tehnika u 2009 i 2011 prikazan je na (cid:	The frequency of use of teaching techniques in 2009 and 2011 is shown in Table 4.	3.76154
4. ~~~ Možemo napomenuti da je procenat nastavnika koji koriste PowerPoint prezentacije kao nastavnou tehniku porastao.	We can note that the percentage of teachers who use PowerPoint presentation as a teaching technique has increased as well.	0.595545
Tabela 5 prikazuje učestalost korišćenja alternativnih nastavnih metoda i tehnika.	Table 5 presents the frequency of use of alternative teaching methods and techniques.	1.37875
Obzirom da su rezultati dobijeni 2009. godine vezani za primenu elektronski podržanog učenja bili zabrinjavajuće loši, možemo zaključiti da se, iako i dalje loša, situacija blago popravila.	Since the results obtained in 2009 on the application of IT-supported learning were worrying, we can conclude that, even though it is still unsatisfactory, the situation has slightly improved.	0.824805
Neki fakulteti su tokom protekle dve godine uveli sistem studija na daljinu, tako da ovaj metod učenja polako zaživljava i u Srbiji.	In the last two years some faculties have introduced the distance learning system, so this teaching method is slowly entering Serbia as well.	0.675515
Isti je slučaj i sa simulacijom i istraživačkim radom kao metodama učenja, koje podrazumevaju poznavanje korišćenja informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija.	The same goes for simulation and research as teaching methods; those include knowledge of information and communication technologies.	0.54143
Može se uočiti i da je povećan procenat predavača koji na predavanjima koriste tehniku power point prezentacije, kao koncepta pripreme izlaganja tokom realizacije nastave.	It can also be seen that the percentage of teachers who use PowerPoint presentations as a concept to prepare their lectures has increased.	0.832692
Tabela 3.	Table 3.	2.2625
Poređenje upotrebe nastavnih metoda u 2009 i 2011 (procenat od ukupnog broja) Predavanja Izrada seminarskih radova Radionice Studija slu(cid:		-0.3
Terenska nastava Eksperimentalni rad, ili simulacija Volontiranje (Service Learning) U(cid:		-0.3
na daljinu (Distance learning) Timski projekti Grupni /razredni projekti Istraživa(cid:		-0.3
projekti Predavanja Izrada seminarskih radova Radionice Studija slu(cid:		-0.3
Terenska nastava Eksperimentalni rad, ili simulacija Volontiranje (Service Learning) U(cid:		-0.3
na daljinu (Distance learning) Timski projekti Grupni /razredni projekti Istraživa(cid:		-0.3
projekti Nastavne metode 2009 Nikad Retko 7,61 1,96 27,17 33,33 20,59 15,38 78,48 7,69 15,19 31,37 20,59 72,09 12,79 75,41 20,69 8,2 9,2 23,81 28,57 25,74 26,73 Niti retko, niti (cid:		-0.3
21,57 5,43 27,45 15,38 2,53 17,65 13,95 8,2 25,29 19,05 13,86 Nastavne metode 2011 Nikad Retko 1,96 2,61 5,88 11,76 25,49 26,8 22,22 56,86 20,92 20,92 38,56 23,53 71,24 18,3 49,02 20,92 23,53 22,88 40,52 22,22 31,37 24,18 Niti retko, niti (cid:		-0.3
9,8 15,69 17,65 11,11 11,76 13,07 1,31 11,11 13,73 12,42 20,92 (cid:		-0.3
6,86 38,04 4,9 17,95 2,53 26,47 1,16 6,56 20,69 28,57 24,75 (cid:		-0.3
17,65 30,07 15,69 25,49 3,92 13,07 5,88 11,11 19,61 13,73 16,99 Vrlo (cid:		-0.3
/Stalno 69,61 21,74 13,73 43,59 1,27 3,92 1,64 24,14 8,91 UKUPNO (%) Vrlo (cid: ~~~ /Stalno 64,71 39,87 UKUPNO (%) 14,38 20,26 6,54 11,76 3,27 7,84 20,26 11,11 6,54 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Tabela 4. ~~~ Poređenje upotrebe nastavnih tehnika u 2009 i 2011 (procenat od ukupnog broja) Nastavne tehnike 2009 Niti retko, niti Power-point prezentacija Folijegrafoskop Flomasteri i tabla Flip-chart Nikad Retko 13,27 43,82 8,16 26,97 38,66 15,13 53,47 10,89 Power-point prezentacija Folijegrafoskop Flomasteri i tabla Flip-chart 6,54 67,97 12,42 12,42 18,30 13,73 62,09 13,73 (cid: ~~~ 12,24 19,10 4,20 22,77 (cid: ~~~ 5,88 15,69 21,57 17,65 (cid: ~~~ 24,49 5,62 7,56 8,91 (cid: ~~~ 16,99 1,31 19,61 3,92 Vrlo (cid:	Comparing the use of teaching methods in 2009 and 2011 Teaching methods 2009 More than Never Occasionally occasionally, but Often not so often 7.61 33.33 15.38 78.48 1.96 27.17 20.59 7.69 15.19 31.37 20.59 72.09 75.41 20.69 23.81 25.74 12.79 8.2 9.2 28.57 26.73 21.57 5.43 27.45 15.38 2.53 17.65 13.95 8.2 25.29 19.05 13.86 Giving lectures Essay writing Critical thinking skills in the classroom Case studies Outdoor lecturing Experimental work or simulation of real problem Service Learning Distance learning Team projects Group Projects and/or team - building Research projects Giving lectures Essay writing Critical thinking skills in the classroom Case studies Outdoor lecturing Experimental work or simulation of real problem Service Learning Distance learning Team projects Group Projects and/or team - building Research projects 1.96 2.61 25.49 22.22 56.86 5.88 11.76 26.8 20.92 20.92 38.56 23.53 71.24 49.02 23.53 40.52 31.37 18.3 20.92 22.88 22.22 24.18 9.8 15.69 17.65 11.11 11.76 13.07 1.31 11.11 13.73 12.42 20.92 Teaching methods 2011 More than Never Occasionally occasionally, but Often not so often 26.47 3.92 Very often/ Always 69.61 21.74 13.73 43.59 1.27 1.64 24.14 8.91 Very often/ Always 64.71 39.87 6.86 38.04 4.9 17.95 2.53 1.16 6.56 20.69 28.57 24.75 17.65 30.07 15.69 14.38 25.49 3.92 20.26 6.54 13.07 11.76 5.88 11.11 19.61 3.27 7.84 20.26 13.73 11.11 16.99 6.54 TOTAL (%) TOTAL (%) Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Table 4.	-0.239953
/Stalno 41,84 4,49 34,45 3,96 Vrlo (cid: ~~~ /Stalno 58,17 2,61 26,80 2,61 UKUPNO (%) UKUPNO (%) Nastavne tehnike 2011 Niti retko, niti Nikad Retko Tabela 5. ~~~ Poređenje upotrebe alternativnih nastavnih metoda i tehnika u 2009 i 2011 Alternativne metode i tehnike 2009 Nikad Retko Gostuju(cid: ~~~ predava(cid: ~~~ Kriti(cid: ~~~ mišljenje studenata Portfolio Intra i interdisciplinarna saradnja 30,92 0,00 40,79 0,66 53,91 17,39 22,54 20,42 Nikad Retko Gostuju(cid: ~~~ predava(cid: ~~~ 36,60 39,87 Kriti(cid: ~~~ mišljenje studenata 2,61 2,61 Portfolio 54,25 26,14 Niti retko, niti (cid: ~~~ 15,13 4,64 8,70 22,54 (cid: ~~~ 7,24 30,46 17,39 17,61 Vrlo (cid: ~~~ /Stalno 5,92 64,24 2,61 16,90 UKUPNO (%) Niti retko, niti (cid: ~~~ 9,15 9,15 7,19 (cid:	Comparing the use of teaching techniques in 2009 and 2011 Never Occasionally More than occasionally, but not so often Teaching techniques 2009 PowerPoint presentation Graphic displays Blackboard and marker Flip chart 13.27 43.82 38.66 53.47 8.16 26.97 15.13 10.89 12.24 19.10 4.20 22.77 Teaching techniques 2011 Never Occasionally More than occasionally, but not so often PowerPoint presentation Graphic displays Blackboard and marker Flip chart 6.54 67.97 18.30 62.09 12.42 12.42 13.73 13.73 5.88 15.69 21.57 17.65 Often 24.49 5.62 7.56 8.91 Often 16.99 1.31 19.61 3.92 Very often/ TOTAL Always 41.84 4.49 34.45 3.96 (%) Very often/ Always TOTAL (%) 58.17 2.61 26.80 2.61 Table 5.	-0.224052
11,11 27,45 7,19 16,99 Vrlo (cid: ~~~ /Stalno 3,27 58,17 5,23 9,15 UKUPNO (%) Intra i interdisciplinarna saradnja 33,33 26,14 14,38 Alternativne metode i tehnike 2011 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Zaključak Poredeći rezultate istraživanja sprovedenih 2009 i 2011 godine, došlo se do određenih zaključaka.	Comparing the use of alternative teaching methods and techniques in 2009 and 2011 Guest lectures Critical thinking skills in the classroom Portfolio assessments Collaborative learning modules Alternative methods and techniques 2009 Never Occasionally More than occasionally, but not so often 30.92 0.00 53.91 22.54 40.79 0.66 17.39 20.42 15.13 4.64 8.70 22.54 Alternative methods and techniques 2011 Never Occasionally More than occasionally, but not so often Guest lectures Critical thinking skills in the classroom Portfolio assessments Collaborative learning modules 36.60 2.61 54.25 33.33 39.87 2.61 26.14 26.14 9.15 9.15 7.19 14.38 Often Very often/ Always 5.92 7.24 TOTAL (%) 30.46 17.39 17.61 64.24 2.61 16.90 Often Very often/ Always TOTAL (%) 11.11 27.45 7.19 16.99 3.27 58.17 5.23 9.15 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Conslusion The comparison of the research conducted in 2009 and 2011 has led us to certain conclusions.	0.220373
Smatramo da uspešnost i dostignuća studenata zavise od kompetentnosti ali i osposobljenosti profesora da implementiraju savremene metode i tehnike učenja.	We think that students success and achievements depend on the teachers competence, but also on their ability to implement modern teaching methods and techniques.	1.15714
Kvalitetnim profesorom se smatra onaj profesor koji se kontinuirano priprema za nastavu, nastoji da animira studente, ali i koji sam kontinuirano uči i usavršava svoja znanja.	A lecturer (professor) that continuously prepares for teaching, tries to entertain students, but also continuously learns himself and improves his knowledge is considered a quality professor.	0.939216
Profesionalni razvoj predavača je od izuzetnog značaja za poboljšanje kvaliteta predavača Diaz-Maggioli, 2004).	Teachers professional development is essential for the improvement of teachers quality (Diaz-Maggioli, 2004).	1.13878
Goldschmidt i Phelps (2010) su ispitivali uticaj profesionalnog razvoja na ključni aspekt kvaliteta nastavnika.		-0.3
Konkretno, želeli su da utvrde da li je program profesionalnog razvoja značajno poboljšao sadržaj znanja predavača. ~~~ Rezultati su pokazali da nastavnici pokazuju značajan rast znanja pre i posle usavršavanja.	The results of a research on the influence of professional development on the key aspect of teacher quality showed that teachers exhibit a significant growth in knowledge after the training (Goldschmidt & Phelps, 2010).	0.351337
Smatramo da uspešnost učenja studenata zavisi od spremnosti profesora da implementiraju savremene metode i tehnike učenja.	We believe that the success of students learning process depends on teachers familiarity with teaching methods and techniques, and their readiness to implement modern teaching methods and techniques.	1.36773
Poznavanje stranog jezika i korišćenje informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija često je prepreka predavačima da kontinuirano prate savremene trendove vezane za proces prenošenja znanja na univerzitetu.	Knowledge of a foreign language and use of information and communication technologies is often an obstacle for teachers to continuously follow modern trends in the transfer of knowledge at the university.	1.03286
Međutim, poznavanje metoda i tehnika učenja nije dovoljno.	However, knowledge of teaching methods and techniques is not sufficient.	0.911111
Potrebna je i volja i motivisanost predavača da ih inkorporira u proces nastave.	It also requires willingness and motivation by teachers to incorporate them into the teaching process.	0.647143
Samo stručni i osposobljeni predavači predstavljaju intelektualni kapital univerziteta.	Only competent and educated teachers are an intellectual asset of a university.	0.543478
Za takve predavače termin mobilnost nije stran, budući da su osposobljeni da realizuju nastavu na bilo kom vodećem univerzitetu, ali i ono što je mogo važnije, da predstave svoj univerzitet na najbolji mogući način na svetskoj sceni.	For such a teacher the notion of mobility is not unfamiliar, since they are trained to teach at any leading university, and, what is more important, to represent their university as best as possible at the world market.	0.658671
Ovo tvrđenje ima izuzetno značenje i za studente, budući da prepoznatljivi univerziteti na svetskom nivou znače u isto vreme i prepoznatljivost diploma studentima koji su završili proces obrazovanja u Srbiji.	This statement is extremely important for students as well, since recognized universities at the world level at the same time mean recognized diplomas for students who graduated in Serbia.	1.05528
Istraživanjem je uočeno da je i 2009. godine i 2011. godine viši nivo spremnosti predavača da odgovori na anketna pitanja bio sa Novosadskog i Beogradskog univerziteta.	The research discovered that both in 2009 and 2011 the teachers from the universities in Novi Sad and Belgrade were more willing to answer the questionnaire.	0.71061
Može se pretpostaviti da je to posledica činjenice da ova dva univerziteta posluju u ekonomski razvijenim opštinama Srbije.	It can be assumed that it comes as a consequence of the fact that these two universities operate in economically developed municipalities in Serbia.	1.04584
Dodatno, Beogradski univerzitet je najveći univerzitet u Srbiji, te budući da je lociran u glavnom gradu Srbije, ima privilegiju da je usled stogodišnje tradicije i ugleda koji nosi u regionu jugoistočne Evrope, i od Ministrastva nauke i prosvete finansijski najviše podržan zbog svoje 100 godina duge tradicije i ugleda u jugoistočnoj Evropi.	Also, the University of Belgrade is the biggest university in Serbia, so, since it is located in the capital of Serbia, it has the privilege of receiving the largest financial support from the Ministry of Science and Education due to its 100-year-long tradition and reputation in Southeastern Europe.	1.04159
Uočeno je da je mlađa generacija predavača na univerzitetima mnogo spremnija da inkorporira u svoj portfolio osposobljenosti i sve nove metode i tehnike koje informaciono-komunikacione tehnologije omogućavaju.	We have also noticed that the younger generation of university teachers is much more willing to incorporate into their portfolio skills and all new methods and techniques enabled by information and communication technologies.	1.25471
Koncept učenja na daljinu je najbolji predstavnik metoda zasnovanih na primeni informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija, koji bi trebalo da omogući pohađanje nastave i studentima koji usled geografske udaljenosti, ili ograničenih finansijskih sredstava nisu u mogućnosti da prate nastavu tako što fizički pohađaju predavanja i vežbe u učionicama univerziteta.	The distance learning concept is the best representative of methods based on application of information-communication technologies, which should enable students who are restricted by geographical distance or financial means and are unable to physically be present at classes and practices in university classrooms to study.	1.10068
Glavni doprinos ovog rada jeste taj što ukazuje da uspešnost procesa edukacije zavisi od kompetencija predavača koji rade na univerzitetima, što se odnosi i na njihove usko stručne sposobnosti, ali i na metode i tehnike koje su spremni da implementiraju u procesu prenošenja znanja na studente.	The main contribution of this paper is that it highlights the fact that the success of the education process depends on university teachers competency, which also refers to their specific professional competence, as well as methods and techniques they are ready to implement into the student teaching process.	1.12158
To podrazumeva volju i spremnost nastavnika da se uključe u ovakav vid nastave.	It means teachers willingness and readiness to be included into this type of teaching.	0.706832
Tu svakako treba obratiti pažnju na predavače koji imaju višedecenijsko pedagoško i stručno iskustvo, ali koji se nisu kontinuirano doedukovali, te su im potrebni dodatni treninzi i obuka, kako bi se što lakše prilagodili zahtevima i potrebama učenja.	By all means, attention should be paid to teachers who have decades-long pedagogical and professional experience, but who have not undergone continuous education, so they need additional training in order to adjust to the demands and needs of learning more easily.	0.758848
Učenje na daljinu je metod koji ima potencijal da podigne nivo pismenosti u Srbiji, budući da omogućava obrazovanje i pohađanje određenih vidova nastave i stanovnicima van gradskih cenatara, ili grupama stanovništva koje zbog drugog vida ograničenja nisu u mogućnosti da fizički pohađaju nastavu u učionicama univerziteta.	Distance learning is a method that has a potential to increase the literacy levels in Serbia, since it enables education and some types of learning for people who live outside urban centers, or groups of people who, due to other limitations, are not able to be physically present in university classrooms.	1.02729
Iako se situacija u Srbiji malo poboljšala, još uvek je daleko od toga da ispuni evropske standarde.	Even though the situation in Serbia has slightly improved, it is still far from being in a position to meet European standards.	1.3977
Rad svakako ukazuje i na potrebe dodatnog investiranja u informatiču infrastrukturu.	The paper also addresses the needs for additional investments into IT infrastructure.	0.296
Unapređenje procesa visokog obrazovanja jedan je od osnovnih zadataka svake visokoškolekske ustanove i svake Vlade i zato će nam praćenje uticaja metoda i tehnika učenja na univerzitetima u Srbiji predstavljati jedan od izazova i u narendom periodu.	Improvement of higher education process is one of the main tasks for every higher education institution and every Government; therefore, monitoring the influence of teaching methods and techniques at the universities in Serbia will be one of the challenges for us in the future as well.	1.37376
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Widening participation and the media student experience.	Widening participation and the media student experience.	2.925
Higher Education, 62(6), 815 828. doi: ~~~ 10.1007/s10734-011-9421-3 [4] Diaz-Maggioli, G. (2004).	Higher Education, 62(6), 815-828. doi: 10.1007/s10734-011-9421-3 [4] Diaz-Maggioli, G. (2004).	1.15192
Teacher-Centered Professional Development.	Teacher-Centered Professional Development.	2.55
Alexandria (USA):	Alexandria (USA): ASCD. [5]	2.15882
ASCD. [5] Fernandez, I., & Suarez, B. (2011).	Fernandez, I., & Suarez, B. (2011).	2.79401
University Competencies.	University Competencies.	2.3
Journal of Materials Education, 33(5-6), 255-262. [6] Gamage, V., Tretiakov, A., & Crump, B. (2011).	Journal of Materials Education, 33(5-6), 255-262. [6] ~~~ Gamage, V., Tretiakov, A., & Crump, B. (2011).	1.15708
Teacher perceptions of learning affordances of multi-user vir tual environments.	Teacher perceptions of learning affordances of multi-user virtual environments.	2.7
Computers & Education, 57(4), 2406-2413. doi: ~~~ 10.1016/j. ~~~ compedu.2011. ~~~ [7] Gikandi, J.W., Morrow, D., & Davis, N.E. (2011).	Computers & Education, 57(4), 2406-2413. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.015 [7] Gikandi, J.W., Morrow, D., & Davis, N.E. (2011).	0.359321
Online formative assessment in higher education:	Online formative assessment in higher education: A review of the literature.	2.71461
A review of the literature. ~~~ Computers & Education, 57(4), 2333-2351. doi: ~~~ 10.1016/j. ~~~ compedu.2011. ~~~ [8] Goldschmidt, P., & Phelps, G. (2010).	Computers & Education, 57(4), 2333-2351. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.004 [8] Goldschmidt, P., & Phelps, G. (2010).	0.240627
Does teachers professional development affect content and pedagogical knowledge: ~~~ How much and for how long?	Does teacher professional development affect content and pedagogical knowledge: How much and for how long?	1.19516
Economics of Education Review, 29(3), 432-439. doi: ~~~ 10.1016/j. ~~~ econedurev.2009. ~~~ [9] Hanushek, E. A. (2011).	Economics of Education Review, 29(3), 432-439. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.10.002 [9] Hanushek, E. A. (2011).	0.416576
The economic value of higher teacher quality.	The economic value of higher teacher quality.	2.55
Economics of Education Review, 30, 466-479. doi: ~~~ 10.1016/j. ~~~ econedurev.2010. ~~~ [10] Harris, D.N., & Sass, T.R. (2011).	Economics of Education Review, 30, 466-479. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.12.006 [10] Harris, D.N., & Sass, T.R. (2011).	0.392878
Teacher training, teacher quality and student achievement.	Teacher training, teacher quality and student achievement.	2.925
Journal of Pu blic Economics, 95(7-8), 798-812. doi:		-0.3
10.1016/j.		-0.3
jpubeco.2010. ~~~ [11] Jianping, S., & Hsieh, Ch. (1999).	Journal of Public Economics, 95(7-8), 798-812. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.009 [11] Jianping, S., & Hsieh, Ch. (1999).	0.986029
Improving the professional status of teaching: perspectives of future teac hers, current teachers, and education professors.	Improving the professional status of teaching: perspectives of future teachers, current teachers, and education professors.	2.925
Teaching and Teacher Education, 15, 315-323. [12] Kennedy, D., Hyland, A., & Ryan, N. (2006).	Teaching and Teacher Education, 15, 315-323. [12] ~~~ Kennedy, D., Hyland, A., & Ryan, N. (2006).	1.30875
Writing and using learning outcomes: a practical guide, article C 3.4-1 In E. Froment, J. Kohler, .	Writing and using learning outcomes: a practical guide, article C 3.4-1 In E. Froment, J. Kohler, .	2.96667
Purser and L. Wilson (Eds.), EUA Bologna Handbook Making Bologna Work. http://www.eua.be/index.php?id=129 [13] Klenha, V., Nielsen, S., Petkova, E., & Erkan, S. A. (2010).	Purser and L. Wilson (Eds.), EUA Bologna Handbook Making Bologna Work. http://www.eua.be/index.php?id=129 [13] Klenha, V., Nielsen, S., Petkova, E., & Erkan, S. A. (2010).	3.18
Country Reviw of Human Resource Develop ment in Serbia, European Association for the Education of Adults.	Country Reviw of Human Resource Development in Serbia, European Association for the Education of Adults.	2.7375
Web site: http://www.eaea.org/doc/pub/Serbia-Country-review-of-human-resource-development.pdf.	Web site: http://www.eaea.org/doc/pub/SerbiaCountry-review-of-human-resource-development.pdf. Accessed September 25, 2011. [14]	1.70968
Accessed September 25, 2011. [14] Kogan, I. (2011).	Kogan, I. (2011).	2.00625
When formal is normal. . .	When formal is normal. . .	2.87143
On the role of credentials and contacts for the job entry in Ser bia.	On the role of credentials and contacts for the job entry in Serbia.	2.65714
Research in Social Satisfaction and Mobility, 1-14. ~~~ doi. 10.	Research in Social Satisfaction and Mobility, 1-14. doi.	1.29946
rssm.2011. ~~~ [15] Kutlaca, Dj., Semencenko, D., Mosurovic, M., & Mitrovic, Z. (2011).	10.1016/j.rssm.2011.03.001 [15] Kutlaca, Dj., Semencenko, D., Mosurovic, M., & Mitrovic, Z. (2011).	1.3131
Challenges of Higher Education in the Western Balkans Countries.	Challenges of Higher Education in the Western Balkans Countries.	3
Proceedings of the XVII international scientific meeting Technology, culture and development, Western Balkans on the road to European Union, 17-25. ISBN 978-86-904137-9-9 [16] Maitles, H. (2010).	Proceedings of the XVII international scientific meeting Technology, culture and development, Western Balkans on the road to European Union, 17-25. ~~~ ISBN 978-86-904137-9-9 [16] Maitles, H. (2010).	1.37973
Citizenship initiatives and pupil values: a case study on one Scottish schools experien ce.	Citizenship initiatives and pupil values: a case studies on one Scottish schools experience.	2.43526
Educational Review, 62(4), 391-406. [17] Mujicic, V. (2011).	Educational Review, 62(4), 391-406. [17]	2.66216
Changes in Higher Education:	Mujicic, V. (2011).	0.166667
Five Simple, Imposing Questions.	Changes in Higher Education: Five Simple, Imposing Questions.	2.45
Proceedings of the XVII international scientific meeting Technology, culture and development, Western Balkans on the road to European Union, 26-35. ISBN 978-86-904137-9-9 [18] Pantic, N., & Wubbels, T. (2010).	Proceedings of the XVII international scientific meeting Technology, culture and development, Western Balkans on the road to European Union, 26-35. ~~~ ISBN 978-86-904137-9-9 [18] Pantic, N., & Wubbels, T. (2010).	1.36694
Teacher competencies as a basis for teacher education Vievs of Serbian teachers and teacher educators.	Teacher competencies as a basis for teacher education Vievs of Serbian teachers and teacher educators.	3.1125
Teaching and Teacher Education.	Teaching and Teacher Education.	2.7
26, 694-703. doi:		-0.3
10.1016/j.		-0.3
tate.2009. ~~~ [19] Petrovic, N., Drakulic, M., Isljamovic, S., Jeremic, V., & Drakulic, R. (2011).	26, 694-703. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2009.10.005 [19] Petrovic, N., Drakulic, M., Isljamovic, S., Jeremic, V., & Drakulic, R. (2011).	1.30861
Towards Framework for Higher Environmental Education.	Towards Framework for Higher Environmental Education.	2.87143
Management, 60, 11-18. [20] Rockoff, J.E., Jacob, B.A., Kane, T.J., & Stalger, D.O. (2011).	Management, 60, 11-18. [20] ~~~ Rockoff, J.E., Jacob, B.A., Kane, T.J., & Stalger, D.O. (2011).	1.29818
Can You Recognize an Effective Teacher When You Recruit One?	Can You Recognize an Effective Teacher When You Recruit One?	3.02727
Education Finance and Policy, 6(1), 43-74. doi: ~~~ 10.1162/EDFP_a_00022 [21] Stronge, J.H., Ward, T.J., & Grant, L.W. (2011).	Education Finance and Policy, 6(1), 43-74. doi: 10.1162/EDFP_a_00022 [21] Stronge, J.H., Ward, T.J., & Grant, L.W. (2011).	1.3097
What Makes Good Teachers Good?	What Makes Good Teachers Good?	2.8
A Cross-Case Analysis of the Connection Between Teacher Effectiveness and Student Achievement, Journal of Teacher Education, 62(4), 339-355. doi: ~~~ 10.1177/0022487111404241 [22] Tatto, M. T. (2006).	A Cross-Case Analysis of the Connection Between Teacher Effectiveness and Student Achievement, Journal of Teacher Education, 62(4), 339-355. doi: 10.1177/0022487111404241 [22] Tatto, M. T. (2006).	1.27327
Education reform and the global regulation of teachers education, development and work: ~~~ A cross-cultural analysis.	Education reform and the global regulation of teachers education, development and work: A cross-cultural analysis.	1.33786
International Journal of Educational Research, 45, 231-241. doi: ~~~ 10.1016/j.		-0.3
ijer.2007. ~~~ [23] Van Maele, D., & Van Houtte, M. (2010).	International Journal of Educational Research, 45, 231-241. doi: 10.1016/j.ijer.2007.02.003 [23] Van Maele, D., & Van Houtte, M. (2010).	1.01351
The Quality of School Life: ~~~ Teacher-Student Trust Relationship and the Organizational School Context.	The Quality of School Life: Teacher-Student Trust Relationship and the Organizational School Context.	1.16333
Social Indicators Reasearch.	Social Indicators Reasearch.	2.55
100, 85-100. doi: ~~~ 10.1007/s11205-010-9605-8 Primljen:	100, 85-100. doi: 10.1007/s11205-010-9605-8 Receieved: March 2012.	0.974038
Mart 2012. ~~~ Prihvaćen:	Accepted: May 2012.	0.675
Maj 2012. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 O autoru Slađana Benković Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: benkovic.sladjana@fon.bg.ac.rs Slađana Benković radi kao vanredni profesor na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, Univerziteta u Beogradu, Srbija, gde je završila diplomske, master i doktorske studije.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 About the Author Sladjana Benković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: benkovic.sladjana@fon.bg.ac.rs Sladjana Benković works as an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia, where she has completed her bachelor, master and doctoral studies.	0.508786
Na fakultetu je zaposlena poslednjih 15 godina.	She has worked at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences for 15 years.	5.04643
Njeni glavni istraživački i nastavni interesi vezani su za oblast finansijskog menadžmenta, modaliteta finansiranja razvojnih projekata, projektno finansiranje, ocenu isplativosti ulaganja i procenu toka novca.	Her professional interests regarding research and teaching lie in the field of financial management, methods of financing corporate development, project financing, apprisal and cash flow valuation.	0.847443
Marina Dobrota Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: dobrota.marina@fon.bg.ac.rs Marina Dobrota radi kao asistent na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, Univerziteta u Beogradu, Srbija, gde je završila diplomske i akademske master studije.	Marina Dobrota University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences e-mail: dobrota.marina@fon.bg.ac.rs Marina Dobrota works as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia, where she completed her BSc and MSc degrees.	1.41331
Trenutno je student doktorskih studija.	Currently, she is a PhD student.	0.214286
Njeni glavni interesi su primenjena statistika, strategija ICT razvoja, data mining u medicini i biostatistika.	Her major professional interests lie in applied statistics, ICT development strategy, data mining in medicine and biostatistics.	1.37908
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Marina Rakočević1, Miloš Knežević2, Snežana Rutešić3, Nenad Ivanišević4, Boško Stevanović5 1, 2, 3Univerzitet Crne Gore, Građevinski fakultet, Podgorica 4,5 Univerzitet u Beogradu, Građevinski fakultet, Beograd Teh no lo gi ja gra đe nja i kon tro la kva li te ta ra do va na pri mje ru objek ta Atlas Ca pi tal Cen ter UDK: ~~~ 005.22 ; 005.5:69.05(497.16) DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) Do la skom stra nih in ve sti to ra, u Cr noj Go ri se, pri re a li za ci ji gra đe vin skih pro je ka ta, po ja vi la po tre ba za pri mje nom me đu na rod nih uslo va ugo va ra nja FI DIC.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Marina Rakočević1, Miloš Knežević2, Snežana Rutešić3, Nenad Ivanišević4, Boško Stevanović5 1, 2, 3University of Montenegro, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Podgorica 4,5University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade Construction Technology and Quality Control of Works on Atlas Capital Center UDC: 005.22 ; 005.5:69.05(497.16) DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0010 With the arrival of foreign investors in Montenegro, a need for application of FIDIC international conditions of contracts emergwd.	-0.00357724
Ovi uslo vi de talj no de fi ni šu pra va i oba ve ze ugo vor nih stra na u pro ce su iz grad nje objek ta i ni je su usa gla še ni sa lo kal nom za kon skom re gu la ti vom.	These conditions define in detail the rights and obligations of the contractual parties in the construction process.	0.719802
Na pri mje ru iz grad nje kon struk ci je stam be no-po slov nog objek ta Atlas Ca pi tal Cen ter (ACC), ko ji je ugo vo ren po FI DIC u Cr ve na knji ga, pri ka za na je or ga ni za ci ja i teh no lo gi ja gra đe nja sa po seb nim osvr tom na kon tro lu kva li te ta i pro ce du re za spro vo đe nje in ter ne i eks ter ne kon tro le kva li te ta.		-0.3
Ključ ne ri je či: kon struk ci ja, teh no lo gi ja gra đe nja, opis teh no lo gi je gra đe nja, kon tro la kva li te ta, Fi dik 1.		-0.3
Uvod Prije aktuelne svjetske ekonomske krize, građevinarstvo u Crnoj Gori je bilo u velikom zamahu, uz veliko učešće stranih investitora i ulaganja koja su bila značajno veća od ulaganja u prethodnim periodima.		-0.3
Period od 2005. do 2009. godine je bio posebno značajan sa aspekta priliva stranih direktnih investicija.		-0.3
U ovom periodu je uloženo nešto više od 1,8 milijardi evra (u neto iznosu), od čega oko 48% u nekretnine, posebno u periodu 20062008 godine [1].	In some issues these conditions do not comply with the Montenegrin legal system.	0.489441
Strani investitori su nametnuli međunarodne standarde ugovaranja po FIDICovim modelima ugovora, a koji su bazirani na britanskom pravnom sistemu i u kojima su prava i obaveze ugovorenih strana detaljno razrađene i usklađene.	This paper presents the organization and construction technology with special emphasis on the quality control and procedures for conducting internal and external quality control in the construction of a residential and business building Atlas Capital Center (ACC), which was contracted according to FIDIC Red Book.	0.369128
U crnogorskom pravnom sistemu, ugovori o građenju definisani su Zakonom o obligacionim odnosima u dijelu međusobnih odnosa ugovornih strana, dok su Zakonom o uređenju prostora i izgradnji objekata definisane obaveze svih učesnika u realizaciji investicionog projekta u pogledu njihovih pojedinačnih obaveza u tom procesu, prvenstveno sa aspekta poštovanja načela i uslova izgradnje i građenja.		-0.3
Važeća tehnička regulativa u Crnoj Gori koja se odnosi na izgradnju objekata nije u potpunosti usklađena sa regulativama evropskih zemalja.		-0.3
Razvoj građevinarstva se ne može zamisliti bez neprekidne komunikacije sa okruženjem.	Key words: structure, construction technology, method statement, quality control, Fidic 1.	0.292405
To je razlog za prilagođavanje inostranom tržištu, odnosno zahtjevima inostranih investitora i omogućavanje slobodnog protoka roba i usluga.		-0.3
Poređenjem našeg zakonodavstva sa uslovima definisanim u Fidicu zaključuje se da se bitna razlika pojavljuje u dijelu koji se odnosi na vršenje stručnog nadzora nad građenjem.		-0.3
To se posebno odnosi na organizaciju menadžment tima i ulogu i odgovornost projekt menadžera i rukovodioca tima za stručni nadzor.	Organization of construction works The construction works consist of several production processes.	0.207955
Specifičnost primjene Fidicovih uslova ugovora ogleda se, između ostalog, u strogo definisanim procedurama komunikacije i kontrole kvaliteta u najširem smislu. 2.		-0.3
Or ga ni za ci ja gra đe vin skih ra do va Građenje se sastoji od više proizvodnih procesa čijom je organizacijm i dobrim odabirom redosljeda aktivnosti moguće povećati produktivnost, vodeći računa o kvalitetu i planiranim rokovima [2].	Through good organization and sequencing of activities it is possible to increase the productivity, taking into account the required quality and planned deadlines 2.	0.885734
Organizovanje izvođenja sprovodi se u fazama pripreme, proizvodnje/izgradnje i primopredaje objekta.	Execution of works is conducted in the following stages: preparation, production/construction and taking over.	0.530435
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Faza pripreme podrazumijeva: izradu tehničke dokumentacije, izbor Izvođača radova i Stručnog nadzora.	The preparation phase for the start of the works includes preparation of technical documentation, selection of the Contractor and selection of the Supervisor.	0.990198
Ova faza obuhvata i upoznavanje učesnika na projektu sa projektnom i ugovornom dokumentacijom.	This preparation phase includes the acquaintaince of all participants with the technical and contract documentation.	1.08929
Faza proizvodnje ili izgradnje objekata obuhvata: pripremne radove, građevinske i građevinskozanatske radove, ugradnju opreme i postrojenja, i dr. Faza primopredaje objekta obuhvata tehnički pregled, početak vremena definisanog za otklanjanje primjedaba na izvedene radove i početak upotrebe objekta .	The production or construction phase includes: preparatory construction works, construction and craft works, installation works, mounting of equipment and facilities etc. ~~~ The taking-over phase includes technical inspection and the beginning of the exploitation of the works and the start of the Defects Notification Period.	0.180278
U svakoj od navedenih faza učesnici na izgradnji građevinskog objekta, Investitor, Stručni nadzor i Izvođač, imaju obaveze i nadležnosti koje su regulisane lokalnom zakonskom regulativom i ugovorima.	In each of the stated phases, the participants: Investor, Supervision and Contractor, have obligations and responsibilities which are regulated by legislation and contracts.	0.494737
Na startu projekta Izvođač radova, na osnovu navedene dokumentacije, vrši planiranje i analizu odvijanja događaja.	At the beginning of the project the Contractor, based on the mentioned documentation, performs an analysis of events and prepares plans.	0.453214
Sve bitne događaje u ovom periodu neophodno je propratiti pisanim dokumentima.	All significant events need to be followed by written documents.	0.770455
Procedure protoka informacija postaju jedan od prvih koraka koji treba sprovesti u procesu proizvodnje objekta.	Procedures of information flow are one of the first steps that should be prepared in the production faze of works.	1.60625
Ovim procedurama se opisuje postupak distribucije i kontrole informacija.	These procedures define the way the distribution and control of information will be performed.	0.827273
Savremeni način komunikacije omogućava brži protok informacija i čini komunikaciju efikasnijom.	Modern means of communication allow for a faster flow of information and make communication more efficient.	1.29
Učesnici na projektu dostavljaju listu mail adresa za eksterni protok informacija. 3.	The participants in the project realization will submit the list of mail addresses for external communication 2.	0.678644
Op šti po da ci o objek tu Atlas Ca pi tal Cen ter Primjena ugovora o građenju koji je sklopljen prema FIDICovim Uslovima ugovora za izgradnju, crvena knjiga, primjenjena je i opisana na primjeru građenja objekata Atlas Capital Center (ACC).	General information about the Atlas Capital Center The implementation of the construction contract closed on the basis of the FIDIC Red Book, operation, procedures and documentation which define and verify the key events during construction are described on the example of Atlas Capital Center (ACC).	0.938188
Ugovor za izvođenje ekskuluzivnog poslovno stambenog objekta ACC u Podgorici je zaključen u skladu sa FIDICovim uslovima ugovora, crvena knjiga.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 The contract for the construction of an exclusive residential and business building ACC in Podgorica was signed according to FIDICS Conditions of Contract for Construction, Red Book.	0.53404
Investitori ovog impozantnog objekta su Atlas Grupa i Capital Investment, dok je Izvođač radova građevinska firma Bitermo Mng d.o.o. čija je matična firma Bitermo d.o.o. iz Portoroža.	Investors of this grandiose building are the Atlas Group and the Capital Investment, while the Contractor is the Bitermo Mng Ltd. construction company whose parent company is Bitermo Ltd. from Portorož.	1.24599
Rukovođenje projektom, upravljanje troškovima i stručni nadzor povjeren je firmi Mace d.o.o. koja je dio Mace Group.	Project management, cost management and supervision are entrusted to the company Mace d.o.o. which is part of Mace Group.	1.3
	The basis of the building covers an area of about 10,112.5 m2.	-0.3
Objekat je površine oko 10.112,5 m2 u osnovi, ima četiri podzemne etaže i šest, devet i jedanaest nadzemnih etaža.	The building has four underground floors and, depending on the part of the building, six, nine or eleven above-ground floors.	0.735294
Površina podzemnog dijela objekta je 40.450 m2, dok je ukupna površina objekta oko 90.000m2.	The area of the underground part of the building is 40.450 m2, while the total area of building is about 90.000m2.	2.05244
Podzemni dio objekta je oblika trougla i čini jednu konstruktivnu cjelinu.	The underground part of the building is shaped like a triangle and is constructed as one structural unit.	0.445455
U podzemnom dijelu se nalaze tri etaže predviđene za garažna mjesta i jedna etaža komercijalnog sadržaja.	In the underground part, three floors are designated for garages and one floor is for commercial purposes.	0.636458
Nadzemni dio čine sedam objekata od kojih su tri objekta namijenjena za poslovne sadržaje a četiri objekta su stambenog karaktera.	The above-ground part consists of seven structures out of which three are designed for business activities and four are for residential purposes.	0.702484
Objekat je projektovan prema najvišim standardima, sa materijalima i opremom vrhunskog kvaliteta kako u tehničkotehnološkom, tako i u dizajnerskom smislu. 4.	The building is designed in accordance with the highest standards, with materials and equipment of excellent quality not only in the technical and technological terms, but also in terms of design.	0.926499
Teh no lo gi ja i opis teh no lo gi je iz vo đe nja ra do va Izbor tehnologije i definisanje tehnoloških procesa građenja objekata, uz adekvatan izbor i dimenzionisanje sredstava rada, predstavlja osnovni korak za određivanje načina i redosljeda rada, [3],[4],[5],[6].	3. ~~~ Techology of Works and Method Statement The choice of methods and the descriptionof the technological processes for construction, with an appropriate selection and sizing of work resources, is the first step in determing the method and sequence of work, 3,4,5,6.	0.178239
Tehnologija izvođenja radova treba da bude usaglašena sa tehničkom i ostalom potrebnom građevinskom dokumentacijom.	The technology of works needs to be in line with the technical and other necessary building site documentation.	0.862105
Takođe, neophodno je poštovati tehničke uslove za izvođenje radova i tehničke uslove za materijal, odnosno opremu koja se ugrađuje.	Also, it is necessary to comply with the technical requirements for construction works and technical specifications for materials and equipment which will be installed.	1.135
Tehnologiju izvođenja Izvođač određuje u skladu sa raspoloživom: mehanizacijom i sredstvima za rad, materijalom, radnom snagom, uz postizanje optimalnosti i zadovoljenje planiranog kvaliteta i dinamike radova.	The Contractor defines the technology of works in accordance with available: - machinery and means of work, - material, - workforce, in order to achieve their optimum usage, required quality of works and time for completion.	1.07778
Na osnovu navedenog definišu se dijagrami toka i karte procesa.	Based on the above, flow diagrams and process charts are defined.	0.572727
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Izrada armirano betonske kontrukcije objekta ACC je primjer dobre organizacije i tehnologije izvođenja.	The construction of reinforced concrete structure of the ACC is an example of good organization and technology of works.	0.774757
Primjenom jasno definisanih tehnoloških koraka, u temeljnu ploču, pri ekstremno visokim temperaturama u ljetnjem periodu kvalitetno je, za 75 dana, ugrađeno 9.581m3 betona i 735 tona armature.	Using well-defined technological steps, 9,581m3 of concrete and 735 tons of reinforcement, were successfully built into the foundaton slab during the summer time in only 75 days, at extremely high temperatures.	1.99487
U konstruktivne elemente četiri podzemne etaže objekta, za period od četiri mjeseca, ugrađeno je 15.660m3 betona i 2.223,9 tona armature.	On the four underground floors 15,660m3 of concrete and 2,223.9 tons of reinforcement were built into the structural elements during a period of four months.	0.987456
Dobrom organizacijom i pravilnim odabirom tehnoloških koraka u nadzemne konstruktivne elemente kompleksa ACC ugrađeno je oko 21.200m3 betona i oko 3.372 tone armature.	With good organization and proper selection of technological steps, in the above-ground structural elements of ACC complex, about 21.200m3 of concrete and 3.372 tons of reinforcement were built in.	1.38041
Radovi na izradi konstrukcije su završeni u planiranim rokovima uz zadovoljenje pojektovanog kvaliteta.	The works on the structure were completed within the planned time, meeting the designed quality.	0.478141
Posebnim procedurama na početku realizacije projekata Izvođač radova definiše opštu/generalnu tehnologiju izvođenja konstrukcije koja je usklađena sa Projektom betona.	At the beginning of the project, before the implementation phase, general technology of works on the concrete structure, in line with the Concrete Design, was given through the Method statement for the structure.	0.85414
U toku izvođenja ukazala se potreba za definisanjem detaljnog opisa tehnologije izvođenja za pojedine pozicije.	During the execution of works, there was a need for a more detailed Method statement for certain positions.	0.64533
Na predmetnom objektu detaljan opis tehnologije izrade armirano betonske konstrukcije urađen je prema vrstama i pozicijama radova.	A detailed description of the construction technology for the reinforced concrete structure was made according to the types and positions of works.	0.604885
Prema vrstama radova, detaljan opis tehnologije je urađen za tesarske, armiračke i betonske radove.	A detailed description of technology was defined for carpentry, reinforcement and concrete works.	0.932392
Slika 1.: ~~~ Priprema za betoniranje ab ploče, cjevodod stacionarne pumpe Opis tehnologije za tesarske radove sadrži spisak sredstava za rad, broj radnika odgovarajućih kvalifikacija, šemu organizacije rukovođenja, postupak postavljanja oplate za određene pozicije, detaljni dinamički plan, kontrolu kvaliteta i primijenjene mjere zaštite na radu.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Figure 1: Preparation for concreting of reinforced concrete slab, pipes of stationary pump The Method statement for the carpentry work included a list of resources for the work, the number of suitably qualified staff, and the organization chart, the process of setting formworks for certain positions, a detailed schedule, quality control and applied safety-at-work measures.	0.213417
Opis tehnologije za armiračke radove sadržavao je sljedeće podatke: broj armiračkih pogona za izradu armature, broj radnika sa podacima o kvalifikacijama, organizacionu šemu, transport materijala, dinamički plan proizvodnje i napredovanja radova, način ugradnje, kontrolu kvaliteta i primijenjene mjere zaštite na radu.	The Method statement for reinforcement works included the number of reinforcement preparation plants, the number of workers with data on their qualifications, the organizational chart, the transport of materials, the time schedule of production and the accomplishment of works, the method of installing, quality control and applied safety-at-work measures.	1.13527
Tehnologiju betonskih radova je bilo potrebno detaljno definisati kako bi se preduprijedili problemi koji mogu nastati u toku betoniranja.	It was necessary to define the technology of concrete works in detail in order to prevent possible problems during concreting.	1.61389
Opis tehnologije obuhvatao je posebne postupke proizvodnje, dopreme na gradilište i ugradnje betona.	Description of the method included the special procedures of production, delivery to the site and placing of concrete.	0.474286
Zbog velike količine betona koju je bilo potrebno ugraditi, opisom su definisane i posebne procedure kontrole: u toku proizvodnje betona; dopremljenog betona na gradilište, betona na mjestu ugradnje i njege ugradjenog betona.	Due to large quantities of concrete that had to be placed the Method statement defined special control procedures: - during the production of concrete, - of concrete transported to the site, - of concrete on site of incorporation and - of curing of incorporated concrete.	0.889156
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Detaljni opis postupka ugradnje betona bio je neophodan, prije svega, zbog gabarita objekta u osnovi, oko 10.112,5 m2, kao i ekstremno visokih ljetnjih temperatura u toku izgradnje elemenata konstrukcije.	A more detailed description of the placing of concrete was needed because of the size of the building (the basis around 10,112.5 m2), and extremely high summer temperatures.	0.647854
Za slučaj havarije definisane su posebne procedure i data alternativna rješenja.	In case of extreme situations specific procedures and alternative solutions were defined.	1.02534
Na slici 1 je prikazano sredstvo za transport betona do mjesta ugradnje u konstrukciju, dok je na slici 2 prikazano kampadno napredovanje radova na izradi konstrukcije poslovnih cjelina objekta ACC.	Figure 1 shows the means for transporting concrete to the place of incorporation into the structure, while Figure 2 shows the progress of works on the concrete block of the structure of business parts of ACC.	0.776812
Prema pozicijama koje se betoniraju definisane su posebne tehnologije izvođenja za temeljnu ploču, obodne zidove, platna, jezgra, stubove i međuspratnu ploču.	According to the positions that are concreted, special method statements were defined for the foundations, the side walls, the walls, the cores, the columns and the floor slabs.	0.41958
Složena geometrija objekta, spratne visine, ukupna visina objekta i debljine međuspratne tavanice zahtjevali su posebnu organizaciju za proces podupiranja ploče.	The complex geometry of the building, floor heights, the overall height of the building and the thickness of the floor slabs demanded a preparation of a separate method statement for the slabs scaffold.	0.534344
Opis tehnologije izvođenja sadrži statički proračun podupiranja za nadzemne etaže.	This method Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 statement included the static calculation of supports for the above-ground floor slabs.	0.337284
Zbog velikog broja podupirača koji su bili potrebni na objektu, u cilju sprečavanja havarije u slučaju oštećenja podupirača (geometrijske i materijalne nelinearnosti), kao i u cilju prijema horizontalnih uticaja koji nastaju pri betoniranju, podupirači su povezivani spregovima od cjevaste skele.	Due to a large number of supports that were needed on the building, in order to prevent disasters due to damage of supports (geometric and material nonlinearities), and in order to receive horizontal forces arising during the concreting, the supports were linked by brace of tubular scaffolding.	0.794195
Ovakav način povezivanja podupirača bio je veoma efikasan. 4.	This way of linking supports was very effective. ~~~ 4.	0.300725
Kon tro la kva li te ta Kontrolu kvaliteta prilikom izgradnje građevinskih objekta potrebno je organizovati i sprovoditi u nivoima, sa jasno definisanim odgovornostima i obavezama svih učesnika.	Quality control Quality control during the construction works should be organized and implemented in levels, with defined responsibilities and obligations of each participant.	0.518831
Organizaciju kontrole kvaliteta predlaže Izvođač radova dostavljanjem Plana kontrole kvaliteta za svaku poziciju radova posebno.	Organization of quality control is proposed by the Contractor, by submitting the Quality Control Plan for each working position individually.	0.662288
Nakon dobijanja saglasnosti od Stručnog nadzora Izvođač radova implementira plan.	After receiving the approval from the Supervisor, the Contractor implements the plan.	1.11418
Planom kontrole kvaliteta obuhvataju se mjere i procedure za: pregled i reviziju plana kontrole kvaliteta, nabavku i kontrolu materijala i opreme, kontrolu transporta i skladištenja materijala i opreme, kontrolu dokumentacije, inspekciju i sertifikaciju, kontrolu izvođenja, implementaciju propisa i standarda, komunikaciju i korespondenciju, probleme neusklađenosti (u slučaju nezadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta), rješavanje problema neusklađenosti, kontrolu podizvođača, saglasnost na procedure i mjere.	The Quality Control Plan includes measures and procedures for: - review and audit of Quality Control Plan, - purchase and control of materials and equipment, - control of transport and storage of materials and equipment, - control of documents, - inspection and certification, - control of performance, - implementation of regulations and standards, - communication and correspondence, - problems of non-compliance (in case of unsatisfactory quality), - solving the problem of non-compliance, - control of the Subcontractors, - approval for procedures and measures.	1.29571
Kontrola kvaliteta se implementira kroz internu ili unutrašnju kontrolu kvaliteta i eksternu ili spoljašnju kontrolu kvaliteta.	Quality control is implemented through internal and external quality controls.	0.925325
Internu kontrolu kvaliteta sprovodi Izvođač radova koji u proceduru kontrole uključuje i kontrolu Podizvođača.	Internal quality control is conducted by the Contractor with the inclusion of the control procedure of Subcontractors.	1.1
Izvođač radova imenuje lice, menadžera kvaliteta, koje je odgovorno za efiksnu i dosljednu primjenu plana kontrole kvaliteta.	The Contractor appoints a person, the quality manager, responsible for performing the Quality Control Plan in an efficient and appropriate manner.	0.929499
Eksternu kontrolu sprovodi Stručni nadzor.	External control was conducted by the Supervisor.	0.27
Stručni nadzor je davao saglasnost na predloženi Opis tehnologije izvođenja i Plan kontrole kvaliteta.	The Supervisor gives the approvals to the proposed Method statements and Quality Control Plan.	0.659756
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Slika 2.: ~~~ Napredovanje radova u kampadama, poslovne cjeline objekta ACC Na izradi temeljne ploče bili su uključeni Podizvođači.	Figure 2: Works in progress on concrete blocks on the business part of ACC Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Subcontractors were involved in the works on the foundation slab.	0.552053
Podizvođači i Izvođač radova su imenovali lica za vršenje interne kontrole kvaliteta.	The Subcontractors and the Contractor appointed persons to carry out internal quality control.	0.519519
Prilikom eksterne kontrole kvaliteta izvedenih radova obavezno je bilo prisustvo odgovornog lica Izvođača radova.	During the external quality control of performed works the presence of the responsible person of the Contractor was required.	1.28544
Navodimo postupke i vrste kontrole koje su korišćene prilikom kontrole kvaliteta izrade temeljne ploče objekta ACC: ~~~ 1) Priprema temelja: ~~~ Inspekcija osnove temelja vršena je metodama osmatranja i mjerenja/geodetskog mjerenja.	The following procedures and types of controls were used during the quality control of the foundation slab of ACC: 1) Preparation for works on foundations: Inspection of the foundation base is done by surveying methods of observation and measurement.	0.08931
Interna kontrola obuhvata svakodnevnu kontrolu Podizvođača i povremenu kontrolu sa inspekcijskim pregledom Izvođača.	Internal control includes daily checks by the Subcontractors and the occasional inspection by the Contractor.	1.11652
Ova pozicija je zaustavna tačka za Podizvođača i za prelazak na sljedeću poziciju potrebna je pismena saglasnost Izvođača.	This position is a hold point for the Subcontractor and it requires a written permission by the Contractor to continue works on the next position.	0.42843
Eksterna kontrola je povremena pri čemu se kontroliše prateća dokumentacije i kontrola modula stišljivosti podloge; 2) Izrada sloja od mršavog betona d=8cm, MB15: ~~~ Inspekcija podrazumijeva kontrolu površine, dimenzija i kota, kao i kontrolu kvaliteta mršavog betona pri čemu se primijenjuju metode osmatranja, geodetskih mjerenja i vrši kontrola uzimanja betonskih probnih tijela u skladu sa Projektom betona.	External control is occasional, associated with control of the accompanying documentation and control of compression module of the substrate; 2) Blinding concrete d=8cm, Grade MB15: The inspection includes the control of surfaces, dimensions and elevations, as well as the quality control of blinding concrete, where the methods of monitoring, surveying and taking of concrete samples are applied in accordance with the Concrete Design.	0.392949
Interna kontrola obuhvata svakodnevnu kontrolu koju vrši Podizvođač i povremenu kontrolu koju vrši Izvođač radova.	Internal control includes daily checks by the Subcontractors and periodical control by the Contractor.	1.04333
Eksterna kontrola je povremena i podrazumijeva kontrolu ravnosti, debljine i kvaliteta mršavog betona broj uzetih betonskih probnih tijela; 3) Izrada hidroizolacije Bentofix: ~~~ Kontrola podrazumijeva kontrolu materijala, položaja i preklopa (bijela hidroizolacija na bazi gline) prema detaljnom opisu tehnologije izvođenja za ovu vrstu materijala, pri čemu se primijenjuju metode osmatranja i mjerenja.	External control is occasional and involves controlling of the flatness, thickness and quality of blinding concrete number of taken concrete samples; 3) Preparation of Bentofix waterproofing: The control includes control of materials, positions and overlaps according to the detailed Method statement for this type of material where the methods of observation and measurement are defined.	0.347546
Interna kontrola obuhvata svakodnevnu kontrolu koju vrši Podizvođač i povremenu kontrolu koju vrši Izvođač radova.	Internal control includes daily checks by the Subcontractors and periodical control by the Contractor.	1.04333
Eksterna kontrola je povremena; 4) Prijem hidroizolacije Bentofix: ~~~ Prijem hidroizolacije se vrši prema detaljnom opisu tehnologije izvođenja za ovu vrstu materijala pri čemu se primijenjuju metode osmatranja i mjerenja.	External control is occasional; 4) Acceptance of Bentofix waterproofing: Acceptance of waterproofing is done according to the detailed Method statement for this type of material where the methods of observation and measurement are defined.	0.1325
Ova pozicija predstavlja zaustavnu tačku za Podizvođača, jer Izvođač radova treba da izvrši detaljan pregled prije početka naredne pozicije radova.	This is a hold point for the Subcontractor, because the Contractor needs to perform a detailed inspection before the next position of works can start.	0.993026
Izvođač potpisom check liste potvrđuje da je izvršio kontrolu ove pozicije nakon čega se vrši eksterna inspekcijska kontrola od strane Nadzora, koji, takođe, potpisom ili komentarom upisanom u listi ispunjenosti uslova (check lista) potvrđuje da je izvršio kontrolu; 5) Izrada sloja od mršavog betona d=8cm, MB15 zaštitni sloj hidroizolacije: ~~~ Kontrola podrazumijeva kontrolu površine, dimenzija i kota, kao i kontrolu kvaliteta mršavog betona pri čemu se primijenjuju metode osmatranja, geodetskih mjerenja i uzimanje betonskih probnih tijela u skladu sa Projektom betona.	By signing the check list the Contractor confirms that he has performed the control of this position after which the external inspection will be carried out by the Supervisor, who also, by signing or commenting the list of fulfilment of conditions, confirms that he has performed the inspection; 5) Blinding concrete d=8cm, Grade MB15 protection layer of waterproofing: The control includes the control of the surface, dimensions and elevations, as well as the quality control of blinding concrete, where the methods of monitoring, surveying and taking concrete samples are defined in accordance with the Concrete Design.	0.355
Interna kontrola obuhvata svakodnevnu kontrolu koju vrši Podizvođač i povremenu kon Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 trolu koju vrši Izvođač.	Internal control includes daily checks by Subcontractors and a periodical control by the Contractor.	0.875
Eksterna kontrola je povremena i podrazumijeva kontrolu ravnosti, debljine i kvaliteta mršavog betona broj uzetih betonskih probnih tijela; 6) Montaža oplate i otvora: ~~~ Kontrola podrazumijeva kontrolu kvaliteta oplate, dimenzija i položaja pri čemu se primijenjuju metode osmatranja, mjerenja, uključujući i geodetska mjerenja.	External control is occasional and involves controlling of the flatness, thickness and quality of blinding concrete number of taken concrete samples; 6) Installation of formwork and openings: The control includes quality control of formwork, dimensions and positions where the methods of monitoring, measurement and surveying are defined in the detailed method statement.	0.387162
Prihvatljivi kriterijumi kontrole dati su u projektnoj dokumentaciji.	Acceptable criteria for approving are given in the Project documentation.	0.957143
Interna kontrola obuhvata svakodnevnu kontrolu koju vrši Podizvođač i povremenu kontrolu koju vrši Izvođač radova.	Internal control includes daily checks by the Subcontractors and a periodical control by the Contractor.	0.997253
Eksterna kontrola je povremena i podrazumijeva kontrolu dimenzija, položaja i kvaliteta oplate; 7) Montaža donje zone armature: ~~~ Kontrola podrazumijeva kontrolu kvaliteta armature, dimenzija i položaja pri čemu se primijenjuju metode osmatranja i mjerenja.	External control is occasional and involves controlling of dimensions, positions and quality of formwork; 7) Placing of the lower reinforcement zone: The control includes quality control of reinforcement, dimensions and positions where the methods of observation and measurement are defined in the Project documentation.	0.468696
Prihvatljivi kriterijumi kontrole dati su u projektnoj dokumentaciji crteži armature.	Acceptable criteria for approving are given in the Project documentation - drawings of reinforcement.	1.07587
Interna kontrola obuhvata svakodnevnu kontrolu koju vrši Podizvođač i povremenu kontrolu koju vrši Izvođač radova.	Internal control includes daily checks by the Subcontractors and periodical control by the Contractor.	1.04333
Eksterna kontrola je povremena i podrazumijeva kontrolu dimenzija, položaja i kvaliteta armature vizuelna kontrola i kontrola atestne dokumentacije.	External control is occasional and involves controlling of dimensions, positions and quality of reinforcement - visual control and control of attest documents.	1.54962
Takođe, vršena je i kontrola kvaliteta armature uziimanjem kontrolnih uzoraka; 8) Montaža ankera za stubove i zidove: ~~~ Kontrola podrazumijeva kontrolu kvaliteta ankera, dimenzija i položaja pri čemu se primijenjuju metode osmatranja i geodetskih mjerenja.	The control of reinforcement quality was also performed using the samples taken; 8) Mounting of anchors for the columns and walls: The control includes quality control of anchors, dimensions and positions where the methods of monitoring and surveying are defined in the Project documentation.	0.319578
Prihvatljivi kriterijumi kontrole dati su u projektnoj dokumentaciji crteži armature. ~~~ Interna kontrola obuhvata svakodnevnu kontrolu koju vrši Podizvođač i povremenu kontrolu koju vrši Izvođač radova.	Acceptable criteria for approving are given in the Project documentation - drawings of reinforcement. includes daily checks by the Internal control Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Subcontractors and a periodical control by the Contractor.	0.507551
Eksterna kontrola je povremena i podrazumijeva kontrolu dimenzija, položaja i kvaliteta ankera vizuelna kontrola i kontrola atestne dokumentacije; 9) Montaža gornje zone armature: ~~~ Kontrola podrazumijeva kontrolu kvaliteta armature, dimenzija i položaj pri čemu se primijenjuju metode osmatranja i mjerenja.	External control is occasional and involves controlling of the dimensions, positions and quality of anchors - visual control and control of attest documents; 9) Placing of the upper reinforcement zone: The control includes quality control of reinforcement, dimensions and positions where the methods of observation and measurement are defined in the Project documentation.	0.537409
Prihvatljivi kriterijumi kontrole dati su u projektnoj dokumentaciji crteži armature.	Acceptable criteria for approving are given in the Project documentation - drawings of reinforcement.	1.07587
Interna kontrola obuhvata svakodnevnu kontrolu koju vrši Podizvođač i povremenu kontrolu koju vrši Izvođač.	Internal control includes daily checks by the Subcontractors and a periodical control by the Contractor.	1.06703
Eksterna kontrola je povremena i podrazumijeva kontrolu dimenzija, položaja i kvaliteta armature vizuelna kontrola i kontrola atestne dokumentacije; 10) Finalno pozicioniranje i podešavanje, priprema za betoniranje:	External control is occasional and involves controlling of dimensions, positions and quality of reinforcement - visual control and control of attest documents.	1.35737
Kontrola podrazumijeva kontrolu položaja, stabilnosti i čistoće armature kao i kontrolu opreme za betoniranje pri čemu se primijenjuju metode osmatranja i mjerenja uključujući i geodetska mjerenja.	The control of reinforcement quality was also performed using the samples taken; 10) Final positioning and setup, preparation for concreting: The control includes controlling of the position, stability and cleanliness of reinforcement and control of the equipment for concreting where the methods of observation and measurement are defined in the Project documentation, including surveying.	0.811297
Prihvatljivi kriterijumi kontrole dati su u projektnoj dokumentaciji i opisu izvođenja radova.	Acceptable criteria for control are given in the Project documentation and Method statement.	1.20826
Interna kontrola obuhvata inspekcijsku kontrolu koju vrši Podizvođač a zatim inspekcijsku kontrolu koju vrši Izvođač radova nakon čega se popunjavaju liste ispunjenosti uslova za betoniranje i predaju Nadzoru.	Internal control includes inspection by the Subcontractors and then inspection by the Contractor and then filling up the check list (list of fulfilment of requirements) for concreting and submission to the Supervisor.	0.915877
Eksterna kontrola Nadzora je povremena; 11) Prijem bloka/kampade za betoniranje: ~~~ Kontrola podrazumijeva verifikaciju ispravnosti izvedenih radova pri čemu se primijenjuju metode osmatranja i mjerenja.	External control by the Supervisor is occasional; 11) Acceptance of the concrete block for concreting: The control involves verifying the correctness of executed works where the methods of observation and measurement are defined in the Project documentation.	0.465193
Prihvatljivi kriterijumi kontrole dati su u projektnoj dokumentaciji.	The criteria for acceptance are given in the Project documentation.	0.946328
Ovo je zaustavna tačka za Podizvođača. ~~~ Izvođač radova vrši detaljan pregled ove pozicije prije početka naredne pozicije radova.	This is a hold point for the Subcontractor because the Contractor needs to perform a detailed inspection before the next work position can start.	0.271154
Izvođač potpisom check liste potvrđuje da je izvršio kontrolu pozicije nakon čega se vrši eksterna inspekcijska kontrola od strane Nadzora, koji, takođe, potpisom ili komentarom upisanom u listi verifikuje ispunjenost uslova za betoniranje.	The Contractor, by signing the check list, confirms that he has performed the inspection of this position after which the external inspection is carried out by the Supervisor, who also verifies fulfilment of conditions for concreting by signing or commenting the list.	0.72451
Ukoliko Nadzor ne da saglasnost za betoniranje, odnosno, ne potpiše check listu, Izvođač je obavezan da date primjedbe otkloni i nakon toga ponovi proceduru kontrole prijema bloka za betoniranje; 12) Betoniranje kampade armirano betonske ploče d=90cm, MB30: ~~~ Kontrola podrazumijeva kontrolu kvaliteta betona, dimenzija i kota, kao i kontrolu sredstava za rad.	If the Supervisor does not agree or does not sign the check list, the Contractor is obliged to remedy the given objections and then repeat the control procedure; 12) Concreting of concrete block for reinforced concrete foundation slab d=90cm, Grade MB30: The control includes the quality control of concrete, dimensions and elevations, as well as the control of means for work.	0.314361
Prilikom kontrole primijenjuju se metode osmatranja i uzimanje betonskih probnih tijela u skladu sa Projektom betona.	During the control, methods of monitoring and taking of concrete samples are applied in accordance with the Concrete Design.	0.994232
Podizvođač vrši uzorkovanje betona uz inspekciju Izvođača radova.	The Subcontractor performs the sampling of concrete with the Contractors inspection.	0.581771
Eksterna kontrola Nadzora podrazumijeva potvrdu ili verifikaciju navedene pozicije radova, kvalitet betona i broj uzetih betonskih probnih tijela; 13) Njega betona: ~~~ Kontrola podrazumijeva kontrolu neprekidne njege u vremenu određenom projektom betona, a u skladu sa detaljnom tehnologijom izvođenja betonskih radova.	External control includes confirmation by the Supervisor of the above control procedures, especially for the quality of concrete and the number of taken concrete samples; 13) Curing of concrete: The control includes the control of continuity of curing during the period set by the Concrete Design, all in accordance with the detailed Method statement for concrete works.	0.369592
Interna kontrola Izvođača je povremena.	Internal control by the Contractor is occasional.	1.25263
Eksterna kontrola Nadzora je, takođe, povremena.	External control by the Supervisor is also occasional.	1.13714
Sastavni dio Plana kontrole kvaliteta za izradu temeljne ploče je check lista ili lista ispunjenosti uslova za betoniranje određene kampade armirano betonske temeljne ploče.	An integral part of Quality Control Plan of the foundation slab is a check list or a list of fulfilment of requirements for concreting the concrete block of the reinforced-concrete foundation slab.	0.754675
Ova lista sadrži pozicije radova koje su u skladu sa detaljnim opisom tehnologije izvođenja i koju je neophodno da, nakon kontrole prema gore na Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 vedenom planu kontrole, verifikuju odgovorna lica Podizvođača, zatim Izvođača radova, a nakon toga i Nadzora.	This list contains the work positions that are defined in the detailed Method statement which must be checked as stated above, and verified by the responsible persons of the Subcontractor, then by the responsible person of the Contractor, and in the end, by the Supervisor.	0.761739
Ovjerom liste Nadzor potvrđuje da je izvršio kontrolu koja je u skladu sa Planom kontrole.	Verifying the check list, the Supervisor confirms that he has performed the control in accordance with the Control Plan.	0.583861
U listi je predviđen prostor za komentar koji mogu upisati Izvođač i Nadzor.	The list contains the space for comments the Contractor and Supervisor may have.	0.72416
Slika 3.: ~~~ Konstrukcija poslovnih cjelina objekta ACC U toku izvođenja betonskih radova na objektu ACC ukazala se potreba za definisanjem detaljne procedure kontrole za vertikalne betonske kontruktivne elemenate Ova procedura je nastala kao posljedica neadekvatne kontrole položaja ankera ab stubova i zidova od strane Izvođača i uspješno je primijenjena.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Figure 3: Structure of the businessunits of ACC During the execution of concrete works on the ACC facility a need for defining additional detailed inspection procedures for vertical concrete structural elements appeared. ~~~ This inspection procedure was created as a consequence of inadequate control of the position of anchors for reinforced-concrete columns and walls by the Contractor.	0.0326269
Procedura sadrži sljedeće korake kontrole:	Due to this additional control successful measures for the remedy of the positions of anchors have been applied.	-0.102439
1) Izvođač je obavezan da izvrši kontrolu položaja ankera za vertikalne pozicije neposredno posle završenog betoniranja ab ploče.	The procedure includes the following control steps: 1) The Contractor is required to control the position of anchors for vertical elements immediately after the completed concreting of reinforced-concrete slab.	0.61234
Snimak se dostavlja Službi nadzora istoga dana bez obzira da li je položaj saglasan projektovanom, ili su se pojavila veća ili manja odstupanja.	Surveying records are submitted to the Supervisor on the same day when the concreting took place (regardless of whet her the position of anchors is in compliance with the design, or there are major or minor deviations).	0.661905
Snimak sadrži: (a) Naziv objekta, odnosno dijela konstrukcije, etaže i sl.; (b) Broj dokumenta i datum izdavanja; (c) Ime i potpis ovlašćenog lica.	The recording includes: (a) Name of the element or part of the structure, floors, etc..; (b) Document Number and date of issue; (c) Name and signature of authorized person.	0.890385
Zavisno od slučaja, Služba nadzora samostalno i/ili u saradnji sa Projektantom konstrukcije, odnosno projektantskim nadzorom, odlučuje o merama za sanaciju utvrđenog odstupanja položaja ankera; 2) Kada su ankeri u projektovanom položaju, sprovodi se geodetsko obelježavanje položaja vertikalnog ele menta; 3) Prije poziva Službe nadzora Izvođač vrši pregled montirane armature i drugih elemenata koji se ugrađu ju.	Depending on the case, the Supervisor independently and / or in collaboration with the Designer of the structure, decides on the measures for the recovery of the established deviations of anchor positions; 2) When the anchors are properly placed, the surveyors mark the position of the vertical elements; 3) Before inviting the Supervisor, the Contractor shall check the mounted reinforcement and other elements which should be installed.	1.03684
Odgovorno lice Izvođača kontroliše da li je element izveden prema projektnoj dokumentaciji; 4) Kada je montirana armatura u projektovanom položaju, uključujući i eventualnu ugradnju konstruktivnih uzengija i drugih pomagala kojima se armatura održava u projektovanom položaju prije i tokom betoniranja, odgovorno lice obavještava Službu nadzora da je element spreman za pregled i odobravanje postupka betoniranja; 5) Izvođač dostavlja check listu elementa Nadzoru sa potpisima odgovornog lica Izvođača samo za pregledane pozicije liste.	The responsible person of the Contractor controls whether this element is placed according to the designed documentation; 4) When the mounted reinforcement is properly placed, including the possible installation of structural stirrups and other devices that are designed to maintain the reinforcement in the designed position before and during the concreting, the responsible person shall notify the Supervisor that the concrete element is ready for control and approval for concreting; 5) The Contractor submits the check list of elements to the Supervisor with signatures of the responsible person of the Contractor.	1.0091
Liste za pregled elementa i odobravanje betoniranja dostavljaju se svakodnevno Službi nadzora od 9,00 h do 10h i od 17,00 h18,00h.	Lists with invitation for control of elements and approval for concreting shall be submitted daily to the Supervisor from 9:00 am to 10:00 am and from 17:00 pm to 18:00 pm.	0.216964
Nadzor vrši pregled u što kraćem roku, a najduže 24 časa nakon čega vraća liste Izvođaču; 6) Nakon potvrde da su armatura i drugi elementi ispravno montirani, pristupa se zatvaranju oplate u sve mu prema projektu i detaljima, uz prethodno nanošenje SN veze; 7) Izvođač kontroliše postavljenu oplatu i provjerava da li je njen položaj konstruktivno i geodetski ispravan (vertikalnost i dispozicija).	The Supervisor Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 performs the control in a short time, but not later than 24 hours after which he returns the lists to the Contractor; 6) On determining that the reinforcement and other elements are mounted correctly, the closure of formworks begins, all in accordance with the design and details, with prior application of special material for connection between old and new concrete; 7) The Contractor controls the set formwork and checks whether its position is structurally and geodetically correct (verticality and its disposition).	1.26228
Nakon ove provjere odgovorno lice Izvođača potpisuje kontrolisane pozicije check liste; Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 8) Ako su svi prethodni uslovi zadovoljeni Nadzoru se dostavlja check lista najmanje 6 sati prije planiranog početka betoniranja radi pregleda oplate i skela.	After this check the responsible person of the Contractor signs the appropriate positions in the check list; 8) If all previous conditions are satisfied, the check list is submitted to the Supervisor at least 6 hours before the scheduled start of concreting in order to allow him time for his control of formwork and scaffolding.	1.24674
Potpisom check liste od strane Nadzora odobrava se betoniranje; 9) Po potrebi, tokom betoniranja Izvođač vrši geodetsku kontrolu oplate; 10) Oplata se demontira najranije 48 sati posle završenog betoniranja vertikalnog elementa, u svemu pre ma detaljnom opisu pozicije; 11) Nakon demontaže oplate Izvođač radova kontroliše vertikalnost izvedenog elementa.	By signing of the check list the Supervisor approves the concreting; 9) If necessary, the Contractor shall, during the concreting, perform the geodetic survey and control of the formwork; 10) Formwork is removed not earlier than 48 hours after the completion of concreting of a vertical element, all in accordance with a detailed description of the position given in the Method statement; 11) On dismantling of formwork, the Contractor controls the verticality of the concrete element.	1.55798
U slučaju odstupanja odmah se u pismenoj formi obaveštava Služba nadzora.	In case of deviations, he immediately notifies the Supervisor in writing.	1.28594
U dogovoru sa svim zainteresovanim (Nadzor, Projektant, Izvođač) pod rukovodstvom Službe nadzora donosi se odluka o preduzimanju odgovarajućih mjera za otklanjanje uočenih nedostataka (ukoliko je neophodno); 12) Za montažu oplate ploče iznad vertikalnih elementa potrebna je dozvola Nadzora.	After consultation with all parties (Supervisor, Designer, Contractor) the Supervisor makes a decision on taking appropriate measures to remedy identified deficiencies; 12) Before mounting of the formwork for plates above the vertical elements, an approval from the Supervisor is needed.	0.745876
Primjenom navedenih procedura kontrole na objektu ACC kvalitet ovih radova podignut je na viši nivo. 5.	By applying the above control procedures the quality of these works on the ACC was raised to a higher level.	1.53529
Mje re za šti te na ra du Jedan od značajnih aspekata organizacije, koji je povezan sa očuvanjem života i zdravlja radnika na gradilištu, jeste zaštita na radu i sprovođenje mjera zaštite na radu.	5. ~~~ Safety-at-work measures Important aspects of organization of works, which are associated with the preservation of life and health of workers at the construction site, are safety at work and enforcement of safety-at-work measures.	0.242031
Zaštita na radu u građevinarstvu je veoma kompleksna, jer se rad radnika odvija na otvorenom prostoru gdje vladaju uglavnom nepovoljni uslovi rada, kao što su ekstremno niske ili visoke temperature, buka, vibracije, prašina, rad na visini i dubini, stalna opasnost od pada radnika sa visine ili pada predmeta na radnika.	Safety at work in civil engineering is very complex. ~~~ One of the reasons is that the work is performed outdoors where, very often, workers meet with most unfavourable working conditions, such as: extremely low or high temperatures, rain or snow, noise, vibrations, dust, working at high altitudes or at great depths. etc.	0.23643
	Also there is a constant risk of falls of workers from a height or falling of objects onto the workers.	-0.3
Na gradilištu je radnik dugotrajno izložen svim ovim nepovoljnim uslovima rada, stoga je u toku izvođenja građevinskih radova potrebno sprovoditi mjere zaštite na radu čime se obezbjeđuje sigurnost radnika i ostalih učesnika u izgradnji objekta 7,8.	At the construction site the worker is constantly exposed to all these unfavourable working conditions, therefore, during the execution of construction works it is necessary to implement safety measures which ensure the safety of workers and others involved in the construction work process 7, 8.	1.23261
Građevinski radovi su sa aspekta zaštite na radu normativno uređeni putem niza zakonskih i podzakonskih propisa.	In terms of safety at work, construction works are legally regulated by a number of laws and bylaws.	0.592227
Organizacija rada na gradilištu mora biti takva da u navjećoj mjeri isključuje mogućnost povređivanja radnika.	The organization of work on the construction site should be such that it maximally reduces the possibility of injury of workers.	0.466912
U organizacionim dokumentima Izvođača potrebno je predvidjeti sve propisane i u praksi uočene potrebne mjere zaštite na radu koje treba sprovesti da bi se rad radnika odvijao na bezbjedan način.	The organizational documents of the Contractor have to envisage all the prescribed and in practice identified safety measures which should be implemented so that the workers would perform their work in a safe manner.	1.24493
Ugovorom između Investitora i Izvođača radova se uređuju sve potrebne mjere zaštite u smislu njihovog organizovanja i sprovođenja, kao i o međusobnim pravima, obavezama i odgovornostima.	The contract between the Investor and the Contractor regulates all the necessary safety measures in terms of their organization and implementation. ~~~ Also, the contract regulates the mutual rights, obligations and responsibilities of the parties connected to safety at work.	0.22468
Osnovni zahtjevi zaštite na radu na gradilištu su : a) radna sredina se projektuje, gradi i održava uz primjenu mjera zaštite od opasnosti po život i zdravlje radnika, b) radni uslovi se prilagođavaju fizičkim ipsihičkim sposobnostima radnika, c) tehnologija i organizacija rada je definisana tako da radnik radi u optimalnom položaju, d) električne i druge instalacije treba da budu izvedene i održavane u skladu sa tehničkim propisima, e) u radnim i pomoćnim prostorima i prostorijama, odnosno na mjestima rada hemijske, fizičke i biološke štetnosti ne treba da budu iznad dozvoljenih granica, f) mašine, alati, oprema i druga tehnička sredstva rada treba da budu projektovani, postavljeni i upotreblja vani tako da ne ugrožavaju sigurnost radnika, g) lična zaštitna sredstva treba da se upotrebljavaju kako je to i propisano, kao dopunska zaštita primjene drugih odgovarajućih mjera zaštite.	The basic requirements of safety at work on the construction site are: a) working environment is designed, built and maintained with the application of safety measures against threats to life and health of workers, b) working conditions are adjusted to the physical and mental abilities of workers, c) method and organization of work are defined so that a worker works in an optimal position, d) electrical and other installations must be installed and maintained in accordance with technical regulations, Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 e) in the working areas with chemical, physical and biological hazards all the parameters should be lower than the allowed limits, f) machinery, tools, equipment and other technical means of work should be designed, installed and used so that they do not endanger the safety of workers, g) personal protective equipment should be used as an addition to other appropriate protective measures.	1.14998
Potrebne mjere zaštite na radu u građevinarstvu sastavni su dio Elaborata o uređenju gradilišta.	The necessary measures of safety at work in construction industry are part of the Elaborate on the organization of the construction site.	1.00114
S obzirom da su povrede u građevinarstvu najčešće posljedica nepreduzimanja preventivnih mjera zaštite na radu od strane izvođača, kao i zbog nepoštovanja istih od strane radnika, prilikom izvođenja građevinskih radova, potrebno je neprekidno insistirati na sprovođenju propisanih mjera zaštite na radu.	Having in mind that the injuries in the construction industry are usually a consequence of not applying the necessary preventive safety measures by the Contractor, as well as workers disobedience during construction works, it is necessary to constantly insist on the implementation of the prescribed safety measures.	0.937322
Odlaganje sprovođenja mjera zaštite na radu se ne smije dopustiti, a svaka pojedinačna neodgovornost mora biti sankcionisana.	A delay in the implementation of safety measures cannot be allowed, and any individual irresponsibility must be sanctioned.	0.949844
U rad tima za stručni nadzor potrebno je uključiti stručno lice za zaštitu na radu.	It is necessary to include a safety expert in the supervision team.	1.1336
U toku izvođenja objekta ACC, kao posledica nepridržavanja propisanih mjera zaštite na rdu, došlo je do malog broja lakših povreda radnika koji su učestvovali u izgradnji.	During the construction of the ACC, as a result of non-compliance with the prescribed safety measures, there were a small number of minor injuries of workers employed at the construction site.	1.05817
Teških tjelesnih povreda radnika i povreda opasnih po život nije bilo.	There were no serious bodily injuries or life-threatening injuries.	0.285
Stručna lica zaštite na radu kao i ostali zaposleni na izgradnji objekta ACC imali su veoma značajnu ulogu u primjeni propisanih mjera zaštite na radu i na taj način uticali su na smanjenje broja i težine povreda na radu, kao i na zaštitu zdravlja zaposlenih na navedenom objektu.	Experts for safety at work and other employees on the construction of the ACC had a significant role in the implementation of the prescribed health and safety-at- work measures which in turn resulted in the reduced number and severity of injuries and health problems at work.	1.05297
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Zaključak Dobrom organizacijom i adekvatanim izborom tehnologije rada, uz kontinuiranu kontrolu kvaliteta izvođenja radova, obezbjeđuje se kvalitetno izvođenje građevinskih objekta, u planiranim rokovima.	Conslusion With a good organization and an adequate choice of working methods, together with constant quality control of the execution of works, the required quality within the planned period of time is achieved.	0.481802
Primjenom posebnih procedura za odabir materijala, izmjene projekta i ugovorenog predmjera može se obezbijediti bolja kontrola protoka novca i poštovanje ukupne ugovorene cijene radova, uz zadovoljenje projektovanog kvaliteta.	Using special procedures for the selection of materials, changes in the design and the contracted Bill of quantities result in a better control of the money flow and allow staying within the budget while meeting the designed quality.	1.11997
Izvedena konstrukcija stambeno poslovnog objekta Atlas Capital Centar je primjer za dobru organizaciju.	The performed works on the structure of the residential and business building Atlas Capital Center is an example of good organization.	1.08214
Za 18 mjeseci kvalitetno je ugrađeno 46.441m3 betona i 6.331 tona armature uz očuvanje zdravlja svih učesnika u izgradnji.	During the period of 18 months 46,441m3 of concrete and 6,331 tonnes of reinforcement were incorporated into the structure without any serious health and safety problems.	2.29444
Ugovor o građenju objekta sklopljen je prema FIDICovim uslovima ugovora, crvena knjiga.	The construction contract was signed according to the FIDIC Red Book.	0.21
Površina osnove, geometrija i dimenzije objekta zahtjevali su posebnu pripremu opšte tehnologije izvođenja radova za izradu konstrukcije, a nakon toga i izradu detaljnih tehnologija izvođenja za sve pozicije radova.	The area of the basis, geometry and dimensions of the building required not only preparation of a general Method statement for the construction of the structure, but also the preparation of detailed Method statements for all work positions.	1.08125
Prema planu kontrole kvaliteta vršena je interna kontrola, od strane odgovornih lica Podizvođala i Izvođača, i eksterna kontrola koju je sprovodio Nadzor.	According to the Quality Control Plan an internal control was performed by the responsible persons of both the Subcontractor and the Contractor, while the external control was performed by the Supervisor.	0.61087
Kontrola kvaliteta verifikovana je check listama koje sadrže pozicije definisane detaljnim opisom izvođenja radova.	Quality control was verified by the check lists containing positions defined in detailed Method statements.	0.664894
Ovakvim načinom organizovanja kontrole izvođenja radova obezbijeđen je kvalitet izvedene konstrukcije objekta ACC koji je u skladu sa propisima i projektnom dokumentacijom.	The control of works organized in this way resulted in the achieved quality of the structure of the ACC which was completely in line with regulations and the project documentation.	1.59843
LITERATURA [1] Fabris, N., Kilibarda, B i dr.:	REFERENCES [1] Fabris, N., Kilibarda, B i ostali: Strane direktne investicije kao pokretač privrednog razvoja Crne Gore (radna studija br. 16.), Centralna banka Crne Gore, Podgorica, 2008. [2]	1.3475
Strane direktne investicije kao pokretač privrednog razvoja Crne Gore (rad na studija br. 16.), Centralna banka Crne Gore, Podgorica, 2008. [2] Klepac J. Organizacija graðenja, Sveuèilište u Zagrebu, Graðevinski fakultet Zagreb, 1984. [3] Ćirović G., Mitrović S. Tehnologija građenja, Beograd, 2008. [4] Muravljov M. Osnovi teorije i tehnologije betona, Građevinska knjiga ad, Beograd, 2008. [5] Rakočević M.,Žižić T.,Burić V. i.	Klepac J. Organizacija građenja, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Građevinski fakultet Zagreb, 1984. [3] ~~~ Ćirović G., Mitrović S. Tehnologija građenja , Beograd, 2008. [4]	0.570692
Mrdak I. Tehnologija izvođenja konstrukcije podzemnog dijela komplek sa Atlas Capital Center, , DGKS 13.	Muravljov M. Osnovi teorije i tehnologije betona, Građevinska knjiga ad, Beograd, 2008. [5]	0.259259
Kongres, septembar 2010. [6] Rakočević M.,Žižić T., Burić V. i.	Rakočević M.,Žižić T.,Burić V. i. Mrdak I. Tehnologija izvođenja konstrukcije podzemnog dijela kompleksa Atlas Capital Center, , DGKS 13.Kongres, septembar 2010. [6]	1.48882
Mrdak I. Tehnologija izvođenja konstrukcije nadzemnog dijela komplek sa Atlas Capital Center, DGKS 13.	Rakočević M.,Žižić T.,Burić V. i. Mrdak I. Tehnologija izvođenja konstrukcije nadzemnog dijela kompleksa Atlas Capital Center, DGKS 13.Kongres, Zlatibor, septembar 2010. [7]	2.07253
Kongres, Zlatibor, septembar 2010. [7] Prebiračević S. i Rakoćević M. Mjere zaštite na radu u građevinarstvu, GNP 2010, Žabljak, februar 2010. [8] Prebiračević S., Rakočević M. i Žižić T. Primjena mjera zaštite na radu pri izgradnji stambenoposlovnog objekta ACC u Podgorici, GNP 2010, Žabljak, februar 2010.	Prebiračević S. i Rakočević M. Mjere zaštite na adu u građevinarstvu, GNP 2010, Žabljak, februar 2010. [8] ~~~ Prebiračević S., Rakočević M. i Žižić T. Primjena mjera zaštite na radu pri izgradnji stambeno-poslovnog objekta ACC u Podgorici, GNP 2010, Žabljak, februar 2010.	0.813978
Primljen:	Receieved: 03.	1.68
	2012.	-0.3
Mart 2012.	Accepted: 06.	0.21
Prihvaćen:	2012.	1.5
Jun 2012. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 O autoru Marina Rakočević Univerzitet Crne Gore, Građevinski fakultet, Podgorica e-mail: marinara@ac.me Dr Marina Rakočević, docent Građevinskog fakulteta u Podgorici za grupu predmeta Teorija konstrukcija.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 About the Author Marina Rakočević University of Montenegro, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Podgorica e-mail: marinara@ac.me Marina Rakočević, Phd, Assistant Professor on the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Podgorica for the Theory of structure.	0.688527
Oblasti interesovanja za naučnoistraživački i stručni rad su realno ponašanje ploča od savremenih kompozitnih materijala i kontrola kvaliteta u toku izgradnje objekata.	Areas of interest for scientific research and professional work are real behavior of plates made from contemporary composite materials and quality control of constructions.	0.944174
Autor je 40 naučnoistraživačkih i stručnih radova koji su publikovani u domaćim i inostranim časopisima.	She participated in the preparation of three scientific research projects. ~~~ She is the author of 40 scientific research papers and articles.	1.51045
Učestvovala u nadzoru pri izgradnji značajnih objekata u Crnoj Gori, u izradi više ekspertiza, revizija tehničke dokumenatcije, i tehničkom prijemu objekata, i sl.	In practice, she participated as supervisor during the construction of significant projects in Montenegro, production of expert reports, revision of technical documentation, and technical inspections of buildings, etc..	0.831122
Od 2010. godine je prodekan za nastavu i rukovodilac Laboratorije za ispitivanje materijala i konstrukcija Građevinskog fakulteta u Podgorici .	From year 2010 she is the Vice Dean for education and the Chief of Laboratory for materials and constructions on the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Podgorica.	2.42381
Miloš Knežević Univerzitet Crne Gore, Građevinski fakultet, Podgorica e-mail:milosknezevic@hotmail.com Dr Miloš Knežević, vanredni profesor Građevinskog fakulteta u Podgorici za predmete Upravljanje projektima na specijalističkim studijama.	Miloš Knežević University of Montenegro, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Podgorica e-mail:milosknezevic@hotmail.com Miloš Knežević, PhD, Associate professor at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Podgorica, lecturer on Project Management at specialization postgraduate studies.	1.65143
Nastavu izvodi i na posdiplomskim studijama Fakulteta za turizam i ugostiteljstvo u Kotoru i Ekonomskog fakulteta u Podgorici. ~~~ Radio je na većem broju naučno istraživačkih projekata.	He also lectures at the Project Management course on postgraduate studies at the Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management in Kotor and the Faculty of Economics in Podgorica.	0.139402
Objavio je preko 70 naučnih radova u domaćim i inostranim časopisima.	He participated in a number of scientific research projects, published over 70 scientific papers in national and international journals.	4.03333
Učestvovao je u izradi preko 120 projektantskih rješenja, ekspertiza, tehničkih pregleda objekata, i sl.	He participated in the preparation of over 120 design solutions, expert reports and technical inspections of facilities and buildings.	3.23053
Dekan je Građevinskog fakulteta u Podgorici od 2010. godine i šef primijenjenog studijskog programa Menadžment u građevinarstvu.	From year 2010 he is the Dean of the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Podgorica and the Chief of the Applied Study Program in Construction Management.	2.94615
Snežana Rutešić Univerzitet Crne Gore, Građevinski fakultet, Podgorica e-mail: snezanar@ac.me Dr Snežana Rutešić, dipl.inž.građ., docent na Građevinskom fakultetu Univerziteta Crne Gore u Podgorici, na predmetima iz oblasti organizacije i tehnologije građenja i upravljanja projektima.	Snežana Rutešić University of Montenegro, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Podgorica e-mail: snezanar@ac.me Dr Snežana Rutešić , a Ph. D. CE , an assisstant professor at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Montenegro in Podgorica, in the field of building technology, organization and project management.	1.57208
Oblast njenog naučnog interesovanja posebno je usmjerena na upravljanje kvalitetom i informacione sisteme, što su i bile teme njene magistarske teze i doktorske disertacije.	The area of her particular scientific interest is quality management and information systems, which were the topics her masters theses and doctoral dissertations.	0.649468
U ovoj oblasti objavila je tridesetak radova u monografijama, međunarodnim i domaćim časopisima.	She has published about thirty papers in this area published in monographs, international and domestic journals and many conferences.	1.49026
Od 2010. godine je prodekan za finansije i član Strukovnog vijeća tehničkih i prirodnih nauka Univerziteta Crne Gore.	From 2010 she is vice dean for finance and a member of the Council of Technical and Natural Sciences, University of Montenegro.	2.34398
Nenad Ivanišević Univerzitet u Beogradu, Građevinski fakultet, Beograd e-mail: nesa@grf.bg.ac.rs Dr Nenad Ivanišević, dipl.građ.inž, dipl.pravnik, docent na Građevinskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu za grupu predmeta Menadžment i tehnologija građenja.	Nenad Ivanišević University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade e-mail: nesa@grf.bg.ac.rs Nenad Ivanišević, PhD, MSc Civ.Eng, Lawyer, Assistant Professor at the Department of Construction Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Belgrade.	1.19749
Oblast njegovog posebnog interesovanja je ugovaranje u građevinarstvu, međunarodne tenderske procedure i FIDICovi uslovi ugovora.	Areas of his special interest for scientific research and professional work are construction contracting, international tendering procedures and FIDIC conditions of contract.	0.395975
Autor je velikog broja naučno istraživačkih i stručnih radova koji su publikovani u domaćim i inostranim časopisima.	He is the author of a great number of scientific research papers and articles.	0.713636
Učestvovao je u pripremi i realizaciji velikog broja investicionih projekata u Srbiji i inostranstvu.	He participated in the preparation and execution of a significant number of investment projects in Serbia and abroad.	1.66333
Zamenik je upravnika Instituta za menadžment, tehnologiju i informatiku u građevinarstvu Građevinskog fakulteta u Beogradu.	He is the Deputy Chief of the Institute of Construction Management at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Belgrade.	0.629082
Boško Stevanović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Građevinski fakultet, Beograd e-mail: bole@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs Dr Boško Stevanović je vanredni profesor Građevinskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Beogradu, za grupu predmeta drvene i zidane konstrukcije.	Boško Stevanović University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Belgrade e-mail: bole@imk.grf.bg.ac.rs Boško Stevanović, Phd, is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, for the Timber and masonry structures.	1.21306
Ima više desetina naučnih i stručnih radova publikovanih u zbornicima radova skupova održanih u zemlji i inostranstvu, kao i u časopisima.	He has dozens of scientific papers published in the proceedings of conferences held in the country and abroad.	1.15162
Predsednik je Komisije za standarde i srodna dokumenta iz oblasti drvenih i zidanih konstrukcija, KS U250-5,6, Instituta za standardizaciju Srbije.	Stevanović is the President of the Commission on standards and related documents in the field of timber and masonry, KS U250-5, 6, of the Institute for Standardization of Serbia.	0.960797
Učestvovao je u izradi većeg broja glavnih i idejnih projekata, u oblasti drvenih i zidanih konstrukcija, ali i u oblasti betonskih i čeličnih konstrukcija.		-0.3
Od novembra 2006. godine obavlja funkciju prodekana za finansije Građevinskog fakulteta u Beogradu.	Since November 2006 he has been the associate dean of finance of Faculty of Civil Engineering in Belgrade.	0.725201
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Marko Vulić1, Marko Ranković2, Vojkan Vasković3 1Stipendista Ministarstva za nauku i tehnološki tazvoj, Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu 2EuroPlanet d.o.o, Beograd 3Beogradska Poslovna Škola Upra vlja nje iden ti te tom u sa vre me nom po slo va nju - pri mer pri me ne Cloud si ste ma UDK: ~~~ 004.42:004.738.52 ; 004.738.5:005.41 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Marko Vulić1, Marko Ranković2, Vojkan Vasković3 1Scholar of the Ministry of Education and Science, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade 2EuroPlanet d.o.o, Belgrade 3Belgrade Business School Identity Management in Modern Business - an Example of Cloud Systems UDC: 004.42:004.738.52 ; 004.738.5:005.41 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0008 The main subject of this paper is Identity management (IDM) in modern business.	0.0445605
(english version) Upra vlja nje iden ti te tom je dan je od naj ve ćih iza zo va na In ter ne tu da nas, uglav nom zbog sve ve ćeg bro ja uslu ga i mo gu ćih zlo u po tre ba.	IDM is one of the biggest challenges on the Internet today, mainly because of the increasing number of services and possible abuse.	0.368273
Di gi ta li za ci ja in for ma ci ja znat no je olak ša la pri ku plja nje, skla di šte nje i de lje nje ve li kih ko li či na po da ta ka, ali je ta ko đe do pri ne la i raz vo ju ri zi ka ve za nih za pri vat nost u si ste mi ma upra vlja nja.	Digitization of information has greatly facilitated the collection, storing and sharing large amounts of data, but has also contributed to the development of privacy-related risks in the management.	0.494687
U ra du je pri ka zan kon cept upra vlja nja iden ti te tom, u ko jem su de fi ni sa ni ele men ti ži vot nog ci klu sa di gi tal nog iden ti te ta.	IDM concept, model, relationship and system architecture are analyzed in this paper.	0.388877
Rad opi su je mo del upra vlja nja iden ti te tom, pri ka zu ju ći naj va žni je ele men te mo de la, od nos me nadž men ta iden ti te ta, kao i ar hi tek tu re si ste ma.		-0.3
Pri ka za ni su ne ki od naj zna čaj nih stan dar da za upra vlja nje iden ti te tom i pa ter ni u Cloud si ste mu.	The paper presents the models most important elements, shows some of the most important IDM standards and Cloud patterns in the system.	0.459707
Ključ ne re či: upra vlja nje iden ti te tom, mo del upra vlja nja iden ti te tom, stan dar di, bez bed nost po da ta ka, Cloud pa ter ni. 1.	Keywords: Identity management, IdM model, IdM standards, data security, Cloud patterns 1.	1.10536
Uvod Identitet se definiše kao skup ličnih karakteristika koje pojedinca čine pripadnikom grupe.	Introduction Identity is defined as a set of personal characteristics that make individual a member of the group.	1.55503
Spoznaja identiteta iz ljudske perspektive se posmatra kroz osećaj pripadnosti i osećaj odbačenosti. [1] Upravljanje identitetom obuhvata tehnologiju, procese, funkcije i mogućnosti u upravljanju informacijama o identitetu, očuvanja identiteta entiteta i poboljšanja složenosti i sigurnosti poslovnih aplikacija.	Knowing the identity of the human perspective is viewed through a sense of belonging and a sense of rejection. [1] ~~~ IDM involves technology, processes, functions and capabilities to manage information on identity, preserving the identity of the entity as well as complexity and security improvements of business applications.	0.15303
Upravljanje identitetom predstavlja oblast koja se bavi identifikovanjem pojedinaca u sistemu i kontrolom njihovog pristupa resursima u okviru tog sistema, udruživanjem prava korisnika i ograničenjima sa utvrđenim identitetom. [2] Dve glavne komponente upravljanja identitetom su upravljanje po identitetu i upravljanje od strane identiteta.	IDM is an area that deals with identifying individuals in the system and controls their access to resources within that system, associating user rights and restrictions with the established identity. [2] ~~~ The two main components of IDM are: managing the identity and managing by identity.	0.263793
Upravljanje po identitetu je proces izdavanja i korišćenja digitalnih identiteta i akreditiva (npr. korisničko ime i lozinka) za autentifikaciju.	Management of the identity is the process of issuing and using digital identities and credentials (e.g. username and password) for authentication.	0.740551
Upravljanje od strane identiteta kombinuje potvrđen identitet korisnika sa njihovom autorizacijom, kako bi pristup resursima bio odobren. [3] 2.	Management by identity combines the identity authenticated users with their authorization, in order to grant access to resources. [3] ~~~ 2.	0.515
Raz voj i upra vlja nje iden ti te tom Identitet kao i digitalni identitet može biti sastavljen iz skupa atributa.	Development and identity management The identity and the digital identity can be composed of sets of attributes.	0.963542
Skup atributa čine podskupovi parcijalnih identiteta u različitim životnim dobima.	Sets of attributes are subsets of partial identities at different ages.	0.772874
Faze životnog ciklusa parcijalnog identita su [4]: ~~~ Formiranje parcijalnog identiteta - kreiranje ili pripisivanje identiteta nekoj ličnosti (pojedincu).	Life cycle stages of partial identity are [4]: Establishment of partial identity - identity creation or assignment of any person (individual).	0.326613
Razvijanje parcijalnog identiteta - korišćenje parcijalnih identiteta kako od strane vlasnika identiteta, tako i od strane drugih.	Development of partial identities - use of partial identities by both owner and the others.	0.525
Okončanje parcijalnog identiteta - brisanje ili suspendovanje parcijalnog identiteta.	Completion of partial identity - erasing or partial suspension of identity.	1.14091
Sve prethodno navedene faze se relevantne za formiranje parcijalnih identiteta.	All phases described above are relevant for the formation of partial identity.	1.37767
U većini evropskih zemalja detetu se ubrzo po rođenju formiraju jedinstveni identifikatori.	In most European countries, soon after the birth of a child, unique identifiers are created for the newborn child.	0.941705
Jedan od njih je krštenica koja sadrži ime, prezime, pol, mesto i godinu rođenja, i podatke o biološkim roditeljima.	One of such identifiers is a birth certificate containing the name, sex, place of birth, and information about its biological parents.	0.415049
Ovakav vid registracije ne može sprečiti niko, čak ni roditelji jer na taj način dete postaje zvanični građanin Države.	This type of registration cannot be prevented by anyone, not even by the parents, because it is in this way that the child officially becomes a citizen of the State.	0.822936
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Sledeći zvaničan dokument je zdravstveni karton.	The next official document is the medical record.	0.242636
U njemu se osim osnovnih podataka o detetu (ime, prezime, pol, datum i godina rođenja) beleži jedinstveni matični broj pod kojim se dete vodi u evidenciji građana i medicinski podaci (visina, težina, podaci o porođaju majke, itd.).	It contains the basic information about the child (name, sex, date of birth), records the unique identification number under which the child is registered as a citizen, and Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 medical data (height, weight, data on how mother gave birth to the child, etc.).	0.992939
Kako dete odrasta tako se tokom godina i sam medicinski karton popunjava sa više podataka.	As the child grows up over the years, the medical record contains more data.	1.03438
Kada se dete upiše u obdanište, otvara se karton sa ličnim podacima deteta i podacima o njegovim roditeljima.	When the child enters kindergarten, the card with personal data of the child is created, as well as with information on the parents.	0.726809
Tokom boravka u obdaništu formira se parcijalni identitet deteta, sa kojim se ono vremenom poistovećuje i počinje da ga živi.	During the childs stay in care, a partial identity of the child is formed, with which it is eventually identified, and starts to live it.	0.86332
U nameri da posluju sa nekim firmama i kompanijama, roditelji mogu ustupiti prava slikanja svoje dece ili njihovog učestvovanja u snimanjima reklama.	In order to do business with some companies and businesses, parents can assign the rights of their children or allow them to participate in filming commercials.	0.807893
Premda se ovakvi materijali retko brišu, digitalni identitet se samo povećava a retko kada, ili čak nikada, ne smanjuje.	These materials are rarely deleted, hence digital identity only increases and rarely or never decreases.	1.37555
Za neke od parcijalnih identita može se reći da ne prestaju čak i nakon smrti pojedinca, jer se mogu preneti na drugu osobu (npr. broj socijalnog osiguranja). [4] [5] Slika 1 :	Some of the partial identity can be said not to ever stop even after the death of the individual, because it can be transferred to another person (e.g. social security number). [4] [5]	1.11013
Parcijalni identiteti [4] 3.	Figure 1 : Partial identities [4] 3.	1.44231
For mal ni mo del upra vlja nja iden ti te tom Formalni model upravljanja identitetom sastoji se iz ključnih koncepata [6]:	Formal model of the identity management A formal model of the identity management consists of the following key concepts [6]: Attribute - An attribute is a feature in connection with an entity (name, date of birth, the generic code, fingerprint, etc.).	1.15949
Atribut - Atribut predstavlja karakteristiku u vezi sa entitetom (ime, datum rođenja, generički kod, otisak prsta, itd.) Identitet - apstraktno predstavljanje entiteta.	Identity - an abstract representation of the entity.	-0.0449275
Delimični identitet - podskup atributa povezan sa entitetima (ime, starost, broj kreditne kartice) koje po jedinac koristi u interakciji sa drugim učesnicima.	Partial identity - a subset of the attributes associated with entities (name, age, credit card number) that an individual uses to interact with other participants.	0.821739
Identifikator - identifikuje različite osobe, mesta ili stvari.	Identifier - identifies different persons, places or things.	0.944444
Postoje dve vrste identifikatora: ~~~ Lični identifikator - trajni identifikatori povezani sa individualnim ljudskim atributima i atributima koji se teško menjaju ili ne mogu uopšte promeniti (npr. datum rođenja, genetski kod); Pseudonim - identifikator povezan sa atributima ili setom transakcija, ali bez stalnog ili ličnog identifikatora.	There are two types of identifiers: (1) personal identifier - permanent identifiers associated with individual human attributes and the attributes that are difficult to change or that do not change at all (e.g. date of birth, genetic code); (2) alias - an identifier associated with the attribute or set of transactions, but without permanent or personal identifiers.	0.315947
Kontekst - okolnost u kojoj se nalazi entitet.	Context the environment of the entity.	0.247059
Slika 2 : ~~~ Povezanost arhitekture i menadžmenta upravljanja identitetom [7] Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 4.	Figure 2: The Relationship between IDM architecture and management [7] Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 4.	0.437263
Ose tlji vost iden ti te ta Percepcija podataka, odnosno prihvatanje nekog podatka kao senzitivnog ili ne-senzitivnog je subjektivno.	Sensitivity of the identity The perception of the data, i.e., acceptance of any information as sensitive or not sensitive is subjective.	0.897414
Senzitivnost podataka ne posmatra se samo iz ugla privatnosti, već i kroz njihovu sigurnost.	The sensitivity of the data is not viewed only from the perspective of privacy, but also through the data security.	1.04074
Evropska Unija definisala je posebne kategorije podataka za koje državama članicima nije dozvoljena obrada, osim u posebnim okolnostima: lični podaci koji otkrivaju rasno ili etničko poreklo, političko opredeljenje, versku pripadnost, podaci o zdravlju ili seksualnom životu. 4.	The European Union has defined a special category of data for which member states are not permitted to process data, except in special circumstances, such as: personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political affiliation, religious affiliation, information on health or sex life.	0.850202
Ose tlji vost ba zi ra na na pri vat no sti Atributi koji su statični tokom vremena mogu buti senzitivni ako se otkriju iznova i iznova u različitim situacijama, jer na taj način omogućavaju povezivanje srodnih podataka.	4.1 The sensitivity based on privacy The attributes that are static over time can be sensitive if they are discovered over and over again in different situations, because this way allows for connecting the related data.	1.02486
Otkrivanje statičkih atributa omogućava posmatraču da poveže te situacije i prikupi podatke koji mogu da se koriste za identifikaciju pojedinaca čiji se atributi kontrolišu.	The detection of static attribute allows the viewer to connect these situations and gather information that can be used to identify individuals whose attributes are controlled.	1.01013
Postoje atributi koje pojedinac ne može sam determinisati (npr. vlastito ime), i oni se mogu svrstati u inicijalne atribute.	There are attributes that the individual cannot determine by himself (e.g. own name), and they can be classified as the initial attributes.	0.719444
Takođe se neke vrednosti atributa nasleđuju, kao što je DNK od roditelja ili porodično prezime.	They are an inherited attribute values , such as the DNA from the parents or the family name.	0.639935
Parcijalni identiteti deteta su unapred određeni od strane roditelja, jer ono još uvek nije u stanju da samo donosi odluke.	Partial identity of the child is determined in advance by the parents, because it has not yet been able to just make decisions.	0.582884
Samoinicijativna promena vrednosti atributa pojedincu može omogućiti da sam kontroliše svoj identitet, ali to ipak nije uvek moguće kao što se vidi na primeru statičnih atributa.	Unsolicited change of attribute values could allow individuals to control their identity, but this is not always possible, as it was shown in the example of static attributes.	0.722297
Sledi da autonomija pojedinca može biti ograničena vrednošću samih atributa.	It means that individual autonomy may be limited to the value of the attribute.	0.823066
Neke atribute je nemoguće otkriti ako se istovremeno ne otkriju i neki dodatni podaci koji su vezani za sam atribut.	Some attributes cannot be detected or changed, if the additional data related to the particular attribute is not discovered.	0.425758
Ponekad je teško odvojiti te dodatne informacije na stranu, i dešava se da pojedinci nisu sposobni da otkriju te dodatne informacije ako se od njih zatraži da pronađu neke podatke.	Sometimes it is difficult to put aside the additional information, and it happens that individuals are not able to detect this additional information if they are asked to do so.	0.963325
Na pojedinca mogu uticati vrednosti atributa ili sam atribut ako je u mogućnosti da mu obezbedi jedinstvo unutar grupe.	An individual can be affected by the value of an attribute or an attribute itself, if it is able to ensure him the position within the group.	1.01214
Pojedinac može ostati anoniman kao i do tada, ili se prepoznati u nekom kontekstu čime njegova privatnost biva ugrožena.	An individual can remain anonymous as before, or seen in a context in which case his or her privacy may be threatened.	1.17551
Na primer, uspostavljanje direktnog kontakta putem telefona ili e-mail-a može se tumačiti kao ugrožavanje privatnosti.	For example, the establishment of direct contact by phone or e-mail can be interpreted as a threat to privacy.	1.37661
Čak i da se ne uspostavi direktan kontakt sa pojedincem, na njega je moguće ostvariti negativan uticaj putem diskriminacije.	Even if a direct contact with the individual is not established, negative effects can be achieved through the discrimination.	0.747222
Kada je reč o diskriminaciji obično se u obzir uzimaju samo direktni negativni efekti na pojedinca, ali ti efekti mogu imati uticaja i na druge.	When it comes to discrimination, only the direct negative effects on individuals are generally taken under consideration, however, these effects can also have an impact on others.	1.37824
U slučaju da neki od članova zajednice na primer saznaju informacije koje drugi nisu, oni se na taj način ne samo izdvajaju u odnosu na druge već takođe mogu dovesti do diskriminacije ostalih. [4] 5.	If some members of the community get to know some information that is not available to others, they are thus in a better position than others and are able to use this info to discriminate others. [4] ~~~ 5.	0.288988
Me ha ni zmi za upra vlja nje pri vat no šću lič nih po da ta ka Najbolji način zaštite ličnih podataka je što manje ih otkrivati i činiti javno dostupnim.	Personal data privacy management mechanisms The best way to protect personal information is to disclose it and make it publically available to a minimum possible amount.	0.495155
Mehanizmi koji mogu sprečiti zloupotrebu ličnih podataka su [4]: upravljanje parcijalnim identitetima, minimazacija podataka, izvršna pravila za obradu podataka i funkcionalna transparentnost.	Mechanisms that can prevent the misuse of personal data are [4]: managing partial identities, data minimization, executable rules for data processing and operational transparency.	1.30908
Upravljanje parcijalnim identitetima i zaštita od zloupotrebe istih nisu trivijalni procesi.	Managing identities and partial protection against a misuse of the same processes are not trivial.	0.796429
Lični podaci o pojedincu dostupni na personalnim računarima mogu biti ranjivi ako se računari ne koriste na pravilan način, i ako se ne vodi računa o bezbednosti samog sistema putem mnogobrojnih dostupnih zakrpa.	Personal information about an individual available on personal computers may be vulnerable if the computers are not used properly, or if the the safety of the system through a number of available patches is not ensured.	0.82779
Minimizacija podataka ne odnosi se samo na količinu dostupnih informacija već i na smanjenu mogućnost identifikacije i povezivanja na osnovu dostupnih podataka.	Minimization of data does not only include the reduction of the available information, but also reduces the possibility of identifying and connecting to the available data.	0.941684
Komunikacija može biti enkriptovana i preusmerena na više različitih nezavisnih proksi servera koji garantuju anonimnost, osim ako sam korisnik ne otkrije neke od dodatnih informacija.	Communication can be encrypted and redirected to different third-party proxy servers to guarantee anonymity, unless the user does not reveal any additional information.	0.890306
Ako lični podaci napuste okruženje koje kontroliše korisnik, on treba da bude obavešten o tome kao i o tome šta će se dalje sa tim podacima dešavati.	If personal data leave the environment controlled by the user, the user shall be informed about what will continue to happen with these data.	0.869748
Zakonskim propisima regulisana je mogućnost da se otkaže Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 saglasnost o obradi ličnih podataka.	Legislation regulated the ability to cancel the approval of the processing of personal data.	0.2825
Problem se može javiti u slučaju da su se kopije podataka prenele na druge strane i tada se ne može izvšiti totalni opoziv.	The problem can occur if the copies of the data are transferred to other parties and then a total recall is no longer possible.	0.797143
Transparentnost je preduslov za sve vrste kontrole od strane korisnika.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Transparency is a prerequisite for any kind of control by the user.	0.344156
Informacije o sagovornicima u procesu komunikacije, njihovoj reputaciji, pouzdanosti ili nadležnostima koje imaju mogu biti vidljive korisniku, i predstavljati značajan faktor pre uspostavljanja komunikacionog odnosa. 6.	The information about the parties in the communication process, their reputation, reliability or responsibilities have to be visible, and represent a significant factor before the establishment of a communication relationship. ~~~ 6.	0.333333
Stan dar di upra vlja nja iden ti te ti ma Prilikom definisanja zahteva u fazi implementacije sistema za upravljanje identitetima potrebno je uraditi evaluaciju standarda.	The identity management standards When defining the requirements in the implementation phase of IDM systems it is necessary that the evaluation of standards be performed.	1.10769
Razlikuju se standardi za Web servise (SOAP, USDL, UDDI), za sigurnost (SAML, WSS), za biometriju (BioAPI, CBEFF), itd.	There are different standards for Web services (SOAP, USDL, UDDI), security (SAML, WSS), the biometrics (BioAPI, CBEFF), etc.	1.86147
U nastavku rada definisani su neki od standarda.	A number of these standards are described in this paper.	0.590476
SAML (Security Access Markup Language) predstavlja standard čiji je cilj sprovođenje rešenja koja se zasnivaju na autentifikaciji i autorizaciji u različitim sistemima upotrebom XML koda.	The SAML (Security Access Markup Language) is a standard aimed at implementing solutions that are based on the authentication and authorization in different systems using the XML code.	1.20409
SAML koristi Identity Provider (IdP) i Service Provider (SP) koncept.	The SAML uses Identity Provider (IdP) and Service Provider (SP) concepts.	2.19434
SP koncept se odnosi na treću stranu koja čuva informacije o drugom identitetu ili u ime drugog entiteta. [8][9] Standard SPML (Service Provisioning Markup Language) namenjen je za upravljanje procesom primene korisničkih računa unutar različitih sistema.	The SP concept refers to a third party that stores information about or on behalf of another entity. [8] [9] ~~~ The Standard SPML (Service Provisioning Markup Language) is designed to manage the process of application of user accounts within the various systems.	0.496606
XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language) je XML specifikacija za prenos i procesiranje podataka u sistemima koji se koriste za pristup informacijama putem Interneta.	The XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language) is an XML specification for the transmission and data processing systems used to access information via the Internet.	1.49189
WS-Security (Web Service Security) ima za cilj davanje podrške, integrisanje i standardizaciju različitih sigurnosnih modela, mehanizama i tehnologija koja će omogućavati interoperabilnost različitih sistema.	The WS-Security (Web Security Service) aims to provide support, integration and standardization of different security models, mechanisms and technologies that will enable interoperability of different systems.	1.01027
XCBF (eXtensible Common Biometric Format) je standardna metoda prenosa biometrijskih identifikacionih podataka, kao što je skeniranje oka ili otisak prsta. 7.	The XCBF (eXtensible Common Biometric Format) is a standard method of transmission of biometric identification data, such as eye scan or fingerprint. ~~~ 7.	0.53756
Upra vlja nje iden ti te ti ma u obla ku Razvoj koncepta Cloud sistema posmatran iz ugla različitih metodoloških pristupa, tehnoloških i poslovnih (SaaS, klaster sistemi, sistemi visokih performansi), ukazuje da se Cloud IDM može posmatrati kao sveobuhvatan pristup rešavanju svih problema iz ove oblasti, ali i šire.	Identity management in cloud The development of the cloud systems concept viewed from the perspective of different methodological approaches, technology and business (SaaS, cluster systems, high performance), allows for the Cloud IDM to be viewed as a comprehensive approach to solving all the problems in this area, and beyond.	1.13457
Cloud computing se definiše kao distribuiran računarski sistem, oblast unutar koje su klijentima na raspolaganju visoko skalabilni informaciono-komunikacioni kapaciteti. [10] Koncept Cloud computing-a bazira se na tehnologiji virtualizacije, koja predstavlja zamenu za fizičke računarske resurse. [11] IDM u Cloud sistemu mora da upravlja: kontrolnim tačkama, dinamičkim zatvorenim sistemima, virtuelnim uređajima ili identitetima usluga.	Cloud computing is defined as a distributed computer system, the area within which clients have a highly scalable information and communication capacities. [10] ~~~ The concept of cloud computing is based on virtualization technology, which replaces the physical computing resources. [11] ~~~ IDM in the cloud system has to manage: control points, closed dynamic systems, virtual machines or identity services.	0.0077957
Implementacija Cloud sistema je dinamička sa serverima koji se pokreću ili se gase, IP adresama koje se dinamički dodeljuju i menjaju i servisima koji se pokreću, gase ili restartuju.	Cloud implementation is a dynamic system with servers that run or are canceled, IP addresses are dynamically assigned and change the services that are started, shut down or restarted.	0.892308
Kada se uređaj ili servis gasi, IDM prima informaciju o tome kako bi ukinuo pristup instancama.	When the device or service shuts down, IDM receives information so that it cancells the access to instances.	1.14577
IDM će detalje o pristupu instanci čuvati do trenutka do kada ona ponovo postane aktivna, a zatim će aktivirati i mehanizme autorizacije.	IDM will keep the details of acces to instances stored until the moment when it becomes active again, and then activate the authentication mechanism.	1.19554
Dok se pristup ponovo ne aktivira, detalji o pristupu moraju biti skladišteni i čuvani na odgovarajući i jasno definisan način. [8] [12] Cloud sistemi zahtevaju promenu pristupa u odnosu na klasični IDM, posebno u delu koji se odnosi na omogućavanje, odnosno ukidanje pristupa, sinhronizaciju, dodelu privilegija, upravljanje životnim ciklusom identiteta, itd.	Until the access is reactivated, the access details must be stored and kept in an appropriate and clearly defined way. [8] [12] ~~~ Cloud systems require a change of approach, compared to the classic IDM, especially in the part related to enabling or cancellation of access, synchronization, granting privileges, identity lifecycle management, etc.	0.279174
Jedini način da se osigura bezbednost osetljivih podataka u Cloud sistemima za sada je šifrovanje.	So far the only way to ensure the security of sensitive data in the cloud is encryption.	1.17997
Jedno od najrasprostranjenih rešenja za šifrovanje podataka su PGP proizvodi koji nude šifrovanje na svakom mestu gde se podaci mogu nalaziti.	A most common solution for data encryption is the PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) encryption product, which offers encryption at any place where data can reside.	1.1039
Prednost PGP šifrovanja je u centralizovanom upravljanju proizvodima, što rasterećuje krajnje korisnike i oslobađa ih brige o ključevima ili odluke o tome kada je pravo vreme da se podaci šifruju. [13] U Cloud sistemima razlikujemo tri IDM paterna [14]:	The advantage of the PGP encryption is centralized product management. ~~~ This approach enables centralized care of the encryption keys. [13]	0.0134128
Poverljivi IDM patern, Externi IDM patern i Interoperabilni IDM patern.	The cloud IDM systems distinguish three patterns [14]: trusted IDM pattern, external pattern and interoperable IDM pattern.	0.903896
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Poverljivi IDM patern namenjen je malim ili privatnim Cloud sistemima koji zahtevaju visok stepen sigurnosti.	Trusted IDM pattern is designed for small or private Cloud systems that require a high level of safety.	1.19147
Stepen skalabilnosti je izuzetno nizak.	The level of scalability is extremely low.	0.791667
Osnovna karakteristika ovog koncepta je da se autentifikacija uvek realizuje u okviru firewall-a.	The main feature of this concept is that the authentication is always implemented in the firewall.	0.721429
Autentifikacioni detalji se prosleđuju IDM komponenti, koja enkriptuje ove informacije i dalje, kroz bezbedan komunikacioni kanal, prosleđuje informaciju entitetu koji će realizovati autentifikaciju. ~~~ IDM je nezavisan od autentifikacionog mehanizma, pa je implementacija i integracija ovog paterna brza i efikasna.	Authentication details are forwarded to the IDM components, which encrypts the information and continue through the safe channel of communication, forwards the information to the entity Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 that will implement authentication. implementation and integration of this pattern are fast and efficient.	0.269751
Nakon uspešne autentifikacije korisnika od strane bilo kog autentifikacionog mehanizma u Cloud sistemu, ostali serveri koji učestvuju u sistemu veruju tom korisniku.	IDM is independent of authentication mechanism, hence the After successful user authentication, by any mechanism of the authentication cloud system, the other servers, participants in the system, trust the authenticated user.	1.11304
Atributi korisnika mogu biti deljeni konceptom, kao što je SAML, dok sama autorizacija može biti realizovana putem XACML-a.	Attributes of users can be shared through concepts such as SAML, while the authorization itself may be implemented using XACML-a.	1.08397
Primer je prikazan na Slici 3.	An example is shown in Figure 3.	1.1456
Slika 3 : ~~~ Poverljivi IDM Patern [14] Externi IDM patern je sličan prethodnom, s tim što se autentifikacioni detalji direktno prosleđuju entitetu koji će realizovati autentifikaciju.	Figure 3: Trusted IDM pattern [14] External IDM pattern is similar to the previous one, except that the authentication details are directly forwarded to the entity that will implement the authentication.	0.418019
Autentifikacioni detalji mogu biti prikupljeni pomoću različitih browser-a, a dostavljeni kanalom zaštićenim SSL-om.	Authentication details can be obtained using a different browser, a protected channel provided by SSL (Secure Sockets Layer).	0.942857
Externi patern je namenjen javnim Cloud sistemima.	The External pattern is intended for public cloud systems.	1.385
IDM je posebno usmeren ka rešavanju pitanja domena i iniciranja procesa autentifikacije od strane entiteta koji će realizovati autentifikaciju.	IDM is particularly aimed at resolving issues and initiating the domain authentication process by the entity that will implement authentication.	1.19524
Arhitektonsko rešenje usvojeno je od strane Ping identiteta, gde se rešavanje pitanja domena realizuje referisanjem na odgovarajuću tabelu validnih korisnika, koja je uvek ažurna.	The architectural solution is adopted by Ping Identity, where the domain issue is resolved by reference to the appropriate table of valid users, which is always updated.	0.984583
Primer je prikazan na Slici 4.	An example is shown in Figure 4.	1.1456
Slika 4 : ~~~ Eksterni IDM [14] Interoperabilni IDM patern se koristi prilikom realizacije Cloud2Cloud komunikacije, korišćenjem OpenID i OAuth.	Figure 4: External IDM [14] Interoperable IDM pattern is used during the implementation of the Cloud2Cloud communication, using OpenID and OAuth.	0.783948
OpenID je otvoreni i decentralizovani standard za autentifikaciju korisnika i kontrolu pristupa, koji omogućava da korisnici pristupaju različitim servisima ili serverima, sa istim digitalnim identitetom.	OpenID is an open and decentralized standard for user authentication and access control, which allows users to access various services or servers with the same digital identity.	0.931123
OAuth je otvoreni protokol koji omogućava korisniku da drugom korisniku dodeli privilegiju pristupa lokaciji pružaoca usluge, bez deljenja autentifikacionih detalja.	OAuth is an open protocol that allows the user to assign privileges to another user access to the site service provider, without sharing authentication details.	1.41658
Ovo je izuzetno korisno za elektronsko poslovanje, gde različiti pružaoci usluge nude svoje proizvode/usluge na jednom mestu.	This is extremely useful for e-business, where different service providers offer their products / services at one place.	0.94359
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Uporedni prikaz sva tri IDM Cloud paterna prikazan je u Tabeli 1: ~~~ Slika 5: ~~~ Interoperabilni IDM [14] Tabela 1.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Comparative review of three IDM Cloud patterns is shown in Table 1: Figure 5: Interoperable IDM [14] Table 1.	0.301667
Uporedni prikaz IDM Cloud paterna [14] Bezbednost Poverljivi IDM Patern Veoma bezbedan Eksterni IDM Utvr(cid: ~~~ IDP mreža Interoperabilnost Tip oblaka Interoperabilan Privatni oblak Interoperabilan Javni oblak Brzina implementacije Skalabilnost Primena Veoma brz Brz Otežana skalabilnost Google App Engine Otežana skalabilnost Ping identitet Interoperabilni IDM Zavisi od mehanizma autentifikacije Interoperabilan Javni oblak sa više tehnologija Brzina zavisi od broja zahteva Skalabilan Predloženi dizajn Zaključak U radu su opisane osnove sistema za upravljanje identitetima, od opštih pojmova, pa do mehanizama i standarda za upravljanje identitetom.	Comparative review of the IDM patterns [14] Trusted IDM pattern External IDM pattern Interoperable IDM pattern Security Very secure Submitted to IDP network Interoperability Interoperable Type of cloud Private cloud Speed of implementation Very fast Scalability Example Not scalable easily Google App Engine Interoperable Public cloud Fast Not scalable easily Ping identity Depends on authentication mechanism Interoperable Public cloud with multiple technologies Speed depends on the number of claims Scalable Proposed design Conslusion This paper describes the basics of IDM systems, from the general terms, to the rules and standards for IDM.	0.406557
Cilj rada je prikaz koncepta digitalnih identiteta, kao osnove za implementaciju širokog spektra usluga u oblasti poslovanja na Internetu.	The goal of the paper is to present the concept of digital identity, as the basis for implementing a wide range of services in the areas of business on the Internet.	1.16557
Upravljanje identitetima je koncept duže vremena prisutan, ali je ubrzani razvoj elektronskog poslovanja proširio mogućnosti primene koncepta, pa su istraživanja u ovoj oblasti od šireg značaja kako za samo elektronsko poslovanje, tako i za prisustvo na Internetu uopšte.	As a concept, IDM has been present for a long time, but the rapid development of electronic commerce expanded the possibilities of application of the concept, hence the research in this area are of significant value for both the area of e-business, and for the presence on the Internet in general.	1.06179
Internet okruženje i mnoštvo servisa koji su raspoloživi korisnicima doveli su do povećane potrebe da se u prvi plan stavi digitalni identitet entiteta.	The Internet environment and a host of services that are available to users have led to an increased need to pay the digital identity of the entity major attention.	1.17056
Digitalnim identitetima treba upravljati na strateški planiran, poslovno opravdan i kontrolisan način.	Digital identity should be managed in a strategically planned, business-justifiable and controlled manner.	1.45065
Upravljanje identitetom povlači i brojna sigurnosna pitanja.	IDM entails a number of security issues.	0.12
U trenutku kreiranja digitalnog identiteta, odnosno korišćenja određenih rešenja za upravljanje identitetima, otvara se mogućnost za realizaciju različitih nedozvoljenih i zlonamernih aktivnosti, pre svega u obliku krađe ili neovlašćenog preuzimanja digitalnog identiteta (eng. identity theft).	At the time of creating a digital identity, or use of specific solutions for IDM, opportunities arise for performing various illegal and malicious activities, primarily in the form of theft or unauthorized taking of digital identities.	0.697015
Glavni zadatak upravljanja identitetima je da se pravi identitet koristi u pravom kontekstu u pravo vreme.	The main task of IDM is to ensure that the real identity is used in the right context at the right time.	1.68319
Primena Cloud sistema u realizaciji IDM koncepta treba da zadovolji zahteve koje postavlja Cloud sistem, kao i da ispuni uslove za buduća poboljšanja sistema.	The use of the cloud system in making the IDM concept should meet the requirements set by the cloud system, as well as fulfill the requirements for future system enhancements.	1.48043
Primena ovog pristupa omogućiće da IDM koncept u odnosu na velike sisteme bude jednostavan, brz i efikasan, jer će se aktivnosti IDM-a realizovati u Cloud sistemu.	The use of this approach will make the IDM concept simple, fast and efficient to use in relation to large systems, as the activities IDM system will be implemented in the cloud.	1.40055
Opisom upravljanja identitetom prikazane su prednosti i nedostaci ovog koncepta, dok se opisom elemenata sistema za upravljanje identitetom i metodologijom za implementaciju takvog sistema daje okvirni pregled koncepta, koji treba da posluži kao osnova za dalja istraživanja u ovoj oblasti.	The description of the IDM gives the advantages and disadvantages of this concept, while the description of the elements of IDM and methodology for implementing such a system outlines the concept, which should serve as basis for further research in this area. ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 REFERENCES [1] Windley, P.J. Digital Identity, OReilly Media, Inc., Ch2, 2005. [2]	0.341881
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 LITERATURA [1] Windley, P.J. Digital Identity, OReilly Media, Inc., Ch2, 2005. [2] Harrop, M. Identity Management, The Cottingham Group, ETSI Security Workshop, 2009. [3] Identity Management, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2008. [4] Hansena, M., Pfitzmannb, A. and Steinbrecherb, S. Identity management throughout ones whole life, In formation security technical report 13, pp. 83-94, 2008. [5] Chawdhry, P. and Vakalis, I. Use of ePassport for Identity Management in Network-Based Citizen-Life Processes, Editor(s):	Harrop, M. Identity Management, The Cottingham Group, ETSI Security Workshop, 2009. [3] ~~~ Identity Management, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2008. [4] ~~~ Hansena, M., Pfitzmannb, A. and Steinbrecherb, S. Identity management throughout ones whole life, Information security technical report 13, pp. 83-94, 2008. [5]	0.589764
Bezzi, M., Duquenoy, P., FischerHubner, S., Hansen, M. and Zhang, G., Privacy and Identity Management for Life, Book Series:	Chawdhry, P. and Vakalis, I. Use of ePassport for Identity Management in Network-Based Citizen-Life Processes, Editor(s): Bezzi, M., Duquenoy, P., FischerHubner, S., Hansen, M. and Zhang, G., Privacy and Identity Management for Life, Book Series: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, Vol. 320, pp. 122-133, 2010. [6]	2.63131
IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, Vol.	Glasser, U. and Vajihollahi, M. Identity Management Architecture, Simon Fraser University, Canada, 2008. [7]	0.42807
320, pp. 122-133, 2010. [6] Glasser, U. and Vajihollahi, M. Identity Management Architecture, Simon Fraser University, Canada, 2008. [7] Jin, Z.P., Xu, J., Xu, M. and Zheng, N. An Attribute-Oriented Model for Identity Management, Internatio nal Conference on e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 2010. [8] Celesti, A., Tusa, F., Villari, M. and Puliafito, A. Security and cloud computing:	Jin, Z.P., Xu, J., Xu, M. and Zheng, N. ~~~ An Attribute-Oriented Model for Identity Management, International Conference on e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 2010. [8]	0.799423
Intercloud identity management infrastructure, 19th IEEE International Workshop on Enabling Technologies:	Celesti, A., Tusa, F., Villari, M. and Puliafito, A. Security and cloud computing: Intercloud identity management infrastructure, 19th IEEE International Workshop on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, WET ICE 2010, Larissa, pp. 263-265, 28-30 June 2010. [9]	2.55313
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An overview, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol.	Srinivasa, R., Nageswara, R. and Kusuma, K. Cloud Computing: An overview, Journal of Theoretical and applied Information Technology, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 71-76, 2009.	1.88703
9, No. 1, pp. 71-76, 2009. [11] di Costanzo, A., de Assuncao, M.Di. and Buyya, R. Harnessing Cloud Technologies for a Virtualized Distributed Computing Infrastructure, IEEE Internet Computing, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 24-33, 2009. [12] Sanchez, R., Almenares, F., Arias, P., Diaz-Sanchez, D. and Marin, A. Enhancing Privacy and Dynamic Federation in IdM for Consumer Cloud Computing, IEEE Transactions On Consumer Electronics, Vol.	[11] di Costanzo, A., de Assuncao, M.Di. and Buyya, R. Harnessing Cloud Technologies for a Virtualized Distributed Computing Infrastructure, IEEE Internet Computing, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 24-33, 2009. [12] ~~~ Sanchez, R., Almenares, F., Arias, P., Diaz-Sanchez, D. and Marin, A. Enhancing Privacy and Dynamic Federation in IdM for Consumer Cloud Computing, IEEE Transactions On Consumer Electronics, Vol. 58, Issue 1, pp. 95-103, 2012. [13]	1.16263
58, Issue 1, pp. 95-103, 2012. [13] Vučinić, V. Sigurnost u oblacima, Internet ogledalo, No. 126-127, pp. 40-43, 2011. [14] Gopalakrishnan, A. Cloud Computing Identity Management, SETLabs Briefings, Vol.	Vučinić, V. Sigurnost u oblacima, Internet ogledalo, No. 126-127, pp. 40-43, 2011. [14]	2.05824
7, No. 7, pp. 45 53, 2009.	Gopalakrishnan, A. Cloud Computing Identity Management, SETLabs Briefings, Vol. 7, No. 7, pp. 45 53, 2009.	5.28571
Primljen: ~~~ Februar 2012.	Receieved: February 2012.	0.54
Prihvaćen: ~~~ Maj 2012.	Accepted: May 2012.	0.675
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 O autoru Marko Vulić Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu, Stipendista Ministarstva za nauku i tehnološki tazvoj e-mail: marko@elab.rs Marko Vulić rođen je 1985. godine u Beogradu.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 About the Author Marko Vulić Scholar of the Ministry of Education and Science, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade e-mail: marko@elab.rs Marko Vulić was born in Belgrade, in 1985.	1.67005
Diplomske i Master studije završio je na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka u Beogradu.	He completed his graduate and master studies at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade.	1.17443
Trenutno je student druge godine doktorskih studija na FON-u, stipendista i član projektnog tima Ministarstva nauke i prosvete Republike Srbije.	Currently, he is a second-year student at the doctoral studies course at the Faculty of Organizational sciences, and a scholar and member of the Ministry of Science and Education of the Republic of Serbia project team.	1.0225
Oblasti naučnog interesovanja su: elektronsko poslovanje, mobilno poslovanje, Internet marketing, e-obrazovanje, e-bankarstvo, CRM.	His scientific interest areas are as follows: electronic business, mobile business, the Internet marketing, e-education, e-banking, CRM.	1.58571
Kontakt: ~~~ Marko Ranković EuroPlanet d.o.o, Beograd e-mail: mrankovic@euronetworldwide.com Oblasti profesionalnog interesovanja autora su upravljanje projektima u oblasti finansijskih servisa i usluga, naučno-istraživački rad u oblasti procesiranja elektronskih finansijskih transakcija, uključujući metode i tehnike procesiranja, organizacionu strukturu procesora, arhitekturu platforme za procesiranje transakcija, modele i tehnike zaštite sistem plaćanja platnim karticama.	Marko Ranković EuroPlanet d.o.o e-mail: mrankovic@euronetworldwide.com The authors professional interest areas are in project management in the fields of financial services, scientific and research work in the area of electronic financial transaction processing, including methods and techniques of processing, processor organizational structure, the architecture of the transaction processing platform, models and techniques of card payment system protection.	0.682611
Marko Ranković je zaposlen u kompaniji EuroPlanet, na poslovima Project Manager-a.	Marko Ranković is currently employed as a Project Manager in the EuroPlanet Company.	1.3
Vojkan Vasković rođen je 1951. godine u Kragujevcu.	Vojkan Vasković was born in Kragujevac, in 1951.	2.27209
Osnovne i poslediplomske (magistarske) studije završio je na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka u Beogradu gde je odbranio i doktorsku disetrtaciju.	He completed his graduate and postgraduate (master) studies at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade, where he also took his PhD degree.	0.897638
Zaposlen je kao profesor u Beogradskoj poslovnoj školi.	At present he teaches at the Belgrade Business School.	0.280851
Oblasti profesionalnog interesovanja su: elektronsko poslovanje, e-bankarstvo, Internet tehnologije, mobilne tehnologije, e-uprava.	His professional interest areas are the following: electronic business, e-banking, Internet technologies, mobile technologies, e-Government.	1.66974
Vojkan Vasković Beogradska Poslovna Škola e-mail: vaskovic@bvcom.net Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Branislav Jevtić Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja i Olimpijski komitet Srbije Upra vlja nje pro gra mi ma za uče šće na me ga sport skom do ga đa ju UDK: ~~~ 796.032.2:005.51 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) Olim pij ske igre (OI) su spe ci jal ni i me ga sport ski do ga đaj ko ji se odr ža va sva ke če tvr te go di ne i ko ji je otvo ren za kva li fi ko va ne spor ti ste (ti mo ve i po je din ce) na ci o nal nih olim pij skih ko mi te ta (NOC).	Vojkan Vasković Belgrade Business School e-mail: vaskovic@bvcom.net Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Branislav Jevtić Faculty of Sport and Physical Education and the Olympic Committee of Serbia Managing Programmes for Participation in a Mega Sporting Event UDC: 796.032.2:005.51 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0012 The Olympic Games (OG) are a special and a mega sporting event held every fourth year and open for all qualified athletes (teams and individuals) of the national Olympic committees (NOC).	-0.0173505
Uče šće naj bo ljih spor ti sta sve ta i kon tekst do ga đa ja ko jim se pro mo vi šu olim pij ske vred no sti či ne dva ključ na fak to ra ko ja opre de lju ju OI kao pri mar ni mul ti sport ski do ga đaj.	The participation of the worlds best athletes and the context of the events by which the Olympic values are promoted are two key factors that make the OG the primary multi-sporting event.	0.566995
U pri pre mi za uče šće na Igra ma, Olim pij ski ko mi tet Sr bi je (OKS) re a li zu je olim pij ske pro gra me ko ji se od vi ja ju po fa za ma i pe ri o di ma ži vot nog ci klu sa olim pi ja de i kroz ko je se usa vr ša va sport ska i po slov na funk ci ja sa mog OKS, ali i ce li ne si ste ma spor ta Sr bi je.	In preparation for the participation in the Games, the Olympic Committee of Serbia (OCS) realizes the Olympic programmes that take place in phases and periods of the life cycle of the Olympics and through which sports and business function of the OCS itself, but also helps improve the whole system of sport of Serbia.	0.577273
Olim pij ski pro gra mi, kao pred met ovog ra da, sa dr že ino va ci o nu stra te gi ju OKS ko jom su ob u hva će ni svi oni ko ji vla da ju kom pe tent no sti ma esen ci jal nim za uče šće na OI (sport ske, or ga ni za ci o ne, upra vljač ke...).	The Olympic programmes, as a subject of this paper, contain innovative strategy of the OCS by which all those who possess competencies essential for participation in the OG (sports, organizational, managing) are included.	0.737985
Pro gra mi pred sta vlja ju ino va ci ju u de lu pro iz vo da (re zul tat, tim, uče šće, kom pe tent na sport ska or ga ni za ci ja), pro ce sa (pri me na no vih teh no lo gi ja), afir ma ci je po sto je ćih i stva ra nja no vih olim pij skih vred no sti. ~~~ Ključ ne re či:	The programmes are partially an innovation (result, team, participation, the competent sports organization), a process (the application of new technologies), and affirmation of the existing and the creation of new, Olympic, values.	0.0838778
Olim pij ske igre, me nadž ment, upra vlja nje olim pij skim pro gra mi ma. 1.	Keywords: Olympics, management, management of the Olympic program 1.	0.590164
Olim pij ske igre - me ga sport ski do ga đaj U prostoru organizacije specijalnih događaja sve više interesovanja se pridaje menadžmentu sportskog događaja.	The Olympic Games a mega sporting event Management in a sporting event is paid increasing attention within the organization of special events.	0.91283
I dok se u menadžmentu javlja jedan broj nedoumica u opisu i definisanju samog specijalnog događaja (u odnosu na veličinu, značaj, redovnost održavanja, specifični, mega, veliki i mali sportski događaji, povremeni, ad-hoc) [26], dotle teorija sporta OI vidi kao primarni multisportski događaj.	While in the domain of management there is a number of ambiguities in the description and definition of a special event (in terms of size, importance, regular maintenance, specific, mega, large and small sporting events, casual, ad-hoc) [26], the theory of sport observes the OG as the primary multi sporting event.	1.20123
U prostoru menadžmenta specijalni dogadaj, Igre, čine skup projektovanih radnji i aktivnosti, da bi se u datom vremenu i mestu, oko zajednickog razloga okupio projektovani profil i broj ucesnika radi ostvarenja zadatih ciljeva. [32].	In the area of management, the special event of the Games is a set of projected actions and activities designed for a projected profile and a number of participants to be gathered, at a given time and place, to achieve the set goals [32].	0.889286
U teoriji sporta Igre su događaj koji integriše veći broj sportova, disciplina, formata takmičenja.	In the theory of sport, the Games are an event that integrates a number of sports, disciplines, the competition format.	1.46703
Letnje igre traju 16 dana, okupljaju najbolje sportiste sveta koji se u skladu sa vrednostima olimpijskog pokreta (prijateljstvo, poštovanje, fer plej, odličnost...) takmiče u 28 sportova i 302 discipline [19].	The Summer Games last for 16 days, bringing together the best athletes in the world who, consistent with the values of the Olympic Movement (friendship, respect, fair play, excellence...) compete in 28 sports and 302 events [19].	2.51121
Olimpijske igre su događaj na kome se teži pobedi, jedinstvu, zajedništvu.	The Olympic Games are an event in which victory, unity, and togetherness are pursued.	1.02794
One su i referentno mesto u procesu promena i kulturni događaj (uključujući sportski i komercijalni) sa jasnim karakterom, popularnošću i međunarodnim značajem [28].	They are also a reference point in the process of change and a cultural event (including sport and commercial facets) with a clear character, popularity and the international importance [28].	1.02616
Današnji status OI crpe kako iz antičkog sveta, tako i iz uloge u razvoju savremenog društva i civilizacije.	The present status of the Olympics is drawn both from the ancient world and from their role in the development of modern society and civilization.	1.15895
Igre modernog doba se organizuju od 1896 godine kao manifestni oblik olimpijskog pokreta - Olimpizam (1894), za koga Pjer de Kuberten, njegov osnivač, kaže da je ideologija, skup ideja o svrsi života u zajednici, društvenim ciljevima, raspodeli resursa i odnosima između društva i pojedinca [16].	The Games of modern times have been organized since 1896 as a manifest form of the Olympic Movement Olympism (1894), for which Pierre de Coubertin, its founder, says that it is the ideology, a set of ideas about the purpose of life in a community, social goals, resource allocation, and the relationship between the society and the individual [16].	1.82815
Olimpizam polazi od načela da sport podstiče optimalni razvoj čoveka i društva i svoju ideologiju jasno izlaže u Olimpijskoj povelji, koja igre definiše kao primarni događaj zasnovan na vrednostima, etici, idealima [3].	Olympism stems from the principle that sport promotes the optimal development of a man and the society and its ideology is clearly expressed in the Olympic Charter, which defines the Games as the primary event based on values, ethics, and ideals [3].	1.18766
Učešću na OI prethode sportski događaji na kojima se odvijaju kvalifikacije sportista (pojedinaca i timova).	Participation in the Olympics is preceded by sporting events that take place on the qualifications of athletes (individuals and teams).	0.807955
Igrama pripadaju i tzv. test takmičenja na kojima se vrši tehnički prijem objekata, opreme, i kroz koje sportisti i osoblje u njihovoj pratnji, kao i organizacioni komitet igara (OKI) i međunarodne sportske federacije (MSF) vrše poslednju pripremu za takmičenje [15].	The so-called test competitions in which the technical approval of facilities, equipment is performed and through which the athletes and the accompanying staff, as well as the Organizing committee of the OG (OCOG) and the International Sports Federation (ISF) make their last preparations for the competition [15] also belong to the Games.	0.8896
1.1.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 1.1.	-0.6
Iden ti tet i odr ži vost Iga ra Olimpijske igre su od događaja skromnog početka prerasle u svet za sebe.	Identity and sustainability of the Games From the event of a humble beginning, the Olympic Games have turned into a world for itself.	0.495199
Učešće na OI (zimskim i letnjim) predstavlja prioritet svakog sportiste, sistema, sporta, društva.	Participation in the Olympics (winter and summer) is a priority for every athlete, sports system, and society.	1.35824
Tako 76% ispitanika širom sveta smatra da Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 je učešće na igrama više od sporta.	Thus, more than 76% of respondents around the world think that participation in the Games is more than sport.	0.948913
Ove igre su više od sportskog događaja., više od učešća i pobede, smatra 72% ispitanika.	The Games are more than a sports event, more than participation and victory, say 72% of respondents.	1.03519
Igre su dobar model uloga za decu (72% ispitanika), one su stremljenje, optimizam, inspiracija, prijateljstvo, slava mladosti [20], ali su i sudar nacija i trka za medaljama, baš kako to vide sportske i političke strukture bezmalo svih zemalja sveta [11,19].	The Games are a good role model for children (72% of respondents), they are endevaour, optimism, inspiration, friendship, glory of youth [20], but also the clash of the nations and the race for the medals, just as seen by the sports and political structures of almost all countries around the world [11,19].	1.13075
Za Međunarodni olimpijski komitet (MOK), OKI, medije, komercialni svet..., OI su sinonim progresa, industrija događaja i profita..., dok su za sportiste stremljenje, vizija, deo imidža kojim grade svoj sportski i profesionalni svet.	For the International Olympic Committee (IOC), OCG, media, commercial world..., the OG are a synonym for progress, an industry of events and profits... while for athletes they are striving, vision, part of the image of which their athletic and professional world is built.	1.08013
Učešće sportista je vrlo važno pitanje sadašnjosti i budućnosti o kome MOK, naročito nakon krize identiteta igara među sportistima (Atlanta, 1996), intenzivno i strateški razmišlja.	The participation of athletes is a very important issue of the present and the future, which the IOC, especially after the identity crisis of the Games among the athletes (Atlanta, 1996), intensively and strategically think about.	1.51923
O održavanju identiteta i statusa OI kao primarnog sportskog događaja, raspravljalo se na Kongresu MOKa (2009).	The maintenance of identity and status of the OG as a primary sports event were discussed at the Congress of IOC (2009).	1.35579
Kongresna dokumenta iz Kopenhagena u odnosu na pitanje: ~~~ Kako održati igre kao primarni događaj? sadrže veći broj zaključaka, koje je moguće razvrstati u nekoliko prostora: ~~~ 1.	The documents of the Copenhagen Congres in relation to the question How to keep the Games as the primary event contain a number of conclusions that can be divided into several areas: 1.	0.248889
Igre i društvo, prostor u kome se teži većoj integraciji sa modernim društvom i tehnološkim razvojem [2].	The Games and the society, a space in which a larger integration with the modern society and technological development is striven for [2].	1.06386
Igre su jedinstven društveni fenomen koji povezuje ljude, kulture i zemlje sveta.	The Games are a unique social phenomenon which connects people, cultures and countries of the world.	1.85705
Olimpizam je najuspešniji pokret i on gradi dobru volju i kooperaciju.	The Olympism is the most successful movement and it builds good will and cooperation.	0.996774
Igre su primarni događaj promocije mira u svetu i sistem vrednosti od značaja za sva društva [10].	The Games are a primary event of promoting peace in the world and the system of values of interest for all societies [10].	1.41434
One su mikrokosmoms civilizacije [24].	They are a microcosm of civilization [24].	1.28286
2.	2.	1.8
Strategija za očuvanje i proširenje podrške Igrama.	The strategy for preservation and expansion of support to the Games.	0.613776
Ovaj prostor sadrži mere za izgradnju mreže i moti vaciju stejkoldera za učešće u svim fazama i periodima olimpijskog ciklusa. 3.	This area contains measures for building network and motivation for stakeholders to participate in all the phases and periods of the Olympic cycle.	1.36221
Upravljanje promenama, inovacijama....	3. ~~~ Managing change and innovations...	-0.00416667
Ovaj zaključak sadrži ocenu rizika, ali i puteve transfera i upravlja nja znanjima i iskustvima od prethodnih na naredne igre [23].	This conclusion contains the assessment of risk, but also the ways of transferring and managing knowledge and experience from the previous for the following Games [23].	1.03923
4.	4.	1.8
Definisanje veličine događaja, i kontinuirana evaluacija kvaliteta Programa OI [8].	Defining the importance of the event, and a continuous evaluation of the OG Programme quality [8].	1.09091
MOK je svestan potrebe podsticanja na učešće što većeg broja vrhunskih sportista sveta i dogradnje formata takmičenja i programa Igara prema novim zahtevima ali uz poštovanja jezgra programa [5].	The IOC is aware of the need to encourage the participation of the largest possible number of elite athletes of the world in the Games and the improvement of the format of the competition and the programme of the Games according to the new demands, but with respect to the core of the programme [5].	1.07829
5.	5.	1.8
Igare kao podrška digitalnoj revoluciji [14].	The Games as a support for the digital revolution [14].	1.97857
6.	6.	1.8
Osluškivanje tržišta, uključivanje potvrđenih metoda biznisa, podsticanje takmičarskog poslovnog okru ženja [8].	Examining the market, inclusion of the affirmed methods of the business, supporting the competitive business environment [8].	1.22032
7.	7.	1.8
Kros-kulturni menadžmet i inovacije kao podrška da svake naredne igre budu izazovnije od prethodnih, i da ta izazovnost ispunjava očekivanja kulturne različitosti učesnika i konzumenata samih igara [31].	Cross-cultural management and innovations as a support for each following Games to be more challenging than the previous ones, and ensuring that this challenge meets the expectations of cultural differences of the participants and the consumers of the Games [31].	0.953259
8.	8.	1.8
Legat Igara za grad domaćin i Igre kao investicija i motivacija novih kanditatura [30].	Legacy of the Games for the host city and the Games as an investment and motivation for new candidates [30].	1.64474
9.	9.	1.8
Igre i mladi.	The Games and the young.	0.825
Mladi sportisti i njihov sportski i profesionalni razvoj treba održati u fokusu Pokreta tako da deca i omladina kao konzumenti sportskog proizvoda treba da učestvuju u sportu i da steknu navike i prihvate vrednost olimpizma [20].	Young athletes and their sports and professional development should be preserved in focus of the Movement so that the children and the youth as consumers of sports product should participate in sports and adopt practices and accept the values of the Olympism [20].	1.1523
Olimpijske igre su ekonomski izazov i podsticaj za razvoj lokalne i nacionalne sportske infrastrukture, urbane regeneracije, održivog razvoja [23].	The Olympic Games are an economic challenge and encouragement for the development of local and national sports infrastructure, urban regeneration, and sustainable development [23].	1.43817
Njihov ekonomski potencijal podstiče investcije, pokreće turiste, devastirane i zapuštene prostore pretvara u urbane centre i tehnološke celine [9].	Their economic potential encourages investments, moves tourists, turns devastated and abandoned areas into urban centers and technological units [9].	0.743182
Tako je OKI u Londonu ponosan na plan socijalne i etničke inkluzije više od 300 etničkih grupa (više od 300 jezika se govori u Londonu) i programe za smanjenje deprivacije koja karakteriše Istočni deo Londona [27].	Therefore, the OCOG in London is proud of the plan of social and ethical inclusion of more than 300 ethnic groups (more than 300 languages are spoken in London) as well as of programmes to reduce the deprivation that characterizes the eastern part of London [27].	1.78731
Ništa manje značajan nije ni deo strategije koja se odnosi na održivi razvoj kojom će se menjati navike, usavršiti odlaganje otpada, promovisati biodiverzitet, graditi objekti u skladu sa visokim ekološkim i standardima održivosti.	The part of the strategy relating to sustainable development, which will change habits, improve waste disposal, promote biodiversity, and build facilities in accordance with high environmental and sustainability standards is of no lesser importance.	0.903154
Trajno sportsko nasleđe kao jedan od ciljeva organizacije Igara, sadrži mere za uvećanje broja fizički-sportski aktivnih pojedinaca.	A permanent sporting legacy as one of the goals of the organization of the Games contains measures to increase the number of physically active individuals.	1.43939
Zdravstveni, penzioni, socijalni, obrazovni sistem i sistem sporta su poluge HEPA projekta koji treba da fizičku aktivnost stanovništva podstakne u pravcu zdravstvenih, radnih, obrazovnih i sportskih benefita [10].	Health, pension, social, educational and sports systems are advantages of the HEPA project to encourage physical activity of the population towards health, employment, educational and recreational benefits [10].	0.809133
Po dobijanju Igara, Vlada Velike Britanije je sačinila Plan za igre (2002) unutar koga je razvijen jedan broj službi koje treba da realizuju menažment organizacionih promena društva.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Upon being awarded the Games, the UK government drew up the Games Plan (2002) within which a number of services were developed to carry out the management of organizational changes of the society.	0.941925
Drugim rečima, organizacija igara je postala trka za urbanu investiciju koja će stimulisati lokalni ekonomski razvoj i koja je zasnovana na gigantizmu legata [4].	In other words, the organization of the Games has become a race for urban investment that will stimulate local economic development and which is based on the grandness of legacy [4].	1.11676
Dva dokumenta, a to je Aplikacija Londona za domaćina i Akcioni plan su u procesu stalnog monitoringa.	Two documents, and these are the application of London as a host and the Action Plan are in the process of continuous monitoring.	0.898485
Oni sadrže poglavlje o dugovečnosti legata (naknadno korišćenje i finalni vlasnici) što je u slučaju Londona povereno novoosnovanom Institutu olimpijskog nasleđa koji svoju misiju ostvaruje kroz poslovnu i sportsku funkciju [42].	They contain a chapter on longevity of the legacy (subsequent use and the final owners) which is, in case of London, entrusted to the newly established Institute of the Olympic legacy, which realizes its mission through business and sports functions [42].	1.13071
Značajan činilac identiteta i održivosti igara je i profit.	A significant factor in the identity and sustainability of the Games is profit.	1.72909
Igre obezbeđuju dobit organizatoru u ekonomskom, socijalnom, političkom, kulturnom, sportskom, ekološkom i tehnološkom smislu.	The Games bring profit for the organizer in the economic, social, political, cultural, sports, environmental and technological terms.	0.897436
Nakon finansijske krize i duga koga Montreal još i danas otplaćuje (1976), OI su dobile novu - komercijalnu dimenziju koja je izgrađena na ugledu i prestižu, pažnji gledalaca i medija, tradiciji [4, 43], ali i širokom vrednosnom okviru.	After the financial crisis and the debt which Montreal is still paying off (1976), the OG have received a new commercial dimension built on the reputation and prestige, spectators and media attention, tradition [4, 43], but also on a wide value framework.	1.20997
Analiza troško Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 va i benefita se koristi za ocenu da li su Igre finansijski isplative.	Cost and benefit analysis is used to evaluate whether the Games are financially viable.	0.696
Ako je benefit iznad cene, znači da lokalna zajednica ima korist od igara (primer Barselone).	If the benefit is above the price, that means that the local community benefits from the Games (e.g. Barcelona).	0.998148
Pored organizatora, benefiti se izračunavaju i za posetioce, društvo (životno okruženje, saobraćaj, infrastrukturu), ali i same NOK-e koji su učestvovali.	Besides the organizers, the benefits are calculated for the visitors, the society (environment, transport, infrastructure), but also for the NOC that participated.	0.726459
Na pitanje o strategiji za održivost OI, MOK odgovara kontinualnom evaluaciom i procenom uticaja i značaja samih igara.	To the question on the strategy for sustainability of the OG, the IOC answers with continuous evaluations and assessment of the impact and importance of the Games themselves.	1.28241
Instrumentom za istraživanje globalnog uticaja OI (OGGI) procenjuju se i ocenjuju uticaji i benefiti Igara, ali i usaglašenost organizacije i održavanje Igara u skladu sa idealima olimpizma [24].	The impacts and benefits of the Games, but also the compliance of the organization and maintenance of the Games to the ideals of Olympism are evaluated and assessed by the instrument for analyzing the global influence of the OG (OGGI) [24].	1.077
Ipak, mora se naglasiti da su igre do ove veličine i značaja stigle uz podršku sportista i njihovu spremnost da učestvuju, kao i zahvaljujući definisanju procesa, organizacije, rukovođenja, koordinacije, kontrole i evaluacije.	However, it must be emphasized that the Games have reached this size and importance with the support of athletes and their willingness to participate, as well as thanks to the definition of processes, organization, management, coordination, control and evaluation.	1.17196
Poseban deo u strategiji očuvanja i daljeg razvoja OI se poklanja digitalnoj revoluciji i digitalnom svetu.	A special part in the strategy to preserve and further develop the OG is given to the digital revolution and the digital world.	1.32053
U tom pravcu najbolju primer su Olimpijske igare mladih (OIM), koje su kao prvi sportski događaja MOKa nakon 86 godina održane u Singapuru (2010).	In this sense, the best example is the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) held in Singapore (2010), which are the first sports event of the IOC after 86 years.	2.33516
Ovim projektom MOK je digitalni svet pretpostavio kao polugu i širenju vrednosnog okvira, i podršku vidljivosti i motivaciji mladiih za učešće u sportu.	With this project, the IOC imagined the digital world as a lever in expanding the value framework and as a support to transparency and motivation of the young for participation in sports.	1.12868
Misija OIM je više od sporta.	The mission of the YOG is more than sport.	1.0533
One za cilj imaju integraciju sporta i obrazovanje mladih sportista u olimpijskim i životnim vrednostima, zdravom načinu života, dobrom zdravlju, društvenoj odgovornosti.	Their goal is the integration of sports and education of young athletes in the Olympic values, healthy lifestyle, good health, social responsibility.	1.1549
OIM nisu mini olimpijske igre, one su sportsko-kulturni i obrazovni događaj koji ima svoj lični identitet, pa čak i u takmičarskom programu.	The YOG are not mini Olympics, they are sports, cultural and educational event that has its own identity, even in competition.	1.07052
Odstupaju od velikih igara jer je MOK težio da sačuva mlade sportste od medija, da ih uključi u jednu od 75 radionica, da im se približi kroz njihov svet (preko Twitter-a, Facebook-a, Youtube-a), kao i kroz CUBE (cid: ~~~ mikro sajt.	They differ from the OG because the IOC tried to keep the young athletes away from the media, to include them into one of 75 workshops and to approach them through their world (via Twitter, Facebook, YouTube) and the CUBE IOCS micro site.	0.682578
U tom pravcu je razvijena informatička i praktična platforma i na neki način je obezbeđeno učešće mladih sportista ili novih potrošača.	In this direction, a practical IT platform has been developed and in some way, the participation of young athletes or new consumers has been ensured.	1.38851
Organizacioni komitet je lansirao informatičku platformu Odisej kao sredstvo učenja o sportu, kulturi, olimpijskim vrednostima.	The Organizing Committee has launched the IT platform Odyssey as a means of learning about sports, culture, and the Olympic values.	1.22679
Svi sportisti i službena lica su bili deo razvoja bežične komunikacije, i preko Digital Concierge-a su bili uključeni u informacioni sistem kojim je broadband tehnologijom ostvarena uspešna komunikacija sa OKI, članovima svoje delegacije, ostalim učesnicima, ali i sa roditeljima [20].	All athletes and officials have been part of the development of wireless communications, and were included in the information system via the Digital Concierge, which, using a broadband technology, has achieved a successful communication with OCOG, members of their delegations, other participants, but also with their parents [20].	0.995093
Može se zaključiti da je Singapur lansirao novi organizacioni standard i pristup prema mladim sportistima, ali i prema menadžerima događaja i menadžerima programa unutar NOKa, od kojih se zahtevao inovativni pristup u pripremi i samom učešću delegacije na Igrama.	It can be concluded that Singapore has launched a new organizational standard and approach to young athletes, but also to the event managers and programme managers within the NOC, from whom an innovative approach in preparation and participation of the delegation at the Games was expected.	0.809615
Primer Singapura, i već vidljivi tehnološki standardi za učešće na OI u Londonu, upućuju na zaključak da učešće prevazilazi kapacitete ljudskih resursa i tehnološkog razvoja pojedinih nacionalnih sistema sporta, i da je transfer olimpijskog znanja i tehnologije koji realizuje MOK jedini način da se prevaziđe različitost, smanji gep i uspešno okonča učešće svakog od 205 NOK na OI.	The example of Singapore, and already visible technological standards for participation in the OG in London, suggest the conclusion that participation goes beyond the capacity of human resources and technological development of certain national sports systems, and that the transfer of Olympic knowledge and technologies implemented by the IOC is the only way to overcome differences, reduce the gap and successfully terminate the participation of each of 205 NOCs at the OG.	1.67155
Informacioni sistem Medjunarodne antidoping agencije (WADA) koji uključuje 24-časovnu dostupnost sportista kontroli na doping zahteva izgradnju nacionalne informatičke mreže.	The information system of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which includes the 24-hour availability of athletes to doping control requires building a national information network.	1.04623
Može se zaključiti da su OI postale predvodnik u podsticanju informatič kog razvoja i prihvatanju načela digitalne revolucije u sportskom pokretu. 2.	It can be concluded that the OG have become a leader in promoting IT development and acceptance of the principles of the digital revolution in the sports movement.	0.812717
Me nadž ment pro gra ma za uče šća na OI Kao proces predviđanja, organizovanja, rukovođenja, koordinacije i kontrole, menadžment, bez obzira da li se posmatra kao disciplina, proces, skup podprocesa ili šta već, svoje puno mesto i značaj ima u izgradnji tima za učešće na OI.	2. ~~~ Management of programmes for participation in the OG Whether as a process of forecasting, organizing, managing, coordination or control, and be it understood as a discipline, a process, a set of subprocesses or whatever, management has its own place and full importance in building a team for participation in the OG.	0.390818
Olimpijske igre su mega događaj na kome se mora učestvovati, koji se mora videti, i koji ima višestrani društveno-ekonomski uticaj kako na one koji ga organizuju tako i na one koji se pripremaju da na njemu učestvuju.	The Olympic Games are the mega event Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 which you must take part in, which you must see, and which has a multifacet socio-economic influence both on those who organize it and on those who are preparing to participate in it.	1.01086
Učešće na OI je moguće samo kroz nacionalni olimpijski komitet (NOK).	Participation in the Olympics is only possible through the National Olympic Committee (NOC).	1.47031
Misija NOK u delu učešća ima za cilj formiranje osecaja zajedništva i pripadnosti olimpizmu, ekskluzivnost, uzvišenost i izuzetnost sportista, delegacije i samih Igara.	The mission of NOC in participation is aimed at forming a sense of belonging and togetherness in Olympism, a sense of exclusivity, superiority and excellence of athletes, delegations and the Games themselves.	0.873684
Put do učešća na OI se odvija na tri nivoa, i kroz vetikalnu i horizontalnu organizacionu mrežu.	A path to the participation in the OG goes through three levels and through a vertical and horizontal organizational networks.	0.88549
Na najvišem ili makro nivou, odvija se upravljanje od strane MOKa i OKI.	At the highest or the macro level, IOC and OCOG do the management.	0.904675
Srednji ili mezo nivo čini internacionalna sportska konkurencija unutar koje se vrši selekcija onih koji će učestvovati na igrama.	The middle or meso level comprises international sports competition, within which the selection of those who will participate in the Games is made.	1.17692
Ovim nivoom upravljaju MSF, njihove nacionalne sportske federacije (NSF) i NOK.	This level is managed by the ISF, their national sports federations (NSF) and the NOC.	1.03714
Mikro nivo je ispunjen aktivnostima koje su, u slučaju Olimpijskog komiteta Srbije (OKS), imenovane inovativnom strategiom koja je ispunjena strateškim i operativnim planovima.	The micro level is filled with activities that are, in the case of the National Olympic Committee of Serbia (NOCSrb), named by the innovative strategies filled by strategic and operational plans.	1.4078
Na ovom nivou se realizuju olimpijski programi kroz koje se odvijaju pripreme svih aktera olimpijske delegacije (sportisti, stručna lica, rukovodioci, agencije, sponzori...), gradi tim, menja sistem sporta Srbije.	At this level, the Olympic programmes are realized through which all participants of the Olympic delegation (athletes, professionals, managers, agencies, sponsors...), prepare, the team is built, and the system of sports in Serbia is changed.	0.887179
Olimpijski programi su u jednu ruku nacionalni sistem inovacija, odnosno to je niz mera i aktivnosti koje treba da uvećaju efikasnost procesa priprema za učešće.	The Olympic programmes are somehow a national system of innovation, i.e. a line of measures and activities that should enlarge the efficiency of the preparation process for participation.	1.29832
Aktivnosti se realizuju na nivou operativnih grupa i u skladu sa segmentiranim zadacima (Organigram1).	The activities are realized on the level of operational groups and in line with segmented tasks (Organigramme 1).	0.876667
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 2.1.	2.1.	-0.6
Upra vlja nje pro gra mi ma - ino va tiv ni is ko rak OKS Olimpijski komitet Srbije je procenio da može da se razvija samo ako se prilagođava, uči i menja.	Managing programmes an innovative step forward of the OCS The Olympic Committee of Serbia has estimated that it can develop only if it adapts, learns, and changes.	0.916873
Rukovodstvo OKS iz olimpijskog ciklusa 2004 -2008 se opredelilo za inovacije, ekspertska znanja i njihovo povezivanje sa procesom promene i usavršavanja organizacionih kapaciteta.	The management of the NOCSrb from the Olympic cycle 2004 2008 opted for innovation, expert knowledge, and for linking them with the process of change and development of organizational capacity.	0.788679
OKS je postala organizacija koja uči i koja se menja.	The NOCSrb has become an organization that is learning and changing.	0.487945
U prvom koraku izvršene su promene i adaptacije unutrašnje organizacione strukture i kulture poslovanja, da bi se potom, u drugom koraku, sportisti, treneri i ključni akteri srpskog sporta, društva i privrede povezali oko olimpijske ideje, programa i samog učešća na OI.	In the first step, the changes and adaptations of the internal organizational structure and business culture were made, but then, in the second step, athletes, coaches, and key actors of Serbian sport, society, and economy were united in the Olympic idea, programme, and the participation in the OG.	1.06681
U prvom koraku, OKS je obavio analize pomoću kojih je bolje upoznao sopstvenu organizaciju, odnosno saznao činjenice o sportskom okruženju i svom članstvu (Tabela 1).	In the first step, the NOCSrb has conducted analyses to be better informed about its own organization, i.e. by which it gets the facts about sports environment and its membership (Table 1).	0.967818
Rezultati o okruženju su pokazali da se radi o nekosolidovanom sistemu, sa nejasnim činiocima, ulogama, odgovornostima..., izostanku veza sa naukom, tržištem, tehnologiom, ekonomijom, zakonskom regulativom, državnim telima zaduženim za sport.	The results on the environment have shown that it is an unconsolidated system with ambiguous factors, roles, responsibilities..., the absence of connections with science, market, technology, economics, legislation, government bodies responsible for sport.	0.584868
Svestan svoje misije i ozbiljnosti rezultata ove analize, OKS je ušao narednu, kognitivnu fazu u razvoju u toku koje je došlo do konsolidacije sistema sporta. ~~~ U ovom periodu su definisane uloge svih činilaca sistema sporta, odgovornosti, upravljanja ali i principi rada kojima će se očuvati autonomija i specifičnost sporta [17,19].	Aware of its mission and the seriousness of the results of this analysis, the OCS entered the next, cognitive phase of development during which there has been a consolidation of the sports system, while the roles, responsibilities, principles of management and work that will preserve the autonomy and specificity of sport were defined [17,19].	0.288462
Na Zajedničkog sednici svih aktera sporta Srbije (2006) usvojen je predloženi model nacionalnog sistema sporta sa jasno definisamim mestom, ulogom državnih organa, političkih i privredih struktura iz okruženja sporta (Shema 1) [37].	At the Joint meeting of all the actors of sports of Serbia (2006) a model was proposed that contained the structure of the new system of sports with clearly defined the place, the role of government bodies, political and economy structures of the sports environment (Diagram 1) [37].	1.34743
Epilog ovog perioda razvoja je OKS kao sportska organizacija visokih performansi u sportskoj i poslovnoj funkciji [41, 35].	The epilogue of this period is the development of the NOCSrb as a high-performance sports organization in the sports and business functions [41, 35].	1.19129
Usavršavanje OKS se odvija i danas i ono u poslovnom smislu teče kroz planiranje i najracionalnu cirkulaciju novčanih sredstava i stalnu koordiniciju sa marketingom.	Improvements are under way today, and in the business sense, they go through the planning and the most rational circulation of funds and constant coordination with marketing.	0.653836
Sportska funkcija je izabrala put promena kroz planiranje, uvođene i kontrolu olimpijskih programa.	Sports function made its way to change through planning, introduction, and control of the Olympic programmes.	1.13692
Strateška analiza koja je sačinjena u povodu izrade programa Peking 2008 ukazala je da sam OKS i na njegovo okruženje koje čine NSF (Tabela 1) moraju da se menjaju u pravcu kadrovske, organizacione, sportsko-tehnološle, istraživačko razvojne funkcije [40].	Strategic analysis made on the occasion of making the Beijing 2008 programme, indicated that the NOCSrb itself and its environment, consisting of NSF (Tables 1) must be changed in the direction of personnel, organizational, sports and technological, research and development functions [40].	1.03883
U prvom koraku promene su zacrtane projektom Peking 2008 unutar koga je definisan veći broj subprostora pripreme sportista kao i standardi za učešće delgacije na OI (Shema 2).	In the first step the changes were delineated by the Beijing 2008 project, within which a number of subspaces for athletes training and standards for participation of the delegation at the OG were defined (Diagram 2).	2.41359
Misija ovog Projekta je bila i usavršavanje sistema sporta Srbije, a kao njegov učinak se može smatrati i to da je sistem sporta kao način kontinualnog razvoja prihvatio strategiju promena, inicijativa i inovacija.	The mission of this project was an improvement of the sports system of Serbia, while its effect could be the system of sports, which, as a way of continuous development, accepted the strategy of changes, initiatives, and innovations.	1.07807
Ako radimo i danas kao što smo radili za prošle OI, tada nećemo nigde stići.	If we act today the way we did for the last Olympics, then we will not get anywhere.	1.23302
Ako u svom radu sledimo primere najbolje međunarodne prakse, tada ćemo biti samo učesnici igara, ali ako svaki naš dan ispunimo inicijativama, onda ćemo ostvajati medalje [1] jeste citat koji stoji na prvoj stranici ovog Projekta.	If we follow the examples of the best international practices in our work, then we shall be just the participants in the Games, but if we fill our every day with initiatives, then we shall win medals [1] is a quotation on the first page of this Project.	1.42618
Iskustva iz upravljanja ovim projektom preneta su na projekt OKS za OI u Vankuveru i OIM u Singapuru (2010), kao i projekat Olimpijska Srbija koji se realizuje u povodu učešća na OI u Londonu (2012).	Experiences in managing this project have been transferred to the NOCSrb project for the OG in Vancouver and the YOG in Singapore (2010), as well as for the project The Olympic Serbia which is realized with a view on participation in the OG in London (2012).	1.13679
Nastavak kognitivne faze, sistematizacija većeg broja oblasti i definisanje menadžmenta projektom koji sadrži upravljanje projektom, od celine, po segmentima, u vremenu, kvalitetu, ljudskim resursima, komunikacijama, rizikom (Organigram 1).	The continuance of the cognitive phase is a systematization of a number of areas and defining the management project, which includes project management of the whole, by segments, in time, quality, human resources, communications, and risk (Organigramme 1).	1.12344
Zajednička je i usmerenost prema menadžmentu životnog, sportskog i profesionalnog ciklusa sportiste koji se takođe odvija kao inovaciona strategija kojom se sportista i njegov talenat razvijaju kroz human, efikasan i kompetentan sistem sporta.	These also have in common the orientation towards the management of life, sports, and professional cycle of an Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 athlete, which also takes place as the innovation strategy by which an athlete and his/her talents are developed through humane, efficient, and competent system of sports.	0.809314
Novi vrednosni okvir koji je sačinjen za učešće na OIM pokrenuo je homogenizaciju uzrasta sportiste, njegovog okruženja (porodica, škola, sportski klub) sa sistemom sporta i učešćem na OI.	A new value framework developed for the participation in the YOG launched a homogenization of the athletes age, their environment (family, school, sports club) with a system of sport and participation in the OG.	0.906655
Šema 1.	Diagram 1.	1.225
Analitički model strukture sistema sporta [18] Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Može se zaključiti da se OKS, kako u poslovnoj, tako i u sportskoj funkciji opredelio za afirmaciju olimpijskih vrednosti i širenje vrednosnog okvira u skladu sa potrebama sporta i društva Srbije.	Analytical model of the structure of Serbian sports system [18] It can be concluded that the NOCSrb, both in business and in sports functions, decided on the promotion of Olympic values and the expansion of the value framework in line with the needs of sport and the society in Serbia.	1.17633
Afirmacijom nacionalnih simbola, maskote, logo, pisma... ~~~ OKS prilaže identitet Srbije kulturnoj različitosti i jednom od tri stuba olimpizma (same OI i održivi razvoj su druga dva).	By promoting national symbols, mascots, logos, letters... the NOCSrb is adding the identity of Serbia to cultural diversity and to one of the three pillars of the Olympism (the OG and sustainable development are the other two).	0.242923
Upravljanje znanjima, stvaranje znanja, razmena znanja i njihovo korišćenje u pravcu postizanja organizacionih ciljeva su okosnica upravljanja promenama [25].	Knowledge management, knowledge creation, knowledge sharing, and their use towards achieving organizational goals are the backbone of management of changes [25].	1.04789
U organizacionom smislu, eksplicitnim znanjima u prostoru promene samog sistema sporta Srbije, kao i tehnološkim i implicitnim znanjima menadžmenta specijalnog događaja upravlja Direkcija za sport, šef misije i komisije OKS.	In organizational terms, the Directorate of Sports, Chief of Mission, and the NOCSrb Commission manage the explicit knowledge in the area of changing the sport system of Serbia, as well as technological and implicit knowledge of management of special events.	0.947419
Složena tehnologija učešća u specijalnom događaju i istovremena realizacija olimpijskih programa opredelili su da se strategija razvoja OKS odvija oko eksperata koji odgovaraju taksonomiji sledećih znanja - veština [34]: ~~~ Tehničke veštine know-how, koje se odnose na metode, procese, procedure, tehnike priprema i izgrad nje programa i učešća na OI.	The complex technology of participation in special events and simultaneous implementation of the Olympic programme, determined that the strategy of development of the NOCSrb should revolve around experts that possess the following knowledge skills [34]: Technical skills know-how that is related to methods, processes, procedures, techniques of preparation and construction of programmes and participation in the OG.	0.549524
Socijalne veštine, koje podrazumevaju odnose sa ljudima, stavove, motive, ali i sposobnosti u oralnoj i pi sanoj komunikaciju, podsticanje timske saradnje.	Social skills, which include relationships with people, attitudes, motives, and skills in oral and written communication, encouraging teamwork cooperation.	0.59781
Konceptulane veštine, koje opisuju opštu analitičku sposobnost, logičko mišljenje, deduktivno i indiktivno rezonovanje, zaključivanje, sposobnost za rešavanje problema, kreativnost, anticipaciju, vizionarsko i strateško razmišljanje.	Conceptual skills, which describe a general analytical ability, logical thinking, deductive reasoning and indicative reasoning, problem-solving ability, creativity, anticipation, visionary and strategic thinking.	0.50445
Za postojeće odnose u sistemu sporta Srbije kao esencijalne mogu se smatrati i veštine kojima se političke strukture lobiraju za potrebe sporta.	For the existing relations in the sport system of Serbia, the skills with which the political structures are lobbied for the needs of sport can be considered as essential.	1.04245
Programi OKS su tehnološka inovacija izgradnje i učešća delegacije na OI.	The NOCSrb programmes present a technological innovation for the building and participation of the delegation at the OG.	0.891176
Inovacije u delu proizvoda (rezultat, tim, učešće, kompetentna sportska organizacija) i procesa (primena novih tehnologija) čine vrednost per se do koje OKS stiže: (1) stavovima o potrebi kontinualnih promena; (2) kompetentnim rukovođenjem izgradnjom tima za učešće; (3) poštovanjem principa nauke, najbolje prakse i saradnje sa ekspertima; (4) kreiranjem uslova za nasleđe svakog olimpijskog ciklusa; (5) upravljanjem promenama i kontinuiranim adaptacijama sa ciljem razvoja performansi OKS i sistema sporta Srbije [36].	The innovation of a product (result, team participation, competent sports organization) and processes (the implementation of new technologies) are the value per se which is reached by NOCSrb through: (1) attitudes about the need for continuous change; (2) competent management of building a team to participate; (3) respect for the principles of science, best practices and collaboration with experts; (4) creating conditions for the legacy of each Olympic cycle; (5) change management and continuous adjustments in order to develop the NOCSrb performance and the sport system of Serbia [36].	1.20307
3.	3.	1.8
Ži vot ni ci klus (olim pi ja da) pro gra ma Karakteristika programa OKS za učešće na OI je planiranje kojim su postavljeni jasni, razumljivi, merljivi ciljevi, izabran pravac delovanja i način ostvarenja postavljenog cilja.	Life cycle (the Olympics) of the programme The characteristics of the NOCSrb programme for participation in the OG is planning by which clear, understandable, measurable goals are set and the course of action and the way of achieving the set goal are selected.	0.587401
Kao i kod drugih olimpijskih organizacija, tako je i programska orijentacija OKS praćena rizikom i nesigurnošcu, jer se odluke za dogadaj koji ce se odigrati u buducnosti donose na osnovu danas raspoloživih podataka.	Like other Olympic organizations, the programme orientation of the NOCSrb is accompanied Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 with risk and uncertainty, because the decisions for the event which will take place in the future are made based on currently available data.	0.817115
Drugim rečima, većina odluka se donose u odnosu na trenutno stanje rezultata sportiste o kome se malo zna [29].	In other words, most decisions are made in relation to the current state of results of an athlete that is little known about [29].	1.0125
S tim u vezi, višegodišnji plan koji OKS realizuje na putu izgradnje tima i učešće na OI može se opisati kao poslovna inovativnost koja je usmerena i na performanse sportista, ali i NSF i klubova u kojima treniraju olimpijci Srbije.	In relation to this, the multi-year plan realized by the NOCSrb during team building and participation phases in the OG can be described as a business innovation directed towards the performance of athletes, but also towards the NSF and clubs in which the Olympic athletes of Serbia train.	0.967207
Dakle, programi za učešće na OI su višegodišnji projekat, horizontalno i vertikalno uspostavljeni.	Therefore, programmes for participation in the OG mean a multi-year project, established both horizontally and vertically.	0.462112
Učešće u programima potencira veštine kojima se budući ishod (rezultat) povezuje znanjima, planom, organizaciom, usmeravanjem, kontrolom, budžetiranjem, rukovođenjem i evaluaciom [12,4,1,6].	The participation in the programme emphasizes the skills by which a future outcome (result) is linked to plan, knowledge, organizations, directing, controlling, budgeting, management and evaluation [12,4,1,6].	0.835342
Aktivnosti koje se realizuju su određene od strane OKI, MOKa, MSF, ali pre svega specifičnostima sporta Srbije i vrednosnim okvirom za date igre i program (Tabela 2).	Activities to be realized are defined by OCOG, IOC, ISF, but primarily by the specificic features of sport of Serbia and value framework for the given game (Table 2).	0.612795
Nakon sačinjavanja programa, sledi njihovo segmentiranje koje vodi do operativnih grupa i zadataka, prema postojećim rezultatima sportista (kategorizacija), sistemu kvalifikacija, trenažnim objektima, tehnologiji treninga, socijalnoj brizi sportsko-medicinskoj zaštiti i anti-doping preventivi, programskoj efikasnosti OKS i NSF, sponzorima, medijima, finansijama (Shema 3) [37].	Drawing up the programmes is followed by their segmentation, leading to operational groups and tasks, the existing results of athletes (classification), the system of qualifications, training facilities, training technology, social care, sports medicine care and anti-doping prevention, programme efficiency of NOCSrb and NSF, sponsors, media, finance (Diagram 3) [37].	0.908342
Razvrstavanje u manje operativne jedinice kojima je moguće upravljati (Organigram 1) ima za cilj efikasnost kontrole ovog procesa i njegovu standardizaciju prema pravilima i mnogobrojnim uputstvima OKI i MOKa.	The classification into smaller operating units that can be adequatley managed (Organigramme 1) aims to control the efficiency of this process and its standardization according to the rules and numerous guidelines of OCOG and IOC.	0.777049
Operativnim delom su naznačeni rokovi koji čine kalendar unutar koga se proces odvija kroz etape i periode koji pokrivaju ceo životni ciklus olimpijskiih programa uključujući učešće na igrama (Šema 3).	The operations part specifies the deadlines, and comprises a calendar with stages and periods that cover the entire life cycle of the Olympic programmes including participation in the games (Diagram 3).	1.15536
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Tabela 1.	Table 1.	0.275
Primer ključnih aktivnosti OKS za pripreme programa i učešće na OI [38] Aktivnost Planiranje Implementacija Evaluacija Koorporativno rukovo(cid:		-0.3
Upravljanje Admin. programa Komercijalne mogu(cid: ~~~ Finansije Inform. tehnologija Sportska medicina Karijera sportiste Obraz. sportista Sportska medicina Životno osiguranje Stipendije Identifikacija talenata Sport u klubovima Treneri, razvoj i organizovanje Aktivnost Kontrolna, test i kvalfikaciona takmi(cid: ~~~ Marketing i sponzorski pul Komunikacija Mediji i PR Oprema, potrošni materijal za trening Tehnologija vrhunskog sporta Olimpijski tim Trenažni centri Sportske nauke Razvoj admin. ~~~ NSF Juniorski sport Sport invalida Veterani Žena i sport Anti-doping Nova organizaciona struktura Menadžment volontera Država kao partner *(1) visok, (2) srednji, (3) nizak rang prioriteta Tabela 2. ~~~ Vrednosti OKS za olimpijske programe London 2012 [21,22].	An example of key activities of the NOCSrb for preparation of the programme and participation at the OG [38] Activities Planning Implementation Evaluation Corporate management Management Programme administration Commercial possibilities Finances Inform. technology Sports medicine Career of an athlete Education of athletes Sports medicine Life insurance Sponsorship Identification of the talented Sport in clubs Coaches, development and organization Activities Control, test and qualification competition Marketing and sponsorship pool Communication Media and PR Equipment, training material Elite sports technology Olympic team Training centres Sports sciences Development of NSF administration Junior sport Sport of the disabled Veterans Woman and sport Anti-doping New organizational structure Management of volunteers State as a partner Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Table 2.	-0.0948144
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Višegodišnji proces izgradnje tima OSK za učešće na OI moguće je predstaviti kao životni ciklus i opisati kroz analogiju sa periodima iz razvoja čoveka.	NOCSrb values for London Olympic Games programme Multi-year process of building the NOCSrb team for participation in the OG can be presented as a life cycle and described using an analogy with periods of human development.	0.931576
Prelazak iz prethodne u narednu fazu dešava se kao efekat kontinurane saradnje sa prvim i drugim krugom upravljanja učešćem (MOK; OKI; MSF) (Shema 1), a isti je i rezultat promena koje se dešavaju u domenu kulture, procesne i strukturalne efikasnosti Misije koju OKS formira za učešće na OI.	The transition from the previous to the next phase occurs as the effect of continuous cooperation with the first and second round of management participation (IOC, OCOG-OKI, ISF) (Diagram 1), and the same is the result of changes occurring in the field of culture, process and structural efficiency of the Mission formed by NOCSrb for participation in the Olympics.	1.2756
Slikovito do pune formalizacije organizacione efikasnosti (učešće na igrama) prethode 3 perioda, odnosno nakon igara i pune zrelosti Misije, odvija se poslednji, peti ciklus za date igre, koji je ujedno i začetak ili prvi period za naredne OI.	The last, fifth cycle of the said Games, which is also the beginning or the first period for the next OG, is preceded by three periods, i.e. takes place after the OG and the full maturity of the Mission.	0.757136
I period: ~~~ Začetak tima se u slučaju Igara u Londonu desio u periodu održavanja igara u Pekingu. «Od talenta u Pekingu do medalje u Londonu» je slogan koji, ne samo semantički, već i programski, povezuje olimpijsku delegaciju Srbije na OI u Pekingu i Londonu.	1st period: The start of the team: in the case of the London OG, it took place in London during the Beijing OG. ~~~ From a talent in Beijing to a medal in London is a slogan that connects the Serbian delegations at the Olympic Games in Beijing and London both semantically and in the programme.	0.145756
Začetak sadrži definisanje prioriteta (Tabela 1), integraciju poslovne i stručne politike, definisanje i prihvatanje vrednosnog okvira i korporativnih ciljeva.	The start contains the definition of priorities (Table 1), the integration of business and professional policies, defining and accepting the value framework and corporate objectives.	1.02103
Tako je, na primeru učešća na Prvim olimijskim igrama mladih vrednosni okvir bio postavljen u odnosu na veći broj preferenci koje su odabrane u skladu sa uzrastom sportista i programom koga je za ove igre realizovao OKS [20].	Thus, in the example of participation in the First Youth Olympic Games, the value framework was set in relation to a number of preferences selected in accordance with the athletes age and the programme realized by the NOCSrb for these games [20].	1.35672
Programske aktivnosti se planiraju za celi život trajanja programa i predstavljaju se mapom puta (Shema 2).	Programme activities are planned for the entire lifecycle of the programme and are presented by the roadmap (Diagram 3).	0.624218
Šema 2.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Diagram 2.	-0.6
Primer mape puta do učešća na Igrama u Pekingu [39].	An example of the road map until the participation at the Beijing OG [39].	0.74971
II period: «Rođenje» je period koji objedinjuje izbor Šefa misije, Šefa medicinskog tima, tima eksperata, partnerskih institucija, sponzorskog pula...	2nd period: The Birth is a period that encompasses the choice of the Chief of Mission (Cd(cid:0)), the Head of the medical team, a team of experts, partner institutions, sponsorship pool...	0.852174
Ovaj period je ispunjen profesionalnom refleksiom iz različitih prostora prakse (sporta, sportske medicine, upravljanja, anti-dopinga, menadžmenta OI, marketinga...) i projektnim upravljanjem.	This period is filled with professional reflexion from different practice areas (sports, sports medicine, management, anti-doping, OG management, marketing...) and project management.	1.0961
Veliki broj analiza prakse se obavlja u ovom periodu.	A large number of practice analyses are conducted in this period.	1.43478
Analiza strukture i analiza odnosa dovodi do novih i kvalitetnih uslova za realizaciju vizije i korporativno upravljanje do cilja. [9].	The analysis of the structure and the analysis of the relationships lead to new and quality requirements for the realization of the vision and corporate management to the goal [9].	1.0674
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Organigram 1.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Organigramme 1.	1.37727
Struktura aktivnosti u rukovođenju Delegacijom i programima za učešće na OI u Londonu 2012[39].		-0.3
Informaciona tehnologija Finansijski plan Integracija Tima kroz olimpijske programe Dnevna administracija OI Pravna pitanja i Kod OKS Program Olimpijska Srbija Kancelarija OKS NSF Kvalifikacije i olimpijski programi Pravila MSF; norme i kvote Stru(cid:		-0.3
tim u okruženju sportiste (pojedinca i tima) Kontinuirane analize i evaluacije Plan puta i u(cid:		-0.3
sportista i službenih lica Nasle(cid:		-0.3
olimpijskog ciklusa London 2012 Mediji Imidž Tima i njegovih (cid: ~~~ Li(cid:	Structure of the Missions activities for participation at the London OG.	0.262558
i sponzori NSF vs sponzori OKS i MOKa Simboli(cid: ~~~ i strukturna integracija Izgradnja Olimpijske delegacije Delegacija OKS London 2012 Anti-doping (Direkcija za sport) Anti-doping kod MOK i OKS, Test grupa OKS Koordinacija OKS - ADAS NSF WADA MSF- sportista Preventiva i AD strategija Seminari za medicinski tim, trenere, sportiste ADAMS, TUE, boravište Mediji, internet, socijalne mreže, dijaspora, crkva Oprema, obu(cid: ~~~ i ode(cid: ~~~ Pravila MOK Prevoz (cid:		-0.3
delegacije Sponzori OKS; oprema Predsedništvo i komisije OKS Kvalifikacije, prijave, programi i u(cid: ~~~ na Igrama Rukovodstvo OKS Šef misije Mediji i promocija Mediji deo olimpijske delegacije Akreditacija i rad novinara (pisani, elektronski, fotoreporteri, E-novinarsto) Mediji, dijaspora Imidž olimpijskog tima, promo izdanja, memorabilije Serijalni i olimpijski dodaci Nasle(cid: ~~~ olimpijskog ciklusa London 2012 Olimpijski medicinski tim Zdravstveno i životno osiguranje Lekovi i suplementacija Med. oprema, zdravstveni kartoni, terapija Preventiva i sportsko-med. pregledi sportista Medicinska pitanja (Misija, Direkcija za sport i Zdrav. komisija) Misija OKS London 2012, LOCOG, MOK, MSF Kvalifikacije, norme, kvote, realokacije Smeštaj, transport, oprema, grant, volonteri, ceremonije, uvoz, bezbednost, izvoz Plan treninga, tehni(cid: ~~~ sastanci i pravila MSF Misija OKS u Londonu, oprema, IT podrška Predsednik, generalni sekretar, zvani(cid: ~~~ SRB, gosti OKS Koordinacija sa Republi(cid: ~~~ zavodom za sport, ADASom, Centrom za supl. i sportsku ishranu Olimpijske stipendije Koordinacija sa NSF Olimpijski programi Pra(cid: ~~~ i analiza rezultata Programa Operativno planiranje, programi, administracija OI Direkcija za sport Država - SRB Podrška programima i OI Sve(cid: ~~~ (ispra(cid: ~~~ i do(cid: ~~~ tima, zastava, ceremonije, zvanice, diplomatija) Prijave i boravak državnih zvani(cid: ~~~ na OI Diplomtija SRB i OI Bezbedonosna pitanja i izazovi U n u t a r O l i m p i j s k o g k o m i t e t a S r b i j e e j i b r S a t a t i m o k g o k s j i p m i l O n a V Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 III period: ~~~ Detinjstvo i Adolescencija traje do odlaska na Igre.	Media, Internet, social networks, diaspora, church equipment, footware and clothes, MOC regulations Transport of members of delegation OKS sponsors; equipment OCS presidency and committees qualifications, applications, programmes and perticipation in the Games OKS Board of Directors Chief of Mission Media and promotion Media part of Olympic delegation Press accreditation and work (written, electronic, photographers, E journalism) Media, diaspora Olympic team image, promotional editions, memorabilia Serial and Olympic annexes London 2012 Olympic cycle heritage Olympic medical team Health and life insurance Medicaments and supplements Medical equipment, medical records, therapy Prevention and sports and medical examinations od sportspeople Medical issues (Mission, Directorate of sports, Health committee) OCS London 2012 Mission LOCOG, IOC, MSF Qualifications, norms, quotas, reallocations Accomodation, transport, equipment, grant, volunteers, ceremonies, imports, safety, exports Training plan, technical meetings and ISF regulations OCS mission in London, equipment, IT support President, secretary general, SRB officials, OCS guests Information technologies Financial plan Team integration via Olympic programmes OI daily administration Legal issues and OCS code The Olympic Serbia programme OCS office NSF Qualifications and olympic programmes ISF regulations, norms and quotas Expert team around sportsman (individual and team) Continual analyses and evaluations Mission schedule and participation of sportsmen and officials London 2012 Olympic cycle heritage Media Image of Team and its members Personal and NSF sponsors vs sOCS and MOC sponsors Symbolic and structural integration Olympic delegation building OCS London 2012 delegation Anti-doping (Directorate for sports) IOK and OCS anti-doping code, OCS Test group OCS - ADAS NSF WADA ISF- sportsman coordination Prevention and AD strategy Seminars for medical team, coaches, sportsmen ADAMS, TUE, whereabouts Coordination with the Republic Sports Institute, ADAS, Supplement and sports diet centre Olympic scholarships Coordination with NSF Olympic programmes Programme results monitoring and analysis Operations planning, programmes, OI administration Directorate for sports State - SRB Support to OI programmes Celebrations (team send-off and reception, flag, ceremonies, invited guests, diplomacy) Applications and stay of state officials at OI SRB and OI diplomacy Safety issues and challenges W i i t h n t h e O l y m p c C o m i i t t e e o f S e r b a i i a b r e S f o e e t t i i m m o C c p m y l P e h t e d s t u O i 3rd period: Childhood and Adolescence lasts until the departure to the Games.	-0.268975
Rukovodstvo se organizaciono usavršava u zemlji.	The management is making organizational improvements in the country.	0.621905
Ono je proaktivno prema aktivnosti OKI.	It is proactive towards the activities by OCOG.	1.10571
Kvalifikacije sportista se najintenzivnije odvijaju u ovom periodu i u skladu sa pravilima MSF.	Qualifications of athletes are most intense in this period and in line with the ISF regulations.	1.09634
Programi OKS se odvijaju u odnosu na usvojene ciljeve (Shema 2 i 3,).	The NOCSrb programmes are taking place in relation to adopted objectives (Diagrams 2,3).	0.41601
Zdravstveni menadžment se realizuje od analize sportova i disciplina u kojima će se takmičiti, preventive i medicinske istorije samog sportiste.	Health management is realized on the basis of the analysis of sports and disciplines in which competitions will take place, as well as preventive and medical history of the athlete.	1.10133
U ovom periodu se obavljaju obavezni pregledi sportista i njima je od 2008. godine obuhvaćeno 410 sportista (seniora i juniora).	The required examination of athletes is done in this period and, in the period since 2008, 410 athletes (seniors and juniors) have been included.	1.12471
Pregledi su jedinstven poduhvat OKS i Republičkog zavoda za sport kojim je obavljen skrining u funkciji prevencije iznenadne srčane smrti, a koja nije retka pojava u sportu [33].	Examination is a unique achievement of the NOCSrb and the Republic Institute for Sport and is performed as a function of prevention of sudden cardiac death, which is not rare in sports [33].	0.704053
IV period: ~~~ Zrelo doba (aktivnosti na Igrama) se može meriti učinjenim, kako u veličini delegacije, ostvarenim rezultatima, zdravstvenim stanjem sportista, ali i samom efikasnošću delegacije.	4th period: Adulthood (activities in the OG) can be measured by what is accomplished, both in the size of the delegation, the results achieved, the health status of athletes, and in the efficiency of the delegation.	0.306466
Za vreme trajanja Igara, šef Misije i njegov tim su odgovorni za olimpijsku delegaciju, za dobrobit sportista i službenih lica, za donošenje odluka i rukovođenje.	During the Games, the Head of Mission and his team are responsible for the Olympic delegation, for the welfare of athletes and officials, for decision-making and for leadership.	0.744755
Složeno i dinamično okruženje ispunjava dnevne aktivnosti kojima se obezbeđuje operativna podrška sportistima, administracija igara, medicina, mediji, IT, bezbednost, grupna pripadnost, učešće na ceremonijama (otvaranje i zatvaranja igara) [7].	The complex and dynamic environment meets the daily activities that provide operational support to the athletes, games administration, medicine, media, IT, security, belonging to the group, participation in ceremonies (opening and closing ceremonies) [7].	1.19731
Efikasnost upravljanja resursima u funkciji optimalnog učešća na igrama ocenjuje se na dnevnom nivou.	The efficiency of resource management in the function of optimal participation in the Games is evaluated on a daily basis.	1.26087
V period: ~~~ Starost (okončanje Igara, izveštaji i evaluacija), i Nasleđe (ostavština Igara) čine periode u upravljanju koji su najčešće oslonjeni izradu različitih formi izveštaja, zapisa kojima se stvara realna slika učinka, ali i kreiraju pretpostavke daljeg razvoja i usavršavanja.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 5th period: Old Age (the end of the Games, reports and evaluations), and Legacy (the legacy of the Games) are periods in management often supported by the development of different forms of reports, written forms with realistic picture of performance, but also in which conditions for further development and improvement are created.	0.310669
Analiza slučaja (AS) i refleksija su metode kojima se prate efekti i fenomeni u njihovom realnom kontekstu.	The case study (CS) and reflection are the methods used to monitor the effects and phenomena in their real context.	0.953763
Intrizničnom stranom AS se dolazi do značenja pojedinih primera prakse.	The inner side of the CS is used to get the meaning of certain best practices.	0.840767
Deskriptivnom stranom AS se opisuju i objašnjavaju fenomeni, dok se instrumentalizovana strana AS koristi sa ciljem analize odnosa [13, 12].	Descriptive side of the CS is used to describe and explain phenomena, whereas the instrumental side of the CS is used to analyze the relationships [13, 12].	0.851916
Tako je analiza učešča na OI u Pekingu dovela je do zaključka da Projekat nije imao kapacitet da utiče na sve činioce koji opredeljuju kvalitet takmičarskog rezultata, a pre svih na: voljnu i psihološku pripremu sportista oslonjenost na sportske nauke i sportsku medicinu upravljanje sportskom formom konflikte u NSF i među sportistima trenažnu, zdravstvenu i anti-doping dokumentaciju i protokole metode za brzu, efikasnu procenu trenažnog stanja stanje u sportskim klubovima kompetentnost trenera i menadžera za vrhunski sportski rezultat pravovremeno i celovito finansiranje svih programa Šema 3.	Thus, the analysis of participation in the Beijing OG has led to the conclusion that the Project did not have a capacity of influencing all the factors that determine the quality of competition results, above all: voluntary and psychological preparation of athletes; reliance on sports science and sports medicine, managing sports fitness; conflicts in the NSF and among athletes training, health and anti-doping protocols and documentation; methods for rapid, efficient assessment of training condition; conditions in sports clubs; competence of coaches and managers for the elite sports results; the timely and full funding of all programmes.	1.14957
Struktura olimpijskih programa OKS [39, 1] Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Zaključak 1.	Diagram 3. ~~~ Contents of the NOCSrb Olympic programmes [39, 1] Conslusion 1.	0.550909
Olimpizam je jedinstven pokret koji povezuje ljude, kulture i zemlje sveta, promoviše mir, gradi dobru volju i kooperaciju.	Olympism is a unique movement that connects people, cultures and countries, promotes peace, and builds goodwill and cooperation.	1.07836
Olimpijske igre su manifesti oblik olimpizma i mega sportski događaj u kome učestvuju najbolji sportisti sveta.	The Olympic Games are both a form in which Olympism is manifested and a mega sporting event involving the best athletes of the world.	1.6754
One promovišu mir i sistem vrednosti koje neguju sva društva.	They promote peace and a value system cherished by all societies.	1.11273
Menadžment događaja - igara realizuju visoko profilisani kadrovi uz visoke organizacione standarde.	High-profile staff with high organizational standards realizes the event management the OG.	0.493732
Da bi učestvovao, NOK realizuje višegodišnje programe koji predstavljaju jedinstvo procesa, kompetentnih kadrova i sistema upravljanja. 2.	In order to participate, the NOC realizes multi-year programmes that represent the unity of the process, competent staff, and management system. ~~~ 2.	0.165467
Igre su originalan, kreativan, i višestrano razvojni događaj.	The Games are genuine, creative, and multiple developmental event.	0.622807
One su sinonim progresa, stremljenje, vizija, deo imidža kojim se gradi lični i nacionani identitet.	They are a synonym for progress, aspirations, visions, a part of the image by which a national and personal identity is built.	0.992697
Učešće na OI je više od sporta, sportskog događaja i pobede jer su one mega događaj koji izlazi i stereotipa drugih velikih sportskih takmičenja.	Participation in the OG is more than just a sporting event and victory, because the Games are a mega event that overpasses stereotypes and other major sporting events.	1.23462
Na OI se stiče jedinstveno i neponovljivo iskustvo.	A unique and unrepeatable experience is achieved during the Games.	0.221739
Učešće na Igrama je proces koji se planira i realizuje kroz veći broji organizacionih nivoa i unutar struktuiranih faza upravljanja promenama. 3.	Participation in the Games is a process that is planned and implemented through a number of organizational levels and within structured phases of change management.	0.924267
	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 3.	-0.3
Olimpijski komitet Srbije realizuje višegodišnje olimpijske programe za učešće na Igrama.	The Olympic Committee of Serbia conducts multi year Olympic programmes for participation in the Games.	1.03588
Ovim programima se usavšava sportska i poslovna funkcija same sportske organizacije.	Sports and business functions of the sports organization are improved by these programmes.	0.538158
Oni su inovacija u delu proizvoda (rezultat, tim, učešće, kompetentna sportska organizacija) i procesa (primena novih tehnologija).	They are an innovation in the part of the outcome (result, team, participation, and competent sports organization) and processes (the implementation of new technologies).	1.22689
Cilj ovih programa su nove - olimpijske vrednosti. 4.	The goals of these programs are new Olympic values. ~~~ 4.	0.443478
Upravljanje procesima koji vode do učešća na OI su zasnovani na menažmentu projekta koga opisuju: · Analiza stanja same organizacije i članica, rezultata sportiste, talenta i puteva njegovog razvoja, resursa, procesa izgradnje vrhunskog rezultata, mere zaštite i rizika ...do tehnoloških standarda OKI. · Finansiranje u skladu sa programom.	Management processes that lead to the participation in the Olympic Games are based on the management of the project described by: Condition analysis of the organization and members, results of athletes, talents and ways of their development, resources, the process of achieving top results, preventive measures and risk… up to OCOG technology standards; Funding in accordance with the program.	1.12249
Finansijski plan celine programa, pojedinca i tima ima podršku od strane sponzora, Države i MOK. · Upravljanje znanjima (sportske nauke, sportska medicina, IT), analiza performansi i komparativne analize (benčmarking) i refleksije. · Inovacije i projektno upravljanje koji dovode do kvaliteta koga opisuju kompetentnost i konkurentnost delegacije (pojedinaca, timova, procesa, rezultata) na svim nivooima pripreme i samom učešću na OI.	The financial plan of the whole program, the individual and the team is supported by the sponsors, the State and the IO; Knowledge management (sports science, sports medicine, IT), performance analysis and comparative analysis (benchmarking) and reflections; Innovation and project management that lead to quality described by competence and competitiveness of the delegation (individuals, teams, processes, outputs) on all the levels of preparation and participation in the Olympic Games.	1.07202
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The Olympic Games Explained.	The Olympic Games Explained.	2.7
A student guide to the evolution of the Modern Olympic Games.	A student guide to the evolution of the Modern Olympic Games.	2.8
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In For Humanism of Sport Ed of.	In For Humanism of Sport Ed of.	2.55
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Izazovi Novog olimpijskog ciklusa.	Izazovi Novog olimpijskog ciklusa.	2.1
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Sistem sporta, sportski stručnjaci i bolonjski proces.	Sistem sporta, sportski stručnjaci i bolonjski proces.	1.05
Projekat MOS i FSFV, str. 7-31.	Projekat MOS i FSFV, str. ~~~ 7-31.	0.738889
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Društvo i dečiji sport.	Društvo i dečiji sport.	2.1
U Jevtić, Radojević, Juhas, Roper (Ed) Dečiji sport od prakse do akademske oblasti.	U Jevtić, Radojević, Juhas, Roper (Ed) Dečiji sport od prakse do akademske oblasti.	2.01429
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Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja, str. 31-43, Beograd. [20] Jevtić, B. (2011b) The Path of True Values.	31-43, Beograd. [20] ~~~ Jevtić, B. (2011b) The Path of True Values.	1.10833
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XVII : II 82-87 [21] Jevtić, B. (2011) Refleksija menadžmenta olimpijskih programa na sistem sporta Srbije.	XVII : II 82-87 [21] Jevtić, B. (2011) ~~~ Refleksija menadžmenta olimpijskih programa na sistem sporta Srbije.	0.884848
SportLogia 7 (2) 129-140, doi 105550 / sgia110702se129J [22] Jevtić, B. (2011) Žena u programima OKS iskustva prethodnog i stategija olimpijskog ciklusa 2008 2012.	SportLogia 7 (2) 129-140, doi 105550 / sgia110702se129J Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 [22] Jevtić, B. (2011) ~~~ Žena u programima OKS iskustva prethodnog i stategija olimpijskog ciklusa 2008 2012.	0.832753
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Do we need an Economic impact study or a Cost-Benefit-Analysis of a Sport Event?	Do we need an Economic impact study or a Cost-Benefit-Analysis of a Sport Event?	2.9
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Olympic Games: a microcosmos of human society.	Olympic Games: a microcosmos of human society.	2.925
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Ljudski resursi u funkciji unapređivanja kreativnosti organiza cionih inovacija.	Ljudski resursi u funkciji unapređivanja kreativnosti organizacionih inovacija.	1.96667
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Strateški menadžment sportskih događaja.	Strateški menadžment sportskih događaja.	2.1
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Olympic and Expos in the Growth of Global Culture.	Mega-Events and Modernity : Olympic and Expos in the Growth of Global Culture.	2.83256
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Sport management in the Netherlands.	Sport management in the Netherlands.	2.8
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May the Olympic Games succeed by improving their economic legacy.	May the Olympic Games succeed by improving their economic legacy.	2.75455
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Make the Olympic Games stronger and more welcome.	Make the Olympic Games stronger and more welcome.	2.96667
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Organizacija specijalnih događaja.	Organizacija specijalnih događaja.	1.05
Skripta, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, Beo grad. [33] Vasić, G. Jevtić, B., Mitrovic, N., Radovanović, D. (2011).	Skripta, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, Beograd. [33] ~~~ Vasić, G. Jevtić, B., Mitrovic, N., Radovanović, D. (2011).	1.21909
Prve olimpijske igre mladih filosofija OKS u izgradnji tima i upravljanje zdravstvenom zaštitom.	Prve olimpijske igre mladih filosofija OKS u izgradnji tima i upravljanje zdravstvenom zaštitom.	1.58571
Sportska medicina, www. smas.org/casopis/sportska-medicina-2011 [34] Zeigler, E.F. (1987).	Sportska medicina, www. smas.org/casopis/sportska-medicina-2011 [34] Zeigler, E.F. (1987).	2.96667
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DM Graphic Communication.	DM Graphic Communication.	2.55
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Informacioni sistem Olimpijskog komiteta Srbije.	Informacioni sistem Olimpijskog komiteta Srbije.	1.3
Dokument OKS. [37] Jevtić, B. (2006-a).	Dokument OKS. [37] ~~~ Jevtić, B. (2006-a).	1.11667
Sistem sporta Republike Srbije, predlog.	Sistem sporta Republike Srbije, predlog.	0.8
Zajednička sednica činilaca sistema spor ta Srbije.	Zajednička sednica činilaca sistema sporta Srbije.	1.15714
Dokument OKS. [38] Jevtić, B. (2006 -b).	Dokument OKS. [38] ~~~ Jevtić, B. (2006 -b).	1.11667
Projekat OKS Peking 2012.	Projekat OKS Peking 2012.	1.5
Dokument OKS [39] Jevtić, B. (2009).	Dokument OKS [39] Jevtić, B. (2009).	2.44286
Projekat: ~~~ Olimpijska Srbija.	Projekat: Olimpijska Srbija.	0.925
Dokument OKS. [40] Jevtić, B. (2003).	Dokument OKS. [40] ~~~ Jevtić, B. (2003).	1.11618
Sistem plivanja u Republici Srbiji.	Sistem plivanja u Republici Srbiji.	0.8
Dokument PSS. [41] Nacionalna Strategija razvoja sporta u Republici Srbiji (2009 2013), Web adresses: [42] www.gamesmonitor.org.uk [43] www.ioc.org Primljen: ~~~ Novembar 2011.	Dokument PSS. [41] ~~~ Nacionalna Strategija razvoja sporta u Republici Srbiji (2009 2013), www.mos.gov.rs Web adresses: [42] www.gamesmonitor.org.uk [43] www.ioc.org Receieved: November 2011.	0.587143
Prihvaćen: ~~~ Jun 2012.	Accepted: June 2012.	0.6625
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Branislav Jevtić Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja i Olimpijski komitet Srbije e-mail: branislav.jevtic@dif.bg.ac.rs Dr Branislav Jevtić, redovni professor Fakulteta sporta I fizičkog vaspitanja Univerziteta u Beogradu.	About the Author Branislav Jevtić Faculty of Sport and Physical Education and the Olympic Committee of Serbia e-mail: branislav.jevtic@dif.bg.ac.rs Dr Branislav Jevtic is full professor at the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Belgrade.	1.28724
U isto vreme je i sportski direktor Olimpijskog komiteta i šef misije za sva multisportska takmičenja, uključijući i Olimpijske igre u Londonu 2012.	He is the Sports Director in the Olympic Committee of Serbia and appointed Chief of the Mission of all multi-sport events under the patronage of the NOC of Serbia, including London OG 2012.	0.738168
Oblast naučnog-istraživačkog rada dr Jevtića je povezna sa fiziologijom sporta i vežbanja, teorijom sporta kao i menadžmentom I liderstvom u olimpijskim programima vrhunskog sporta.	The domain of scientific research of Dr Jevtic is the physiology of exercise and sport, theory of sport as well as management and leadership of Olympic - high performance programme.	0.636471
O autoru Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Ksenija Mandić1, Boris Delibašić2 1Crony d.o.o, 2 Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Pri me na mul ti a gent nih si ste ma u upra vlja nju lan cem snab de va nja UDK: ~~~ 005.552.1:004.7 ; 005.57:005.591.6 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.-09. ~~~ Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija U tra di ci o nal nom na či nu po slo va nja pre go va ra nje pod ra zu me va dug pro ces, i to je raz log što se raz vi ja ju ra ču nar ski me to di ko ji ma bi se po mo glo od lu či va nju. ~~~ Po sled njih go di na uči nje ni su ve li ki na po ri u obla sti is tra ži va nja i raz vo ja in te li gen ti nih age na ta i mul ti a gent nih si ste ma za auto ma ti za ci ju pre go va ra nja u upra vlja nju lan cem snab de va nja. ~~~ Glav ni za da tak mul ti a gent nog si ste ma je ste da po ve že po je di nač no raz vi je ne agen te u je din stve ni si stem ko ji omo gu ća va sa rad nju i in ter ak ci ju iz me đu age na ta. ~~~ Na taj na čin do bi ja se efi ka sni ji si stem od lu či va nja u od no su na po je di nač nu pri me nu sva kog po seb nog agen ta. ~~~ Cilj ovog ra da je ste da is tak ne po zi tiv ne efek te do bi je ne uvo đe njem mul ti a gent ne teh no lo gi je u upra vlja njem lan cem snab de va nja. ~~~ Pri me na mul ti a gent nih si ste ma do vo di do zna čaj nih po bolj ša nja u obla sti pro ce sa ko mu ni ka ci je i pre go va ra nja, sma nje nja tro ško va (utro ška vre me na i re sur sa), za do volj stva po tro ša ča, efi ka sno sti lan ca snab de va nja, sma nje nja ljud skog ra da, kon tro le in ven ta ra, vir tu al nog udru ži va nja, itd.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Ksenija Mandić1,Boris Delibašić2 1 Crony d.o.o, 2University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Application of Multi-Agent Systems in Supply Chain Management UDC: 005.552.1:004.7 ; 005.57:005.591.6 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0014 XIII International Symposium SymOrg 2012, 05 - 09 June 2012, Zlatibor, Serbia In traditional business, negotiation is viewed as a long process, which has resulted in the development of computer methods to aid decision making.In recent years great effort has been invested in research and development of intelligent agents and multi-agent systems for automation of negotiation in supply chain management.The main task of multi-agent system is to link independently developed agents in a single system that allows collaboration and interaction between agents.That way you get much more efficient system for decision making in relation to the case of individual use of each of the agents.The aim of this paper is to highlight the positive effects that are achieved by the introduction of multi-agent technology in supply chain management.Application of multi-agent systems results in significant improvements in the field of communication and negotiation processes, costs reductions (expenditure of time and resources), customer satisfaction, supply chain efficiency,reduction of human work, inventory control, virtual poolingetc.	-0.269493
Ključ ne re či: upra vlja nje lan cem snab de va nja, teh no lo gi ja age na ta, me ha ni zam pre go va ra nja, mul ti a gent ni si ste mi, in te li gent ni agen ti. 1.	Keywords: supply chain management, agent technology, the negotiation mechanism, multi-agent systems, intelligent agents. ~~~ 1.	0.0898862
Uvod Ubrzani razvoj proizvoda i dinamično tržište zahtevaju da kompanije rekonstruišu svoje funkcije i položaj u modernoj industriji.	Introduction The rapid development of products and a dynamic market require companies to reconstruct their functions and positions in the modern industry.	1.53365
U takvim okolnostima, kompanije će preduzimati odgovarajuće korake da bi ostale konkurentne na globalnom tržištu.	In such circumstances, the companies will take appropriate actions to remain competitive in the global market.	1.5875
Paralelni inženjering CE predstavlja produktivan način da se preživi na globalnom tržištu; može se sprovoditi istovremenim radom stručnjaka koji imaju različite funkcije u kompaniji da bi se proizveli specifični proizvodi visokog kvaliteta i funkcionalnosti uz minimalni utrošak vremena i resursa (slika 1). ~~~ Sistem upravljanja lancem snabdevanja predstavlja efektivan pristup rešavanju ove složene situacije. ~~~ Kao integrisana mreža dobavljača, fabrika, skladišta, centara za distribuciju i trgovina na malo, sistem upravljanja lancem snabdevanja koordiniše procese u čitavom lancu logistike i time omogućava bržu i fleksibilniju saradnju između kompanija, potrošača i dobavljača.	Concurrent engineering-CE is a productive way to survive in the global marketplace, it can be realized by simultaneous work of experts who have different functions within the company in order to produce specific products of high quality and functionality with minimum spending of time and resources (Figure1).The system of supply chain management is an effective approach to solve this complex situation.As an integrated network of suppliers, factories, warehouses, distribution centers and retail outlets, supply chain management system coordinates the processes in the entire logistics chain for faster and more flexible cooperation between companies, customers and suppliers.	0.161263
Slika 1: ~~~ Asistenti u realizaciji CE (Ito & Salleh, 2000) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Saradnja članova u upravljanju lancem snabdevanja predstavlja kritičnu tačku u primeni efektivnog lanca snabdevanja; ovakva primena nije jednostavna i ne može se izvesti efikasno ako se koriste samo konvencionalni mehanizmi za razmenu informacija.	Figure 1: Assistants for CE realization (Ito & Salleh, 2000) Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 The cooperation of members in the supply chain management is a critical point in the implementation of effective supply chain;such implementation is not simple and cannot be efficiently performed using only conventional mechanisms of information exchange.	0.598137
Stoga se u poslovanju javljaju novi oblici saradnje i organizacije kojima se olakšava zajednički rad dobavljača i potrošača, prevazilazi se tradicionalni tip organizacije sa linearnim lancem snabdevanja i uključuje veliki broj nezavisnih agenata čiji je zadatak virtualno udruživanje i formiranje resursa koji se paralelno koriste (time-sharing resursa).	Hence arise in business the new forms of collaboration and organization to facilitate joint work of suppliers and customers, to exceed the traditional type of organization within the linear supply chain to engage a large number of independent agents whose goal is a virtual association and formation of time-sharing resources.	1.32041
Takvi aranžmani opisani su u adaptivnoj mreži vrednosti (AVN): ~~~ Aranžman u kome kompanije održavaju bliske odnose, rade zajedno kao sistem koji proizvodi kastomizovane proizvode i usluge, postiže kvalitet i na odgovoran i koordinisan način prilagođavaju se promenljivom okruženju (Makatsoris, Chang & Richards, 2004).	Such arrangements are described in the adaptive value network (AVN): Arrangement in which companies have close relationships, working together as a system that provides customized products and services, achieve quality and in a responsible and coordinated ways adapt to the changing environment (Makatsoris, Chang & Richards, 2004).	0.774638
Pojava tehnologije agenata inicirala je razvoj novih struktura i modelovanje softvera i upravljanje lancem snabdevanja (Liang & Huang, 2006).	The emergence of agent technology initiates the development of new architectures and modeling software and supply chain management (Liang & Huang, 2006).	1.77823
Programiranje agenata (Jennings, 2000) definiše se kao paredigma razvijanja softvera u kojoj se kombinuju veštačka inteligencija i razdeljeni sistemi.	Agent programming (Jennings, 2000) is defined as a software development paradigm that combines artificial intelligence and distributed systems.	1.22611
U stvari, programiranje agenata predstavlja skup softverskih komponenata koje su određene kao agenti samostalni i proaktivni agenti koji su u stanju da komuniciraju međusobno (Wooldridge & Jennings, 1995).	In fact, agent programming is a set of software components that are designated as agents - autonomous and proactive agents who are able to communicate with each other (Wooldridge & Jennings, 1995).	1.51623
Primena tehnologije agenata omogućava da se u razdeljenom okružanju obavlja efikasna komunikacija i time olakšava integrisanje čitavog lanca snabdevanja u jedan nezavisni skup povezanih sistema.	The application of agent technology provides to distributed environment, effective communication, thus making it easier to integrate the entire supply chain into an independent echelon of connected systems.	0.983736
Aktivnosti u lancu snabdevanja kao što su snabdevanje, planiranje, kontrola, primena, itd., predstavljene su softverskim agentom. ~~~ Uložen je veliki trud da se u upravljanju lancima snabdevanja uspostave agentni i multiagentni sistemi, posebno u slučaju aplikacija kao što su proizvodnja, planiranje, snabdevanje (Shen & Norrie, 1999; Jennings, Norman, Faratin, OBrien & Odgers, 2000; Leung, Wong & Sculli, 2006; Wong, Leung, Mark & Fung, 2006; Fang & Wong, 2010).	Activities in the supply chain such as procurement, planning, monitoring, enforcement, etc.., are represented by the software agent.Great effort has been made to establish agent and multi-agent systems in managing supply chains, especially for applications such as - manufacturing, planning, procurement (Shen&Norrie, 1999; Jennings, Norman, Faratin, OBrien & Odgers, 2000; Leung, Wong &Sculli, 2006; Wong, Leung, Mark & Fung, 2006; Fang & Wong, 2010).	0.753147
U ovakvim sistemima svaki agent funkcioniše na osnovu svojih unutrašnjih modela i potrebe da sarađuje sa drugim agentima u mreži.	In such systems, each agent operates on the basis of their internal models and the need to cooperate with other agents in the network.	1.57768
Na primer, agent koji predstavlja skladište može odmah da pošalje izveštaj o raspoloživosti zaliha drugom agentu koji opet predstavlja potrošača i da ga obavesti o tome šta ima na raspolaganju pre nego što ovaj poruči robu.	For example, an agent who represents the warehouse can immediately send stock availability to another agent who represents the customer in order to inform the customer about the availability of stock prior to ordering goods.	0.954101
Ovaj proces u poslovanju zahteva mnogo vremena čak i bez primene tehnologije. 2.	This process in the business takes a lot of time even without the use of technologies.	2.00571
Pri me na teh no lo gi je age na ta Termin softverski agent postao je poslednjih godina veoma popularan.	2. ~~~ Agent technology application The term software agent is very popular in recent years.	0.404247
Javna tela i privatne kompanije ulažu dosta vremena, truda i novca u istraživanje i razvoj i u poboljšanje koncepta softverskog agenta.	Public entities and private companies spend a considerable amount of time, effort and money for research - development and promotion of the idea of a software agent.	0.792513
To predstavlja prilično iznenađenje zato što, u suštini, softverski agenti rade ono što se i očekuje od usavršenog kompjuterskog programa koji je sposoban da izvrši specifičan zadatak u određenom okruženju i to samostalno do nekog stepena (t.j., bez stalnog prisustva ljudske intervencije i vođstva).	It is rather surprising, because in essence, software agents are doing what is expected of an advanced computer program that is able to perform a specific task with a certain degree of autonomy (i.e. without permanent leadership and human intervention) in their environment.	0.865997
Ipak, stvarni potencijal ove tehnologije dolazi do izražaja kada se okupi nekoliko softverskih agenata u istom okruženju.	However, the real potential of this technology comes into play when you put together a number of software agents in the same environment.	1.77778
U takvom slučaju, skup agenata se uzima kao multiagentni sistem u kome su agenti fokusirani jedan na drugog i koordinišu svoje aktivnosti tako da se izbegnu negativne interakcije sa drugim agentima i da se iskoriste prednosti njihovih spregnutih mogućnosti.	In such a case, a set of agents is viewed as multi-agent system where the agents are focused on each other and coordinate their activities so that you can avoid negative interactions with other agents and take advantage of their combined capacity.	1.25181
Sam agent predstavlja računarski sistem koji je međusobno reaguje sa okruženjem, osposobljen je za vršenje fleksibilnih i samostalnih aktivnosti u dinamičnim i nepredvidivim multiagentnim oblastima.		-0.3
Čitava aktivnost agenta odnosi se na okruženje u kome se nalazi, t.j., okruženje je izvor njegove pažnje i objekat njegovih aktivnosti. ~~~ U smislu softvera, agenti se tipično primenjuju kao primeri klasa orijentisanih na objekte, imaju određeni identitet, karakteristike (atribute) i pravila ponašanja (metode) (slika 2). ~~~ Ponašanje agenata može se u krajnjoj liniji ograničiti na mapiranje tipa percepcija (cid: ~~~ aktivnost, gde se mehanizam mapiranja može beležiti na različite načine: jednostavna tabela, logička pravila (AKO ...	The agent itself is a computer system that interacts with the environment, is capable of flexible and autonomous actions in dynamic and unpredictable multi-agent domains.Agents are autonomous software modules with the possibility perceptions and changing the state of the environment.The whole activity of an agent is related to the environment in which it is located, i.e. the environment is the source of its observation and the object of its actions.In the software sense, agents are typically implemented as examples of objectoriented classes, with appropriate identity, characteristics (attributes) and the rules of behavior (methods) Figure 2.The behavior of agents can ultimately be reduced to a mapping of type perception (cid:0) action, where the mapping mechanism can be encoded in different ways: a simple table, logical rules (IF...	-0.0245122
ONDA), ili neke druge tehnike odlučivanja (neuronske mreže, fazi logika) i slično (Žujović & Petrović, 2005).	THEN), or other techniques of decision making (neural networks, fuzzy logic), and similar (Žujović & Petrović (2005)).	1.52044
Beleženje (i, prema tome, proces odlučivanja) određuje stepen inteligencije agenta, a on se kreće od jednostavnih elemenata reakcije (tip aktivnosti reakcija), do složene strukture mehanizma odlučivanja zasnovanog na tehnikama veštačke inteligencije. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Slika 2:	Coding (and therefore the decision-making process) determines the degree of agents intelligence, which can range from simple reactive elements (type actions - response), to the complex structure of decision-making mechanism based on artificial intelligence techniques.	0.27732
Šematska predstava agenta Za svakog agenta karakteristični su sledeći elementi (slika 3): ~~~ 1) okruženje upravljačko okruženje ili okruženje u kome senzori funkcionišu, 2) senzori omogućavaju agentima da percipiraju okružanje, 3) efektori odgovaraju na percepciju.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Figure 2: Schematic presentation of agent For each agent one can observe the following elements(Figure3): 1) the environment - managing environment or the environment under which the sensors are working, 2) sensors - allowing agents to perceive the environment, 3) effectors - which respond to the perception.	0.502174
AGENT=ARHITEKTURA+PROGRAM Slika 3: ~~~ Karakteristike agenata (Russel&Norning, 1995) Da bi percipirao okruženje, agent koristi senzore koji dobijaju stimuluse iz okruženja. ~~~ Informacije koje agent prikupi tokom perioda posmatranja skladište se u agentovu memoriju. ~~~ Aktivnosti koje će agent moći da izvrši zavise od niza posmatranja.	AGENT=ARCHITECTURE+PROGRAM Figure 3: Agents features (Russel&Norning, 1995) To perceive the environment the agent uses sensors to which the stimuli come from the environment.The information gathered by the agent during the observation sequences is stored in the memory of the agent.The actions that the agent is able to perform depend on the sequence of observations.	-0.00683112
Funkcija mapiranja služi agentu da efikasno i efektivno reaguje.	A mapping function is responsible for efficient and effective response of the agent.	0.522414
Funkcija mapiranja kreira listu nizova percepcija tokom agentove aktivnosti, a na osnovu toga sastavlja se tabela kao odgovor na svaki niz opservacija.	The mapping function maps the list of perceptual sequences during the action of the agent, and on the basis of this the table is compiled in response to each sequence of observations.	0.901792
Program po kome agent funkcioniše predstavlja funkciju na bazi koje se percepcije mapiraju tokom akcije.		-0.3
Odabrani program mora da bude kompatibilan sa arhitekturom agenta.		-0.3
Arhitektura agenta jeste određena metodologija za građenje agenata; ona određuje kako se agent razlaže na niz modula i kako se ovi moduli povezuju. ~~~ To nije samo struktura agenta, već pokazuje i način na koji moduli obavljaju svoje aktivnosti i vezu između različitih agenata. ~~~ Ne može se govoriti o jedinstvenoj arhitekturi agenata, ali kakva bi ona mogla da bude zavisi od namene agenta.	The program whereby the agent functions is a function on the basis of which the perception mapping is done in the course of action.A program that is selected must be compatible with the architecture of the agent.The architecture of agents is a determined methodology for building agents; it determineshow the agent is decomposed into a series of modules and how these modules are connected.It is not only the structure of an agent but also shows the way in which modules perform their activities and link between the various agents.We cannot talk about the unique architecture of agents, but what it would be is dependent on the purpose of agents.	-0.00168563
Uopšteno govoreći, arhitektura agenata omogućava da se opažanje putem senzora prilagodi programu i da se programom upravlja i prenesu određene aktivnosti efektorima. 2.	Generally, the architecture of agents allows that the perception through the sensors be adjusted to the program, and to manage the program and pass the appropriate actions to effectors.	0.788158
Zna čaj in te li gent nih age na ta u pro ce su pre go va ra nja Često se umesto termina inteligentni agent koristi termin agent inteligencija se definiše kao prisustvo mehanizama ponašanja usmerenih na dostizanje datog cilja.	2.1.	-0.6
Zbog velikog broja informacija kojima smo okruženi u savremenom društvu potrebni su nam inteligentni agenti koji će nam obezbediti efikasnu navigaciju.		-0.3
Inteligentni agenti (IA) predstavljaju softver koji je u stanju da automatski izvrši zadatak koji mu postavi ne Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 ka osoba ili drugi softver (agent).		-0.3
Kad se agenti jednom pokrenu, oni svoje zadatke izvršavaju automatski i ne treba im dodatna intervencija korisnika. ~~~ Najčešće se koriste za automatsku pretragu informacija, za odgovaranje na pitanja u oblasti njihovog znanja, da obaveste korisnike o interesantnim događanjima (na primer, pojava novog članka na internetu, informacije o mogućoj pojavi problema na putu izmeđi početne i krajnje destinacije, da li se dati termin pojavljuje negde na mreži, itd.), za tekuće i personalizovane vesti, kao pomoć korisnicima u inteligentnom odlučivanju, za pretragu robe po kriterijumu najpovoljnije cene, za obezbeđenje automatskih usluga kao što je provera promena na veb stranicama i slično. ~~~ Inteligentni agent se definiše kao program koji teži ciljevima i ima najmanje uputnica, a koristi inteligenciju ili heurističke tehnike.	The importance of intelligent agents in the negotiation process Often the term agent is used instead of the term intelligent agent - intelligence is defined as the presence of mechanisms of behavior aimed at solving a given goal.Due to the large amount of information that surrounds us in modern society, we need intelligent agents to enable efficient navigation.Intelligent agents (IA) are Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 software that can automatically perform a task set to it by a person or other software (agent).When the agents are set once, they perform their tasks automatically, without further user intervention.These are most commonly used for automatic information search, for answering questions in the field of their knowledge, to inform users about interesting events (e.g. the emergence of a new article on the Internet, information on the possible occurrence of problems on the road between the initial and final destination, whether the given term appears somewhere on the web, etc..), for the current and personalized news, for intelligent decisionmaking process of users, to search the goods according to the criteria of most favorable price, for the provision of automated services such as checking of changes to web pages and the like.	0.163942
Pored inteligencije, ključne osobine inteligentnih agenata su sledeće: učenje od korisnika, od drugih agenata, iz drugih izvora saradnja rad sa drugim agentima da bi se postigli ciljevi mobilnost mobilnost agenata u mreži, realizcija na različitim računarima personalizacija poznavanje korisnika, njihovih interesovanja i preferenci prilagodljivost učenje iz različitih izvora, iz postupaka korisnika (Rudowsky, 2004) Ove osobine olakšavaju proces razvijanja kompletnog sistema, pomažu da se izdvoji ono što je apstraktno i ono što nije značajno i fokusiraju se na analizu i dizajn značajnih karakteristika određenog problema (Garcia, Giret & Botti, 2011).	The intelligent agent is defined as a program that aspires to the objectives and with minimal referrals, using intelligence or heuristic techniques.In addition to intelligence, the key features of intelligent agents are: learning - from the user, other agents, from other sources collaboration - working with other agents to achieve their goal mobility - the mobility of agents in the network, the realization on different computers personalization - the knowledge of their users, their interests and preferences adaptability - learning from different sources, from the users actions (Rudowsky, 2004).	1.12581
Uloga IA je od ključne važnosti da bi proces komunikacije i pregovaranja između kompanije i dobavljača bio uspešan; oni nam obezbeđuju informacije relevantne za postizanje ciljeva.	These features facilitate the process of developing a complete system, helping to isolate the abstract and the irrelevant, and to focus on analysis and design of important characteristics of a particular problem (Garcia, Giret & Botti (2011)).	0.325926
Osnova pregovora jeste postizanje dogovora između agenata prilikom obezbeđivanja usluga, a ovaj pristup se koristio za upravljanje konfliktima koji nastaju između inteligentnih agenata (Ito & Salleh, 2000). ~~~ IA počinju pregovore pošto definišu ciljeve komunikacije i završavaju ih pošto donesu određene odluke tokom procesa primene različitih strategija i tehnika kako bi napravili početnu ponudu. ~~~ Odlikuju se visokim stepenom odlučnosti i samostalno odlučuju kada, gde i pod kojim uslovima će se aktivnosti sprovoditi. ~~~ Interakcija između agenata može da bude usmerena ka bilo kojoj posebnoj aktivnosti, promeni planiranog pravca aktivnosti i slaganja o zajedničkom toku aktivnosti. ~~~ Interakcije agenata omogućavaju racionalizaviju i integrisanje čitavog procesa saradnje u upravljanju lancem snabdevanja. ~~~ Slika 4 predstavlja učesnike u životnom ciklusu pregovaranja: ~~~ 1) analitičar i vlasnik: opisuje i formalizuje ciljeve, 2) projektant: pravi planove za postizanje ciljeva agenata putem interakcija, 3) implemantator: primenjuje projektovanu strategiju koristeći odgovarajuće protokole i alatke za postizanje ciljeva.	The role of IA is essential for successful communication process and negotiation between the company and suppliers; they provide us with relevant information to achieve objectives.The basis of negotiations is in reaching an agreement between the agents in providing services, and this approach has been used to manage conflicts that arise between the intelligent agents (Ito &Salleh, 2000).IA start with negotiations after defining the communication objectives, and end by making certain decisions during the process of using different strategies and techniques to generate the initial offer.They have a high degree of self-determination and decide alone when, where and under what circumstances the actions will be performed.The interaction of agents can be directed to any particular action, change of the planned course of action and agreement on a common course of action.Interactions between agents enable rationalization and integration of the entire process of cooperation in the management of supply chains. the individual settings Figure 4 represents participants in the life cycle of negotiation: 1) the analyst and owner: describing and formalizing objectives, 2) designer: forming plans for achieving the goals of the agents through interactions, 3) implementer: implementing a designed strategy by using respective protocols and tools for achieving the goals.	-0.15891
U prvom koraku životnog ciklusa pregovaranja, analiza pregovaranja definiše potrebu da se dobiju i modeluju pojedinačni okviri za protokol i strategiju pregovaranja.	In the first step in the life cycle of negotiation, the negotiation analysis suggests the need to acquire and model for protocol and negotiation strategy.	1.43498
Mehanizam pregovaranja mora da poseduje adekvatnu strategiju i protokol pregovaranja (Fang & Wong, 2010; Chen, Peng, Finin, Labrou & Cost).	The negotiation mechanism of the agent negotiation must have an adequate strategy and negotiation protocol (Fang& Wong, 2010; Chen, Peng, Finin,Labrou& Cost).	1.68642
Protokol za pregovaranje koristi se da bi se organizovale poruke između agenata, odredio tok i format poruka između strana u pregovorima. ~~~ S druge strane, strategija pregovaranja predstavlja način na koji se jedna strana u pregovorima ponaša da bi dobila najviše što može u pregovorima (na primer, šta ustupiti šta zadržati); stoga svaki učesnik u pregovorima ima sopstvenu strategiju. ~~~ U narednom koraku dizajneri pokušavaju da definišu strategije i protokole koji će omogućiti postizanje ciljeva. ~~~ U poslednjem koraku implementatori postižu posvećenost grupe kroz razmenu komunikacije. ~~~ IA funkcionišu u ime svojih učesnika i poseduju specifična umeća da manipulišu ostalim članovima u skladu sa mogućnostima koje su im date, a koristeći plan i protokol pregovaranja. ~~~ Kada jedan IA pregovara, on otkriva svoje ciljeve drugim članovima, identifikuje konflikte, traži rešenja za te konflikte i koncentriše se na nalaženje idealnog rešenja za postizanje svog cilja.	Negotiation protocol is used to organize messages between agents, determine the flow and format of messages between the negotiating parties.On the other hand, the strategy of negotiating is a way in which negotiating party acts in order to achieve the best outcome of negotiation (e.g. what to assign what you keep), so the strategy for each participant is personal.In the next step, designers tend to define strategies and protocols the final step, achievement of objectives.In implementers are looking for group commitment through the communication exchange.IA work on behalf of their participants, and they have specific skills to manipulate other members according to their assignment using the plan and protocol of negotiation.When IA negotiates, it discovers its goals to the other members, identifies conflicts,seek solutions to conflicts and concentrates on finding the ideal solution for achieving its goals.	-0.106768
Slika 4: ~~~ Faze životnog ciklusa pregovaranja i učesnika u pregovaranju (Ito & Salleh, 2000) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 2.2.	Figure 4: Life cycle phases of negotiationsand participants in it (Ito &Salleh, 2000) that will enable the Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 2.2.	0.534663
Evo lu ci ja mul ti a gent nih si ste ma Sistemi u kojima višestruki agenti rade zajedno na izvršenju zadatka ili rešavaju zajednički problem zovu se multiagentni sistemi (MAS).		-0.3
MAS predstavljaju informacionu tehnologiju koja se ubrzano razvija zahvaljujući tehnologiji agenata, t.j., samostalnih softverskih modula koji predstavljaju stvarne objekte. ~~~ Takav sistem u stvari predstavlja razgranatu mrežu izdvojenih softverskih agenata koji sarađuju u rešavanju problema koji su iznad pojedinačnih sposobnosti ili znanja bilo kog klasičnog načina rešavanja problema. ~~~ Ovakvi sistemi su idealni za modelovanje problema za koje postoji veći broj različitig metoda rešavanja i višestruke perspektive. ~~~ Umesto što kontrolni agent rukovodi procesom, u ovako izgrađenim sistemima upravljanje je podeljeno na nekoliko agenata koji, u skladu sa svojim specijalnostima, preuzimaju odgovornost za kontrolu složenog procesa. ~~~ Primena multiagnetnog sistema povećava ukupnu bezbednost sistema u situacijama kada neki agent otkaže, ili se čitav sistem može automatski rekonstruisati ili zaustaviti na kontrolisan način. ~~~ Slika 5:	Evolution of multi-agent systems The systems in which multiple agents work together to execute a task or solve ommon problem are called multi-agent systems (MAS).MAS represent an information echnology that is rapidly developing as a result of agent technology, i.e.autonomous oftware modules that represent real-world objects.Such a system is in fact a broad networkof software agents that collaborate to solve problems that are beyond the individual capacities or knowledge of any classical way of solving problems.Such systems are ideal for modeling problems for which there are several different methods for solving and multiple perspectives.In systems builtin this way, instead of a control agent managing the process, the management is divided into several agents which, according to their specialties, assume responsibility in controlling the complex process.Using multi-agent system increases the overall security of the system in situations of cancellation of one of the agents, or the entire system can be automatically reconstructed or stopped in a controlled way.	-0.0609071
Arhitektura agenata: ~~~ Komponente agenata u multiagentnim sistemima U ovakvim sistemima eksplicitno se modeluju samo elementi sistema, dok se dinamika celog sistema ostavlja sistemu, t.j., ona će nastati spontano iz interakcije sopstvenih elemenata.	Figure 5: Architecture of agents: Components of agents in multi-agent systems In such systems only the elements of the system are explicitly modeled, while the dynamics of the entire system is left to itself, i.e.it will arise spontaneously from the interaction of its own elements.	0.405333
Sistemi sastavljeni od agenata dosledno se pridržavaju definicije sistema zbir elemenata koji međusobno reaguju (slika 5).	Systems composed of agents consistently follow the system definition - a collection of elements in mutual interaction (Figure 5).	1.52984
Time je u značajnoj meri olakšan proces modelovanja zato što se u nejvećem broju slučajeva ponašanje elemenata može precizno opisati, dok je ponašanje sistema često toliko složeno da je nemoguće iskazati ga na formalizovan način.	This significantly facilitates the process of modeling, because the behavior of elements in most cases can be described precisely, whereas the behavior of the system is often so complex that it is impossible to express it in a formalized form.	1.21228
Glavni cilj MAS jeste da kreira sistem koji na specifičan način međusobno povezuje agente i da omogući ovom skupu da funkcioniše i da pri tom nema potrebe za bilo kakvim pojedinačnim podešavanjima (Ren & Anumba, 2003).	The overall aim of MAS is to create a system that specifically interconnects agents and to allow the ensemble to function without the possibility of any individual adjustments (Ren & Anumba, 2003).	1.16598
Koncepcijska osnova MAS nalazi se u teoriji složenih sistema čija pravila nisu eksplicitno definisana i ne postoji centralizovani element koji rukovodi ukupnom dinamikom (Žujovič & Petrović, 2005).	The conceptual basis of MAS is given in the theory of complex systems whose rules are not explicitly defined, and there is no centralized element that governs the global dynamics (Zujovic & Petrovic, 2005).	1.4734
Prema ovoj definiciji MAS, možemo da isključimo sve one sisteme u kojima postoji centralni planer ili dizajner koji kontroliše procese odlučivanja lokalnih agenata. ~~~ Drugim rečima, MAS se definiše kao potpuno decentralizovan sistem.	According to this definition of the MAS we can exclude those systems where there is a central planner or designer that controls the decision-making processes of local agents.In other words, the MAS is defined as a completely decentralized system.	0.375
Stoga se samo sistemi koji omogućavaju smislenu interakciju između agenata mogu ubrajati u prave MAS.	Therefore, only systems that enable meaningful interaction between agents can be classified as true MAS.	1.42167
MAS je privukao veliku pažnju stručnjaka iz različitih naučnih oblasti, kako u prirodnim, tako i u društvenim naukama.	MAS attracted great attention of experts from many different scientific fields, both in nature and in the social sciences.	1.71534
Interesovanje za ovaj tip umrežavanja je sve veće zato što oni mogu da obezbede efikasno rešavanje problema u kojima su podaci, stručnost i kontrola razgraničeni.	The growing interest in this type of networking occurs because of the possibility to ensure efficiency in solving problems in which the data, expertise and control are distributed.	0.973687
Prilikom projektovanja MAS neophodno je definisati broj agenata, kritičnu količinu vremena potrebnu za obavljanje zadatka, dinamiku pristizanja Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 ciljeva, troškove komunikacije, troškove neuspeha, uticaj korisnika, kao i neizvesnost okruženja.	When designing MAS it is necessary to define the number of agents, a critical amount of time to perform the task, the dynamics of the arrival of the goals, communication costs, cost of failure, the impact of users, and the uncertainty of Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 the environment.	1.34616
Na nivou svakog agenta treba definisati sledeće: početno stanje domena, moguće aktivnosti drugih agenata i konačne aktivnosti agenata.	At the level of each agent the following should be defined: the initial state of the domain, the possible actions of other agents and the output actions of the agents.	1.36346
Multiagentni sistemi teže da reše čitav problem putem saradnje i da tako ponude bolji odgovor na složene probleme.	Multi-agent systems attempt to solve the whole problem by mutual cooperation and thus give a better answer to complex problems.	0.910991
U ovom radu pokazujemo kako nam tehnologija agenata omogućava da rešimo odnose u komunikaciji u razgraničenom okruženju.	This paper demonstrates how agent technology enables us to solve communication relationships in the distribution environment.	1.00038
Multiagentne simulacije ne pružaju rešenja za sve probleme, niti predstavljaju zamenu za klasične tehnike modelovanja i simulacije.	Multi-agent simulations do not provide a solution to all problems, nor do they necessarily make a replacement for the classic techniques of modeling and simulation.	0.911204
Umesto toga, treba ih smatrati dopunskim pristupom konvencionalnim modelima koji se mogu primeniti kada konvencionalne tehnike ne mogu da dovedu do željenih rezultata. 2.	Instead, they should be treated as a complementary approach to conventional models, which are used when conventional techniques cannot give the desired results. ~~~ 2.3.	0.426709
Pri me na MAS u SCM Lanac snabdevanja predstavlja mrežu koja obuhvata sve elemente uključene u transformaciju materijala u finalni proizvod i transportovanje tog proizvoda do krajnjeg korisnika. ~~~ Upravljenje lancem snabdevanja (SCM) postaje posebno složeno ukoliko se zasniva na funkcijama iznajmljenim spolja, a koje obuhvataju skoro sve aktivnosti od proizvodnje do prodaje i distribucije. ~~~ Takva situacija unosi neizvesnost u poslovanje i za posledicu ima delikatne poslovne odnose koje treba efektivno održavati i njima upravljati.	Application of MAS in SCM Supply chain is a network that includes all the elements involved in materials transformation into a finished product and transporting it to the end user.Managing the supply chain becomes especially complex if it is based on outsourced functions which cover almost all activities from production, to sales and distribution.Such a situation introduces uncertainty into the business and results in delicate business relations, to be held and managed effectively.	0.258319
Stoga MAS nastoji da reši čitav problem putem saradnje među agentima.	Therefore, MAS is trying to solve the whole problem by agents collaboration.	1.03571
U upravljanju lancem snabdevanja on nastoji da automatizuje pregovore između prodavca i kupca i to je zadatak softverskih agenata kao dela sistema (Kersten & Lo, 2003; Braun et al., 2006).	As members of a supply chain the software agents are engaged in automating the buyerseller negotiations in the supply chains management (Kersten& Lo, 2003, Braun et al 2006).	1.20468
Na ovaj način MAS može da pomogne u rešavanju složenih problema i u odlučivanju ili da pruži podršku ljudima kad donose odluke. ~~~ Agenti su posebno pogodni za saradnju u lancima snabdevanja zbog sledećih svojih karakteristika: ~~~ Informacije, resursi i kontrola nad podacima i resursima su u osnovi razgraničeni (Jenssen, 2004) Lanac snabdevanja je prilagodljiv i vremenom se menja.	In this way, MAS can assist in solving complex problems and making decisions or support the people to decide.Agents are especially suitable for coordination in supply chains due to the following characteristics: Information, resources and control over data and resources are essentially distributed (Jenssen, 2004) The supply chain is adaptive and changes over time.	0.205099
Agenti treba da ujedine komponente upravljanja lancem snabdevanja u svojini određenog tela u lancu snabdevanja (Julka, Karimi & Srinivasan, 2002) Slika 6:	Agents should serve as unifiers of components of supply chain management which is owned by the particular entity in the supply chain (Julka, Karimi&Srinivasan, 2002).	1.19527
Šematski prikaz agenata u SCM (Saberi i Charalampos, 2008) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Kompanija treba brzo i efikasno da odgovori na porudžbinu da bi zadovoljila zahteve potrošača. ~~~ Ipak, neočekivano veliki priliv porudžbina uzrokuje kašnjenja u isporuci i smanjuje efikasnost. ~~~ Da bi se takvi problemi rešili, jasno je da treba razviti mehanizam kao što je MAS, koji integriše različite funkcije. ~~~ U multiagentnim okruženjima samostalni agenti međusobno sarađuju i postižu ciljeve zato što među njima postoji recipročna zavisnost.	Figure 6: Schematic presentation of agents in SCM (Saberi and Charalampos, 2008) Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 The company is required to quickly and effectively respond to the order to meet customer requirements.However, an unexpected rush of orders causes delays in delivery and reduces efficiency.It is clear that to solve such problems one should develop a mechanism such as the MAS, which integrates various functions.In multi-agent environments, autonomous agents need to interact with one another to achieve their goals because reciprocal dependencies exist among them.	-0.000892857
U ovom kontekstu pregovaranje postaje osnovna alatka kojom se postiže sporazum među agentima čiji su ciljevi međusobno suprotni kako u konkurentnom, tako i u saradničkom scenariju (Monteserin & Amandi, 2011).	In this context, negotiation is a fundamental tool to reach agreements among agents with conflictive goals in both competitive and collaborative scenarios (Monteserin & Amandi (2011)).	1.14201
Predloženi algoritam (slika 6) prikazuje koncept virtualnih tržišta i olakšava upravljenjem lancem snabdevanja u dinamičnom okruženju. ~~~ Iako je saradnja osnovna karakteristika virtualnog tržišta (zbog promenljivog okruženja i autonomne / heterogene prirode članova virtualnog tržišta), ona može da uspe jedino ako se aktivnostima u lancu snabdevanja pravilno upravlja.	The proposed algorithm (Figure 6) demonstrates the concept of virtual markets and facilitates supply chain management in a dynamic environment.Although collaboration is a basic characteristic of virtual market (due to the changing environment and autonomous / heterogeneous nature of the members of the virtual market), it can only succeed if activities are properly managed in the supply chain.A schematic model follows the behavior of each individual agent (DA-agent distributor, RA- agent seller, CA-agent customer, FA-agent for the forecasting).It is evident that there is one database, which can be accessed by all the agents.Furthermore, agent for forecasting processes this information and forwards it to the agent seller and agent distributor.	0.519603
Model prikazan na šemi prati ponašanje svakog pojedinačnog agenta (DA agent distributer, RA agent prodavac, CA agent potrošač, FA agent prognozer).	3.	-0.6
Podrazumeva se da postoji jedna baza podataka kojoj svi agenti mogu da pristupe.		-0.3
Šta više, agent prognozer obrađuje ove informacije i prosleđuje ih agentu prodavcu i agentu distributeru. 3.		-0.3
Efek ti pri me ne in te li gent nih age na ta i mul ti a gent nig si ste ma Tehnologije inteligentnig agenata i multiagentni sistemi predstavljaju jedan od najperspektivnijih pravaca u razvoju sistema na osnovu interneta i poznavanja logistike. ~~~ Inteligentni agenti čine organizaciju unutar modela u domenu logistike i njihove logističke funkcije, procesa, stručnosti i interakcija sa drugim organizacijama (Graudina & Grundspenkis, 2005).	Effects of applying intelligent agents and multi-agent systems Technologies of intelligent agents and multi-agent systems represent one of the most promising directions for the development of a system based on the Internet and knowledge in logistics.Intelligent agents represent the organization within the logistics domain models and their logistics functions, processes, expertise and interaction with other organizations (Graudina&Grundspenkis, 2005).	0.406897
MAS se trenutno koristi kao efikasan metod za rešavanje širokog spektra problema (Vallejo, Albusac, Mateos, Glez-Morcillo & Jimenez, 2010) u oblasti planiranja, kontrole u realnom vremenu, robotike i u mnogim drugim delatnostima. ~~~ Ekspanzija u primeni modela softverskog inženjeringa zasnovanih na MAS (Jennings, 2000) bazira se na: korišćenju samostalnih agenata koji rešavaju složene i razgraničene probleme, korišćenju jezika (Bordin i dr., 2006) i čak u stvaranju standarda (Foundation for Intelligent Agents Physical, 2002). ~~~ Drugim rečima, programiranje agenata se koristi za projektovanje problema u slučajevima kada se drugi pristupi pokažu nedovoljnim ili nekompletnim.	MAS is currently used as an efficient way to solve a wide range of problems (Vallejo, Albusac, Mateos, GlezMorcillo & Jimenez (2010)), in the field of planning, real-time control, robotics and many other industrial areas.Expansion of the use of MAS-based model of software engineering (Jennings, 2000) is based on: the use of autonomous agents that solve complex and distributed problems, use of language (Bordin et al., 2006), or even making standards (Foundation for Intelligent Agents Physical, 2002).In other words, Agent programming is used to design a problem in cases where other approaches are insufficient and incomplete.	0.300834
Razlozi za uvođenje IA i MAS u komercijalne sisteme su sledeći: uvođenje ovog tipa tehnologije omogućava izvršenje različitih zadataka kao što su odlučivanje, rešavanje različitih problema koji u normalnim okolnostima zahtevaju primenu ljudske inteligencije, na primer, dijagnostifikovanje problema, klasifikacija podataka, planiranje i pregovaranje; identifikuju kritične informacije sa inputom resursa, kontrolišu i preduzimaju korake na osnovu konteksta informacija (razmene informacija, poznavanje predviđanja i primena mehanizama pregovaranja); automatski prikupljaju obaveze u ime korisnika; ova vrsta programiranja ne zahteva konstantnu intervenciju korisnika.	The reasons for the introduction of IA and MAS in commercial systems are as follows: introducing this type of technology enables performance of various tasks such as making decisions, solving various problems that normally require the human intelligence, such as problem diagnosis, data classification, planning and negotiation; identify critical information with the input of resources, monitor and take action based on the information context (information sharing, forecasting knowledge and use of the negotiating mechanisms); autonomously collect duties on behalf of users, this kind of programming does not require constant user intervention.	1.06272
Smanjuju količinu ljudskog rada primenom automatizovanih agenata koji funkcionišu u ime korisnika.	Reduce human work by using the automated agents which act on behalf of the users.	0.66448
Korisnik je pošteđen obaveze da nađe, pregovara i uopšte da se bavi kupcima i prodavcima; Ovakvim sistemima povezuju se pojedinačni agenti i kreira se skup funkcija koji prevazilazi kapacitete svakog pojedinačnog agenta. ~~~ Ovaj skup obezbeđuje fleksibilnost u vođenju poslova i efikasniji je u rešavanju složenih problema; Ubrzavaju saradnju između članova lanca snabdevenja, iako interakcija između IA može da dovede do konflikata i koalicija. ~~~ Tehnike pregovaranja koriste se za prevazilaženje konflikata i koalicija, da bi se postigla saglasnost između članova, a ne da se članovi ubeđuju da prihvate već postojeće rešenje.	Spare the user from having to find, negotiate, and in general deal with buyers and sellers. such systems connect separate agents and create ensemble of functions that is beyond the capacity of any individual agent.This ensemble provides flexibility in the conduct of affairs, and is more efficient for solving complex problems; promote cooperation between members of the supply chain, although the interaction between the IA can lead to conflict and coalition.Negotiation techniques are used to overcome conflicts and coalitions in order to achieve agreement between agents rather than persuasion to accept the already existing solution.Negotiation is the core of many agent interactions; virtual pooling (virtual market concept) and time-sharing resources.	0.109251
Pregovaranje predstavlja jezgro velikog broja interakcija između agenata; Virtualno udruživanje (koncept virtualnog tržišta) i time-sharing resursi. ~~~ Pozitivni efekti primene IA i MAS su sledeći: uspešan proces komunikacije i pregovaranja između proizvođača i dobavljača, zasnovan na mrežama dobre komunikacije što za posledicu ima zadovoljenje potreba potrošača.	The positive effects achieved by the introduction of IA and the MAS: successful process of communication and negotiation between manufacturers and suppliers, creates good communication networks that allow the satisfaction of customer requirements.MAS are inexpensive standardized communication infrastructure, which includes separate agents that interact in an open and real-time environment and provide transaction security; increases supply chain efficiency - integration and coordination of various systems and processes in the supply chain, facilitating the supply chains management in a dynamic environment.	0.391327
MAS predstavljaju jeftinu standardizovanu infrastrukturu koja obuhvata pojedinačne agente koji opet međusobno sarađuju u otvorenom okruženju u realnom vremenu i garantuju bezbednost transakcije; povećava se efikasnost lanca snabdevanja integrisanje i koordinacija različitih sistema i procesa u lan cu snabdevanja, olakšavanje upravljanja lancem snabdevanja u dinamičnom okruženju; Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 postiže se efikasan tok materijala i smanjuju ukupni troškovi smanjen utrošak vremena i resursa, agenti rade brže od ljudi, korišćenje automatizovanih agenata štedi troškove transporta i komunikacije koji su karakteristični za kontakte među ljudima (Linlan, Haigang, Xueguang & Hong, 2011); smanjuje se bullwhip efekat smanjuju se oscilacije u zahtevima potrošača i poboljšava uspešnost predviđanja rezervi i resursa.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 achieve an efficient flow of materials and total costs reduction - reduced consumptions of time and resources, the agents are faster than humans, using the automated agents can save the transportation and communication costs that human contact may incur (Linlan, Haigang, Xueguang & Hong (2011)) reduction of the bullwhip effect reduces oscillations of user requirements and improves the forecast level of reserves and resources.	1.03404
Tako se i određuje gorepomenuta potražnja i smanjuju ukupni operativni troškovi; omogućena je kontrola inventara (na primer, agent koji predstavlja skladište može da čuva informacije o dostupnosti za druge agente i da u svakom trenutku zna koje su zalihe raspoložive); predstavlja rešenje za neizvesna tržišta, merdžere i respoređivanje rizika u kompetentnosti; poboljšava bezbednost sistema u situaciji kada neki od agenata zakaže; bez obzira u kom su stanju, takve mreže su uvek aktivne i spremne da reaguju.	Thus it determines the above demand and reduces the total operating costs. inventory control is enabled (e.g., an agent who represents the warehouse can stock availability information to other agents in order to know the stock availability at any time) provide answers to uncertain market, merger and division of competence risk. increase the security of the system in situations of failure of one of the agents. such networks, regardless of the state, are always active and ready to respond.	1.01351
Značajna prednost u primeni multiagentnog modela jeste u tome što se on može konstruisati čak i ako je legalnost u ponašanju celine (celog sistema) nepoznata.	A significant advantage in applying multi-agent model is in that it can be constructed even if the legality of the behavior of the whole is unknown (entire system).	0.98796
Sposobnosti multiagentne simulacije su veće u poređenju sa konvencionalnim modelima simulacije i koriste se da izraze složeniju dinamiku i strukturu.	Multi-agent simulation capabilities are higher compared to conventional simulation models, and are used to express more complex dynamics and structure.	0.869173
Agenti u modelima multiagentne simulacije su heterogeni i stoga se dobija realističnija slika.	Agents in multi-agent simulation models are heterogeneous and thus enable a more realistic view.	0.728571
Takođe, ove modele je lakše održavati zato što se sva ažuriranja vrše do nivoa pojedinca agenata.	Also, these models are generally easier to maintain, because all of the updates are made to the level of individuals - agents.	0.772108
Elementi multiagentnih simulacija predstavljaju relativno verne kopitje objekata iz realnog sveta, što značajno olakšava komunikaciju između simulacija politika (programera) i krajnjih korisnika (stručnjaka u datoj oblasti).	Elements of multi-agent simulations are relatively faithful copies of objects from the real domain, which considerably facilitates communication between policy simulations (programmers) and endusers (experts in the subject area).	0.962211
Zaključak Oblast autonomnih agenata i multiagentnih sistema ja veoma raznolika i brzo se razvija. ~~~ Ona predstavlja kombinaciju nekoliko naučnih polja kao što su razgranata obrada, sistemi orijentisani na objekte, softverski inženjering, veštačka inteligencija, ekonomija, sociologija, organizacione nauke.	Conslusion The area of autonomous agents and multi-agent systems is very diverse and represents an area that is rapidly expanding.It is a combination of several scientific fields such as distributed processing, object-oriented systems, software engineering, artificial intelligence, economics, sociology, organizational science.	0.193502
Metodologija programa zasnovanog na agentima pruža niz efektivnih alatki i tehnika koje imaju potencijal da značajno unaprede softversku tehniku, počevši od koncepcijskog dizajna sve do konkretne primene.	The methodology of the program based on agents provides a range of effective tools and techniques that have the potential to significantly improve the technique of software ranging from conceptual design through to actual implementation.	1.01557
Tokom poslednje dve decenije svedoci smo značajnih poboljšanja u dizajnu i primeni autonomnih agenata i načina na koji oni međusobno reaguju.	During the past two decades a significant number of improvements is evident in design and implementation of autonomous agents and how they interact.	0.979437
Multiagentni sistemi znače novi pristup modelovanju koji se ogleda u specifičnom odnosu između globalnog i lokalnog (i elemenata sistema).	Multi-agent systems introduce a new approach to modeling, which is reflected in the specific relationship between global and local (and elements of the system).	1.16613
Modelovanje je smanjeno na eksplicitno definisanje elemenata sistema, dok se dinamika celokupnog sistema stvara spontano iz interakcije komponenata. ~~~ Ovim se u značajnoj meri olakšava proces modelovanja, pošto se ponašanje elemenata u većini slučajeva može precizno opisati, dok je ponašanje sistema obično toliko složeno da je nemoguće iskazati ga na formalan način.	Modelling is reduced to explicitly defining the elements of the system, while the dynamics of the entire system arises spontaneously from the interactions of the components.This significantly facilitates the process of modeling, because the behavior of elements in most cases can be described precisely, whereas the behavior of the system is often so complex that it is impossible to express it in a formalized form.	0.431207
Tehnologija agenata ponudila je moćan izbor alatki i tehnika koje mogu značajno da poboljšaju način na koji ljudi konceptualizuju i primenjuju različite tipove softvera.	Agent technology has offered a powerful repertoire of tools and techniques that have the potential to significantly improve the way people conceptualize and implement many types of software.Agent technology is gaining in importance and it is used to solve real problems, and commercial applications.Agents are used in a growing, wide variety of applications from small comparative systems, such as personalizede-mailfilters to large, complex systems such as air-traffic control.Natural and simple is that so many different applications can be represented by agents, and that is what best explains why researchers and developers are impressed by the given approach potentials (Saberi &Makatsoris (2008)).	0.727895
Tehnologija agenata postaje sve značajnija i koristi se u rešavanju stvarnih problema i u komercijalnim aplikacijama.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 REFERENCES [1] Chen, Y.,Pen, Y., Finin, T., Labrou, Y.,& Cost, S.	0.285714
Agenti se koriste kao sve brojnije i raznovrsnije aplikacije od malih komparativnih sistema kao što su personalizovani e-mail filteri do velikig, složenih sistema kao što je kontrola vazdušnog saobraćaja.		-0.3
Ono što je prirodno i jednostavno jeste da se toliko veliki broj aplikacija može predstaviti putem agenata i to najbolje objašnjava zašto su istraživači i dizajneri toliko impresionirani potencijalima ovog pristupa (Saberi & Makatsoris, 2008).	A negotiation-based Multi-agent System for Supply Chain Management [2] Fang, F., & Wong, T.N. (2010)	0.0426724
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A relative entropy method, Automation in Construction 18, 975-982 [25] Žujović, D., & Petrović, L. (2005) Multiagentne simulacije u telekomunikacijama, XIII telekomunikacioni sajam Telfor 2005, Beograd.	Multiagentne simulacije u telekomunikacijama, XIII telekomunikacioni sajam Telfor 2005, Beograd.	2.4375
Primljen: ~~~ April 2012.	Receieved: April 2012.	0.585
Prihvaćen: ~~~ Jun 2012.	Accepted: June 2012.	0.6625
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 O autoru Ksenija Mandić Crony d.o.o, e-mail: ksenija.mandić@crony.rs Ksenija Mandić je diplomirala 2006. godine u oblasti upravljanja kvalitetom, a magistrirala 2008. godine, takođe u ovoj oblasti, na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 About the Author Ksenija Mandić Crony d.o.o E-mail: ksenija.mandic@crony.rs Ksenija Mandić received the B.S. degree in 2006, and the M.S. degree from the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia, in 2008, both in quality management.	1.29677
Trenutno priprema doktorsku disertaciju na gorepomenutom fakultetu.	She is currently working toward the Ph.D degree with the above mentioned faculty.	0.26129
Od 2007. godine zaposlena je u kompaniji CRONY d.o.o. ~~~ Boris Delibašić Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka e-mail: delibasic.boris@fon.bg.ac.rs Dr Boris Delibašić je vanredni profesor na predmetu Poslovno odlučivanje na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu.	From 2007, she has been employed in company CRONY d.o.o. Boris Delibašić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences E-mail: delibasic.boris@fon.bg.ac.rs Dr. Boris Delibašić is an associate professor in Business Decision-Making at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade in Serbia.	0.579097
Glavni pravci njegovog istraživanja su pretraga podataka, sistemi za podršku odlučivanju, poslovna inteligencija i teorija odlučivanja.	His main research interests are in data mining, decision support systems, business intelligence, and decision theory.	0.765334
Doktorirao je 2007. godine na Univerzitetu u Beogradu Dr Delibašić je takođe pridruženi predavač na Univerzitetu u Jeni, u Nemačkoj.	Dr. Delibašić is also an adjunct lecturer at the University of Jena in Germany.	0.678261
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Slobodan Panić Narodna banka Srbije Zavod za izradu novčanica Topčider Od go vor no re struk tu ri sa nje naj va žni ji aspek ti UDK: ~~~ 005.35:005.591.4 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management.		-0.3
fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) Restrukturisanje predstavlja složen proces prilagođavanja preduzeća promenama koje dolaze iz okruženja, sa ciljem da se povećaju efikasnost poslovanja i konkurentnost.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Slobodan Panić National Bank of Serbia, the Institute for Manufacturing Banknotes and Coins Topčider, Belgrade Responsible Restructuring the Most Important Aspects UDC: 005.35:005.591.4 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0016 The restructuring is a complex process of adjusting the company for changes that come from the environment, in order to increase business efficiency and competitiveness.	0.44835
Dve najvažnije stvari za uspešno restrukturisanje jesu pravda i komunikacija.	The two most important things for a successful restructuring are the justice and communications.	1.06325
Odgovorne firme su firme sa vizijom, koje znaju da brinući o zaposlenima danas, obezbeđuju vlastiti prosperitet sutra.	Responsible companies are companies with vision, who knows that worrying about employees today, provide their own prosperity tomorrow.	0.59619
Restrukturisanje treba posmatrati kao priliku da se kompanija još više usmeri na one oblasti poslovanja gde ostvaruje najveće komparativne prednosti.	The restructuring should be seen as an opportunity for the company to direct its focus on those areas of business where it made its greatest comparative advantages.	1.14595
Zaposlene i u takvim okolnostima treba posmatrati kao najveću vrednost kompanije koju treba razvijati, a ne kao trošak koji treba smanjiti čim se pojave prvi znaci krize.	Employees in such circumstances should be regarded as the highest value of the company to be developed, not as an expense that should be reduced as soon as it appears the first signs of crisis.	1.45425
Ključne reči: restrukturisanje, efikasnost, proceduralna pravda, distributivna pravda, strategija komuniciranja. ~~~ Restrukturisanje predstavlja složen proces prilagođavanja preduzeća promenama koje dolaze iz okruženja, sa ciljem da se povećaju efikasnost poslovanja i konkurentnost.	Keywords: The restructuring, business efficiency, Procedural justice, Distributive justice, communication strategy The restructuring is a complex process of adjusting the company to changes that come from the environment, in order to increase business efficiency and competitiveness.	0.550325
Ovaj proces je karakterističan kako za razvijene tržišne ekonomije, tako i za zemlje u tranziciji.	This process is characteristic for both the developed market economies and the countries in transition.	1.41818
Promene koje se dešavaju u bivšim socijalističkim državama su povezane sa reformama političkog sistema i po pravilu ih prate delikatne socio-ekonomske posledice.	The changes that occur in the former socialist countries are associated with the reforms of the political system and they,as a rule, are followed by delicate socioeconomic consequences.	0.664592
Prelazak državnih preduzeća na tržišni model privređivanja je proces koji je sam po sebi veoma kompleksan.	The transition of state enterprises to the market economy is a process that is itself very complex.	0.959454
U uslovima turbulentnog okruženja restrukturisanje postaje još složeniji proces, daleko komplikovaniji od onog koji se odvija u preduzećima koja imaju višedecenijsko iskustvo u tržišnom poslovanju.	In the conditions of a turbulent environment, restructuring becomes a more complex process, far more complicated than the one that takes place in the companies that have had decades of experience in market operations.	1.44722
Ako se tome dodaju kulturološke, ideološke, moralne, zakonske i druge razlike koje oblikuju makrookruženje preduzeća u različitim delovima sveta, jasno je zašto nije moguće definisati precizne i univerzalne smernice za uspešno restrukturisanje.	If we add the cultural, ideological, moral, legal and other differences that shape the macroenvironment of companies in different parts of the world, it is clear why it is not possible to define precise and universal guidelines for successful restructuring.	1.56862
Postoje, međutim, određena pravila ponašanja koja važe u svim sistemima i koja doprinose da se transformacija preduzeća izvrši uz manje trauma i sa većim šansama za uspešan ishod.	However, there are certain rules of conduct applicable to all systems,which contribute to the transformation of the company to be conducted with less trauma and greater chances for a successful outcome.	1.00377
Šta je poželjno, a šta treba izbeći u restrukturisanju - tema je ovog poglavlja.	What is desirable and what should be avoided in the restructuring is the subject of this chapter.	0.858333
Dve najvažnije stvari za uspešno restrukturisanje jesu pravda i komunikacija.	The two most important things for a successful restructuring are the justice and communications.	1.06325
Pravda se odnosi na primenu onoga što je fer, naročito nepristrasnim prilagođavanjem sukobljenih zahteva ili određivanjem zasluženih nagrada i kazni.	Justice refers to the application of what is fair, in particular, to an impartial adjustment of conflicting demands or determination of a deserved reward or punishment.	0.853782
Proceduralna pravda se odnosi na procedure koje se koriste pri donošenju odluka.	Procedural justice refers to the procedures used in decision making.	1.60864
Procedure su fer u onom stepenu u kojem su dosledne u odnosu na ljude i u odnosu na vreme, oslobođene predrasuda, zasnovane na tačnim informacijama, ispravljive i zasnovane na preovlađujućim moralnim i etičkim standardima.[1] Distributivna pravda se odnosi na ishod odluka npr. pri dodeli bonusa ili kod donošenja odluka u vezi sa otpuštanjem.	The procedures are fair to the degree to which they are consistent in relation to the people and in relation to the time, free from prejudice,based on accurate information, correctable and based on the prevailing moral and ethical standards.[1] ~~~ Distributive justice refers to the outcome of such decisions such as the awarding of bonuses and making decisions about layoffs.	0.140468
Ona postoji ako postoji verovanje da je svako dobio ono što je i zaslužio.	It exists if there is a belief that everyone gets what he deserves.	0.471429
Proceduralna i distributivna pravda zajedno čine širi koncept koji se naziva organizaciona pravda.	Procedural and distributive justice together form a broader concept called organizational justice.	1.45044
Percepcija zaposlenih u pogledu pravednosti ima značajne posledice na njihov stav i ponašanje.	The perception of employees in terms of fairness has important effects on their attitude and behavior.	1.57513
Radno mesto se smatra poštenim kada su prisutna 3 osnovna elementa: poverenje, otvorenost i poštovanje.	The workplace is considered to be fair when there are three basic elements present: trust, openness and respect.	0.849457
Ako organizacija deluje pravedno, ona ceni svaku osobu koja doprinosi njenom uspehu i time pokazuje da joj je svaki pojedinac važan.	If the organization operates I a fair manner, it respects each person who contributes to its success and demonstrates that every individual is important.	0.937081
Sva tri elementa pravednosti su veoma bitni za održavanje angažovanosti osobe na poslu.	All three elements of fairness are very important to maintain the engagement of a person at work.	0.713187
Proceduralno pravedno ponašanje dokazano dovodi do smanjenja stresa, rasta produktivnosti rada, zadovoljstva poslom i posvećenosti organizaciji.	Procedurally fair behavior evidently resilts in reducing stress, increasing productivity, job satisfaction and organization commitment.	1.40041
Takođe podstiče i tzv. ponašanje organizacione pripadnosti (diskreciono ponašanje pojedinca koje prevazilazi njegovu zvaničnu ulogu, spremnost da se pomogne kolegama, dobrovoljno prijavljivanje za nove poslove, poštovanje pravila i procedura čak i onda kada ne odgovaraju dotičnoj osobi, zainteresovanost za organizaciju i odbrana organizacionih ciljeva).[2] Percepcija proceduralne pravde je naročito važna za zaposlene u periodima značajnih organizacionih promena, jer tada postaje odlučujući faktor koji opredeljuje njihove stavove i ponašanje.	It also encourages the socalled organizational membership behaviors (discretionary individual behavior that exceeds his/her official role, willingness to help colleagues, voluntary applying for new jobs, respect for rules and procedures even when they are not considered to be suitable to the person concerned, the interest in the organization and the defense of organizational goals).[2] ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 The perception of procedural justice is particularly important for employees during periods of significant organizational changes, because then it becomes a decisive factor that determines their attitudes and behavior.	0.273636
Proceduralna pravda ima 3 komponente.[3] Prva je glas radnika i podrazumeva da politika organizacije treba da ostavi dovoljno prostora i prilika da radnici utiču na odlučivanje.	Procedural justice has three components.[3] ~~~ The first is the voice of workers and means that the policy of the organization should leave enough space and opportunity for workers to influence decisionmaking.	0.370411
Ranije smo imali primer kompanije koja je pred zaposlene Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 postavila uslov potrebno je smanjiti troškove, a vi odlučite kako.	Previously, we had an example of a company that set a condition to its employees it is necessary to reduce costs and you choose how it is to be eccomplished.	0.868439
Konačan ishod je bio iznad svih očekivanja i firma je za samo 3 meseca zabeležila pozitivan finansijski rezultat.	The final outcome was beyond all expectations and the company has, in only 3 months, recorded a positive financial result.	2.81432
Druga komponenta je interaktivna pravda i odnosi se na kvalitet međuljudskih odnosa sa kojim se radnik susreće u svakodnevnom poslu.	The second component is an interactive justice and refers to the quality of human relationships which the worker faces in their daily work.	1.15197
Ovaj vid pravde postoji ukoliko se prema zaposlenom odnose dostojanstveno i sa poštovanjem.	This kind of justice exists if the company treats the employee with dignity and respect.	0.490286
Nepravda se manifestuje kroz različite oblike destruktivnog ponašanja: nedoslednost, napade na privatnost, zloupotrebe ovlašćenja, prisilu, zavaravanje, javne kritike, narušavanje dostojanstva i sl.	Injustice is manifested in various forms of destructive behavior: inconsistency, attacks on privacy, abuse of authority, coercion, deception, public criticism, violating of dignity and the like.	0.668363
Percepcija radnika o interaktivnoj pravdi, pre svega, u delu odnosa sa nadređenima u kompaniji, bitno opredeljuje njihov odnos prema rukovodstvu uopšte, utiče na zadovoljstvo poslom i na produktivnost rada.	The employees perception of interactive justice, primarily in the area of relations with superiors in the company, substantially determines their relationship to leadership in general, affects job satisfaction and productivity.	0.971978
Informaciona pravda je treća komponenta proceduralne pravde.	Informational justice is the third component of procedural justice.	1.40357
Izražava se u pružanju objašnjenja u vezi sa donetom odlukom.	It is expressed in providing explanations about the decisions made.	0.556656
Odgovorne kompanije redovno informišu svoje zaposlene o bitnim stvarima za organizaciju, čime smanjuju neizvesnost i podstiču organizacionu pripadnost.	Responsible companies regularly inform their employees about the important issues for the organization, thereby reducing uncertainty and encouraging organizational affiliation.	0.414416
Informisanje je naročito važno u vreme otpuštanja.	Informing is especially important at the time the redundances have to be decided upon.	1.2625
Zaposleni koji ostaju u firmi, kao i oni koji su dobili otkaz, pokazuju pozitivnije reakcije i veću lojalnost organizaciji ukoliko su unapred obavešteni o razlozima za otpuštanje i ukoliko im je objašnjeno na koji način će to doprineti da kompanija izađe iz krize.	Employees who remain in the company, as well as those who are made redundant, show more positive reactions and a greater loyalty to the organization if they are informed in advance about the reasons for dismissal and if it is explained to them how they will contribute to the company to get out from the crisis.	1.28751
Menadžment kompanije koja kreće u restrukturisanje treba da zna, da će prvo pitanje koji će svaki zaposleni postaviti biti: ~~~ Da li se prema meni pošteno postupalo?.	The management of the company that undertakes the restructuring should know that the first question each employee will ask is: Did you treat me fairly?.	0.424091
Odgovor na ovo pitanje opredeliće njihovo ukupno ponašanje i odnos prema kompaniji.	The answer to this question will define their overall behavior and attitude toward the company.	0.733538
Komunikacija je veoma važna, naročito u vreme krupnih promena.	Communication is very important, particularly in times of major change.	1.16842
Da bismo ilustrovali uticaj komunikacije na poslovanje, iskoristićemo rezultate jednog četvoromesečnog istraživanja u dva preduzeća, kod kojih je izvršeno međusobno pripajanje.[4] Razlozi za fuzionisanje su bili podizanje konkurentnosti, kroz kombinovanje komplementarnih proizvodnih linija i sniženje troškova ukidanjem određenih duplih funkcija (administracija, transport, distribucija i sl.).	To illustrate the impact of communication in business, we will use the results of a fourmonth investigation into two companies, that merged. ~~~ [4]The reasons for the mergers were increased competitiveness, through a combination of complementary product lines and cost reduction elimination of certain duplicate functions (administration, transport, distribution, etc..).	0.0890314
Obe fabrike su proizvodile isti proizvod, sa približno istim brojem i strukturom zaposlenih, sa sličnim načinom upravljanja i nivoom profita.	Both factories have produced the same product, with approximately the same number and structure, with similar patterns of governance and the level of profits.	1.13333
Jedna od fabrika je u pripremi fuzije i tokom njene realizacije davala svojim zaposlenima detaljne i blagovremene informacije, a druga je zadržala dotadašnji sistem informisanja.	In the preparations for the fusion and during its realization one factory gave its employees detailed and timely information, but the other retained its previous system of information.	0.528858
Istraživači su izvršili anketiranje radnika u obe fabrike, u periodu neposredno posle najave pripajanja, kao i 3 meseca kasnije.	The researchers conducted a survey of workers in both factories, in the period immediately after the merging announcement, and three months later.	0.868421
U prvoj kompaniji, odmah po donošenju odluke i pre nego što su informacije dobili mediji, svi zaposleni su primili pismo od direktora kojim ih obaveštava o pripajanju, kao i o razlozima i očekivanim efektima.	In the first company, immediately after the decision was made and before the media got the information, all employees received a letter from the manager that informed them about the merging, including the reasons and the expected effects.	0.949048
Radnici su, takođe, upoznati sa posledicama koje će pripajanje imati po njih.	The workers were also informed about the implications that merging would have on them.	0.739799
Da bi olakšala dvosmernu komunikaciju između uprave i zaposlenih, kompanija je uvela 3 načina komunikacije: bilten o pripajanju, telefonsku liniju za informisanje i nedeljne sastanke direktora, nižih rukovodilaca i radnika u svih osam organizacionih delova fabrike.	To facilitate a twoway communication between the management and the employees, the company implemented three modes of communication: bulletin of the merging, the phone line for the employees to get informed and weekly meetings of managers, lowerlevel managers and workers in all eight organizational units of the factory.	0.57326
Namera je bila da se zaposlenima pruže relevantne, česte i istinite informacije o fuzionisanju, da se pošteno postupa prema radnicima i da se na njihova pitanja daju precizni odgovori.	The intention was to provide employees with relevant, frequent and accurate information about merging, a fair treatment of the workers and to give precise answers to their questions.	0.706101
Druga firma nije dostavljala dodatne informacije, posle prvog pisma koje su primili svi zaposleni.	The second company did not submit additional information after the first letter was distributed to all the employees.	0.847674
Promene u percepciji radnika dve nedelje nakon objave pripajanja i tri meseca kasnije su bile drastične, što se vidi iz sledeće tabele: ~~~ Tabela 4.2.1 Razlike u percepciji radnika PERCEPCIJA RADNIKA KONTROLNA FABRIKA Stres Nesigurnost Zadovoljstvo poslom Posve(cid: ~~~ pove(cid: ~~~ 9% pove(cid: ~~~ 24% smanjenje 21% smanjenje 11% EKSPERIMENTALNA FABRIKA bez promene pove(cid:	The changes in the perception of workers, two weeks after the announcement of the merging and three months later, were dramatic, as seen from the following table: WORKERS PERCEPTION Stress Uncertainty Job satisfaction Commitment The companyisfair, honestandcareful I intendto stay Productivity Table 4.2.1.	-0.11324
2% pove(cid: ~~~ 7% bez promene smanjenje 25% Kompanija je poštena, iskrena i pažljiva Nameravam da ostanem smanjenje 12% Produktivnost smanjenje 20% pove(cid: ~~~ 14% smanjenje 6% bez promene Izvor: ~~~ Vein F. Kasio, Odgovorno restrukturiranje, str.177 Odmah posle objavljivanja pripajanja, reakcije zaposlenih u obe fabrike bile su negativne.	Differencesin perceptionsof workers CONTROL FACTORY EXPERIMENTAL FACTORY increasing 9% increasing 24% reducing 21% reducing 11% reducing 25% reducing 12% reducing 20% without change increasing 2% increasing 7% without change increasing 14% reducing 6% without change Source: Vein F.Cassio, Responsible Restructuring, p.177 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 In both factories, immediately after the publication of the merging, the employee responses were negative.	-0.100068
Međutim, čim je počeo program intenzivnog informisanja, situacija u eksperimentalnoj fabrici je počela da se stabilizuje.	However, as soon as the program of intensive informing began, the situation in the experimental factoryhas began to stabilize.	0.647437
Precepcija poštenja, iskrenosti i pažnje kompanije, kao i lična procena produktivnosti, počeli su da rastu i da Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 se vraćaju na nivo pre objavljivanja pripajanja.	The perception of fairness, honesty and attention of the company, as well as personal productivity assessment, began to rise and returned to the level before the merging announcement.	0.742719
U kontrolnoj fabrici odnos zaposlenih prema promenama je ostao naglašeno negativan.	In the control factory, the attitude of the employees to the changes remained emphatically negative.	1.002
Umesto da se početna tenzija smanji, ona je rasla kako je proces napredovao i firma se suočila sa ozbiljnim problemima.	Instead of decreasing, the initial tension grew as the process progressed and the company wa faced with serious problems.	0.447087
Ovi rezultati su sasvim u skladu sa rezultatima u oblasti organizacione pravde.	These results are entirely consistent with the results in the field oforganizational justice.	1.16656
Čak i kada su pogođeni ishodom procesa, zaposleni su manje nezadovoljni, ukoliko razumeju razloge i poteze menadžmenta i ukoliko ih smatraju pravednim.	Even when they are affected by the outcome of the process, the employees are less dissatisfied, if they understand the reasons and actions of the management and if they deem them fair.	1.16827
Otuda su otvorenost i stalna komunikacija od najveće važnosti za uspešno restrukturisanje.	Because of that, the openness and constant communication are most important for successful restructuring.	0.263855
Treba znati da su zaposleni u velikoj većini zbunjeni i zabrinuti zbog promena koje se očekuju, što negativno utiče na njihovu kritičnost i objektivnost.	It should be known that a majority ofemployees are confused and worried about the changes that are to come, which negatively affects their criticism and objectivity.	0.888971
Nebitni događaji im mogu izgledati kao veoma važni, a slučajne greške, kada se povežu, mogu se doživeti kao zavera.	Insignificant events may seem very important to them,random errors, when connected, can be perceived as a conspiracy.	1.29412
	In accordance with the changed role of businesses in the society, it is of great importance for internal and external public to believe that the organization acts as a socially responsible entity, which should be based on the principles of voluntarism, comprehensiveness and transparency.	-0.3
U nedostatku pravih informacija zaposleni plasiraju svoje verzije, a to je odličan teren za dezinformisanje.	In the absence of real information, employees set their own versions, and this is an excellent ground for disinformation.	0.65
U situaciji kada ne razumeju razloge za promene i strepe za ishod, prirodno je da zaposleni ne podržavaju promene, rezervisani su i skeptični, a neretko pružaju i otvoren otpor.	In a situation where they do not understand the reasons for changes and fear for the outcome, it is natural that employees do not support the changes, they are reserved and sceptical, and often show an open resistance.	1.24314
Strategija komunikacije treba da ostvari nekoliko ciljeva:[5] da se stekne razumevanje i najšire prihvatanje od strane zaposlenih; da se minimizuju posledice nesigurnosti; da se kod ljudi zadrže usmerenost, energija i posvećenost organizaciji; da se obezbedi podrška deoničara i ostalih stejkholdera; da se promeni ponašanje zaposlenih u skladu sa novim ciljevima organizacije; da se održi produktivnost.	The communication strategy should achieve the following goals:[5] To gain understanding and acceptance by the staff; To minimize the effects of uncertainty; To make people keep their focus, energy and commitment to the organization; To provide support to shareholders and other stakeholders; To change the behavior of employees in accordance with the new objectives of the organization; To maintain productivity.	1.15375
Indirektna komunikacija posredstvom interneta, drugih vidova elektronske komunikacije, pisanih saopštenja, biltena i sl. je prihvatljiva, ali ne može biti zamena za lično obraćanje zaposlenima.	Indirect communication via the Internet, other forms of electronic communication, written communication, newsletters etc. are acceptable, but they cannot be a substitute for personal remarks to employees.	0.893143
Dvosmerna komunikacija po modelu saslušaj pričaj ubedi u uslovima važnih promena je, jednostavno, nezamenljiva.	A two way communication based on the listen talkpersuade in terms of important changes, is simply irreplaceable.	0.684536
Takođe je veoma bitno da izvor informacija bude pravi.	It is also essential that the source of information should be true.	0.84375
Za važna saopštenja to mora biti glavni menadžer, a ne neposredni rukovodilac.	Important announcements should be provided by thegeneral manager, not a direct supervisor.	0.492741
Njegovo obraćanje treba da bazira na priči koja je istinita, dosledna i razumljiva, vizija mora biti jasna, čak iako detalji nisu, srednji i niži menadžment treba da bude upoznat, a izlaganje treba potkrepiti činjenicama iz unapred pripremljenog i proverenog materijala.	His information should be based on a story that is true, consistent and understandable, the vision must be clear,even if the details were not, the middle and lower level management should be aware of that and the report has to be confirmed by the facts from the previously prepared and tested materials.	0.939629
Pozivanje na tajnost podataka, šablonski pristup, iznenadjenja i prazna obećanja su kontraproduktivni.	The reference to confidentiality, template approach, surprises and empty promises are counterproductive.	0.3
Dobar način predstavlja izlaganje u velikim grupama, nakon čega sledi veći broj sastanaka u manjim grupama. ~~~ Sastanci u malim grupama omogućavaju istinski dijalog u kome je moguće čuti i odmeriti argumente obe strane.	A good way is to address large groups, followed by a number of meetings in small groups.The meetings in small groups allow a genuine dialogue in which a person can hear and weigh the arguments from both sides.	0.409099
Ljudi zaduženi za neposrednu komunikaciju sa zaposlenima treba da budu obučeni i dobro pripremljeni.	The persons responsible for direct communication with employees should be trained and well prepared.	0.693182
U kompaniji mora da postoji potpuna usaglašenost unutar rukovodstva, na svim nivoima.	There must be a full compliance within the management in the company, at all levels.	1.43272
Između saopštenja ne treba da postoje velike pauze.	Long intervals between one announcement and another should not be allowed.	0.851773
Informacije treba da budu jednostavne i konzistentne, kako bi ih razumeli svi zaposleni.	Information should be simple and consistent, so that all employees should understand it.	0.942857
Kanali za povratne informacije treba da budu uvek otvoreni, kako bi uprava znala kakvi su stavovi radnika, da li se i u kom smeru menjaju kako bi prilagođava svoje delovanje u skladu s tim.	Channels of feedback should be always kept open, so the administration would know what the attitudes of workers are, whether and in whatdirection they are changing and adjusts its actions accordingly.	0.556566
Uporedo sa komunikacijom treba proveravati najvažnije parametre poslovanja.	Along with communication the most important operating parameters should be chacked.	0.949524
Plan za restrukturisanje mora da bude fleksibilan, kako bi uključio nove bitne činjenice koje nastaju tokom realizacije.	The plan for restructuring must be flexible to incorporate the essential facts that arise during the implementation.	0.782178
Kakva je zaista veza između kompanije i zaposlenih vidi se tek kada nastupi kriza.	What is really the link between companies and employees can be seen only when a crisis occurs.	1.0662
Odgovorne firme su firme sa vizijom, koje znaju da brinući o zaposlenima danas, obezbeđuju vlastiti prosperitet sutra.	Responsible companies are companies with vision, who know that care about employees today, provide their own prosperity tomorrow.	0.777143
One, takođe, znaju da su usponi i padovi u poslovanju normalne pojave i pripremaju se za njih.	They are also familiar with the ups and downs of normal business operations and they are preparing for them.	0.25875
Zato je prvi korak u odgovornom restrukturisanju planiranje.	So the first step in responsible restructuring is planning.	1.62179
Preventiva je glavna razlika između organizacija koje promene dočekuju spremno i sa razrađenim mehanizmima i onih koji na prve znake krize reaguju refleksno i povlače kratkoročne i često nepromišljene poteze, što za posledicu najčešće ima masovno otpuštanje zaposlenih.	Prevention is the main difference between organizations that are ready for and welcome changes with the detailed mechanisms and those who at the first signs of a crisis react reflexively and take shortterm and often illconsidered steps, which usually results in a mass dismissal of employees.	1.2194
Drugi korak treba da bude analiza razloga za restrukturisanje.	The second step should be the analysis of the reasons for restructuring.	1.46182
Koji su stvarni uzroci krize, da li postoje druga rešenja (prodaja neprofitabilne imovine, smanjenje troškova i sl.), da li i u kojoj meri otpuštanje rešava problem, kako će ono uticati na radnike koji odlaze i na one koji ostaju, kako zadržati najkvalitetniju radnu snagu, na koji način će preduzete mere uticati na misiju i viziju preduzeća i sl. samo su neka od pitanja koja kompanija mora uzeti u obzir kod restrukturisanja.	What are the real causes of the crisis, are there other solutions (selling unprofitable assets, reducing costs, etc..), whether and to what extent Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 the employee dismissal solves the problem, how it will affect the workers who leave and those who remain, how the highest quality workforce can be retained, in which way the actions taken will affect the mission and the vision of the company, etc. are just some of the issues that companies must take into account in the restructuring process.	1.13841
Treći korak je analiza prednosti koje pruža stabilnost.	The third step is to analyze the advantages provided by the stability.	0.580392
Prethodno istraživanje je pokazalo da i na kraći i na duži rok stabilnost daje bolje rezultate od otpuštanja.	The previous research has shown that both the short and long term stability give better results than layoffs.	0.760781
Četvrti korak treba da bude upoznavanje zaposlenih sa problemima i njihovo uključivanje u rešavanje i to pre donošenja konačne odluke o restrukturisanju.	The fourth step should be to inform the employees about the problems and involve them into decisionmaking, even before the final decision on restructuring is made.	1.21087
Uprava treba da zna ko su najbolji radnici u firmi i da naročito uvažava njihovo mišljenje, što zbog njihove stručnosti, što zbog činjenice da oni imaju veliki uticaj na ostale zaposlene.	The management needs to know who the best workers in businesses are and in particular to respect their opinion, both because of their expertise and of the fact that they have a significant impact on other employees.	1.02273
Čak i kada su otpuštanja neizbežna, uključenost zaposlenih stvara osećaj pripadnosti i lične kontrole, smanjuje neizvesnost i svodi tenzije na prihvatljiv nivo.	Even when layoffs are unavoidable, the involvement of employees creates a sense of belonging, of personal control, reduces uncertainty and tension to an acceptable level.	0.950119
Peto, menadžment treba da zna šta su Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 pravi razlozi za loše poslovanje i da ne koristi otpuštanje kao najbrži lek za postizanje kratkoročnih ciljeva, ako je kompanija suočena sa dugoročnim problemima.	Fifth, the management needs to know what the real reasons for bad business are and not to use the dismissal of employees as the fastest cure for achieving short term goals, if the company is faced with longterm problems.	0.746311
Treba razmotriti sve druge opcije tako da otpuštanje bude poslednji korak, a ne prvi.	It should consider all other options so that dismissals should be the last step, not the first.	1.07568
Rukovodstvo na svim nivoima treba, zajedno sa zaposlenima, da traga za rešenjima i da solidarno podnese teret reformi.	The management at all levels should, together with employees, seek solutions and to jointly bear the burden of reforms.	1.08653
Šesti korak se odnosi na smanjenje troškova, što je najčešće prva reakcija na krizu.	The sixth step is related to cost reduction, which is usually the first reaction to the crisis.	1.09231
Takvo ponašanje poslovodstva je logično, ali je i u tom slučaju neophodno pribaviti mišljenje zaposlenih o tome kojih se pogodnosti najlakše mogu odreći.	Such management behavior is logical, but it is still necessary to ask for the opinion of employees on what benefits they can give up most easily.	1.00785
Uprava treba povratno da informiše zaposlene o visini ušteda i kakve to efekte ima na organizaciju.	Management should provide employees with a feedback on the amount of savings and what effects it has on the organization.	0.95071
Sedmi korak ukoliko nije moguće izbeći otpuštanje, to treba izvesti na pravedan, dosledan način i na način koji čuva dostojanstvo radnika.	The seventh step if it is not possible to avoid making people redundant, this should be presented in a fair, consistent manner, and in a manner that allow employees to preserve their dignity.	1.30691
Otpuštanje treba najaviti što je moguće pre.	The redundancies should be announced as soon as possible.	0.617857
Menadžment mora da nađe način da i u kriznim vremenima zadrži najbolje radnike, jer je to najvažnija pretpostavka za ponovno pokretanje kompanije.	Management must find a way to retain the best employees, in times of crisis as well, because it is the most important prerequisite for the relaunch of the company.	1.33203
Osmo redovno komuniciranje sa zaposlenima kroz razgovor i saopštenja, što je važno za firmu uvek, a naročito u uslovima krize.	The eighth step a regular communication with employees through a dialogue and communication, which is always important for the company, and especially in the times of crisis.	1.34375
Saopštavanje svih relevantnih informacija stvara atmosferu iskrenosti i poverenja i jedini je način da se suzbiju glasine i izbegnu nesporazumi.	The announcement of all relevant information creates an atmosphereof trust and honesty and is the is the only way to quench rumors and to avoid misunderstandings.	1.41942
Deveto kompanija treba da učini sve da zadrži preostale zaposlene i da pruži razloge potencijalnim novim radnicima da pristupe.	Ninth the company must do everything it takes to keep the remaining employees and to provide conditions for potential new employees to join.	0.434071
Od posvećenosti i poverenja radnika koji ostanu posle otpuštanja zavisi nastavak funkcionisanja i budućnost kompanije.	It is on the commitment and confidence of workers who remain that the future operations and the future of the company depend.	1.04143
Od njih se očekuje da preuzmu na sebe veći teret, da budu korektni prema klijentima, da budu inovativni, da neguju organizacionu kulturu i sl. a sve u uslovima otpuštanja, kada i sami trpe veliki pritisak.	They are expected to assume a greater burden, to be fair to customers, be inventive, to cherish an organizational culture, etc., all these in the conditions of redundancy threats when they suffer considerable pressure themselves.	0.930667
Deseto restrukturisanje znači promenu, što podrazumeva da rukovodstvo i zaposleni treba da rade drugačije u novim okolnostima.	Tenth restructuring means change, which means that management and employees should work differently int he new circumstances.	1.45576
Za to ih treba pripremiti i obučiti, kako bi efikasno i u što kraćem roku odgovorili zahtevima koje postavlja nova organizacija.	They have to be prepared for it and adequately trained, so they would be able to effectively and swiftly respond to the demands posed by the new organization.	0.519156
Bez podizanja kvaliteta onih koji ostaju, otpuštanje predstavlja samo potez sa trenutnim efektima, a konačan rezultat je krajnje problematičan.	Without raising the quality of those who remain, the redundances are just a move that may bring immediate effects, however, the final result is deeply problematic.	1.17674
Jedanaesti korak je pažljivo i dugoročno planiranje ljudskih resursa i usaglašavanje ovog plana sa drugim strateškim dokumentima kompanije analizama makroekonomskih uslova, istraživanjima tržišta, poslovnom strategijom preduzeća i sl.	The eleventh step is a careful and longterm human resource planning and coordination of this plan with other strategic documents of the company the analysis of macroeconomic conditions, market research, business strategies of companies, etc.	1.2195
Upravljanje ljudskim resursima treba da obuhvati sva relevantna pitanja, kao što su: sistem nagrađivanja, merenje doprinosa svakog zaposlenog, stimulisanje inovativnosti, obuka i usavršavanje, informisanje zaposlenih, pogodnosti, uključivanje radnika i njihovih asocijacija u odlučivanje, prijem i selekcija novih radnika, postupanje u uslovima krize i dr.[6] Restrukturisanje treba posmatrati kao priliku da se kompanija još više usmeri na one oblasti poslovanja u kojima ostvaruje najveće komparativne prednosti.	Human resource management should include all relevant issues, such as: the reward system, measuring thecontribution of each employee, stimulating innovation, training and development, employee informing, benefits, including workers and their associations into decisionmaking processes, recruiting and selecting new employees, acting in crisis etc.[6] ~~~ The restructuring should be seen as an opportunity for the company to direct its focus on those areas of business where it achieves its greatest comparative advantages.	0.302184
Zaposlene i u takvim okolnostima treba posmatrati kao najveću vrednost kompanije koju treba razvijati, a ne kao trošak koji treba smanjiti čim se pojave prvi znaci krize.	Employees in such circumstances should be regarded as the highest value of the company to be developed, not as an expense that should be reduced as soon as the first signs of crisis appear.	1.35319
Stabilnost, etičnost i iskrenost jesu najvažniji motivacioni faktori koji proizvode željenu reakciju zaposlenih posvećenost, brigu za kupce i inovativnost.	Stability, ethics and honesty are the most important motivational factors that produce the desired reaction of employees dedication, customer care and innovation.	1.05
To su, ujedno, osobine koje odgovorne kompanije čine drugačijim.	These are, at the same time, traits that make responsible companies different.	1.45424
Zaključak Restrukturisanje predstavlja složen proces prilagođavanja preduzeća promenama koje dolaze iz okruženja, sa ciljem da se povećaju efikasnost poslovanja i konkurentnost.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Conslusion The restructuring is a complex process of adjusting the company for changes that come from the environment, in order to increase business efficiency and competitiveness.	1.44313
Prelazak državnih preduzeća na tržišni model privređivanja je proces koji je sam po sebi veoma kompleksan.	The transition of state enterprises to the market economy is a process that is itself very complex.	0.959454
U uslovima turbulentnog okruženja restrukturisanje postaje još složeniji proces, daleko komplikovaniji od onog koji se odvija u preduzećima koja imaju višedecenijsko iskustvo u tržišnom poslovanju.	In conditions of the turbulent environment, restructuring becomes more complex process, far more complicated than the one that takes place in companies that have decades of experience in market operations.	1.44707
U takvim okolnostima postaje naročito važno da se ovaj proces odvija uz poštovanje principa pravednosti i otvorenosti u komunikaciji između učesnika u procesu.	In such circumstances it is particularly important that this process takes place with respect to principles of fairness and openness in communication between stakeholders.	1.16241
Kakva je zaista veza između kompanije i zaposlenih vidi se tek kada nastupi kriza.	What is really the link between companies and employees can be seen only when a crisis occurs.	1.0662
Odgovorne firme su firme sa vizijom, koje znaju da brinući o zaposlenima danas, obezbeđuju vlastiti prosperitet sutra.	Responsible companies are companies with vision, who knows that worrying about employees today, provide their own prosperity tomorrow.	0.59619
Stabilnost, etičnost i iskrenost jesu najvažniji motivacioni faktori koji proizvode željenu reakciju zaposlenih posvećenost, brigu za kupce i inovativnost.	Stability, ethics and honesty are the most important motivational factors that produce the desired reaction of employees - dedication, customer care and innovation.	1.04789
To su, ujedno, osobine koje odgovorne kompanije čine drugačijim.	These are, at the same time, traits that responsible companies make different.	1.45424
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 LITERATURA [1] J.Greenberg Reactions To Procedural Justice in Payment Distributions:		-0.3
Do the Means Justify the Ends?, Journal of Applied Psychology 72, 1987, pp.55-61 [2] J.A.Collquitt, D.E.Colnon, M.J.Wesson, C.O.L.H.PorterandK.		-0.3
Y.Ng, Justice at the Millennium: ~~~ A Meta analytic Review of 25 Years of Organizational JusticeResearch, Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (2001), pp.425-445 [3] J.A.Colquitt On the Dimensionality of Organizational Justice:		-0.3
A Construct Validation of a Measure, Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (2001), pp.386-400 [4] D.M.Schweigerand, A.S.De Nisi Communication With Employees Following a Merger: ~~~ A Longitudinal Field Experiment, Academy of Management Journal 34 (1991), pp. 110-135 [5] M.Feldmanand, M.Spratt Five Frogs on the Log, A CEOs Field Guide to Accelerating the Transition in Mergesrs, Acquisitions and Gut-Wrenching Change (New York: ~~~ Harper, 1999) [6] F.Casio Strategies for Responsible Restructuring, uvodno izlaganje na National Man Power Summit, Singapore, October 2001 [7] Dragomir Voicu-Dan; Anghel Elena Roxana Social Responsibility Practices Regarding Facilities Gran ted to Employees and Consumer Protection in Selected EuropeanCompanies, source:	REFERENCES [1] J.Greenberg Reactions To Procedural Justice in Payment Distributions: Do the Means Justify the Ends?, Journal of Applied Psychology 72, 1987, pp.5561 [2] J.A.Collquitt, D.E.Colnon, M.J.Wesson, C.O.L.H.PorterandK.Y.Ng, Justice at the Millennium: A Meta analytic Review of 25 Years of Organizational JusticeResearch, Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (2001), pp.425445 [3] J.A.Colquitt On the Dimensionality of Organizational Justice: A Construct Validation of a Measure, Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (2001), pp.386400 [4] D.M.Schweigerand, A.S.De Nisi Communication With Employees Following a Merger: A Longitudinal Field Experiment, Academy of Management Journal 34 (1991), pp. 11013 [5] M.Feldmanand, M.Spratt Five Frogs on the Log, A CEOs Field Guide to Accelerating the Transition in Mergesrs, Acquisitions and GutWrenching Change (New York: Harper, 1999) [6] F.Casio Strategies for Responsible Restructuring,opening address at the National Man Power Summit, Singapore, October 2001 [7] Dragomir VoicuDan; Anghel Elena Roxana Social Responsibility Practices Regarding Facilities Granted to Employees and Consumer Protection in Selected EuropeanCompanies, source: Amfiteatru Economic, vol. 13, Issue 29, pp. 86103, Publishedfebr.	0.585725
Amfiteatru Economic, vol. 13, Issue 29, pp. 86-103, Publishedfebr.	2011. [8]	-0.6
2011. [8] Randall Julian, Procter Stephen, Ambiguilty and ambivalence Senior managers accounts of organizational change in a restructured government department, Source: ~~~ Journal of Organizational change management, Issue 6 pp. 686-700, Published 2008.	Randall Julian, Procter Stephen, Ambiguilty and ambivalence Senior managers accounts of organizational change in a restructured government department, Source: Journal of Organizational change management, Issue 6 pp. 686700, Published 2008.	1.23304
Primljen: ~~~ Jun 2011.	Receieved: June 2011.	0.6
Prihvaćen:	Accepted: June 2012.	1.625
Jun 2012. O autoru Slobodan Panić Narodna banka Srbije, Zavod za izradu novčanica Topčider Email: slobodan.panic@nbs.rs / www.nbs.rs Dr.Slobodan Panić je rođen 19.10.1964 godine u Beogradu.	About the Author Slobodan Panić National Bank of Serbia, The Institute for Manufacturing Banknotes and Coins Topčider, Belgrade Email: slobodan.panic@nbs.rs / www.nbs.rs Slobodan Panić was born in Belgrade, on 19th October, 1964.	1.57686
Završio je Ekonomski fakultet u Beogradu, gde je i magistrirao na temu Strategija izbora sredstava privredne propagande.	He graduated at the Faculty of Economics in Belgrade, where he also received his M.A. degree with the thesis The Selection of Means of Economic Propaganda Strategy.	0.706604
Doktorsku disertaciju na temu Tržišna transformacija državnih preduzeća u Srbiji je odbranio na FON-u u januaru 2012. godine.	His doctoral theses, with which he received his Ph.D. degree in January 2012 at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, was titled Market transformation of stateowned companies in Serbia.	0.488356
Od 2003. godine je zaposlen u Narodnoj banci Srbije Zavod za izradu novčanica i kovanog novca Topčider, na mestu direktora Direkcije za prodaju.	Since 2003 he has been employed in the National Bank of Serbia The Institute for Manufacturing Banknotes and Coins at Topčider, as Director of Sales Board.	0.6582
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Marija Janković Univerzitet Mediteran, Fakultet za poslovne studije Podgorica In te gri sa ne mar ke ting ko mu ni ka ci je i raz voj iden ti te ta bren da UDK: ~~~ 005.53:658.626 ; 659.442 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) Sa vre me ni mar ke ting pri stup ba zi ran je na sve ve ćem zna ča ju in te gri sa ne mar ke ting ko mu ni ka ci je i dru štve no-od go vor nog ma kre ting kon cep ta.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Marija Jankovic, MsC University Mediterranean, Faculty of business Montenegro Business School, Montenegro Integrated Marketing Communications and Brand Identity Development UDC: 005.53:658.626 ; 659.442 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0015 Modern marketing paradigm is based on the increasing importance of the relational, environmental and socially responsible marketing concept.	-0.146324
Sa vre me ni mar ke ting miks ne uzi ma u ob zir sa mo za do vo lje nje po tre ba po tro ša ča, već i ostva re nje du go traj ne, in te gri sa ne ko mu ni ka ci je sa njim.	Modern marketing mix does not take into account only the satisfaction of consumer needs, but the realization of long-term communication with him.	0.55607
Kon cept raz vi ja nja iden ti te ta bren da upu ću je na sve do mi nat ni ji uti caj raz li či tih mar ke tin ških ko mu ni ka ci o nih stra te gi ja u ci lju stva ra nja, raz vi ja nja bren da i us po sta vlja nja čvr šće emo ci o nal ne ve ze sa po tro ša čem.	The concept of developing brand identity refers to the importance of different marketing tools for the purpose of creating, developing the brand and establishing stronger emotional connection with the consumer.	0.467175
Do dat na vri jed nost ko ju brend do no si, ve zu je se, po red funk ci o nal ne, za nje go vu sim bo lič nu i emo tiv nu stra nu.	The added value that makes the brand, is related to in addition to functional, its symbolic and emotional sides, in addition to the functional one.	0.447264
Kon cept in te gri sa ne mar ke ting ko mu ni ka ci je omo gu ća va kom pa ni ja ma da raz li či tim ko mu ni ka ci o nim stra te gi ja ma, sa op šte cilj noj ja vo sti kon zi stent nu po ru ku ko ju brend no si, kao uvjer lji vu, do sled nu i ja snu.	The concept of integrated marketing communications enables companies to use various to the target public as credible, consistent and clear.	0.429516
Ključ ne ri je či: ~~~ In te gri sa ne mar ke ting ko mu ni ka ci je, sa vre me ni kon cept mar ke tin ga, iden ti tet bren da, me dij ske ko mu ni ka ci je. 1.	Keywords: integrated marketing communications, modern concept of marketing, brand identity, media communications. techniques and communication tools to communicate the message the brand has 1.	0.0538983
Uvod Dolaskom novog komunikacionog doba, sve bržeg razvoja informacione tehnologije i stavljanja informacije u centar pažnje, neophodno je unapređivati i uskladiti marketing komunikacije sa novonastalim promjenama.	Introduction Along with the new age of communications arrival, with the faster and faster information technology development, it has become necessary to improve marketing of communications and to coordinate newly appeared changes with them, by placing the information into the center of attention.	0.868739
Marketing komunikacije ostvaruju dvosmjernu komunikaciju sa potrošačima i na taj način približavaju se potrebama potrošača.	Marketing communications maintain a two-way communicate with their consumers and thus they address the consumers needs.	0.643571
Međutim, cio pređašnji koncept marketinga nije više dovoljan da bi se zadovoljile sve potrebe.	However, the entire previous concept of marketing is no more sufficient to satisfy all their needs.	1.29647
Savremena marketing paradigma se oslanja na integrisanu marketinšku komunikaciju svih elemenata marketing miksa, zahtijeva više od dobrog proizvoda, dobre cijene i dostupnosti.	Contemporary paradigm of marketing relies on an integrated communication of marketing of all marketing mix elements. ~~~ It demands more than a good product, a good price and availability.	0.174572
Integrisane marketing komunikacije razvijaju svjesnost o brendu proizvoda, usluge ili kompanije, i to je prizma kroz koju nas javnost vidi.	Integrated marketing communications develop the awareness of a brand, its service or the company, and that represents the prism through which public see us.	0.982054
Savremeni postupci razvijanja brenda, zasnovani na tržišnim, tehnološkim i emocionalnim faktorima, zahtijevaju adekvatnu primjenu strategije integrisanih marketing komunikacija, uz sistematizaciju marketinških aktivnosti, sa ciljem boljeg pozicioniranja brenda.	Brand development contemporary acts, based on the market, technological and emotional factors, require an adequate use of an integrated marketing communications strategy, along with the systematization of marketing activities, with the intention to put the brand to a better position.	0.828214
Nove tehnologije dovode do sve veće fragmentiranosti medija, što govori o sve većem uticaju marketinških alata na svijest o brendu i na njegovu vrijednost.	New technologies lead to a greater fragmentation of media, which shows us that there is more and more marketing tools influence on the awareness of brand itself and its value.	0.998102
Marketing komunikacije predstavljaju glas brenda, sredstva pomoću kojih se uspostavlja dijalog i komunikacija sa potrošačem, sa ciljem očuvanja, razvijanja i održavanja identiteta i vrijednosti brenda.		-0.3
Ono na šta kompanije danas ciljaju jesu emocije pojedinaca, ne grupa.	The goal of companies today is to influence the emotions of individuals and not of the groups.	0.711475
Stoga je veoma važan sinergetski efekat svih komunikacionih alata zajedno.	Therefore, the synergetic effect of all the communicational tools together comes to be very important.	1.56513
Integrisane marketing komunikacije uključuju sve subjekte koji učestvuju u komunikaciji, analizu, planiranje, primjenu i kontrolu komunikacija, izbor medija i promotivnih kanala, koji će biti usredsređeni na određene ciljne grupe, sa ciljem postizanja veće konkurentnosti i efekata brenda. 2.	Integrated marketing communications include all the subjects participating in communication, analysis, planning, usage and control of communications, the media and promoting channels choice which will be focused on certain target groups, in order to achieve a greater competitiveness and effect of the brand. ~~~ 2.	0.497137
Sa vre me ni kon cept mar ke ting mik sa i raz voj brend iden ti te ta Nil Borden, predavač na Poslovnoj školi Univerziteta na Harvardu tvorac je pojma marketing miks.	Contemporary marketing mix concept and the brand identity development Neil Borden, a teacher at Business school at Harvard, is considered to be the founder of the marketing mix term.	0.963043
Termin postaje popularan nakon njegovog govora pred Američkom Marketinškom Asocijacijom 1953. godine.	The term becomes popular after his speech before the American Marketing Association in 1953.	0.943558
Po Bordenu, marketing miks je predstavljao niz sastojaka, koji bi, kao kulinarski recept, mogli da stvore proizvod, sposoban da zadovolji potrošača i njegove prohtjeve, ako je pravilno izmiksovan.	According to him, marketing mix presented the sequence of ingredients which, as a culinary receipt, if been well mixed, would be able to make a product, capable to satisfy consumers needs and desires.	0.605019
Tradicionalni koncept marketing miksa zasniva se na kombinaciji proizvoda, cijene, mjesta (distribucije) i promocije, u cilju zadovoljenja potreba potrošača.	The traditional concept of marketing mix is based on the combination of products, price, place (of distribution) Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 and promotion, in order to satisfy the consumers needs.	0.63169
Nova marketing paradigma oslanja se na komuniciranje svakim Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 elementom marketing miksa posebno.1 Proizvod komunicira kvalitetom i dizajnom, sa ciljem da zadovolji potrebe potrošača i prevaziđe njihova očekivanja.	New marketing paradigm relies on each marketing mix element communication, separately1. ~~~ A product communicates through its quality and design with the aim of satisfying consumersž needs and exceeding their expectations.	0.0871134
Oblik, pakovanje, boja i druga obilježja takođe su važni.	What is also important is its shape, package, colour and other features as well.	1.11509
Cijena komunicira usklađenošću sa kvalitetom proizvoda.	The price communicates through compliance with the products quality.	0.689683
Potrošači obično percipiraju relaciju da niska cijena znači slabiji kvalitet i obrnuto.	Consumers usually perceive the relation the lower price the worse quality and vice versa.	0.745954
Distribucija šalje informaciju o dostupnosti i ekskluzivnosti proizvoda.	Distribution sends information about the products availability and exclusiveness.	0.935323
Promocija, kao najintenzivniji i najviše korišćen elemenat marketing miksa koristi razne svoje oblike.	As the most intensive and exploited element of the marketing mix, promotion uses its different shapes.	0.279545
Danas su istraživanja, chat roomovi, forumi, prijatelji jedan od najznačajnijih nezavisnih izvora primanja informacija, tako da se i promotivne aktivnosti okreću u tom smjeru2. ~~~ Ne postaje važan samo proizvod kompanije; važan je opšti utisak koji cjelokupna organizacija ostavi na tržištu.	Nowadays, inquiries, chat rooms, forums, friends, all of them rank among the most significant independent sources of receiving information, so that even promotional activities turn to this direction.2 It is not only the product of company that becomes important, but also the overall impression caused by the entire organization on the market.	0.336765
Važan je korporativni brend i imidž kompanije.	Corporative brand and its image are important.	1.03537
Korporativni imidž je ono čemu svaka kompanija teži, a to je da ostvari dugoročnu, pozitivnu sliku u očima cjelokupne javnosti.	The corporative image is something every company strives for in order to achieve a long-lasting, positive image in the overall public viewing.	1.27895
Stoga je važno planski i osmišljeno kreirati marketinške programe, strateški pristupiti planiranju aktivnosti na svim organizacionim nivoima, a sve u cilju razvijanja identiteta brenda.	Therefore, it is important to methodically and thoughtfully create marketing programs, to approach the activity of planning of all the organizational levels strategically, and all this with the intention to develop the identity of the brand.	1.06814
Identitet brenda je ključan u ostvarivanju odnosa sa potrošačem i stvaranju iskustava potrošača sa brendom.	The identity of the brand is crucial in developing relations with the consumer as well as in creating consumers experiences along with the brand.	1.16477
Iskustva potrošača sa nekim brendom, njegova tržišna prepoznatljivost, prepoznavanje potrošača u nekom brendu, utiču na jačanje vrijednosti korporativnog identiteta.	Consumers experiences with a brand, the brand recognition on the market, recognizing the consumer in a brand, they all have an effect on strengthening the corporative identity value.	0.45
Stoga, savremene marketing koncepcije naglašavaju značaj strateške analize, kako potrošača, tako i konkurencije, kao i internu analizu, analizu samog brenda i kompanije koja iza njega stoji.	Therefore, contemporary marketing conceptions emphasize the meaning of strategic analysis, not only of the consumer, but also of competition and internal analysis, the analysis of brand itself and the company that supports it.	0.702339
Analizom potrošača, na bazi kvalitativnih istraživanja, dolazi se do podataka, kakav stav i percepciju potrošači imaju prema nekom brendu.	By using consumers analysis based on qualitative research, one gets the data about what kind of attitude and perception consumers have towards some brand.	1.33571
Analiza konkurencije proučava jake i slabe strane konkurenata, dolazeći do zaključaka u kojem segmentu treba djelovati i kako.	Competition analysis studies strengths and weaknesses of competitorsž, coming to a conclusion about which segment one should act in, and how.	0.589241
Međutim, ne zaboravimo činjenicu da danas uspješne kompanije ulažu ogromne napore u stvaranju prepoznatljivog brenda, upravo iz razloga sve izraženije konkurencije i sve teže diferenciranosti.	However, lets not forget the fact, that successful companies give their best in creating a recognizable brand today, just because of the more and more expressive competition and even greater differentiation.	0.87178
Uzmimo samo u obzir podatak da je svega 5% kupaca vjerno određenom brendu, a 68% učestalo mijenja proizvode i marke koje kupuje.	Lets just take into account the data that only 5% of buyers stick to a certain brand, and that 68% of them usually do not always buy the same products and brands.	1.02261
Čak 73% kupaca koristi pet ili više različitih kupovnih kanala (trgovine, on-line kupovina, katalozi i dr.), a svega četvrtina redovno obavlja svoju kupovinu u jednoj određenoj trgovini3.	Even 73% of buyers use five or more different shopping channels (trade, online shopping, catalogues etc), and only one fourth of them do their regular shopping in one particular shop3.	1.35027
Ovaj podatak nam govori koliko kompanije moraju biti spremne na promjene i imati u vidu alternativne strategije brendiranja.	This data tell us about the extent to which companies should be prepared to change and have in mind the alternative branding strategies.	1.38582
Samim tim se od najveće važnosti ističe analiza same kompanije, koja uključuje resurse i raspoloživa sredstva kompanije, analitiku korporativnog brenda, strategije i taktike, kao i analizu vrijednosti samog brenda. (Kompanija Brand Finance, svjetski lider na tržištu mjerenja vrijednosti koroprativnog brenda, mjeri vrijednost globalnih i afirmisanih brendova kompanija4.	The analysis of the company itself is most importantly highlighted this way, which includes not only resources and available means of the company, corporative brand analysis, strategies and tactics, but also the brands value analysis itself. ~~~ (The Brand Finance company, a worldwide leader in the corporate brand value measuring market, measures the global and affirmed companys brands value4.	0.240991
Kompanija Coca-Cola ima vrijednost brenda 32 miliona dolara.	The Coca-cola company s brand value is 32 millions of dollars.	4.29434
U odnosu na vrijednost kompanije, vrijednost brenda je izražena i čini 32% ukupne vrijednosti kompanije.	Compared to the companys value, the brands value is emphasized and it makes 32% of the total companys value.	1.04341
Ovaj podatak nam govori o sve većem značaju korporativnog brenda za preduzeće, tretiranog kao dio nematerijalne aktive.) Savremena koncepcija marketinga stoga upravo leži u traganju za alternativnim strategijama koje će povećati vrijednost brenda.	This information tells us about the increasing corporate brands importance for the company, being treated as a part of intangible assets). ~~~ Therefore, contemporary marketing conception implies searching for alternative strategies which will increase the brands value.	0.420395
Jedan od značajnijih autora u oblasti brendiranja, David Aaker, smatra da je identitet brenda sastavljen od 12 dimenzija koje svrstava u 4 perspektive5: 1.	One of the prominent authors in alternative strategies field, David Atker, thinks that the identity of brand is a 12-dimension compound which he classifies into 4 perspectives5: 1.	1.21522
Brend kao proizvod područje proizvoda, atributi, kvalitet/vrijednost, namjene, korisnici, zemlja porijekla; 2.	Brand as a product - the field of products, attributes, quality/value, aims, users, country of origin. ~~~ 2.	0.446865
Brend kao organizacija organizacioni atributi, lokalno nasuprot globalnom; 3. ~~~ Brend kao osoba personalitet brenda, odnosi brenda i kupca; 4.	Brand as an organization - organizational attributes, local contrary to global ones; 1 Buha Vesna, Janičić Radmila, Filipović Vinka, Gligorijević Mirjana, Virtual reality in distance education and marketing communications, Management theory and practice management magazine, vol. 16, no.	0.116727
Brend kao simbol vizuelne slike /metafore, nasleđe brenda.	60, pg. ~~~ 51-59, 2011.	-0.2475
Isti autor zamišlja identitet brenda kao spoj osnovnog i proširenog identiteta.	2 For example, the greatest auction websites employ and pay auction experts well for maintaining communication on their well visited forums, with an aim to offer their customers as many information as they can.	0.108333
Osnovni identitet predstavlja centralnu i vanvremensku suštinu brenda, pri čemu on ostaje konstantan, čak i kada se brend prenese na druga tržišta i proizvode.	3 40.000 products are available in regular stores.	-0.0348485
Prošireni identitet obuhvata razne elemente identiteta brenda, organizovane u smislene i koherentne grupe.6Identitet brenda je rezultat brend strategija koju kompanija sprovodi, a koje rezultiraju percepcijom potrošača.	4 According to Brand Finance consulting company data, publishing a list of 500 best brands in the world every year, the best corporative brand is Google with 44 billion dollar value.	0.545098
Stoga savremena marketing koncepcija prepoznaje suštinu brenda u odražavanju eksterne i interne kulture kompanije, naglašavajući komunikativnu ulogu svakog pojedinačnog 1 Buha Vesna, Janičić Radmila, Filipović Vinka, Gligorijević Mirjana, Virtuelna realnost u obrazovanju na daljinu i marketinškim komunikacijama, Management - časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta, vol. 16, br. 60, str. 51-59, 2011. 2 Npr. najveći aukcijski sajtovi, zapošljavaju i dobro plaćaju aukcijske poznavaoce i stručnjake za održavanje komunikacije na svojim izuzetno posjećenim forumima, sa ciljem pružanja što većeg broja informacija kupcima. 3 U prosječnom supermarketu potrošaču stoji na raspolaganju 40.000 proizvoda. 4 Prema podacima konsultantske kompanije Brand Finance, koja svake godine objavljuje listu najboljih 500 brendova na svijetu, najbolji korporativni brend je Google, čija vrijednost iznosi 44 milijarde dolara.		-0.3
Drugi najvredniji brend je Microsoft, čija vrijednost iznosi 42 milijarde dolara, dok je na trećem mestu lanac supermarketa Wall-Mart, sa vrijednošću od 36,2 milijarde dolara.	The second place belongs to Microsoft -42 billion dollars, while the third place belongs to the chain of stores Wall-Mart, with 36,2 billion dollar value.	1.05044
Apple se ove godine popeo za 12 mjesta i našao među prvih deset najboljih brendova na svijetu, zauzevši osmo mesto.	This year the Apple company improved by 12 positions, and reached one of the top places of the list with the value of 29,5 billion dollars.	1.96929
Vrijednost Appla je 29,5 milijardi dolara.	The top of the list belongs to American companies, and 13 out of 20 most valuable companies are situated in the USA.	0.270677
U vrhu liste dominiraju amjeričke kompanije, a čak 13 od 20 najvrednijih su kompanije sa sjedištem u SAD.	The British company British petroleum suffered a greatest loss this year, which made it fall from the 51the to 104th position of the list.	0.379634
Najveći ovogodišnji gubitnik je britanska kompanija British Petroleum, koja je sa 51. mesta pala na 104. 5 Aaker D. A, Building Strong Brands, Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, New York, 2006. 6 Kotler Ph, Keller L., Marketing menadžment, 12. izdanje, Datastatus, Beograd, 2008, str.279-280 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 elementa marketing miksa.	5 Aaker D. A, Building Strong Brands, Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, New York, 2006. ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 3. ~~~ Brand as a person - brands personality, relation between brand and buyer; 4. ~~~ Brand as a symbol - visual images/metaphors, brands heritage. ~~~ 5. ~~~ The same author imagines brands identity as a compound of a basic and expanded identity.	0.0789855
	The basic one represents the central and out-of-time basis of brand; it remains constant, even when brand is transferred to other markets and products.	-0.3
	The expanded identity includes different elements of brands identity, organized in meaningful and coherent groups6.	-0.3
	Brands identity represents the result of brand strategies, used by the company, resulting from the consumers perception.	-0.3
Naglašavajući komunikativnu ulogu svakog pojedinačnog elementa marketing miksa, u prvom redu se ističe vrijednost za kupca, pogodnost, cijena i komunikacija.	Therefore, contemporary marketing conception recognizes the basis of brand in maintaining the external and internal companys culture, emphasizing the communicative role of every single element of a marketing mix.	0.64046
	By emphasizing the communicative role of every single marketing mix element, the first pointed out is the value for buyer, the availability, the price and the communication.	-0.3
U tom domenu je bitno identifikovati vrijednost (kako kompanija može da identifikuje šansu za ponudu novih vrijednosti?); stvoriti vrijednost (ponuda vrijednosti) i isporučiti vrijednost (isporuka vrijednosti na efikasniji način).	In this domain, it is important to identify the value (which way can a company identify a chance for an offer of new values?); to create the value (the offer of value) and to deliver the value (value delivery in a more efficient way).	1.17656
Primjeri kompanije, koje imaju izraženu komunikaciju sa ciljnom javnošću i odličnu percepciju potrošača su:	Coca Cola, Microsoft, Intel, Singapore Airlines, Disney, CNN, Mercedes Benz, McDonalds, Ikea… are the examples of companies that have an emphasized communication with the target public and an excellent perception of their consumers.	0.79703
Coca Cola, Microsoft, Intel, Singapore Airlines, Disney, CNN, Mercedes Benz, McDonalds, Ikea… Vrijednost i snaga ovih brendova se gradila uz strateško razmišljanje i pametno upravljanje, dugim nizom godina, analitičkim posmaranjem tržišta i potrošača, uz stalnu interakciju.	The value and strength of these brands has been developed with strategic pondering and clever management, over a long period and by analytical observing the market and consumers, along with permanent interaction.	0.553197
Mc Donalds nije definisao svoj biznis kao pečenje pljeskavica.	Mc Donalds has not defined its business as baking patties.	1.164
Kompanija je održala imidž formirajući jedinstvenu ličnost, tj. doživljavanje te ličnosti sa kojom su kupci u aktivnoj interakciji.	The company held its image by forming a unique personality, actually by experiencing this personality with which these buyers are in active interaction.	1.22258
Prodavnice imaju poseban vizuelni doživljaj, drugačiji miris kuhinje, odnos zaposlenih, ali i poklone za decu, nagradne igre, posebno pakovanje, pa i jedinstveni ukus7.	Shops cause a special visual impression, different flavour of the kitchen, relations of the employed, but also presents for kids, lottery, special package and the unique flavor7.	0.666946
Savremena kompanija mora da zna da nije dovoljno samo naći kupca.	A contemporary company needs to be aware of the fact that it is not enough just to find a buyer.	0.689474
Neophodno ga je i zadržati.	It is necessary to keep him.	0.2875
Uz jasno koncipiranu savremenu viziju brenda, sa definisanim vrijednostima brendovskog identiteta, koji se žele postići, uz zdravu organizacionu kulturu, ona to zasigurno može i treba.	Along with the clearly designed contemporary vision of brand, and with defined brand identity values which it wants to achieve along with sound organizational culture, the company can and certainly should manage it.	0.840338
Poznavanje sebe kao organizacije i poznavanje načina na koji je javnost doživljava, početni su koraci ka uspješnom korporativnom brendiranju. 3.	The initial steps towards a successful corporate branding are the awareness of the company itself as an organization and a knowledge of the way in which public experience it.	1.26077
In te gri sa ne mar ke ting ko mu ni ka ci je i raz voj bren da Marekting komunikacija je ključna komponenta savremenog marketinga, koja obuhvata sve komunikacijske aktivnosti između organizacije i njenih ciljnih grupa.	3. ~~~ Integrated marketing communications and brand development Marketing communication is the contemporary marketing key component, which includes all communicational activities between the organization and its target groups.	0.43638
Oslonjena na promotivnu i kreativnu primjenu svih elemenata, nastoji povećati prodaju i poboljšati poslovni rezultat.	Relying on the promotional and creative usage of all the elements, it tries to increase sales and improve the business result.	1.04717
U cilju povećanja vrijednosti brenda, kompanije koriste integrisani pristup zarad informisanja potencijalnih i stvarnih potrošača o svojim proizvodima, uslugama i uslovima prodaje.	To increase the brands value, companies use the integrated approach for informing their prospective and real consumers about their products, services and sales conditions.	0.923986
Integrisane marketing komunikacije su strateški poslovni proces, koji se koristi za planiranje, razvoj, koordinaciju i komunikaciju brenda sa ciljnom javnošću.	Integrated marketing communications represent strategic business processes that are used for brand planning, development, coordination and communication with the target public.	1.41577
Integrisane marketing komunikacije predstavljaju način gledanja na cio marketing proces, sa aspekta primaoca.	Integrated marketing communications represent a way of observing the entire marketing process, from the aspects of the receiver.	0.903463
Uspješne kompanije su odavno prepoznale činjenicu da kupci kontrolišu tržište.	Successful companies have for a long time now recognized the fact that buyers control the market.	1.35891
Oni su ti koji određuju šta žele da vide, osjete i da čuju.	They are the ones who determine what they want to see, feel or hear.	0.91978
Ljudi se prvenstveno racionalno ponašaju u kupovini, tako da će uvijek dati prednost onom proizvodu za čiju kupovinu će, po istoj cijeni koju bi morali da plate za neki sličan proizvod, moći dobiti i neku dodatnu vrijednost (premiju, gratis proizvod, veću količinu istog proizvoda, itd.).	Firstly, people act down-to-earth while shopping, so they will always give advantage to a product for which one would pay the same price as when buying the same product somewhere else, but along with some added value (ex. bonus, a free product, a larger quantity of the same product, etc).	0.872019
Potrošači danas više zahtjevaju udobnu kupovinu, kupovinu od kuće kako bi na miran način mogli razgledati kataloge i eventualno se odlučiti za kupovinu.8 U Crnoj Gori se, takođe, sve veći broj kupovina obavlja od kuće i ta tendencija rasta postoji.	Consumers today demand comfortable shopping, shopping from their houses so that they would be able to see catalogues without any rush and, eventually, choose the things they would buy8. ~~~ There is more and more shopping from home in Montenegro nowadays, and the tendency increases.	0.0363014
Među faktorima koji su uslovili nastanak integrisanih marketing komunikacija, prednost se, pored tržišnih, daje tehnološkim faktorima.	Among the factors which caused forming the integrated marketing communications, technological factors are favoured along with the market ones.	0.826992
Tržišni faktori obuhvataju: povećanu konkurenciju, rast ulaganja u promotivne aktivnosti, redistribuciju promotivnih budžeta, promjene u ponašanju potrošača.	Market factors include: fiercer competition, investing into promotional activities growth, promotional budget redistribution, consumers behaviour changes.	0.633655
Među tehnološkim faktorima, izraženi su: fragmentacija medija, pojava interaktivnih medija, mogućnost kreiranja baze podataka o potrošačima, partnerima i konkurenciji.	Among technological factors, the emphasized ones are: media fragmentation, interactive media appearance, the 6 Kotler Ph, Keller L., Marketing management, 12. edition, Datastatus, Belgrade, 2008, pg.279-280 7 http://www.poslovnaznanja.com/ 8 12% of total shopping is done from home in the USA.	0.559615
	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 possibility of creating of the consumers data base, partners and competitors.	-0.3
Oglašavanje je jedan od najznačajnijih alata marketing komuniciranja i on se često poistovjećivao sa terminom komunikacija.	One of the most significant tools in marketing communication is advertizing and it is very often identified with the term communication.	0.995263
Činjenica je da postaje sve teže izgraditi uspješan brend.	The fact is that creating a successful brand becomes more and more difficult.	0.533333
Kompanije sve više ulažu u promotivne aktivnosti, dok budžet za marketing zahtijeva ozbiljno planiranje.	Companies increasingly invest into their promotional activities, while marketing budget requires to be planned thoughtfully.	1.04947
Od 50 najboljih britanskih brendova, samo 18% je stvoreno 1975. godine.	Out of 50% of the best British brands, only 18% were created in 1975.	1.27368
Ukupna ulaganja u oglašavanje izvan SAD su od 1999. do 2000. godine porasla 60%, dostigavši procijenjeni iznos od 231 milijardu dolara9.	Total investments in advertizing out of the USA in 1999 and 2000 rose by 60%, reaching the estimated sum of 231 billion dollars9.	0.951263
Ovaj podatak ukazuje koliko je teško održati brend i koliko održavanje iziskuje marketinških sredstava.	These data indicate how difficult it is to keep the brand and how much marketing means maintenance requires.	1.29022
Koncept integrisanih marketing komunikacija se danas prihvata kao novi pravac razvoja marketinga, koji inkorporira sve elemente marketinga u komunikaciji.	Nowadays, integrated marketing communications concept is adopted as a new branch of marketing development which incorporates all the marketing elements in communication.	1.47372
Primjer domaće kompanije Pivara Trebjesa A.D. Nikšić govori o uspješnoj primjeni strategije integrisanih marketing komunikacija.	The local companys Trebjesa Brewery, Niksić example shows us a successful integrated marketing communication strategy appliance.	0.664565
Kao lider na tržištu (sa 91,8% tržišnog učešća) kompanija komunicira preko tri osnovne vrijednosti brenda: tradicija, povjerenje i kvalitet. 7 http://www.poslovnaznanja.com/ 8 U SAD-u 12% ukupnih kupovina se obavlja od kuće. 9 Jobber, D. Fahy, Osnovi Marketinga, Data Status, Beograd, 2006.	The company, a market leader (with 91.8% of market share), communicates with more than three basic brands values.	0.430548
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Uz modernizovanu tehnologiju i zapažen izvoz, širok asortiman proizvoda, jaku bazu lojalnih potrošača, kompanija uspijeva da gradi jak i poznat brend na tržištu.		-0.3
Kompanija komunicira sa širom javnošću, koristeći odlične promotivne alatke, među kojima su: svjedočanstva o brojnim nagradama o kvalitetu, sistem nagradnih igara za krajnje potrošače, promotivni materijal za ugostitelje, distributivne popuste (99% ugostiteljskih i maloprodajnih objekata u Crnoj Gori je pokriveno njihovim proizvodima), stavljanje akcenta na prepoznatljivost brenda (gorčina brenda, kao znak prepoznavanja), inovativnost (Nik Gold Pivnica u Budvi), društvenu odgovornost (akcija Kad pijem, ne vozim sprovedena na TV stanicama i bilbordima širom zemlje, sa odličnim odzivom i jasnom porukom).	The company communicates with general public by using excellent promotional tools among which are: certificates on numerous quality rewards, lottery games system for the customers, promoting material for the caterers, distributive discounts (99% of catering and retail objects in Montenegro sell their products), highlighting the recognition of brand (bitterness of the brand, as mark of recognition), innovation (Nik Gold Brewery in Budva), social responsibility (the while drinking, I dont drive campaign, conducted on TV stations, billboards all around the country, with a great reception and a clear message sent).	0.92959
Brend odlično komunicira i cijenom, pristupačan je ljudima sa srednjim nivoom dohotka.	The brand communicates well with its price, it is available to the middle-level-income people.	0.515385
Pakovanja u limenci su nešto skuplja nego li u povratnoj ambalaži, ali to je i motiv više za potrošače da vode računa o životnoj okolini.	Tin packages are a bit more expensive than returnable packages, but that is an additional motive for consumers to keep their environment clean.	0.922521
Nizom sponzorstava i nagradnih igara (sponzori prvenstava u fudbalu) i upečatljivim sloganom Pivo za društvo i Uvijek među prijateljima, kompanija je ostvarila svoje komunikacione ciljeve, i uspostavila jaku vezu potrošača sa brendom.	With its sequence of sponsorships and lottery games (football championship sponsors) and with an impressive slogan Beer for friends and Always among friends, the company has accomplished its communicational aims and managed to create a strong link between the brand and its consumers.	0.433014
U novijim reklamama možemo primijetiti učešće sve mlađe populacije, (čime kompanija nastoji razbiti tradiciju, po kojoj su samo stariji ljudi pili pivo i za koje se samo brend i vezivao), čime kompanija nastoji uključiti ovu kategoriju što više u konzumiranje proizvoda.	While observing new advertisements, we can notice younger population participating, (with which the company itself tries to do away with the traditions according to which only older population drinks beer and who the brand stuck to), in which way this company increasingly tries to include this category of the population into consuming their products.	0.869413
U svim svojim propagandama brend se predstavlja ako domaći, kvalitetan, tradicionalan, a opet u koraku sa savremenim zahtjevima tržišta (uvođenje novih proizvoda Nic Gold, Nic Cool, Nikšićko Tamno).	In all its propaganda, the brand has been presented as national, traditional, but still obeying the contemporary market demands (launching of their new products Nic Gold, Nic Cool, Nikšićko Tamno).	1.63255
Kompanija Pivara Trebjesa svojim proizvodima i dobrim komunikacionim alatima jača svoju marku, koja je definitivno jedan od najprepoznatljivijih u regionu.	The Trebjesa Brewery company strengthens its brand (which is definitely one of the most distinguishable ones in the region), along with its products and its good communicational tools as well.	0.814907
U integrisanoj marketing komunikaciji važno je imati jasnu i nedvosmislenu poruku, koja ukazuje na kvalitet proizvoda, prednosti kompanije i njenu viziju.	In an integrated marketing communication, it is important to have a clear and definite message that stresses the quality of the product, the companys advantage and its vision.	0.953142
Da bi se uspješno primijenio sam koncept integrisane marketing komunikacije, kompanija mora da:	In order to apply the integrated marketing concept of communication itself properly, the company has to accomplish the following: 1.	0.626218
	Develop horizontal communications - enable the employed to accomplish their tasks in team work, share information among working groups, affect strengthening of the employees image throughout the corporate identity creating.	-0.3
1) Razvija horizontalne komunikacije - osposobi zaposlene da timski rješavaju zadatke, podijeli informacije između radnih grupa, odjela i timova, utiče na jačanje imidža zaposlenih, kroz kreiranje korporativnog identiteta; 2) Integriše marketing aktivnosti, razvoj, oblikovanje i koordinativno sprovođenje marketing programa, procesa i aktivnosti; 3) Redefiniše organizacionu strukturu, definiše i uspostavi optimalne kombinacije ljudskih i fizičkih resursa, za efikasno funkcionisanje organizacije kao cjeline, uz sve veću upotrebu Interneta i on-line poslovanja.	2. ~~~ Integrate marketing activities, development, forming and coordinate usage of marketing program, process and activities; 3. ~~~ Redefine the organizational structure, definition and usage of optimal organization as a whole, with an increased usage of the Internet and on-line business.	-0.0398374
Traganje za jednostavnijim načinima poslovanja treba da ima primat i u pogledu organizovanja komunikacionih alata; 4) Intenzivira primjenu informacione tehnologije u komunikaciji sa ciljnim javnostima i kreira što potpuniju bazu podataka o potrošačima i stejkholderima.	Searching for the simpler way of management should be the imperative in organizing the communicational tools; 4. ~~~ Intensify the usage of informational technology in communication with target publics and create a more complete data base of customers and stakeholders.	0.243478
U ovom segmentu jako je važno imati dobar CRM koncept (Customer Relationship Marketing Concept), koji je i srž same kompanije. (Ulaganja u dobru i jaku bazu podataka o kupcima, koja broji čak 400 informacija o svakom kupcu, predstavlja obiman i zahtjevan zadatak kompanije.	Considering this segment, it is of high importance to have a good CRM concept (Customer Relationship Marketing Concept), which is an essential part of the company itself (investment into a reliable and powerful data base about the customers, including as much as 400 information about each buyer and representing a huge and demanding task of the company.	1.78648
Ovaj softver je dosta skup, tako da kompanije najčešće sklapaju partnerstva u cilju povećane automatizacije poslovnih procesa10.) 5) Razvijanje specijalizovanih odjeljenja u kompaniji za integrisanu marketing komunikaciju; 6) Mjerenje efekata integrisane marketing komunikacije kompanije.	This software is quite expensive, so that companies usually make partnerships for the aim of promoted automation of business processes10. ) 5. ~~~ Develop specialized departments in an integrated marketing communication company; 6. ~~~ Estimatie integrated marketing communication effects of the company. ~~~ 7.	-0.0789241
	Relying on clearly defined corporate and marketing communications, and directly communicating with the 9 Jobber, D. Fahy, Marketing Basis, Data Status, Belgrade, 2006.	-0.3
Uz pomoć jasno definisanih korporativnih i marketing komunikacija, uz direktnu komunikaciju sa ciljnom javnošću, društveno odgovorno poslovanje, njegovanje i promovisanje zdravih stavova, kompanija uspijeva da izgradi dobar imidž i održi brend.	10 Jankovic M., E-business in insurance companies,master thesis, Faculty of Economics, Podgorica,2009. ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 target publics, sociallyy responsible business, caring for and promoting sound attitudes, the company manages to form a good image and to maintain its brand.	0.208978
Usled velike fragmentiranosti medija, sa druge strane, kupac bira propagandni materijal.	On the other hand, due to great media fragmentation, the buyer chooses the material for promotion.	0.781013
Sve to uslovljava potrebu za integrisanjem marketing komunikacija.	All this causes the need for marketing communications integration.	0.961582
Nije dovoljno samo promovisati proizvod, neophodno je koordinisanim aktivnostima, jasno prenijeti poruku o brendu.	It is not enough to simply promote the product, it is also necessary to send a clear message about the brand itself along with the coordinated activities.	1.22059
Stoga strateški pristup integrisanju marketing komunikacija zauzima danas važno mjesto u cilju izgradnje identiteta brenda. 4.	Therefore, the strategic approach to the integration of marketing communications takes an important place in building the identity of the brand.	1.32988
Si ner get ski efe kat mar ke ting ko mu ni ka ci ja Savremena marketing poslovna filozofija naglašava organizaciju i realizaciju integrisanih komunikacija, a ne odvojenih, kako je to ranije bio slučaj.	4. ~~~ The synergetic effect of marketing communications The modern marketing business philosophy emphasizes the organization and implementation of integrated communications, but not separate ones, as was previously the case.	0.189455
U kom obimu će biti realizovane marketinške komunikacije zavisi prvenstveno od organizacije, vrste proizvoda/usluge, strategije preduzeća, a u sklopu nje, definisane stra 10 Janković M., Elektronsko poslovanje u osiguravajućim kompanijama, Magistarski rad, Ekonomski Fakultet Podgorica, 2009.	To what extent the marketing communications will be implemented depends primarily on the organization, types of products / services, the business strategy, and within it, the defined strategy of corporate and marketing communications.	0.740742
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 tegije korporativnih i marketinških komunikacija. ~~~ Kompanija analizira dosadašnje efekte komunikacija, vrši analizu njhovog učinka, osluškuje odziv zadovoljnih potrošača, analizira i prati konkrentne strategije komuniciranja, kontrolišući sopstvene i unapređujući biznis.	The company analyzes the past effects of communications, carries out an analysis of their performance, listens to the response of satisfied customers, analyzes and follows the concrete communication strategies, controlling its own ones and improving its business.	0.105577
Efekat sjedinjavanja marketinških komunikacija (sinergija) uvijek je u praksi dokazao da je veći od efekta djelovanja svake od komunikacija pojedinačno.	The effect of unifying marketing communications (synergy) has always proved in practice to be greater than the effect of the action of each individual communication.	1.00334
U domenu direktne prodaje konkurentnost postaje sve veća, uz usitnjavanje masovnog tržišta, izdiferenciranost asortimana, uz usložnjavanje marketing komunikacije i unaprieđenje elektronskih komunikacija.	The field of direct sales is becoming increasingly competitive, with the fragmentation of mass market, differentiated product range, complexity of marketing communications and electronic communications improvement.	0.688113
Integrisanjem komunikacija, šalje se dosledna i jasna poruka ciljnoj javnosti, što u krajnjem povećava svijest o brendu, direktno utičući na njegov imidž.	By integrating communications, a consistent and clear message is sent to the target audience, which ultimately increases brand awareness, directly affecting its image.	1.20019
Putem direktnog marketinga generiše se preko 9% privredne aktivnosti u SAD.	More than 9% of the economic activity in the United States is generated through direct marketing.	0.978358
Iako iziskuje visoke troškove, predstavlja skup oblik komunikacija, ako se koristi za jednokratnu prodaju.	Although it does not require high costs, it is an expensive form of communication, if used for one-time sales.	1.09355
Oblici direktnog marketinga često se vezuju za sistem medija, odnosno koristi sredstva propagandnih poruka.	Forms of direct marketing are often related to the media system, that is, they use advertising messages.	0.876404
U prvom redu to su: poštanski, štampani i elektronski mediji.	Primarily they are: postal, print and electronic media.	0.929932
Prednosti ovog vida marketinga se ogledaju u: personalizaciji (kreiranje marketinga jedan na jedan), kontrolabilnosti (kontroli medija, unakrsnoj prodaji kreiranje baze potencijalnih proizvoda, koji bi kupci eventualno kupovali), mogućnost testiranja svih varijabli od kojih zavisi uspjeh promotivne kampanje, kao što su mailing liste kupaca (liste slanja pošte), veličina pošiljke, sadržaj, format propagandne poruke, oblik i boja pisama, kreiranje pouzdane baze podataka o kupcima, razvijanje povjerljivih i dugoročnih odnosa sa kupcima, mogućnost integrisanja sa ostalim oblicima marketing komunikacija.	The advantages of this type of marketing are reflected in the personalization (creating one to one marketing), controllability ( media control, cross-selling (creating the base of potential products, which customers may possibly buy), the possibility of testing all the variables that determine the success of a promotional campaign, such as: customer mailing lists (mailing lists), mail size, contents, format of advertising message, shape and color of letters, creating a reliable database of customers, developing long-term and trusting relationships with customers, possibility of integrating with other forms of marketing communications.	0.915043
Tehnologija je značajno doprinijela razvoju telemarketinga.	The technology has contributed significantly to the development of telemarketing.	0.208929
Upotrebom video telefona, ovaj vid komunikacije će doživjeti pravo unaprijeđenje i djelimično smanjiti troškove drugih vidova prodaje.	By using the video phones, this type of communication will experience a real breakthrough and partially reduce the cost of other forms of sales.	1.12842
Dobra obuka osoblja za rad (teleprodavaca, koje su najčešće žene), podjednako su važni, koliko i poštovanje termina u kojem treba kontaktirati sa potrošačima.	Good staff training (telesalers, who are mostly women), is as important as observing the time at which the customers should be contacted.	0.619509
U tom slučaju govorimo o izlaznom tipu direktnog marketinga.	In this case, we are talking about outbound marketing.	0.555319
Ulazni tip direktnog marketinga inicira pozive od klijenata, ukoliko su prethodno bili obavešteni o postojanju nekog brenda.	The inbound type of direct marketing initiates the calls from customers, if they were previously advertised about the existence of a brand.	1.27545
Takođe inicira mogućnost žalbi, kašnjenja na isporuku i slično.	It also initiates a possibility of complaints, delays in delivery, etc.	0.595082
U Americi se uvode kazne za kompanije koje ne posjeduju telefon za žalbe klijenata, što se smatra potpuno ispravnim i stimulativnim u cilju pružanja kvalitetnije usluge.	In America, the penalties for those companies that do not have the phone for customer complaints are being introduced, which is considered completely justified and stimulating in order to provide a better service.	1.11997
Jaka kontrolabilnost i fleksibilnost su osnove odlike direktnog marketinga i kao takve uspijevaju da utiču na uspostavljanje dugoročnih odnosa sa kupcima i jačanje brenda.	Strong controllability and flexibility are the main characteristics of direct marketing and as such they influence the establishment of long-term relationships with customers and strengthening of the brand.	1.20474
Sa druge strane, kreiraju se potpunije baze podataka, po osnovu kojih se stiču informacije o preferencijama, navikama i sklonostima kupaca, a sve u cilju izgradnje novih brendova ili poboljšanja postojećih, koji će potpunije zadovoljiti potrebe tržišta.	On the other hand, more complete databases are created which provide information about the preferences, habits and affinities of customers, with the aim of building the new or enhancing the existing brands, which will fully meet the needs of the market.	0.852147
Direktna pošta, kao popularni medij, koji pogađa direktno ciljna tržišta, omogućava da se slanjem pisama, letaka, (neke kompanije šalju audio i video snimke poštom) ostvari fleksibilnost i veća personalizacija potencijalnih i stvarnih kupaca.	Direct mail, as a popular form of media, directly affecting target markets enables the achievement of flexibility and greater personalization of potential and actual customers by sending letters, flyers, (some companies send audio and video recordings by mail).	0.821193
U Velikoj Britaniji, slanje poštom košta manje od 1 funte, dok posjeta potencijalnim kupcima može da košta do 50 funti.	In the UK, mailing costs less than a pound, while a visit to prospective buyers may cost up to 50 pounds.	2.23372
Kod ovog oblika direktnog marketinga, javlja se visok stepen nepovjerenja, sa tendencijom opadanja.	This form of direct marketing is characterized by a high level of distrust, with a tendency to decline.	1.15369
Standardna pošiljka direktne pošte obuhvata: koverat, pismo, brošuru, sredstvo za reakciju i sredstvo za slanje odgovora.	The standard direct mail includes: an envelope, a letter, a brochure, a response means for and a reply form.	0.943245
Dok pismo komunicira sa kupcem i upućuje mu poziv za akciju, brošura iznosi detaljnije elemente o proizvodu i šalje se onda kada treba ispričati priču.	While the letter communicates with the customer and sends him a call for action, a brochure details the elements of the product and is sent when you need to tell the story.	1.08739
Sredstvo za reakciju je poželjna forma za rast prodaje, tako što ono obuhvata formular za odgovor odnosno narudžbenicu i broj besplatnog telefona ili drugo uputstvo za komunikaciju.	The form for the response is a desirable form for sales growth, as it includes a response form or order form, with the number of free phone numbers or other communication instruction.	0.931092
Sredstvo za slanje odgovora je povratni koverat koji se besplatno šalje pošiljaocu.	The form for sending the reply is a return envelope which is sent to the recipient free of charge.	0.737538
Besplatna poštarina istaknuta na koverti značajno povećava odziv odgovora.	Free postage displayed on the envelope significantly increases the response rate.	0.591429
Kiosk marketing je jedan od oblika integrisane marketing komunikacije, koje kompanije danas sve više koriste.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Kiosk marketing is a form of integrated marketing communications which is increasingly used by companies nowadays.	0.686211
Na aerodromima i u prodavnicama postavljaju se mašine i automati za poručivanje proizvoda/usluga, koji se na datu adresu isporučuju kupcu.	Machines and automatic machines for ordering products / services, which are delivered to the buyer at the given address, are placed at airports and in shops.	0.561324
Kompanija Florsheim Shoes ima mašine u nekoliko svojih prodavnica, u kojima potrošač pokaže vrstu cipela koje želi (svečane, sportske), zajedno sa veličinom.	The Florsheim Shoes company has machines in several of its stores, where the customer indicates the type of shoes they want (formal, sports), together with the size.	1.20447
Slika Florsheim cipela, koje ispunjavaju kriterijum kupca, pojavljuje se na ekranu.	The picture of Florsheim shoes that meet the criteria of the customer appears on the screen.	0.783784
Ako određene cipele nijesu dostupne u prodavnici, potrošač može pozvati i poručiti telefonski, dati broj kreditne kartice i adresu na koju treba isporučiti proizvod.	If certain shoes are not available at the store, the customer can call and order by phone, giving a credit card number and address to which the product should be delivered.	1.36741
Ova forma marketinga značajno povećava dobru komunikaciju sa potrošačem i vjeru u brend, izdvajajući ga u očima potrošača od sličnih brendova.	This form of marketing significantly improves good communication with the customer and faith in the brand, distinguishing it in the eyes of customers from similar brands.	0.813636
Kataloška prodaja zauzima značajno mjesto u komunikaciji sa ljudima visoke i srednje klase, koji nemaju dovoljno vremena za kupovinu van kuće.	Catalogue sales have an important place in communication with upper- and middle-class people, who do not have enough time to purchase outside the home.	0.838312
Oko 71% Amerikanaca obavlja kupovinu od kuće, trošeći mjesečno oko 150 dolara.	About 71% of Americans do shopping from home, spending about $ 150 a month.	3.25714
Komparativni faktor ovdje dolazi do izražaja, jer se kupcima nudi mogućnost detaljnijeg preglega kataloga, uz poređenje sa online ponudom drugih ponuđača.	The comparative factor is emphasized here, since the customers are given a possibility to examine the catalogue in more detail and make a comparison with the on-line offer of other providers.	0.934675
Ovaj vid komunikacije ima snažan uticaj na izgradnju brenda, zajedno sa on-line poručivanjem.	This type of communication has a strong influence on brand building, along with on-line ordering.	1.58571
Sa druge strane, izrada kataloga je skupa i zahtijeva stalna ažuriranja.	On the other hand, production of catalogues is expensive and requires constant updating.	0.739062
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Internet marketing omogućava kompanijama da koriste Internet kako bi kreirale svijest o brendu, zainteresovale kupce, obezbijedile informacije i uticale na stavove potrošača, kao i podržale komunikacijske ciljeve.11 Elektronski marketing koristi jedan ili više elektronskih medija (sredstava, alata, tehnika, tehnologija, sistema) radi postizanja mjerljivog odziva i/ili transakcije.	Internet marketing enables companies to use the Internet in order to create brand awareness, make the customers interested, provide information, influence the attitudes of customers, and support communication goals11. ~~~ Electronic marketing uses one or more electronic media (resources, tools, techniques, technologies, systems) to achieve a measurable response and / or transaction.	0.171707
Pored telefona, radija, televizije i drugih tradicionalnih elektronskih medija u elektronskom marketingu sve više se koriste savremeni elektronski mediji, kao što su: kablovska televizija, mobilni telefoni, računari, Internet i druge mrežne tehnologije.	In addition to telephone, radio, television and other traditional electronic media, modern electronic media are increasingly used in emarketing, such as: cable television, mobile phones, computers, the Internet and other network technologies.	1.18786
Kako je razvoj brenda spor i skup proces, Internet marketing predstavlja jedan od načina da se e-kupci informišu o karakteristikama brenda, da im se omogući on-line, jednostavnija i brža kupovina, dok sa druge strane, pruža mogućnost diskutovanja, chatovanja između potrošača, kao i javni prikaz negodovanja u vezi sa ponudom kompanije.	As brand development is a slow and expensive process, Internet marketing is a way to inform customers about the characteristics of the brand, enable on-line, simpler and faster purchase, while on the other hand, it offers a possibility of discussing, chatting between customers and a public display of discontent with the offer of the company.	1.05746
Zajednice on-line potrošača postaju sve snažnije i danas su njihova mišljenja postala jedan od odlučujućih faktora kupovine.	Communities of on-line customers are becoming more powerful and their views have now become one of decisive purchasing factors.	0.786364
Stvaranje elektronskih foruma danas je veoma važan alat komunikacije na koji kompanije moraju misliti.	The creation of electronic forums is nowadays a very important tool of communication that companies must take into account.	1.65055
Vlasnici automobila Toyota, koji koriste America Online, mogu održavati on-line diskusije i razmijenjivati iskustva.	Toyota car owners who use America Online, can maintain on-line discussions and exchange experiences.	1.24205
Kompanija Nestle je posvećena vođenju otvorene trajne komunikacije sa ciljnim grupama, potencijalnim investitorima i ostalim zaintresovanim ušesnicima.	Nestlé is committed to conducting open, ongoing communication with target groups, potential investors and other stakeholders.	0.75709
Vodeći princip takve politike je u takvoj relaciji sa ciljnim grupama da Nestle tretira isto sve ciljne grupe u istim situacijama na takav način da se sve osjetljive informacije publikuju i vremenom objavljuju tako da su svima dostupne na transparentan način.	The guiding principle of this policy is the relationship with target groups where Nestle treats all target groups in the same situations in such a manner that all sensitive information is published and disclosed in time so as to be available to everybody in a transparent manner.	1.49949
Kompanija ima izraženu Internet marketinšku strategiju, baziranu na raspoređivanju i osiguranju dobrih informacija ( i ).	The company has a strong Internet marketing strategy, based on the placement and provision of good information ( and ).	1.15562
Sve informacije se veoma brzo nađu na sajtovima kompanije odmah nakon njihovog objavljivanja, npr. finansijski izveštaj o poslovanju.	All information is quickly found on the websites of the company immediately after its publication, for example, the financial report on business operations.	0.891243
Web sajt je proaktivnog karaktera i ima mogućnosti odgovora na najčešće postavljena pitanja, pružajući sve neophodne informacije koje mogu interesovati investitore, uključujući područja kao što su životna sredina itd.	The web site is proactive and has an option of giving answers to frequently asked questions, providing all necessary information that may interest the investors, including areas such as the environment and so on.	1.165
Kompanija je izradila proaktivnu datoteku svih konferencija za novinare koje su se zbile u prošlosti, tako da je omogućila dobru transparentost svih informacija.	The company has developed a proactive file of all the press conferences that have taken place in the past, so it has enabled good transparency of all information.	1.03676
Dobro pozicioniran dio sajta sa informacijama koje se odnose na buduće događaje daje dobar uvid svim zaintresovanim izveštačima o terminima i vrstama pres konferencija.	The well positioned part of the site with information relating to future events provides a good insight into all reports of interest on the dates and types of press conferences.	0.897987
Akreditacija novinara je riješena na taj način što je dio Nestleov sajta koji pokriva medije, pružio novinarima opciju da se prijave i dobiju akreditacije za određene događaje u vrlo kratkom roku.	Accreditation of journalists has been solved in a way that the part of the Nestlé site covering the media, has offered an option to journalists to apply and obtain accreditation for certain events very quickly.	1.04133
Nestle aktivno učestvuje u promociji bitnih događaja za kompaniju, rezultata, odluka, zakupljivanjem termina na radio i televizijskim stanicama, gdje se u obliku nenametljivih emisija prezentuju javnosti informacije bitne za kompaniju ali i za auditorijum u svakom slučaju.	Nestle is actively involved in promoting the events, results, decisions which are important for the company by buying media space on radio and TV stations, where the information important for the company, as well as for the audience, is presented to the public in the form of unobtrusive programs.	1.07827
Dobra komunikacija u vidu advertajzing aktivnosti na TV, radio, press i drugo korišćena kroz marketing miks dala je dobru osnovu da Nestle kompanija ima izgrađen dobar i proaktivan odnos sa nosiocima advertajzing aktivnosti. ~~~ Ovo je jedan sjajan primjer odlične komunikacije sa ciljnom javnošću putem Internet kanala, što dovodi do prihvatanja brenda kao ozbiljnog i vjernog.	Good communication in the form of advertising activities, TV, radio, press and others, used through the marketing mix, has made a good basis for the Nestle company to establish a good and proactive relationship with the advertisers.This is a great example of excellent communication with the target audience through the Internet channels, which leads to accepting the brand as serious and loyal.	0.334799
Odnosi sa javnošću naglašavaju značaj marketing komunikacija, u cilju stvaranja podrške javnosti za aktivnosti kompanije, kroz podsticanje razumijevanja i dobre volje.	Public relations emphasize the importance of marketing communications in order to create public support for a companys activities, through the promotion of understanding and goodwill.	1.10446
Pozitivan publicitet se očekuje kao rezultat planskih napora na njegovom kreiranju i održavanju.	Positive publicity is expected as a result of planning efforts concerning ther creation and maintenance.	1.35764
U smislu jačanja korporativnog identiteta i imidža kompanije, publicitet služi tome da pomogne potrošaču da razumije kvalitet proizvoda.	In terms of strengthening corporate identity and company image, publicity serves to help consumers understand the quality of the product.	1.39014
	The modern marketing paradigm emphasizes the growing importance of publicity and public 11 Jovanovski Igor, , Management Journal of management theory and practice, vol. 15, br. 56, p. 78-83, 2010.	-0.3
Savremena marketing paradigma ističe sve veći značaj publiciteta i odnosa s javnošću, više nego li oglašavanja.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 relations, more than advertising.	0.69448
Ipak, bez korišćenja i jednih i drugih, izgubilo bi se na efektivnom postizanju cilja.	However, failing to use them will hinder an effective achievement of the goal.	0.473987
Visoko seleketivan način komuniciranja su i marketinški odnosi sa javnošću, koji dodaju vrijednost integrisanim marketing komunikacijama na više načina: kreiranjem uzbuđenja na tržištu, prije pojave oglašavanja, u slučaju kada još nema vijesti o proizvodu; obezbjeđivanjem dodatne vrijednosti za potrošače uslužnog sektora, itd.	Highly selective communicating tool are public relations, too. ~~~ Public relations contribute to the integrated marketing communications in several ways: creating excitement in the market, before the advent of advertising, where there is no news about the product, providing additional value to consumers of the service sector, etc..	0.176739
Sponzorstva su vid komunikacije sa potrošačima, koji imaju za cilj da se stvori svijest o brendu.	Sponsorships are a means of communication with consumers, whose aim is to create brand awareness.	0.483929
Prema Jobberu, sponzorstvo predstavlja poslovni odnos između onoga koji obezbjeđuje sredstva, resurse ili usluge i pojedinca, događaja ili organizacije, koji zauzvrat nude određena prava i asocijacije koju mogu da koriste u promotivne svrhe.	According to Jobber, sponsorship is a business relationship between those who provide funds, resources or services and the individual, event or organization, which in turn offer some rights and association that can be used for promotional purposes.	1.26918
Širok je spektar aktivnosti, koje se mogu sponzorisati, počev od sportskih, umjetničkih, društveno korisnih, do entiteta, kao što su: timovi, ličnosti ili samih događaja: takmičenja, sajmova, izložbi itd.	There is a wide range of activities that can be sponsored, ranging from sports, artistic, to socially beneficial, and entities such as teams, people or events themselves: competitions, fairs, exhibitions and so on.	0.810684
Kompanija Red Bull ima interesantnu strategiju, kada su u pitanju sponzorstva raznih festivala, sportskih događaja, koncerata, zabava i sl.	The Red Bull company has an interesting strategy when it comes to sponsoring various festivals, sporting events, concerts, entertainment etc.	1.05
Pored sjajnog slogana Red Bull daje ti krila, kompanija na svim svojim sponzorisanim događajima nudi besplatne degustacije, smatrajući da kreatori javnog mnjenja imaju veliki uticaj na rast kupovine.	Besides the brilliant slogan Red Bull gives you wings, in all its sponsored events the company offers free degustations, believing that public opinion makers have a major impact on the growth of purchases.	1.02241
Na klasičnim Red Bull manisfestacijama, poput Trke kartinga bez motora i Red Bullov dan letjenja, uključuje učesnike događaja u osmišljavanju marketinške inicijative (razni načini i tehnike ispijanja pića, itd.).	In the classic Red Bull events, such as Racing karts without motor and Red Bull flying day events involve participants in developing marketing initiatives (various methods and techniques of drinking, etc..).	1.27472
Sponzorišući događaje i uključujući učesnike u degustacije i nagradne igre, kompanija ostvaruje veću povezanost potencijalnih i stvarnih potrošača sa brendom. 11 Jovanovski, Igor, , Management - časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta, vol. 15, br. 56, str. 78-83, 2010.	Sponsoring the event, including participants in the degustations and competitions, the company has achieved a closer link of prospective and actual consumers with the brand.	0.342769
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Unapređenje prodaje najčešće koriste kompanije u cilju postizanja kratkoročnih efekata povećanja budžeta.	Sales promotion is commonly used by companies in order to achieve short-term effects on the budget increase.	0.766667
Redukcija cijena je jedan od najčešćih načina unapređenja prodaje, koja je kod nedovoljno pozicioniranih brendova, sa malim tržišnim učešćem poželjna, dok kod velikih korporativnih brendova može nekada da izazove štete kompaniji.	Price reduction is one of the most common ways of improving sales, which is preferrable in case of the brands with low market share, while in case of large corporate brands it can sometimes cause damage to the company.	0.715711
U cilju unapređenja prodaje, kompanije koriste različite tehnike, sa svrhom podsticanja na ponovnu kupovinu, i to: promotivne uzorke, promotivne kupone, bonus pakovanja proizvoda, specijalne promotivne akcije proizvoda/usluga, promocije na mjestu prodaje proizvoda/usluge, nagradne igre, specijalna takmičenja.	In order to improve sales, companies use various techniques with the aim of encouraging new purchase, including: promotional samples, promotional coupons, bonus packs of products, special promotions of products / services, promotions at point of sale of products / services, contests, special events.	1.08764
Tehnike unapređenja prodaje dovode ne samo do trenutne opredijeljenosti za neki brend, već se nastoji što više učvrstiti dugoročnija potrošačka potražnja za proizvodima/uslugama.	The techniques to improve sales lead not only to the current commitment to a brand, but seek to reinforce a longerterm consumer demand for products / services.	0.478358
Kako i na koji način će kompanija djelovati na tržište, zavisi od mnogobrojnih faktora, među kojima se ističe: sama veličina tržišta, komunikacioni ciljevi, ponašanje, preferencije i navike kupaca; konkurentna strategija i predviđen budžet za marketing.	How and which way the company will operate in the market depends on many factors, among which the following stand out: size of the market, communication goals, behaviour, preferences and habits of customers, competitive strategy and the allocated marketing budget.	1.12537
Promotivna sredstva unapređenja prodaje su: uzorci (minijaturna pakovanja proizvoda dostavljena direktnom prodajom ili kroz neki štampani medij) pogodni za testiranje proizvoda; promotivni kuponi (forma promotivnog medija, koji se dostavom nekom maloprodajnom objektu zamjenjuje za dio proizvoda/usluge, odnosno isti se dobija po sniženoj cijeni); rasprodaje (odličan vid pospješivanja prodaje na kraju sezone); bonus pakovanja (česta stimulativna tehnika pospješivanja trgovine, izražena sve više kod prodavaca, u najčešćem obliku dva po cijeni jednog), korporativna promotivna sredstva - predstavljaju sva kompanijska promotivna sredstva koja su brendirana nazivom kompanije (rokovnici, upaljači, privesci, zastavice, kišobrani, olovke, brendirana tekstilna konfekcija, kalendari i ostalo).; posebne kartice za posebne klijente- popusti kao rezultat dugoročne kupovine ili poslovne saradnje; nagradne igre i takmičenja- dobijanje proizvoda/usluge učestvovanjem u nadmetanju ili putem sreće.	Promotional sales tools are samples (miniature packaging products delivered through direct sale or through a print media) suitable for product testing, promotional coupons (a form of promotional media, which are delivered to a retail store to replace part of the product / service, or acquire the product at a discounted price) special occasion sales (excellent manner of enhancing the end-of-season sales); bonus packages (frequent stimulating techniques to foster trade, increasingly used by sellers, the most common form of which is two for the price of one), corporate promotional resources - are all corporate promotional funds that are branded by the company title (diaries, lighters, key chains, flags, umbrellas, pens, branded clothing manufacture, calendars, etc.); special cards for special clients-discounts as gratitude for loyalty in long-term purchases, or business cooperation; sweepstakes and contests - obtaining the products / services by participating in the auction or by luck.	0.90139
Stimulativne tehnike unapređenja prodaje nijesu samo okrenute potrošačima, već i posrednicima i distributivnim kanalima veze, podjednako važnim za cjelokupan lanac stvaranja vrijednosti.	Stimulating sales promotion techniques are not only meant for the consumers, but also for intermediaries and distribution channels, that are just as important for the entire chain of value creation.	0.819974
Emocionalno brendiranje, prema Marc Gobe-u, autoru knjige Emocionalno brendiranje nova paradigma povezivanja sa ljudima, brend je obećanje i ispunjenje tog obećanja, a brendiranje davanje snage brenda određenim proizvodima ili uslugama.	According to Marc Gobe, the author of Emotional Branding - the emotional branding is a new paradigm of connecting with people, by which the brand means the promise and the fulfillment of that promise, and branding means giving the power of the brand to specific products or services.	1.134
Brendovi promovišu ljubav i bliskost sa potrošačem.	Brands promote love and intimacy with the consumer.	0.648333
Obraćaju mu se u prvom licu jednine i trude se da budu živa bića - prijatelji.	They address him in the first person singular, and strive to be living beings friends.	0.648134
Apple iMac je druga riječ za senzualnost, pored sjajnog kvaliteta i prefinjenog dizajna.	Apple iMac is another word for sensuality, in addition to a gigh quality and sophisticated design.	1.56264
Ulaganje korporativnih napora i resursa u izazivanju prave emocije kod potrošača, predstavlja najbolju investiciju koju jedna kompanija može da učini.	The investment of corporate resources and efforts in bringing about real emotions in the consumer is the best investment that one company can make.	1.13074
Danas sve veći broj kompanija shvata da nove mogućnosti nijesu zasnovane na smanjenju troškova i povećanju profita, već na stvaranju inovativnih modela i shvatanju da su nematerijalne stvari postale vrednije od materijalnih.	More and more companies nowadays realize that new opportunities are not based on reducing costs and increasing profits, but on creating innovative models and understanding that intangible things become more valuable than tangible ones.	0.839424
Mc Donalds na tržištu restorana brze hrane izgrađuje svoj brend pažljivo po osnovu posebnog vizuelnog doživljaja, drugačijeg mirisa kuhinje, odnosa zaposlenih, poklona za decu, nagradne igre, posebnih pakovanja, jedinstvenog ukusa, budeći pozitivne emocije svojim prepoznatljivim simbolom, i gradeći imidž društvenoodgovorne kompanije (humanitarni fondovi Ronald McDonald Charity House).	On the fast-food restaurant market, Mc Donalds carefully builds its brand based on a special visual experience, different kitchen flavours, employee relations, gifts for children, contests, special packaging, unique flavors, arousing positive emotions with their distinctive symbol, and building the image of a socially-responsible company (Ronald McDonald House Charity Funds).	0.905
Značaj brendiranja danas leži u doživljaju brenda pomoću svih pet čula.	The importance of branding today lies in the brand experience through all five senses.	1.76866
Emocionalno brendiranje se temelji na četiri stuba, a to su: ~~~ Bliskost sa potrošačem, sa značajnim promjenama u potrošačkoj strukturi današnjice, a na koje kompanije moraju obratiti pažnju (generacijske promjene, veći uticaj žena u društvu); Čulna iskustva doživljaj brenda pomoću svih pet čula (Singapure Airways je kompanija koja koristi sofisticiran azijski miris u svojim avionima, koji je jedan od znakova prepoznatljivosti kompanije); Imaginacija - imaginativan pristup dizajniranju proizvoda, pakovanja, prodajnih mesta, oglasa i Intenet sajtova omogućava brendu da probije postavljeni limit i da na nov, svjež način osvoji srca potrošača; Vizija - najvažniji faktor dugoročnog uspjeha jednog brenda.	Emotional branding is based on four pillars, namely: Familiarity with the consumer, with significant changes in the structure of todays consumer, to which companies have to pay attention (generation changes, an increasing impact of women in the society); Sensory experience - experience the brand through all five senses (Singapore Airlines is a company that uses a sophisticated Asian scent in its aircraft, which is a sign of recognition of the company); Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Imagination - imaginative approach to product design, packaging, sales, advertisement and Internet sites allows for the brand to break through the set limit and win the hearts of consumers in a new, fresh manner; Vision - the most important factor in long-term success of a brand.	0.331224
Brendovi prolaze kroz prirodan životni ciklus.	Brands are going through a natural life cycle.	0.706071
Stoga, da bi im se stvorio i očuvao uspjeh na današnjem tržištu, moraju biti pozicionirani tako da mogu stalno da se iznova osmišljavaju. (Vizija Walt Disney-a - Bićemo najsrećnije mjesto na svijetu).	Therefore, to create and preserve their success in todays market, they must be positioned so that they can always be re-devised. ~~~ (The vision of Walt Disneys-We will be the happiest place on Earth).	0.247331
Alati integrisanih marketing komunikacija sinergetskim dejstvom mogu uticati mnogo više i bolje, nego ukoliko bi djelovali odvojeno.	The sinergy of integrated marketing communications tools usually has much better effects in comparison with that they produce when they act separately.	0.766949
Stoga je važno, sa aspekta prethodno urađene strateške analize (interne, konkurentne i analize potrošača), pažljivo i ciljano osmisliti marketinšku i korporativnu strategiju, kako bi se, kroz poboljšanje reputacije kompanije, ostvario dugoročno prepoznatljiv brend i imidž. 5.	It is therefore important from the aspect of a previously conducted strategic analysis (internal, competitive analysis and consumer), that a marketing and corporate strategy should be carefully designed, in order that a long-term brand recognition and image are ensured by improving the reputation of the company.	1.17165
Uloga medija u cilju razvijanja brendovskog identiteta Poseban oblik integrisanih komunikacija kojim se razvija identitet brenda pripada medijima i oglašavanju u medijima.	5. ~~~ The role of media in developing brand identity A special form of integrated communications, with which a brand identity is developed, belongs to media and advertizing.	0.447081
Pored napomenutih prednosti elektronskog komuniciranja sa stejkholderima, treba istaći značaj oglašavanja u medijima i njegov uticaj na identitet brenda.	Besides the mentioned advantages of electronic communication with the stakeholders, the importance of advertizing in media and its influence on the brand identity should be pointed out.	1.00468
Funkcionalni karakter proizvoda prenosi vrijednost o brendu, sa jedne strane, dok mediji predstavljaju sredstvo putem kojih će se brend oglasiti.	The functional character of the product transmits the brands value on one hand while on the other hand, media represent the means of advertising.	1.2878
Putem medija kreira se svijest o postojanju brenda, sa ciljem da se potrošač uzbudi i informiše.	The sense of brand existence is created via media and with the aim to inform and affect the customer.	0.82584
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Oglašavanje je forma plaćene, nepersonalne komunikacije o organizacijama, proizvodima/uslugama, od strane određenog sponzora.	Messages one desires to advertize are not only emitted via walls, billboards, boards, newspapers stands, shops, roofs, transport means, cinemas, shopping malls, etc. ~~~ Advertising represents a form of paid and impersonal communication about organizations, products/services and all these by a particular sponsor.	0.0992126
Nepersonalna forma komunikacije znači da ne postoji mogućnost istovremenog povratka informacije od strane onog koji je prima.	The impersonal form of communication implies that there is no more possibility that information be returned by the person who receives it.	0.950595
Više od 200 kompanija u SAD-u godišnje troši više od 100 miliona dolara na oglašavanje.	In a one year period, more than 200 companies in the USA spend more than 100 million dollars on advertising.	1.19573
Oglasne poruke se danas ne prenose samo preko štampanih, elektronskih i interaktivnih medija.	Advertising messages are now not only passed on via print, electronic or interactive media.	0.499096
One mogu da se prenose i putem: zidova, panoa, bilborda, kioska, prodavnica, krovova, transportnih sredstava, unutrašnjih prometnih mjesta, bioskopa, šoping molova, itd.	They can be spread through: walls, posters, billboards, kiosks, shops, roofs, means of transport, internal transport stations, cinemas, shopping malls, etc.	0.814798
Istraživanje, koje je ove godine sprovela kompanija Microsoft, potvrdilo je da je oglašavanje efikasnije ako se realizuje preko štampanih medija, nego preko televizije.	A survey conducted this year by Microsoft has confirmed that advertising is more effective if implemented through print media than on television.	0.631304
Iako su se sa razvojem elektronskih medija, navike potrošača promijenile, štampani mediji zauzimaju jedno posebno i veoma važno mjesto za promovisanje proizvoda.	Although consumer habits have changed with the development of electronic media, the print media occupy a special and important position in promoting products.	1.32596
Postoje različiti vidovi oglasa, počev od onih u crno-bijeloj boji ili punom koloru, zasnovani na tekstu i ilustracijama, do ubacivanja raznih letaka, brošura i sličnog materijala i njihovu distribuciju uz novine (u Crnoj Gori postoji jako izražena tendencija ovog tipa komunikacije i rasta prodaje).	There are different types of ads, ranging from black and white or full colour ones, based on the text and illustrations, to inserting a variety of leaflets, brochures and similar materials and their distribution with newspapers (in Montenegro there is a strong tendency towards this type of communication and sales growth).	1.02079
Studije pokazuju da je da svaka funta potrošena na oglašavanje u štampanim medijima u Velikoj Britaniji donosi petostruku vrijednost ili prihod od pet funti. (Na jednu funtu ulaganja u oglašavanje na televiziji prihod je 2,15 funti, a 3,44 funti se dobije ako je oglašavanje realizovano na webu).	Studies show that every pound spent on advertising in print media in Great Britain brings five times the value or income of five pounds. ~~~ (One pound investment in television advertising brings £2.15, and £3.44 is gained if the advertising is carried out on the web).	0.353158
Kompanija Microsoft je istraživanje sprovela među 26 vodećih britanskih trgovinskih lanaca, od kojih su 24 među 100 najvećih oglašivača u Britaniji.	Microsoft has conducted a survey among 26 leading British retail chains, of which 24 are among the 100 largest advertisers in the UK.	1.32662
Istraživanje preporučuje da oglašivači povećaju budžet za štampane medije i web za 10 odsto, a da za isti procenat smanje ulaganja u TV oglase.	The study recommends advertisers to increase the budget for print media and the web by 10%, with the same percentage reduction in investments in TV ads.	1.38
U Britaniji su u 2009. godini prihodi od TV oglašivanja prvi put u istoriji bili manji od budžeta potrošenih na webu, koji je inkasirao 3,6 milijardi funti.12 Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju ranije istraživanje britanskog časopisa Brand Science koje pokazuje da se od oglašavanja u štampanim medijima dobija dvostruka vrijednost u odnosu na uloženo u druge medije.	In Britain, in 2009, revenues from TV advertising for the first time in history were less than the budget spent on the web, which turned $3.6 billion12. ~~~ The research results confirm a previous research of the British Journal Science Brand which shows that advertising in print media gets double the value of the investment in other media.	0.355526
Internet oglašavanje će, prema istraživanjima, za pet godina, dostići cifru od 62 milijarde dolara.13 Uloga magazina i novina se, u oglašavanju, razlikuje od elektronskih medija zato što omogućava prezentaciju detaljnih informacija čiju brzinu procesuiranja određuje sam potrošač.	The research results show that Internet advertising will reach the figure of $62 billion in the following five years13. ~~~ In advertising, the role of magazines and newspapers differs from that of the electronic media, because it allows the presentation of detailed information whose processing speed is determined by consumers themselves.	0.167578
Selektivnost je jedna od prednosti magazina, odnosno njihova mogućnost dopiranja do selektivne ciljne publike.	Selectivity is one of the advantages of magazines, i.e. their selective ability to appeal to target audiences.	0.687368
Prestižnost je važna karakteristika ovog načina oglašavanja, jer ga tako potrošači i percipiraju.	Prestige is an important feature of this advertising method because that is how consumers perceive it.	0.714935
Troškovi oglašavanja u magazinima su relativno visoki, a nedostatak se ogleda i u nedovoljnoj frekventnosti u odnosu na ostale medije, kao i u velikoj konkurentnosti.	The costs of advertising in magazines are relatively high, and disadvantages of such advertising are reflected in insufficient frequency compared to other media, as well as in large competition.	1.17756
Novine su najveći medij za oglašavanje, posebno atraktivni za lokalne oglašivače i promovisanje proizvoda/usluga na lokalnom nivou.	Newspapers are the largest advertising medium, particularly attractive to local advertisers for promotion of products/services at the local level.	0.944167
Najvažnija karakteristika ovog načina oglašavanja je velika geografska pokrivenost, a sa druge strane i veliki nedostatak koji se ogleda u kratkotrajnosti.	The most important feature of this advertising method is a large geographical coverage, and, on the other hand, its disadvantage is reflected in brevity.	1.09986
Oglašavanje u dnevnim novinama nije jeftino, a da bi informisale potrošača o postojanju brenda, kompanije obično zakupljuju prostor na nekoliko dana, što opet, istiskuje veće troškove.	Advertising in newspapers is not cheap, and in order to inform consumers 12 http://www.asmedi.org/Newsletter/Jun%20Nr129.html 13 http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Svet/193552/Stampani-mediji-superiorniji Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 about the existence of the brand, companies usually lease space for a few days, which, in turn, means higher costs.	1.1183
Da bi se ispunila sve veća zahtjevnost potrošača, lokalne novine su dostupne i na Internetu.	To meet the increasing demands of consumers, local newspapers are available on the Internet.	1.0925
Domaći novinski webportali se međusobno takmiče u dizajnu i stilu pisanja, kako bi privukli ljude svih generacija.	National news web portals compete with each other in design and style, to attract people of all ages.	0.74
Široka penetracija tržišta omogućava oglašivačima da svojom porukom dosijegnu do svih tržišnih segmenata.	The wide penetration of the market allows advertisers to send their message to all market segments.	1.31143
Oglašavanje u elektronskim medijima podrazumijeva oglašavanje na televiziji, na filmu, na diskovima i videotrakama.	Advertising in electronic media includes advertising on television, film, CD and video-tapes.	1.14356
Televizija je multimedijalni servis, koji se kao sredstvo ekonomske propagande, danas najefektivnije koristi u privlačenju pažnje potrošača.	Television is a multimedia service, which is, as a means of advertising, today most effectively used in appealing to consumers.	1.24495
Ovim sredstvom oglašavanja se brzo obuhvata široki auditorijum, uz visoku integraciju i dosijezanje do velikog broja tržišnih segmenata.	This means advertising can quickly cover a wide audience, with high integration and reaching a large number of market segments.	1.20608
Kao skup medij, izložen je velikoj konkurentnosti, naročito od momenta postojanja kablovske televizije.	Being an expensive medium, it has been exposed to high competition, especially from the moment when cable TV appeared.	0.706231
Televizija se kritikuje kao selektivan medij.	Television is criticized as a selective medium.	0.721254
Ipak određeni nivo selektivnosti je moguć, zbog različite kompozicije publike, kao rezultat programskog sadržaja vremena emitovanja i geografskog pokrića programa.	However, a certain level of selectivity is possible because of the different composition of the audience, resulting from the programme schedule, broadcast time and geographical coverage of the program.	0.823429
Kao medij, koristi se najčešće kao direktni podsticaj prodajnoj aktivnosti.	As a medium, it is mostly used as a direct incentive for sales activities.	1.62493
Prosječan reklamni spot u trajanju od 30 sekundi na 4 najveće TV mreže u SAD, u udarnom terminu, vide članovi skoro 10 miliona domaćinstava.	An average advertising 30 seconds spot on the largest four TV networks in the US, in peak time, is seen by nearly 10 million households.	1.23345
Trošak na hiljadu domaćinstava iznosi 14 dolara.	The cost per one thousand households is $14.	0.244737
Kablovska televizija omogućava obraćanje specijalnim grupama, koje su relevantne za brend, putem specijalizovanih kanala za određenu, posebnu oblast nteresovanja (sport, priroda, muzika, kriminalni filmovi i serije, itd.).	Cable television enables addressing to special groups which are relevant to the brand, through specialized channels for a specific field of interest (sports, nature, music, crime movies and series, etc.).	0.580519
Tokom prošle decenije, uticaj reklamiranja preko masovnih medija je drastično opao. (video rekorder, daljinski, kablovska TV, satelitske antene, internet, način života).	Over the past decade, the impact of advertising through the mass media has dramatically declined (due to video recorders, remote control, cable TV, satellite dish, the Internet, lifestyle).	0.555195
Samo19% gledalaca je izjavilo da gledaju reklame tokom programa.	Only 19% of viewers said they watched commercials during a TV programme.	0.273684
Stoga se posebno vodi računa o tajmingu i periodu oglašavanja proizvoda putem ovog medija.	For that reason, particular attention is paid to timing and advertising period of products through this medium.	0.84
Najveći broj kompanija će koristiti Internet za oglašavanje (najčešće korišćeni format za oglašavanje je e-mail), što je i jedan od razloga uticaja globalne svjetske krize.	Most companies will use the Internet for advertising (the most commonly used format for advertising is e-mail), which is one of the reasons of the impacts of global crisis.	1.42488
U velikoj Britaniji Internet je u poslednje tri godine najveći medij za oglašavanje. 12 http://www.asmedi.org/Newsletter/Jun%20Nr129.html 13 http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Svet/193552/Stampani-mediji-superiorniji Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 Često je radio zapostavljeni medij u brendingu.	In Great Britain it has become the biggest medium for advertising in the last three years. ~~~ Radio is an often ignored medium in branding.	-0.0557471
Karakteriše ga visoka frekventnost, selektivnost, ljudski glas i pokrivenost, dok je najveći nedostatak nemogućnost dužeg zadržavanja pažnje slušalaca i nedostatak slike.	It is characterized by high frequency, selectivity, human voice and coverage, whereas its biggest disadvantages are its incapability to retain the attention of the listeners and the absence of pictures.	0.678711
Veoma je važno selektovati radio stanicu, na kojoj kompanija želi da se oglasi, iz razloga poznavanja demografskih struktura i preferencija njenih slušalaca.	It is important to select a radio station where the company wants to advertise, due to knowing the demographic structure and preferences of its listeners.	0.801128
Jedna od najprepoznatljivijih reklama u svijetu oglašavanja brenda je primjer Absolut votke.	One of the most recognized commercials in the world of brand advertising is the example of Absolut vodka.	1.20139
Reklamna strategija se usredređivala na dva jedinstvena aspekta proizvoda: ime Absolut i prepoznatljiv oblik flaše.	The advertising strategy was focused on two unique aspects of the product: name Absolut and its distinctive bottle shape.	1.05
Kampanja je bila jedna od najuspješnijih u svijetu i pretvorila ime Absolut u sinonim za votku.	The campaign was one of the most successful in the world and turned the name Absolut into a synonym for vodka.	0.972956
Dok je prodaja svih ostalih žestokih pića opala za preko 40 % u poslednjih 15 godina, prodaja Absolut votke je porasla 10 puta i razni Absolut brendovi zajedno imaju udio u tržištu od 70%.	While sales of all other spirits have fallen by over 40% in last 15 years, Absolut vodka sales have increased 10 times and various Absolut brands together have a 70% market share.	1.36876
Interaktivni mediji danas zauzimaju značajno mjesto na polju brendiranja.	Interactive media take an important position in the field of branding.	1.17049
Najinteraktivniji mediji su Internet i mobilna telefonija.	The most interactive media are the Internet and mobile telephony.	1.02736
Pored pomenutih prednosti koje donosi Internet tehnologija, neophodno je pomenuti i banere, kao najčešće korišćenu formu oglašavanja, pravougaonog oblika, istaknute na posebnom dijelu sajta.	In addition to the advantages of the Internet technology, it is necessary to mention banners, as the most widely used form of advertising, rectangular-shaped, situated at a specific part of a web site.	0.772941
Usluga postavljanja banera se plaća oglašivaču.	The service of posting a banner is paid to the advertiser.	0.280435
Klikom na baner otvara se Internet stranica kompanije, proizvoda, ili događaja i na taj način se mogu dobiti potencijalni klijenti.	By clicking on the banner on the webpage of the company, a product or event is opened, and thus prospective customers can be reached.	0.860618
Baner može biti postavljen u formi flash banera, koji sadrži audio, ili video animacije, kako bi potencijalnim potrošačima bio privlačniji i time povećao broj posjeta.	A banner may be posted in the form of flash banners, containing audio or video animations, as it would be more attractive to prospective customers and thus increase the number of visits.	0.864923
Veliku šansu za komuniciranje sa korisnicima pruža mobilna telefonija.	Mobile phones provide a great opportunity for communication with users.	0.290476
Crna Gora je zemlja lider u regionu, sa najvećom frekventnošću korišćenja mobilnih uređaja.	Montenegro is a leader in the region with the highest frequency of use of mobile devices.	0.470286
Stoga je ovaj vid oglašavanja interesantan za domaće oglašivače.	For that reason, this form of advertising is interesting to local advertisers.	0.565574
Iako mobilni marketing predstavlja jednu novinu, ova grana telekomunikacija zahtijeva paznju.	Although mobile marketing is a novelty, the telecommunications industry requires attention.	0.542683
SMS system (Short Message System) predstavlja sistem kratkih poruka, jako popularan među korisnicima.	SMS (Short Message System) represents a system of short messages, very popular among users.	1.96872
Ovaj vid oglašavanja je poželjan za promociju pogodnosti koje nudi kompanija, popusta, akcija i obavještavanja o novim brendovima.	This type of advertising is desirable for the promotion of commodities offered by a company, discounts, activities and information about new brands.	0.745479
Nova tehnologija pruža uslove za razvoj dodatnih usluga putem MMS-a (Multimedia Messaging System), poruka koje pored teksta, sadrže sliku i zvuk.	The new technology provides conditions for the development of additional services via MMS (Multimedia Messaging System), messages that contain both pictures and sound.	1.34872
Najznačajnija usluga novih tehnologija je pristup Internetu preko mobilnog uređaja i razmjena poruka iz jednog sistema u drugi.	The most important service of new technology is access to the Internet via the mobile phone and exchanging messages from one system to another.	1.22613
	Through mobile devices, a product/service may be ordered and easily paid for.	-0.3
Putem mobilnih uređaja se danas može poručiti proizvod/usluga i jednostavno platiti.	Mobile devices allow us to purchase a product / service with simple way of payment today.	0.538
U tom segmentu kompanije moraju da reaguju razvijajući interaktivne sajtove i pospješujući rad sa epotrošačima.	In this segment, companies must respond by developing interactive sites, thus enhancing the cooperation of e-consumers.	1.04417
Koliko je ovaj medij važan za brendiranje pokazuju i neka novija istraživanja, napominjući da prodor mobilne telefonije od 10% može uticati na privredni rast od 0,59%.	This is an important medium for branding, some recent research has shown, stressing that mobile telephony penetration of 10% may affect the economic growth of 0.59%.	0.84279
Razvijanje medija, novih tehnologija, podstiče kompanije da razmišljaju o nekim novim pravcima oglašavanja, sa ciljem što obuhvatnijeg pristupa kupcu i nastojanjem da se brend što bolje pozicionira i razvija, a kroz njega kompanija njeguje imidž pozitivne, ozbiljne i društveno-odgovorne kompanije.	Developing media, new technologies, encourages companies to think in new directions of advertising, with the aim of making a more comprehensive approach to the customer and attempting to improve the position and development of the brand thus also maintaining the company image as a positive, serious and socially-responsible company.	1.30304
Zaključak Osnovna svrha integrisanih marketing komunikacija je dugoročna kvalitetna komunikacija kompanije sa potrošačima.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/63 Conslusion The main purpose of integrated marketing communications is a long-term quality of communication with the companys customers.	0.791553
Osnovne karakteristike integrisane marketing komunikacije su strateške, dvosmjerne i ciljaju na specifične potrebe potrošača.	The major characteristics of integrated marketing communications are strategic, two-way and targeting specific consumer needs.	0.489381
Zaposleni na svim nivoima menadžmenta moraju biti svjesni mnogih zakonskih i etičkih problema koji u današnje vreme okružuju marketing komunikacije.	Employees at all levels of management must be aware of the many legal and ethical problems that today surround marketing communication.	1.25345
Kompanije moraju pažljivo i proaktivno raditi kako bi njihova komunikacija sa potrošačima i stejkholderima bila otvorena, iskrena i prijatna.	Companies need to carefully and proactively work to make their communications with customers and stakeholders open, honest and pleasant.	1.02983
Na preplavljenim tržištima, zasićenost proizvoda/usluga zahtijeva danonoćnu pažnju preduzeća, koja posebnu pažnju posvećeju strateškim analizama, kako internim tako i onima sa tržišta.	In saturated markets, the excessive offer of product / service requires companies to pay constant attention to strategic analysis, both internal and those obtained from the market.	0.652595
Kreiranje brenda i njegovo što bolje pozicioniranje predstavlja složen i komplekstan zadatak kompanije.	Creating a brand and its positioning is a complex task for one company.	0.772857
Počev od kreirenja identitetskih elemenata brenda (imena, logoa, simbola, boje brenda, itd.), preko percipiranja u očima potrošača, do korišćenja različitih marketinških alata komuniciranja, brend menadžment postaje jedno ozbiljno upravljanje vrijednostima samog brenda.	From creating the identity of brand elements (name, logo, symbol, color, brand, etc..), through the perception in the eyes of consumers, to the use of various tools of marketing communication, brand management becomes a serious management of the brand values.	1.17108
U cilju razvijanja identiteta brenda, kompanije koriste sistem sinergetskog djelovanja marketinških i korporativnih komunikacija, koje zajedničkim djelovanjem ostvaruju mnogo veći efekat na vrijednost brenda, nego što bi to uspjele, ako bi djelovale pojedinačno.	In order to develop a brand identity, companies use synergetic effects of marketing and corporate communications, which act together to achieve greater effects on brand value than if they acted individually.	1.046
Ključni segment se odnosi na kreiranje poruke i ciljne javnosti, kojoj bi poruka bila upućena.	The key element is related to the creation of messages and target audience to whom the messages would be sent.	0.45497
Potom je veoma važno odabrati način plasiranja poruke, kako bi kompanija dobila povratnu informaciju, sa jasnom porukom da je brend prihvaćen na pravi način.	Additionaly, it is very important to choose a method of placing messages in order to receive feedbacks, with a clear message that the brand is recognized properly.	1.13783
Uloga medija je izuzetno važna u kreiranju identiteta, posebno u današnjem vremenu, kada napredne tehnologije (posebno Internet i mobilna tehnologija) počinju zauzimati sve značajnije mjesto u savremenom marketingu.	The role of the media is extremely important in creating the identity, especially in these days and in the age where advanced technologies (especially the Internet and mobile technology) begin to play a more prominent role in modern marketing.	1.41772
Emocionalno brendiranje i doživljaj brenda pomoću svih pet čula predstavlja novu marketing paradigmu.	Emotional branding and the brand experience through all five senses is a new marketing paradigm.	1.121
Savremeni identitet brenda određuje cjelokupna organizacija, sa naglaskom na društveno odgovorno poslovanje.	Modern brand identity determines the overall organization, with emphasis on corporate social responsibility.	1.44457
Stoga su integrisane marketing komunikacije nesumljivo važne za kreiranje reputacije kompanije, sa ciljem očuvanja lojalnosti i ostvarivanja dugoročne veze stejkholdera sa kompanijom.	Therefore, the integrated marketing communication is undoubtedly important in creating the reputation of the company, in order to preserve customer loyalty and achieve long-term relationships with company stakeholders.	1.55736
	REFERENCES [1] First D. Aaker, Building Strong Brands, Simon and Schuster Adult Publishing Group, New York, 2006. [2]	-0.3
	Second V. Filipovic, Stankovic M. Kostic, Marketing Management, FON, Belgrade, 2011. [3]	-0.3
	Third V. Filipovic, Stankovic M. Kostic, Public Relations, FON, Belgrade, 2011. [4]	-0.3
	Filipovic V., R. Janicic, Strategic marketing, FON, Belgrade, 2010. [5]	-0.3
	Gregory J., The Best of Branding - Best Practices of Corporate Branding, McGraw Hill, New York, 2004. [6]	-0.3
	Jobber, D., Fahy, J., Fundamentals of Marketing, Data Status, Belgrade, 2006. [7]	-0.3
	Larry P., Strategic Integrated Marketing Communication, Elsevier Inc.., Canada, 2008. [8]	-0.3
	K. Keller, Best practices in branding - lessons from the worlds strongest brands, 1.edition, Mass Media Intenational, 2008. [9]	-0.3
	Kotler Ph.., K. Keller, Marketing Management, 12th Edition, Prentice Hall, New York, 2008. [10]	-0.3
	Ognjanov G., Integrated Marketing Communications, CID, Faculty of Economics, Belgrade, 2009. [11]	-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/63 LITERATURA [1] Aaker D., Building Strong Brends, Simon and Schuster Adult Publishing Group, New York, 2006. [2] Filipovic V., Stankovic Kostic M., Marketing menadzment, FON, Beograd, 2011. [3] Filipovic V., Stankovic Kostic M., Odnosi s javnošću, FON, Beograd, 2011. [4] Filipovic V., Janičić R., Strateški marketing, FON, Beograd, 2010. [5] Gregory J., The Best of Branding Best Practices of Corporate Branding, McGraw Hill, New York, 2004. [6] Jobber D., Fahy, J., Osnovi marketinga, Data Status, Beograd, 2006. [7] Larry P., Strategic Integrated Marketing Communication, Elsevier Inc., Canada, 2008. [8] Keller K., Slučajevi najbolje prakse u brendiranju - lekcije od najjačih svijetskih brendova, 1.izdanje, Mass Media Intenational, 2008. [9] Kotler Ph., Keller K., Marketing Management, 12th Edition, Prentice Hall, New York, 2008. [10] Ognjanov G., Integrisane marketinške komunikacije, CID Ekonomski Fakultet, Beograd, 2009. [11] Robyn Blakeman, Integrated Marketing Communication, McMillan, Canada, 2009. [12] Terence A. S., Advertising Promotion and Other Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications, Prentice Hall, New York, 2008. [13] Kennet C., Integrated Advertising, Promotion and Marketing Communication, Prentice Hall, New York, 2009. [14] David P., Integrated Marketing Communication, Elsevier Inc., Canada, 2006.	Robyn Blakeman, Integrated Marketing Communication, McMillan, Canada, 2009. [12] ~~~ Terence A. S., An advertising promotion and other aspects of integrated marketing communications, Prentice Hall, New York, 2008. [13] ~~~ Kenneth C., Integrated Advertising, promotion and marketing communication, Prentice Hall, New York, 2009. [14] ~~~ David P., Integrated marketing communication, Elsevier Inc.., Canada, 2006.	-0.12314
Primljen: ~~~ Oktobar 2011.	Receieved: October 2011.	0.555
Prihvaćen:	Accepted: June 2012.	1.625
Jun 2012. O autoru Marija Janković Univerzitet Mediteran, Fakultet za poslovne studije, Podgorica email: marija.jankovic.mbs@gmail.com Mr Marija Janković Doktorant na Ekonomskom Fakultetu, Univerziteta Crne Gore, u Podgorici.	About the Author Marija Jankovic, MsC University Mediterranean, Faculty of business Montenegro Business School, Podgorica email: marija.jankovic.mbs@gmail.com Marija Jankovic, Mr. Sci - PhD candidate at the Faculty of Economics, University of Montenegro, in Podgorica.	1.42808
Magistarske, dvogodišnje studije, završila na Ekonomskom Fakultetu u Podgorici (smjer: ~~~ Međunarodna ekonomija, finansije i biznis), kao i četvorogodišnje studije ekonomije, na istom Fakultetu, kao jedan od najboljih studenata.	Master, two-year studies, completed in the Faculty of Economics (course: International Economics, Finance and Business), and four-year academic studies of economics at the same University, as one of the best students.	0.459323
Dobitnik je mnogobrojnih stipendija tokom studija.	She has received numerous scholarships during her studies.	0.26087
Pohađala je škole u inostranstvu.	She attended school abroad.	1.416
Na Fakultetu za poslovne studije, Univerziteta Mediteran angažovana je kao saradnik na pet predmeta, na oba smjera. 2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Nataša Petrović1, Dragoslav Slović2, Marko Ćirović3 1, 2, 3 Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka In di ka to ri eko lo ških per for man si kao smer ni ce ka odr ži vo sti UDK: ~~~ 005.62:502 ; 005:502.131.1 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) Po sto ji po ve ća no in te re so va nje in ter na ci o nal nih or ga ni za ci ja, vla da, ne vla di nih or ga ni za ci ja i kor po ra ci ja za odr ži vi raz voj i odr ži vi eko lo ški me nadž ment.	She is hired as assistant on five subjects, on both courses, at Faculty of business studies, University of Mediterranean. ~~~ 2012/64 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Nataša Petrović1, Dragoslav Slović2, Marko Ćirović3 1, 2, 3 University of Belgrade Faculty of Organizational Sciences Environmental Performance Indicators as Guidelines Towards Sustainability UDC: 005.62:502 ; 005:502.131.1 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0026 International organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations, and corporations pay an increasing attention to sustainable development and sustainable environmental management.	0.0245495
Kao po sle di ca raz vi ja ju se mno ge eko lo ške me to de u ci lju po sti za nja ci lje va odr ži vo sti.	Consequently, a large number of environmental methods have been developed in order to achieve sustainable issues.	0.576992
U ovo me ra du is pi tu je se pri me na in di ka to ra eko lo ških per for man si kao do brog me to da za do sti za nje i me re nje odr ži vo sti na lo kal nom, na ci o nal nom, re gi o nal nom i glo bal nom ni vou.	This paper explores environmental performance indicators as a good method for achieving and measuring sustainability on the local, national, regional and global levels.	0.658673
Ključ ne re či: odr ži vi raz voj, odr ži vost, eko lo ške per for man se, in di ka to ri eko lo ških per for man si, iz ve šta va nje o eko lo škim per for man sa ma. 1.	Keywords: sustainable development, sustainability, environmental performance, environmental performance indicators, environmental performance reporting. ~~~ 1.	0.337199
Uvod Industrija se suočava sa specifičnim izazovima u pogledu ekonomske i ekološke održivosti.	Introduction The industry faces specific challenges with respect to economic and environmental sustainability.	0.687192
Dalje, da bi imala procese koji su osetljivi na pitanja životne sredine, poslovne strukture industrije moraju da razviju i primene prakse održivosti.	In addition to having environmentally sensitive processes, the business structure of the industry must develop and implement sustainable practices.	0.897692
Održivost je definisana od strane Međunarodne unije za očuvanje prirode 1969. godine kao ostvarivanje ekonomskog rasta i industrijalizacije, bez štete po životnu sredinu (Keiner, 2006).	Sustainability was defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in a 1969 mandate as achieving economic growth and industrialization without environmental damage (Keiner, 2006).	0.986918
Delom usled nastalih ekoloških katastrofa, sam koncept je dobio na snazi tek 1983. godine, kada su Ujedinjene nacije objavile izveštaj Svetske komisije za životnu sredinu i razvoj (danas poznat kao Brundtlandski izveštaj), gde je održivost redefinisana kao razvoj koji zadovoljava potrebe sadašnjosti bez ugrožavanja mogućnosti budućih generacija da zadovolje svoje sopstvene potrebe (Hart, 1997; Daly, 1990; WCED, 1987).	In part due to some highly visible ecological disasters, the concept gained in force in 1983 when the United Nations published a report of the World Commission of Environment and Development, (called the Brundtland Report), where sustainability was redefined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Hart, 1997; Daly, 1990; WCED, 1987).	1.35785
Upotreba ove definicije je dovela do toga da mnogi vide održivi razvoj kao koncept koji stavlja fokus na intergeneracijsku pravdu.	The use of this definition has led many to see sustainable development as having a major focus on intergenerational equity.	1.13429
Iako ova svedena definicija ne pominje eksplicitno životnu sredinu i razvoj, njeni naredni delovi, iako se retko navode, prilično su jasni.	Although the brief definition does not explicitly mention the environment or development, the subsequent paragraphs, while rarely quoted, are clear.	0.994614
Kada je reč o razvoju, izveštaj navodi da su ljudske potrebe osnova i suština, da su ekonomski rast, ali i pravičnost pri raspodeli resursa sa siromašnima, neophodni radi njihovog preživljavanja, a da pravičnost podstiče efikasno učešće građana.	On development, the report states that human needs are basic and essential; that economic growth, but also equity to share resources with the poor is required to sustain them; and that equity is encouraged by effective citizen participation.	0.590911
Kada je u pitanju životna sredina, izveštaj je takođe jasan: ~~~ Koncept održivog razvoja podrazumeva granice.	On the environment, the report is also clear: The concept of sustainable development does imply limits.	0.339535
Ove granice ne predstavljaju apsolutna ograničenja, već ograničenja nametnuta od strane sadašnjeg stanja tehnologije i društvene organizacije ekoloških resursa, kao i sposobnosti biosfere da apsorbuje uticaje ljudskih aktivnosti.	These limits are not absolute; they rather represent limitations imposed by the present state of technology and social organization of environmental resources and by the ability of the biosphere to absorb the effects of human activities.	1.22217
Održivi razvoj je postao popularna menadžment filozofija u mnogim zemljama širom sveta.	Further on, sustainable development has become a popular management philosophy in many countries throughout the world.	1.59462
Njegova popularnost se delimično zasniva na izveštajima o globalnim klimatskim promenama i smanjenju stabilnosti globalnog ekosistema.	Its popularity can be partially attributed to reports of global climate change and the declining stability of global ecosystems.	0.446741
Međutim, njegov početak se može pripisati naporima Ujedinjenih nacija (UN), koji su podstakli sve zemlje da razviju sopstvene nacionalne strategije održivog razvoja.	However, its initiation can also be attributed to the efforts of the United Nations (UN), which have encouraged all countries to develop their own national sustainable development strategies.	1.18083
Danas zemlje na svih pet kontinenata imaju razvijene strategije, i u procesu su implementacije nacionalnih strategija održivog razvoja. 2.	Today, countries on all five continents have developed and are in the process of implementing national sustainable development strategies.	1.49752
Po tre ba za odr ži vo šću Fenomen održivog razvoja ili održivosti je glavni katalizator promena u državnim politikama i zakonskim okvirima, koji je dramatično promenio ulogu i ponašanje nacija.	2. ~~~ The need for sustainability The phenomenon of sustainable development or sustainability has been the main popular catalyst for changes in government policies and regulatory frameworks, which has dramatically changed the roles and behaviour of nations.	0.289108
Postoji nedostatak konkretne definicije održivosti jer ne postoji, i ne bi trebalo da postoji, jedna univerzalna definicija održivosti (Tickell, 1997; Bell & Morse, 1999; Tickell et al., 2006).	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 There is a lack of a concrete definition of sustainability because there is not, and should not be, any single definition of sustainability (Tickell, 1997; Bell & Morse, 1999; Tickell et al., 2006).	2.06976
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Satterthwaite sugeriše da je održivi razvoj jednostavno razvoj, odnosno aktivnost za ispunjavanje (osnovnih) potreba trenutne populacije i ljudi i životinja, koja će biti sprovedena tako da populacija može da zadovolji svoje potrebe na način koji neće ograničiti ili narušiti noseće kapacitete u ekonomskim, socijalnim, ekološkim i organizacionim sistemima (Satterthwaite, 1999).	Satterthwaite suggests that sustainable development is simply development i.e. activities to fulfill the (basic) needs of current populations both human and animal, that will be sustained in such a manner that population can meet their needs in a way that will not restrict or ruin the carrying capacities in economic, social, environmental, and organizational systems (Satterthwaite, 1999).	1.02318
Osnovne ideje, koje predstavljaju termin održivog razvoja, agregirano izražene jesu (World Bank, 2003; Cooper & Vargas, 2004; Stead et al., 2004): ~~~ Ekološka i ekonomska integracija.	The core ideas representing the sustainable development term, aggregated, are as follows (World Bank, 2003; Cooper & Vargas, 2004; Stead et al., 2004): Environmental and economic integration.	0.775159
Obezbediti da se ekonomski razvoj i zaštita životne sredine istovreme no integrišu u planiranju i sprovođenju.	Ensuring that economic development and environmental pro tection are integrated in planning and implementation simultaneously.	0.8235
Zaštita životne sredine.	Environmental protection.	1.3
Posvećenost smanjenju zagađenja i degradacije životne sredine i efikasnije kori šćenje resursa.	A commitment to reducing pollution and environmental degradation and with a more efficient use of resources.	0.748205
Pravičnost.	Equity.	0.1125
Posvećenost ispunjavanju barem osnovnih potreba sadašnjih siromašnih generacija (kao i pravičnosti između generacija).	A commitment to meeting at least the basic needs of the poor of the present generation (as well as equity between generations).	1.14312
Budući događaji.	Futurity.	0.06
Eksplicitna zabrinutost o uticaju sadašnjih aktivnosti na buduće generacije.	An explicit concern about the impact of current activities on future generations.	1.2
Kvalitet života.	Quality of life.	0.26
Shvatanje činjenice da su ljudska bića zabrinuta ne samo za rast prihoda, već i za zdravlje i osećaj zadovoljstva življenja u svojim društvima.	A recognition that human beings are concerned not only with income growth, but also with health support and satisfaction to live in their societies.	0.795238
Participacija.	Participation.	0.3
Shvatanje da održivi razvoj zahteva učešće svih interesnih grupa društva.	The recognition that sustainable development requires the involvement of all stakeholders in a society.	1.57364
Slika 1 predstavlja najzastupljenije i usvojene definicije održivog razvoja, posebno u odnosu na ekološki kontekst, koje se fokusiraju na postojeći ekološki kapital ili akcije ili imovinu, a koje će opstati na duži rok i neće preneti troškove zaštite životne sredine na buduće generacije. ...razvoj koji zadovoljava potrebe sadašnjosti bez ugrožavanja mogućnosti budućih generacija da zadovolje svoje sopstvene potrebe. (WCED, 1987) ...kapacitet sistema da održi autpute na nivou približno jednakom ili većem od svog istorijskog proseka, sa aproksimacijom određenom istorijskim nivoom varijabilnosti. (Lynam & Herdt, 1989) ...razvoj koji unapređuje kvalitet ljudskog života, u skladu sa kapacitetom ekosistema. (IUCN, 1991) Priroda je robusna, u okviru granica, moralni je imperativ očuvati prirodu tako da se ne smanji izbor opcija za budućnost. (O Riordan & Rayner, 1991) Održivost prirodnih ekosistema se može definisati kao dinamički ekvilibrijum između prirodnih inputa i autputa. (Fresco & Krooneberg, 1992) Razvoj koji održava i unapređuje dugoročne uslove životne sredine i kvaliteta života ljudi. (Barrow, 1997) Slika 1:	Figure 1 presents the popular and adopted definitions of sustainable development, particularly in relation to the environmental context, that focus on the existing ecological capital or stocks or assets that will survive in the long term and will not transfer environmental costs to future generations. ... development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ~~~ (WCED, 1987) ... the capacity of a system to maintain output at a level approximately equal to or greater than its historical average, with the approximation determined by the historical level of variability. ~~~ (Lynam & Herdt, 1989) ... development that improves the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems. ~~~ (IUCN, 1991) Nature is robust, within limits, it is morally imperative to preserve nature enough not to reduce choice of options for the future. ~~~ (O Riordan & Rayner, 1991) The sustainability of natural ecosystems can be defined as the dynamic equilibrium between natural inputs and outputs. ~~~ (Fresco & Krooneberg, 1992) Development that maintains and improves the long term condition of environment and peoples quality of life.	-0.12405
Definicije održivosti U ovim definicijama su prioriteti dati vremenu, a ne interesu na prostornom nivou (tj. lokalnom, nacionalnom, regionalnom ili globalnom nivou).	(Barrow, 1997) Figure 1: Definitions of Sustainability These definitions are prioritized more on time rather than on interest in spatial scale (i.e. local, national, regional, or global levels).	0.776534
U nekim protokolima, prepoznato je razmatranje održivog razvoja sa različitih hijerarhijskih nivoa.	In some protocols, development with a consideration of different hierarchical levels is recognized.	1.21285
Na primer, Agenda 21 naglašava aktivnosti, učešće, saradnju i upravljanje između lokalnih vlasti i opšte javnosti i to je upravo razlog zbog koga je Lokalna Agenda 21 dobila na popularnosti (UNCED, 1992).	For instance, Agenda 21 closely emphasizes activities, participation, cooperation, and governance among both local authorities and the general public, and that is how Local Agenda 21 has been popularly initiated (UNCED, 1992).	2.27333
U poslednjih 20 godina povećan je nivo nove globalne svesti koja zahteva usmeravanje na održivost - umesto na količinu i masovnu proizvodnju, naglasak se stavlja na kvalitet.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Moreover, in the last 20 years new global awareness that demands switching to sustainability has risen - instead of emphasizing quantity and a mass production, now emphasis is given to quality.	1.02688
Dodatna vrednost nije zasnovana na znanju, već na resursima koji se koriste.	Additional value is not knowledge-based anymore but rather resource-based.	0.9
Inovacije se više ne odražavaju u pronalaženju novih načina za povećanje postojećih kapaciteta za eksploataciju prirode, već u pronalaženju alternativnih materijala koji se mogu koristiti u procesu proizvodnje.	Innovation is not reflected in finding new ways of increasing existing capacities for exploiting the nature anymore but in finding alternative materials which can be used in the production process.	1.19021
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Jedan od prioriteta za neposredne akcije u strategijama održivog razvoja svake kompanije je održiva potrošnja i proizvodnja.	One of priorities for immediate actions in the strategies for sustainable development of every company is sustainable consumption and production.	1.21024
Ove strategije određuju kako se dalje sprovodi održivost, kroz mere promocije: ~~~ Bolji proizvodi i usluge, koji smanjuju uticaj na životnu sredinu prouzrokovan korišćenjem energije, resur sa, ili opasnih materija; Čistiji, efikasniji proizvodni procesi, koji jačaju konkurentnost; i prelazak u potrošnji na dobra i usluge sa manjim uticajem na životnu sredinu.	These strategies define the method in which sustainability is carried out, through the following promotion measures: Better products and services, which reduce the environmental impacts from the use of energy, resources, or hazardous substances; Cleaner, more efficient production processes, which strengthen competitiveness; and shifts in consump tion towards goods and services with lower impacts.	0.23785
Pitanje održive potrošnje je pokrenuto po prvi put, kao jedno od ključnih pitanja održivosti, na Konferenciji UN o životnoj sredini i razvoju u Riju 1992. godine.	The sustainable consumption issue was raised for the first time as one of the key issues of sustainability at UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio in 1992.	1.52222
Dve decenije kasnije, različiti stručnjaci iz ove oblasti se slažu da je napredak u praćenju potrošačkih navika prespor i razmišljaju o načinima za njihovo menjanje.	Two decades since, different experts from this area agree that progress in tracking consumer habits and thinking the ways of changing them is too slow.	1.05613
Održiva potrošnja ističe da se mora povećati kvalitet potrošnje, kako današnjih, tako i budućih generacija.	Sustainable consumption emphasizes that quality of consumption must increase, both of todays generation and the future ones.	1.21374
Ovaj koncept zahteva optimizaciju potrošnje dobara, kako bi se u vremenu održali korisnost i kvalitet resursa, kao i životne sredine (Emil, 1994).	This concept demands optimization of consumption subject, in order to sustain in time utilization and quality of resources, hence environment as well (Emil, 1994).	1.70688
Razumljivo je da su odgovorna preduzeća u srcu društva.	It is understandable that responsible businesses are at the heart of society.	0.798
Kompanije koje razumeju svoje veze sa zajednicama u kojima deluju, kao i njihov uticaj na životnu sredinu, jesu one koje imaju najviše šanse da dugoročno napreduju.	Companies that understand their links with the communities they operate in, and their impact on the environment, are most likely to prosper in the long-term.	0.73915
Istovremeno, interes stejkholdera za ekološke performanse kompanije je na svom maksimumu.	At the same time, the interests of stakeholders in firms environmental performance are at an all-time high.	0.759259
Sve više se priznaje da je dobar ekološki učinak istovremeno i dobar poslovni potez: kompanije koje mere, upravljaju i publikuju svoje ekološke performanse su inherentno dobro postavljene.	There is an increasing recognition that good environmental performance makes good business sense: companies that measure, manage and communicate their environmental performance are inherently well placed.	0.943313
One razumeju kako da poboljšaju svoje procese, smanje svoje troškove, u skladu sa zakonskom regulativom i ekološkim očekivanjima interesnih grupa, te da iskoriste mogućnosti novih zelenih tržišta. 3.	They understand how to improve their processes, reduce their costs, comply with regulatory requirements and stakeholder environmental expectations and take advantage of new green market opportunities. ~~~ 3.	0.277778
O in di ka to ri ma eko lo ških per for man si Postoji sve veća potražnja za izveštavanjem kompanija, koje je jasno i fokusirano na ključne uticaje njihovog poslovanja na životnu sredinu.	About environmental performance indicators There is an increasing demand for company reporting that is stricter and more focused on the key impacts on the business and on the environment.	0.898125
Za ovo je potrebno izveštavanje o ekološkim performansama, koje će doneti beneficije na dva načina: ~~~ Obezbediće informacije menadžmentu da iskoristi uštede koje dobar ekološki učinak obično donosi; Daće mogućnost za otkrivanje značajnih komponenti u zaštiti životne sredine firme (Becker, 2008).	It takes reporting of environmental performance, which will benefit in two ways: It will provide management information to help exploit the cost savings that good environmental perform ance usually brings; It gives the chance to identify what is significant in firms environmental performance (Becker, 2008).	0.681593
Indikatori ekoloških performansi su jedan od mogućih alata za takva merenja i informacije o tome kako da se razumeju i procene ekološke performanse kompanija.	Environmental performance indicators are one of possible tools for such a quantifiable measurement and information on how to understand and assess the environmental performance.	1.34547
Preduzeća će sprovesti značajne aktivnosti na očuvanju životne sredine, ako mogu da odrede odgovarajuće indikatore učinka.	Businesses would implement meaningful activities on environmental conservation if they could select appropriate environmental performance indicators.	0.777238
Ekološki indikatori će olakšati komunikaciju sa interesnim ekološkim grupama ako su uključeni u izveštavanje.	Environmental performance indicators would facilitate environmental communication with stakeholders if they were included in environmental reporting.	0.406796
Kroz primenu ekoloških indikatora, procenu i merenje ekoloških uslova dobija se set podataka za informisanje i pomoć vladama, koordinatorima razvoja, planerima i donosiocima odluka u praćenju njihovog učinka prema održivosti životne sredine (Bell & Morse, 1999; Bell & Morse, 2003).	Through the application of environmental performance indicators, assessment and measurement of environmental conditions a set of data is obtained that are to be used to inform and assist governments, developers, planners, and decision makers in tracking their performance towards environmental sustainability (Bell & Morse, 1999; Bell & Morse, 2003).	1.70126
Indikatori ekoloških performansi (EPI) su se progresivno razvijali tokom proteklih deset godina i koriste se od strane međunarodnih organizacija kao što su Ujedinjene nacije, Svetska banka, Svetski poslovni savet za održivi razvoj i Globalna inicijativa za izveštavanje (OECD, 1993; Neimanis & Kerr, 1996).	Environmental performance indicators (EPIs) have been progressively developed over the past ten years and used by international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Bank, and the World Resource Institution WBCSD - World Business Council for Sustainable Development and GRI - Global Reporting Initiative (OECD, 1993; Neimanis & Kerr, 1996).	1.35202
Indikatori ekoloških performansi ističu se kao bitan alat za zaštitu životne sredine i poboljšanje merenja lokalnog života i ukupnog nacionalnog razvoja i održivog razvoja.	Environmental performance indicators have been identified as essential tools for environmental assessment and measurement to improve local livelihood and overall national development and sustainable development.	1.32076
Indikatori pokrivaju širok spektar i primenjuju se na lokalnom, nacionalnom i regionalnom nivou.	EPIs cover a broad spectrum and are applicable at local, national and regional levels.	0.465637
Njihovi korisnici mogu lako da im pristupe, direktno ih izaberu i odmah primene za merenje nacionalnih ekoloških performansi.	The users of EPIs can easily access, directly select, and promptly apply a set of indicators to measure national environmental performance.	1.0622
U praksi, indikatori mogu da pomognu pri donošenju odluka na globalnom i nacionalnom nivou.	In practice, EPIs tend to assist decision making more on the global and national levels.	1.08
Ekološka serija standarda ISO (Međunarodna organizacija za standardizaciju) je u širokoj upotrebi u kompanijama koje primenjuju upravljanje zaštitom životne sredine, što za ishod ima izveštavanja o ekološkim performansama.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Environmental ISO (The International Organization for Standardization) series have been widely used in companies that apply environmental management, with an outcome being environmental reporting.	0.988844
Ovo posebno važi za evaluaciju ekoloških performansi i postavljanje niza standarada na svetskom nivou, a koji zahtevaju stalnu posvećenost unapređenju ekoloških performansi u cilju ispunjavanja ekoloških ciljeva i kriterijuma.	They particularly work on environmental performance evaluation and set worldwide standards that require commitment to a continuous improvement of environmental performance in order to meet environmental targets and performance criteria.	1.19561
ISO 14031 i ISO 14032 su nastavak serije ISO 14000. ISO 14031 daje smernice za izbor i primenu indikatora za ocenu ekoloških performansi organizacije, uz podršku ISO 14032 koji daje primere iz realnih organizacija radi ilustracije korišćenja smernica iz ISO 14031 (Evaluacija ekoloških performansi - Smernice:	ISO 14031 and ISO 14032 are the extension series of ISO 14000. ~~~ ISO 14031 provides guidance on the selection and implementation of indicators to evaluate an organizational environmental performance, with the support of ISO 14032 which provides examples from real organizations to illustrate the use of the guidance in the ISO 14031 ISO (Environmental Performance Evaluation Guidelines: Specifies the purposes of environmental performance evaluation, preparation of an evaluation plan, data collection, review of results this was regulated as JIS Q 14031 on October 20, 2000).	0.448109
Specifikacija svrhe evaluacije ekoloških performansi, pripreme plana evaluacije, prikupljanja podataka, pregleda rezultata - ovo je regulisano kao JIS Q 14031 20. oktobra 2000.) Iako smernica definiše koncept i proceduru izbora indikatora ekoloških performasni, ona ne obuhvata razvoj samih indikatora.	Although the guideline defines the concept and procedure of selection of environmental performance indicators, it does not cover the development of actual indicators.	0.670517
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 4.	4.	-0.6
Ka rak te ri sti ke i kri te ri jum in di ka to ra eko lo ških per for man si Indikatori ekoloških performansi mogu da budu znaci, statistike, mere ili parametri, koji su razvijeni i koriste se u informisanju i merenju promena ekoloških komponenti, statusa, fokusa i trendova.	Characteristicss and criteria of environmental performance indicators Environmental performance indicators can be signs, statistics, measures, or parameters that are developed and used in informing and measuring the changes of environmental components, status, stresses and trends.	1.10986
Ovi indikatori mogu da utiču na akcije upravljanja i vode ka ekološkom menadžmentu i održivom razvoju.	These indicators can influence the management actions leading towards environmental management and sustainable development.	1.03804
Oni treba da budu razvijeni tako da pružaju solidne osnove za donošenje odluka, kao i da doprinesu samo-regulisanju integrisanih i razvojnih okruženja sistema.	They need to be developed to provide solid bases for decision making, and to contribute to self-regulating, integrated environments and development systems.	0.680275
Indikatori ekoloških performansi ne bi trebalo samo da nas obaveste da li je ono što mi radimo dovelo do održivosti ili nije, već takođe moraju da razvijaju i sintetišu naučne i tehničke podatke u korisne informacije za donosioce odluka pri rešavanju sadašnjih i budućih političkih pitanja.	EPIs should not only inform us whether or not what we are doing is leading to sustainability, but they must also be developed to synthesize scientific and technical data into fruitful information for decision makers to take policy decision on present and future issues.	0.925698
Indikatori ekoloških performansi mogu da se okarakterišu na sledeći način (Morrison & Pearce, 2000; Bossel, 2001): ~~~ Indikatori moraju da predstavljaju sve važne probleme i pokrivaju sve relevantne aspekte.	EPIs could be characterized as follows (Morrison & Pearce, 2000; Bossel, 2001): Indicators must represent all important concerns and cover all relevant aspects.	0.581683
To znači da indikatori moraju sistematski da sagledavaju interakciju između sistema i njihove životne sredine.	It means that indicators must look systematically at the interaction between systems and their environment.	0.843351
Indikatori treba da budu jasno definisani, reproduktivni, nedvosmisleni, lako razumljivi, praktični, i osetljivi na promene koje mere.	Indicators have to be clearly defined, reproducible, unambiguous, easy to understand, practical, and sensitive to the changes that they are intended to measure.	0.7525
Indikatori moraju da odražavaju interese različitih interesnih grupa.	Indicators must reflect the interests of different stakeholders.	1.26379
Dakle, proces pronalaženja seta indikatora mora da bude participativan, kako bi se osiguralo da on obuhvata vizije i vrednosti zajednice ili regiona i drugih geografskih jedinica za koje je razvijen.	Thus, the process of finding an indicator set must be participatory to ensure that it encompasses the visions and values of the community or region or other geographical scales for which it has been developed.	0.970443
Na kraju, oni bi trebalo da pokažu trendove tokom vremena i usmeravaju politike i odluke na svim nivoi ma društva i svim nivoima njegovih institucija.	Finally, they should be able to show trends over time and guide policies and decisions at all levels of the society and all its institutions.	1.3105
Prema podacima Međunarodne mreže za ekološku usaglašenost i poštovanje (2012), ekološki indikatori su definisani za rešavanje određenih pitanja: ~~~ Implementacioni indikatori.	According to the International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement (2012), environmental indicators were defined to address the issues of: Implementation Indicators.	0.0502709
Od vlada se zahteva da preduzmu korake radi sprovođenja obaveza, koje su posledica potpisivanja međunarodnih sporazuma i nacionalnih politika u formi zakona ili programa.	Governments are required to take steps to implement commitments they have made in international agreements and national policies in the form of laws or programs.	0.873913
Izvršni Indikatori.	Enforcement Indicators.	0.255
Kada je vlada usvojila ekološke zakone koji su joj potrebni, onda mora da ih i sprovede.	Once a government has adopted environmental laws they need to enforce them.	0.715385
Indikatori usklađenosti.	Compliance Indicators.	0.259091
Kada su zakoni na snazi i primenjuju se, potrebni su dodatni indikatori za merenje nivoa usklađenosti. 5.	Once the laws are in place and are being enforced, other indicators are needed to measure the level of compliance.	0.783516
Vr ste in di ka to ra eko lo ških per for man si U organizacionom poslovanju, baza indikatora ekoloških performansi može da se podeli na dve vrste mera: ~~~ Prva su indikatori ekološkog menadžmenta, koji se preduzimaju u okviru sistema menadžmenta organizacije.	5. ~~~ Types of environmental performance indicators In organizational operations, the basis of environmental performance indicators can be divided into two types of measures: The first is the environmental management indicators undertaken within an organization management system.	0.0675781
Oni sadrže interne informacije o naporima organizacije na smanjenju uticaja na životnu sredinu, ali ne i same informacije o zaštiti životne sredine.	They include internal information on the efforts the organization makes to affect its environmental impact, but not information on the environmental performance.	1.32302
Na primer, neki od ovih indikatora su broj ekoloških audita, procenat zaposlenih koji imaju obuku iz zaštite životne sredine, kao i broj ekološki podobnih dobavljača.	For example, some of these indicators are the number of environmental audits, percentage of employees with environmental training, and the number of environmentally friendly suppliers.	1.31211
Drugu čine indikatori ekoloških uslova. ~~~ Njih čine eksterni indikatori, koji opisuju direktne efekte i uticaje na životnu sredinu, na primer, indikatori emisije vode na putevima u blizini proizvodnog pogona.	The second, the environmental condition indicators are external indicators describing the direct strains and impacts on the environment, for example, indicators of water emissions on waterways in the vicinity of a production site.	0.245548
Ovaj set indikatora se obično primenjuje od strane javnih institucija.	Condition indicators are usually applied by public institutions.	1.27414
Oni su nacionalni indikatori, koje organizacija može da koristi pri izboru svog seta indikatora (Jasch, 2000). ~~~ 6.	They are national indicators that can be used by organizations to aid in the selection of their performance indicators (Jasch, 2000).	0.591358
Pod ruč ja in di ka to ra eko lo ških per for man si Ekološke indikatore čine ekološka, biološka, hemijska i fizička merenja i indeksi, koji imaju zadatak da okarakterišu i identifikuju kritične i složene komponente ekosistema.		-0.3
Tabela 1 ilustruje agregaciju standardnih ekoloških indikatora kategorisanih prema ekološkim područjima i pod-područjima (Kurtz et al., 2001).		-0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Tabela 1:	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 6.	1.17368
Područja ekoloških indikatora Ekološka podru(cid:		-0.3
Pod-podru(cid: ~~~ Ekološki indikatori Atmosfera Zemljište Okeani, mora i obale Slatka voda Biodiverzitet Otpad Performanse i menadžment Klimatske promene Ošte(cid: ~~~ ozonskog omota(cid:		-0.3
Kvalitet vazduha Poljoprivreda Šumski fond Dezertifikacija Urbanizacija Obalske zone Ribarstvo Koli(cid:		-0.3
vode Kvalitet vode Ekosistem Vrste Materijal Politika Emisija direktnih i indirektnih gasova staklene bašte Potrošnja supstanci koje ošte(cid: ~~~ ozon Koncentracija zaga(cid: ~~~ vazduha u urbanim podru(cid:		-0.3
i industrijskim postrojenjima Broj vozila Površina obradivih i trajnih useva Upotreba (cid:		-0.3
Upotreba poljoprivrednih pesticida Površina šuma kao procenat zemljišne površine Intenzitet se(cid:		-0.3
drve(cid: ~~~ Površina zemljišta ugroženog dezertifikacijom Površina urbanih formalnih i neformalnih naselja Koncentracija algi u obalskim vodama Procenat ukupne populacije koja živi u obalskim podru(cid:		-0.3
Broj vrsta sa IUCN crvene liste vrsta* sa habitatom u podru(cid: ~~~ pogo(cid:		-0.3
operacijama Godišnji ulov ve(cid:		-0.3
vrsta Godišnje povla(cid:		-0.3
podzemne i površinske vode kao procenat ukupne godišnje obnovljive koli(cid:		-0.3
vode dostupne iz izvora. (po regionima) Ukupna potrošnja vode i njen efekat na ukupnu koli(cid: ~~~ vode i ekosistem Ukupno recikliranje i ponovna upotreba vode BPK** u vodi Koncentracija fekalnog koliforma u slatkoj vodi Izvori vode i ekosistemi pogo(cid:	Themes of environmental performance indicators Environmental indicators include ecological, biological, chemical, and physical measurements and indices that attempt to characterize or identify critical and complex components of an ecosystem.	-0.00350467
ispuštanjem vode Ispuštanje otpada u vodu Ukupna koli(cid:		-0.3
otpada po vrstama i na(cid:		-0.3
tretiranja Podru(cid:		-0.3
izabranih klju(cid: ~~~ ekosistema Lokacija i veli(cid: ~~~ zemlje u vlasništvu, kao i zakupljene zemlje u habitatima sa bogatim biodiverzitetom Uticaj aktivnosti i operacija na zašti(cid: ~~~ i osetljiva podru(cid:	Table 1 illustrates the aggregation of standard environmental indicators categorized according to the environmental themes and sub-themes (Kurtz et al., 2001).	-0.152143
Broj poslovnih jedinica koje posluju ili planiraju poslovne operacije u zašti(cid:		-0.3
i osetljivim podru(cid:		-0.3
I oko njih Zašti(cid:		-0.3
podru(cid: ~~~ kao procenat ukupnih površina Izobilje izabranih klju(cid:		-0.3
vrsta Ciljevi i programi za o(cid:		-0.3
i obnavljanje autohtonih vrsta u ošte(cid:		-0.3
podru(cid:		-0.3
Procenat materijala iskoriš(cid:		-0.3
iz otpada (obra(cid:		-0.3
ili neobra(cid: ~~~ iz eksternih izvora do organizacije koja izveštava Nacionalne, regionalne i lokalne ekološke politike i regulative Incidenti primenjenih internacionalnih deklaracija/konvencija/sporazuma povezanih sa ekološkim pitanjima * IUCN crvena lista vrsta opšte poznata kao prepoznatljivi, objektivni globalni prilaz za evaluaciju statusa konzervacije biljnih i životinjskih vrsta. ** BOD biohemijska potrošnja kiseonika. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 7.	Environmental Themes Sub-Themes Environmental Indicators Table 1: Environmental themes indicators Atmosphere Land Oceans, Seas, and Coasts Freshwater Biodiversity Waste Performance and Management Climate change Ozone layer depletion Air quality Agriculture Forests Desertification Urbanization Coastal zone Fisheries Water Quantity Water Quality Ecosystem Species Material Policy Emissions of direct and indirect greenhouse gases Consumption of ozone depleting substances Ambient concentration of air pollutants in urban areas and industrial estates Number of vehicles Arable and permanent crop land area Use of fertilizers Use of agricultural pesticides Forest area as a percentage of land area Wood harvesting intensity Land affected by desertification Area of urban formal and informal settlements Algae concentration in coastal waters Percentage of total population living in coastal areas Number of IUCN red list species* with habitats in areas affected by operations Annual catch by major species Annual withdrawal of ground and surface water as a percentage of total annual renewable quantity of water available from the sources (breakdown by region) Total water use and its impact on water sources and related ecosystems Total recycling and reuse of water BOD** in water bodies Concentration of faucal coli form in freshwater Water sources and ecosystems affected by discharges of water and runoff Waste discharge to water Total amount of waste by type and treated methods Area of selected key ecosystems Location and size of land owned, leased, or managed in biodiversity-rich habitats Impacts of activities and operations on protected and sensitive areas Business units currently operating or planning operations in or around protected or sensitive areas Protected area as a percentage of total area Abundance of selected key species Objectives, programs, and targets for protecting and restoring native species in degraded areas Percentage of materials used that are wastes (processed or unprocessed) from sources external to the reporting organization National, sub-national, regional, and local environmental policies and regulations Incidents of applicable international declarations/conventions/treaties associated with environmental issues * IUCN red list species - is widely recognized as the most comprehensive, objective global approach for evaluating the conservation status of plant and animal species. ** BOD - Biochemical oxygen demand Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 7.	-0.180245
Upra vlja nje i iz ve šta va nje o eko lo škim per for man sa ma Upravljanje i izveštavanje o ekološkim performansama može dovesti do značajnih poslovnih koristi kao i koristi za životnu sredinu: ~~~ Ušteda troškova i produktivnost.	Managing and reporting on environmental performance Managing and reporting on environmental performance can lead to significant business benefits as well as benefits for the environment: Cost savings and productivity gains.	0.411377
Preduzeća mogu da uštede i povećaju efikasnost kroz smanjenje i upravljanje upotrebom resursa.	Businesses can save costs and increase efficiency through reducing and managing the resource use.	0.939328
Tipične oblasti gde su identifikovane uštede troškova uključuju upotrebu sirovina i materijala, smanjenje otpada, vode i energije i transporta, putovanja i pakovanja.	Typical areas where cost savings are identified include the use of raw materials and supplies, reductions in waste, water and energy use and transport, travel, and packaging.	1.0806
Smanjenjem uticaja na životnu sredinu, kao što je odlaganje otpada na deponije, organizacije mogu značajno da smanje sve prateće poreze i dažbine ili da izbegnu prateće troškove.	By reducing environmental impacts, such as waste to landfill, businesses can significantly reduce any associated taxes or levies, or avoid the cost of compliance altogether.	0.972308
Odgovorno upravljanje rizicima i obavezama može da dovede i do smanjenja troškova osiguranja.	Responsible management of risks and liabilities can lead to reduced insurance costs.	1.18254
Poboljšane prodaje.	Improved sales.	0.2
Preduzeća mogu da imaju koristi od poboljšane reputacije među svojim kupcima (i potencijalnim kupcima) izveštavajući o relevantnim pitanjima životne sredine na jasan i transparentan način.	Businesses can benefit from improved reputation amongst their customers (and potential customers) by reporting on relevant environmental issues in a clear and transparent way.	1.34275
Dobro izveštavanje povećava poverenje kupaca.	Good reporting improves customer confidence.	1.27805
Informisanje kupaca o uloženim naporima da se poboljšaju ekološke performanse organizacije mogu dovesti do povećanja poverenja u proizvode i usluge.	Informing customers of efforts to improve organizations environmental performance can lead to increased confidence in products and services.	1.22317
Status preferiranog dobavljača.	Preferred supplier status.	0.228
Velike organizacije sve češće zahtevaju od dobavljača i izvođača da dostave informacije o ekološkim performansama kako bi zadovoljile očekivanja svojih akcionara.	Large organizations increasingly require that suppliers and contractors should submit environmental performance information to satisfy the expectations of their own shareholders.	1.10229
Izveštavanje o ekološkim performansama može da učini dobavljače atraktivnijim od konkurenata.	Reporting on environmental information can make a more attractive supplier than competitors.	0.77439
Povećana atraktivnost za investitore.	Increased attractiveness to the investment community.	0.191667
Investitori, finansijski analitičari i brokeri danas postavljaju pitanja o održivosti poslovanja.	Investors, financial analysts and brokers are now asking questions about the sustainability of business operations.	0.51
Izveštavanje o pitanjima zaštite životne sredine daje dobar nagoveštaj o merama koje organizacija preduzima za smanjenje rizika i razvoj novih mogućnosti.	Reporting on environmental matters provides a good indication of what measures an organization is taking to reduce risks and develop opportunities.	0.953693
Inovacije proizvoda i usluga.	Product and service innovation.	0.277778
Merenje i upravljanje uticajima na životnu sredinu pokreće i podržava inovaciju u razvoju proizvoda i usluga, pomažući pri obezbedivanju novih tržišta i kupaca ili očuvanju postojećih.	Measuring and managing environmental impacts drives and supports innovation in product and service development, helping to secure new markets and customers or safeguard the existing ones.	0.844513
Zapošljavanje.	Employee recruitment.	0.20625
Jasno izveštavanje o naporima jedne organizacije koja upravlja svojim ekološkim performansama pomaže pri privlačenju visoko-kvalitetnih radnika i tako ekološka reputacija i ekološke performanse mogu da budu važan faktor pri izboru poslodavca.	Clear reporting of an organizations efforts to manage its environmental performance helps attract high-caliber employees as good environmental reputation and performance can be an important factor in an employees choice of employer.	1.02327
Licenca za rad.	License to operate.	0.214286
Upravljanje uticajima na životnu sredinu i minimiziranje uticaja organizacije na životnu sredinu, mogu da smanje kazne.	Managing environmental impacts and minimizing the organizations impact on the environment can reduce the exposure to fines.	1.00308
Mogu da se poboljšaju odnosi sa zakonodavcima i preduzeću obezbedi održavanje njegove licence za rad, tako što će se obezbediti uveravanja o usaglašenosti sa ekološkom legislativom i drugim relevantnim zakonima i propisima.	It can improve relations with regulators and help ensure the company maintains its license to operate by providing assurances about compliance with environmental legislation and conformity with other relevant laws and regulations.	0.663636
Dalje, treba naglasiti da je uticaj na životnu sredinu definisan kao stepen do koga organizacija svojim poslovnim procesima, aktivnostima i operacijama pozitivno ili negativno utiče na životnu sredinu.	Furthermore, it should be emphasized that environmental impact is defined as the degree to which an organizations business processes, activities and operations positively or negatively affect the natural environment.	0.90215
Uticaj na životnu sredinu je posledica delovanja organizacije u odnosu na kvalitet i čistoću vazduha, vode i zemljišta, odnosno uopšteno posmatrano - na kratkoročno i dugoročno zdravlje globalnog ekosistema planete Zemlje.	The environmental impact is the consequence of the organizations actions in relation to the quality and cleanliness of air, water and soil and, more generally, to the short-term and long-term health of the planet Earths global ecosystem.	0.76575
Takođe, uticaj na životnu sredinu može da se definiše kao svaka promena životne sredine. 8.	Also, environmental impact can be defined as every change to the environment. ~~~ 8.	0.551571
Ključ ni po kre ta či iz ve šta va nja o eko lo škim per for man sa ma Ključni pokretači izveštavanja o ekološkim performansama su:	Key drivers of environmental performance reporting Key drivers of environmental performance reporting are: Regulations.	0.880374
Propisi. ~~~ Vlade su na većini nivoa pojačale pritisak na preduzeća na polju evaluacije uticaja njihovog po slovanja na životnu sredinu.	Governments at most levels have increased the pressure on corporations to measure the impact of their operations on the environment.	0.220946
Zakonodavstvo se sve više inovira i pokriva sve širi spektar aktivnosti.	Legislation is becoming more innovative and is covering an ever wider range of activities.	0.74
Kupci.	Customers.	0.128571
Javno mnjenje i potrošačke preferencije su apstraktan, ali snažan faktor koji vrši značajan uticaj na preduzeća, posebno na ona koja su potrošački orijentisana.	Public opinion and consumer preferences are a more abstract but powerful factor that exerts considerable influence on companies, particularly those that are consumer-oriented.	0.535714
Ovaj faktor je naveo kompanije da pruže mnogo više informacija dobavljačima o proizvodima koje proizvode, kao i o uticaju tih proizvoda na životnu sredinu od njihovog stvaranja do odlaganja.	This factor has led firms to provide much more information about the products they produce, the suppliers who produce them, and the products environmental impact from creation to disposal.	1.08882
Pritisak drugih organizacija.	Peer pressure from other organizations.	1.71429
Svaka organizacija je deo industrije, sa konkurentskim pritiscima i savezima koji idu uz to.	Each organization is part of an industry, with the peer pressures and alliances that go along with it.	1.2775
Ostvarenje industrijskih standarda za izveštavanje o održivosti može biti faktor, posebno za one, koji rade u istom lancu snabdevanja i imaju ekološke ili socijalne standarde, a koje očekuju od i svojih partnera.	Matching industry standards for sustainability reporting can be a factor; particularly for those who operate in the same supply chain and have environmental or social standards they expect of their partners.	1.31608
Postoji rastući trend velikih organizacija da zahtevaju informacije o održivosti poslovanja od svojih dobavljača kao deo kriterijuma odabira svojih poslovnih partnera.	There is a growing trend for large organizations to request sustainability information from their suppliers as part of their evaluation criteria.	1.19502
Same organizacije.	Organizations themselves.	0.183333
Organizacije, kao i javnost, osećaju pritisak da stvore verodostojnu politiku održivosti, sa odgovarajućim performansama.	Organizations, as public citizens, feel their own pressure to create a credible sustainability policy, with performance measures to back it up - but with an eye on the bottom line as well.	0.976786
Sve više investitora zahteva eksplicitno izveštavanje o strategijama održivosti i dokaze o pozitivnim rezultatima.	Increasingly, stakeholders are demanding explicit sustainability - reporting strategies and a proof of the results.	0.891176
Balansirani finansijski rast, korporativna odgovornost, dobit po akciji, takođe dovode do procene između kratkoročnih dobitaka i dugoročnog profita.	Balancing financial growth, corporate responsibility, shareholder returns and stakeholder demands also leads to an evaluation of the trade-off between short-term gains and long-term profits.	1.17678
Investitori.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Investors.	-0.6
Investitori sve više žele da znaju da li su kompanije usmerene ka odgovornom, održivom, dugoročnom poslovnom pristupu.	Increasingly, investors want to know that companies they have targeted have responsible, sustainable, long-term business approaches.	0.975041
Na primer institucionalni investitori i berzanski direktori su počeli da zahtevaju redovno izveštavanje o održivosti od kompanija, kao i izveštavanje o zaštiti životne sredine, Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 socijalnim pitanjima i korporativnom upravljanju i indekse kao što je Dow Jones indeks održivosti.	Institutional investors and stock exchange CEOs, for example, have moved to request increased sustainability reporting from listed companies, and environmental, social and corporate governance indices have been established, such as the Dow Jones Sustainability Index.	0.798718
Carbon Disclosure projekat razvijen je kao odgovor na zahtev investitora da kompanije mere i izveštavaju o emisiji gasova staklene bašte i o svojim strategijama za klimatske promene, kao sredstvo za postavljanje ciljeva u smanjivanju ovih emisija i za postavljanje pojedinačnih ciljeva. 9.	The Carbon Disclosure Project was developed in response to investor demand for a system for firms to measure and report greenhouse gas emissions and climate change strategies as a tool to set reduction targets and also set individual goals. ~~~ 9.	0.267391
Ala ti za me re nje eko lo ških per for man si Izbor značajnih i efikasnih alata za merenje ekoloških performansi postaje sve važniji zbog sve većih ekoloških troškova, tržišta, regulatornih i javnih pritisaka... ~~~ Mnoge metrike su već u upotrebi.	Tools for measuring environmental performance Selecting meaningful and effective tools for measuring environmental performance is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing costs of environmental operations; market, regulatory and public pressures… Many metrics are already in use.	0.276684
Ovo uključuje različite indikatore: one koji mere izlazne uticaje, kao što je količina zagađujućih materija koje se emituju; indikatore koji u datom procesu mere performanse i stanje životne sredine; indikatore koji mere direktan uticaj aktivnosti na životnu sredinu.	These include lagging indicators, which measure outputs such as pounds of pollutants emitted or discharged; leading indicators, which are in-process measures of performance; and environmental condition indicators, which measure the direct effect of an activity on the environment.	0.909108
Svaka vrsta indikatora ima svoje prednosti i mane, kao i različitu publiku; većina organizacija koristi miks indikatora.	Each type of indicator has its own strengths and weaknesses, and different audiences; most organizations use a mixture of them.	0.794393
Metrike mogu da mere poslovnu vrednost ekoloških programa ili napredak, kao i ekološke performanse poslovanja organizacije.	Metrics can measure the business value of environmental programs or progress as well as the environmental performance of business operations.	1.32639
Ovo može da bude posebno efikasno u demonstriraju vrednosti ekoloških napora menadžmenta.	This can be particularly effective in demonstrating the value of environmental efforts to management.	1.42824
Takođe može da obezbedi podatke na osnovu kojih poslovne jedinice mogu da dizajniraju efikasnije procese, smanje korišćenje materijala i uticaj na životnu sredinu, dok u isto vreme povećavaju prihode i profitabilnost.	It can also provide data with which business units can design more efficient processes, decreasing material usage and environmental impacts while at the same time increasing yield and profitability.	0.859649
U poslednjih nekoliko godina primećuje se razvoj više trendova ekoloških metrika.	The last several years have seen the development of several trends in environmental metrics.	2.03
Neki od ovih trendova su: globalizacija metrike, sve veći naglasak na održivosti u kontekstu zaštite životne sredine (efikasno korišćenje resursa) i napori ma da se razviju pokazatelji održivosti, povećavanje upotrebe ekoloških menadžment sistema kao repera za ekološke performanse i naglasak na integraciji životne sredine sa poslovnim performansama sa ciljem smanjenja troškova i ma terijalnih gubitaka, kao i poboljšanje prihoda, udela na tržištu i profitabilnosti.	Some of these trends are: the globalization of metrics, increasing emphasis on sustainability in its environmental context (the efficient use of resources) and ef forts to develop sustainability metrics, increasing use of environmental management systems as benchmarks of environmental performance and emphasis on the integration of environmental performance with business performance with the goal of reducing costs and material losses, and improving yield, market share, and profitability.	1.03562
Indikatori ekoloških performansi su bitni instrumenti za praćenje napretka zaštite životne sredine, evaluacije politika i informisanja javnosti.	Environmental performance indicators are essential tools for tracking environmental progress, supporting policy evaluation and informing the public.	1.46667
Za evaluaciju i izveštavanje o ekološkim performansama organizacije uobičajeno se definišu tri kategorije ekoloških indikatora (Defra, 2012; EC EUROPA, 2012): ~~~ Indikatori operacionih performansi (OPI): o Indikatori inputa:  Materijali,  Energija,  Usluge koje prate operacije organizacije,  Proizvodi koji prate operacije organizacije. o Indikatori postrojenja i opreme:  Dizajn,  Instalacija,  Operacija,  Održavanje,  Upotreba zemljišta,  Transport. o Indikatori autputa:  Proizvodi organizacije,  Usluge organizacije,  Otpad,  Emisije.	Usually, three categories of environmental indicators are defined for evaluating and reporting the environmental performance of an organization (Defra, 2012; EC EUROPA, 2012): Operational Performance Indicators (OPIs): o Input indicators:  Materials,  Energy,  Services supporting the organizations operation,  Products supporting the organizations operation. o Physical facilities and equipment indicators:  Design,  Installation,  Operation,  Maintenance,  Land use,  Transport. o Output indicators:  Products provided by the organization,  Services provided by the organization,  Waste,  Emissions.	0.477077
Indikatori menadžment performansi (MPI): o Indikatori sistema:  Implementacija politika i programa,  Usklađenost,  Finansijske performanse,  Uključenost radnika. o Indikatori funkcionalnih područja:  Administracija i planiranje,  Kupovina i investiranje, Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64  Zdravlje i bezbednost,  Odnosi sa zajednicom.	Management Performance Indicators (MPIs): o System indicators:  Implementation of policies and programs,  Conformance, Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64  Financial performance,  Employee involvement. o Functional area indicators:  Administration and planning,  Purchasing and investments,  Health and safety,  Community relations.	1.14964
Indikatori ekološkog stanja (ECI): o Indikatori medijuma životne sredine:  Vazduh,  Voda,  Zemljište. o Indikatori bio i antroposfere:  Flora,  Fauna,  Ljudi,  Estetika, nasleđe i kultura.	Environmental Condition Indicators (ECIs): o Environmental media indicators:  Air,  Water,  Land. o Bio and anthroposphere indicators:  Flora,  Fauna,  Humans,  Aesthetics, heritage and culture.	1.456
Indikatori operativnih performansi (OPI) se koncentrišu na aspekte poslovanja organizacije, uključujući aktivnosti, proizvode i usluge i mogu da obuhvate teme kao što su: emisije, proizvodi i sirovine za reciklažu, potrošnja goriva voznog parka ili korišćenje energije.	Operational performance indicators (OPIs) concentrate on the aspects associated with the organizations operations including activities, products or services and can cover such topics as emissions, product and raw material recycling, fuel consumption of vehicle fleet, or energy usage.	1.18572
Indikatori menadžment performansi (MPI) se koncentrišu na napore rukovodstva da obezbedi infrastrukturu za ekološki menadžment i između ostalog obuhvataju: ekološke programe, ciljeve, obuku, podsticajne šeme, revizorsku učestalost, inspekcije, administraciju i odnose sa zajednicom.	Management Performance Indicators (MPIs) concentrate on the efforts of management to provide the infrastructure for environmental management to succeed and can, among others, cover environmental programs, objectives and targets, training, incentive schemes, audit frequency, site inspections, administration and community relations.	0.524165
Indikatori ekološkog stanja (ECI) daju informacije o kvalitetu životne sredine, koja okružuje organizaciju ili lokalno, regionalno ili globalno stanje životne sredine.	Environmental Condition Indicators (ECIs) give information on the quality of the environment surrounding the organization or the local, regional or global state of the environment.	1.5174
Primeri uključuju kvalitet vode u obližnjem jezeru, regionalni kvalitet vazduha, koncentraciju gasova sa efektom staklene bašte ili koncentraciju određenih zagađujućih materija u zemljištu.	Examples include the water quality of a nearby lake, the regional air quality, concentrations of greenhouse gases or the concentration of certain pollutants in the soil.	0.737931
Najčešće se koriste radi usredsređivanja napora organizacije na upravljanje aspektima životne sredine, a u vezi sa njenim značajnim uticajima na životnu sredinu.	While they may be quite wide-ranging, they can be used to focus the attention of the organization on the management of the environmental aspects associated with significant environmental impacts.	0.911633
Zaključak Od Konferencije Ujedinjenih nacija o životnoj sredini i razvoju 1992. godine održivost postaje široko prihvaćen cilj.	Conclusion Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, sustainability has become a widely shared goal.	1.3
Iako informacije mogu da pruže bolju osnovu za donošenje odluka i merenje napretka, odgovornost je moguće postići samo ako se ciljevi i mere napretka izraze eksplicitno.	Although information can provide an improved basis for decision making and gauging progress, accountability is possible only if goals and measures of progress are explicit.	1.33846
Pravilno formulisani pokazatelji mogu da obezbede takve mere, poboljšavajući dijagnostikovanje situacije, kako napretka, tako i nazadovanja.	Appropriately formulated indicators can provide such measures, enhancing the diagnosis of the situation and making progress or stalemate obvious to all.	0.464752
Indikatori ekoloških performasni pružaju kompanijama alat za merenje.	Environmental performance indicators provide businesses with a tool for measurement.	0.582564
Oni su kvantitativne metrike, koje odražavaju ekološke performanse poslovanja u kontekstu ostvarivanja širih ciljeva i zadataka.	They are quantifiable metrics that reflect the environmental performance of a business in the context of achieving its wider goals and objectives.	1.68869
Takođe, oni pomažu kompanijama da primenjuju strategije povezujući različite nivoe organizacije (poslovne jedinice, odeljenja i pojedince) sa jasno definisanim ciljevima i kriterijumima.	They also help businesses implement strategies by linking various levels of an organization (business units, departments and individuals) with clearly defined targets and benchmarks.	0.672554
Uticaj ekoloških pitanja na organizacije se povećava i nastaviće da raste.	The impact of environmental matters on organizational performance is increasing and will continue to do so.	0.439706
Na primer, loše upravljanje energijom, prirodnim resursima, odnosno otpadom može da utiče na trenutni učinak, a neuspeh planiranja budućnosti u kojoj će ekološki faktori zauzimati značajno mesto može da ugrozi dugoročnu vrednost i opstanak poslovanja.	For example, poor management of energy, natural resources or waste can affect current performance; failure to plan for a future in which environmental factors are likely to be significant may put the long-term value and future of a business at risk.	1.27429
Dakle, vlade očekuju da će kompanije morati da koriste indikatore ekoloških performansi da bi se adekvatno uspostavila veza između ekoloških i finansijskih performansi (UNCED, 1992).	Therefore, governments expect that businesses will need to use environmental performance indicators to adequately capture the link between environmental and financial performances (UNCED, 1992).	1.36537
Trend ekologije i održivosti ogleda se u pritisku od strane potrošača, akcionara, zaposlenih, partnera i vlada (propisi) na kompanije da prihvate održive i zelene prakse poslovanja.	The green and sustainability trends are manifested in the pressure from consumers, shareholders, employees, partners and governments (regulations) put upon companies to embrace more sustainable and green practices.	0.805245
Mnoge kompanije su pribegle greenwashing-u umesto pravom stvaranju zelenih inovacija i marketiranju svojih proizvoda na način koji sugerišu zelene prakse.	Many companies resorted to greenwashing instead of actually creating green innovations by marketing their product in a way that suggests green practices.	1.28872
Međutim, postoje i mnoge kompanije koje su ozbiljno shvatile trend održivosti i koriste ga profitabilno.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 However, there are many companies that have taken the sustainability trend seriously and are doing so profitably.	0.672177
Da bi organizacija bila istinski održiva, ona mora da održi ne samo potrebne ekološke resurse, već i svoje socijalne resurse, uključujući zaposlene, klijente (zajednicu), i svoj ugled.	Organizations that give back to the community, whether through employees volunteering their time or through charitable donations are often considered to be socially sustainable.	0.280645
Organizacije mogu da pomognu obrazovanju u svojim zajednicama, tako što će obučiti svoje zaposlene i ponuditi stažiranje mlađim članovima zajednice.	Organizations can also encourage education in their communities by training their employees and offering internships to younger members of the community.	1.15267
Prakse poput ovih povećavaju nivo obrazovanja i kvaliteta života u zajednici.	Practices such as these increase the education level and quality of life in the community.	1.52
Zato se organizacije koje se staraju o zajednici, bilo kroz volontiranje zaposlenih ili putem dobrotvornih donacija, i smatraju društveno odgovornim.	In order for an organization to be truly sustainable, it must sustain not only the necessary environmental resources, but also its social resources, including employees, customers (the community), and its reputation.	0.317857
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Primljen: ~~~ Avgust 2012.	Receieved: August 2012.	0.57
Prihvaćen:	Accepted: September 2012.	1.5
Septembar 2012. O autoru Nataša Petrović 1Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka petrovicn@fon.bg.ac.rs Dr Nataša Petrović je diplomirala na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka 1991. godine, magistrirala je 1999. godine i doktorirala 2002. godine.	About the Author Nataša Petrović University of Belgrade Faculty of Organizational Sciences petrovicn@fon.bg.ac.rs Nataša Petrović graduated from the Faculty of Organizational Sciencesin 1991, got her masters degree in 1999, and a Ph. D. in 2002.	1.37008
Zaposlena je kao vanredni profesor na Univerzitetu u Beogradu - Fakultet organizacionih nauka.	She currently works as an associate professor at the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	0.88864
Oblast njenog naučnog interesovanja obuhvata: ekološki menadžment, održivi razvoj, ekološko obrazovanje, ekološki marketing, dizajn za životnu sredinu, učešće javnosti u zaštiti životne sredine.	The area of her scientific research includes: environmental management, sustainable development, environmental education, eco marketing, design for environment, public participation in environmental protection.	1.29351
Dragoslav Slović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka slovic.dragoslav@fon.bg.ac.rs Dragoslav R. Slović je docent na Univerzitetu u Beogradu Fakultetu organizacionih nauka.	Dragoslav Slović University of Belgrade Faculty of Organizational Sciences slovic.dragoslav@fon.bg.ac.rs Dragoslav R. Slovic is an assistant professor at the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	1.35254
Diplomirao je, magistrirao i doktorirao u oblasti industrijskog i menadžment inženjerstva, na Univerzitetu u Beogradu Fakultetu organizacionih nauka.	He graduated and received his masters and PhD degrees in industrial engineering and management at the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	0.920468
Ključne oblasti njegovog naučnog interesovanja su upravljanje performansama i zaradama i povećanje efikasnosti proizvodnje primenom kontinualnog poboljšavanja procesa, Lin i Kaizen pristupa i osnova industrijskog inženjersta.	The key areas of his scientific interest are performance and compensation management and production efficiency enhancement by the application of continuous processes improvement, Lean and Kaizen approach and fundamentals of industrial engineering.	0.839536
Marko Ćirović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka marko.cirovic@fon.bg.ac.rs Marko Ćirović radi kao saradnik na Univerzitetu u Beogradu Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, gde je završio diplomske 2010. godine i akademske master studije 2012. godine.	Marko Ćirović University of Belgrade Faculty of Organizational Sciences marko.cirovic@fon.bg.ac.rs Marko Ćirović works as a teaching associate at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade.	1.11111
Trenutno je student doktorskih studija na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka.	He graduated from this Faculty in management in 2010, and got his masters degree in 2012.	1.15909
Oblast njegovog naučnog interesovanja uključuje: ekološki menadžment, ekološko obrazovanje, ekološki marketing, i debatu kao obrazovni metod. 2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Adi Katz Odsek za industrijski inženjering i menadžment Tehnički fakultet SCE, Izrael Una pre đi va nje kom pju ter ski po sre do va ne ko mu ni ka ci je pri me nom kon tek stu a li za ci je na di zajn e-mej la: stu di ja slu ča ja UDK:		-0.3
005.53:[007:004.451.6 ; 005.94:004.9) DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management.	He is currently enrolled in doctorial studies at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	-0.0393443
fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.- 09.	His area of interest includes: environmental management, eco-marketing, environmental education and debate as a method of education.	-0.084
Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija Te ma ovog ra da su pre ki di u ko mu ni ka ci ji i ne spo ra zu mi u ko mu ni ka ci ji po sred stvom kom pju te ra (CMC), kao i na či ni da se ko mu ni ka ci ja po pra vi ili da se pro ble mi spre če.	2012/64 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Adi Katz Department of Industrial Engineering and Management SCE College of Engineering, Israel Enhancing Computer Mediated Communication by Applying Contextualization to Email Design: a Case Study UDC: 005.53:[007:004.451.6 ; 005.94:004.9) DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0021 XIII International Symposium SymOrg 2012, 05 - 09 June 2012, Zlatibor, Serbia This paper deals with communicational breakdowns and misunderstandings in computer mediated communication (CMC) and about ways to recover from them or to prevent them.	0.031301
U ra du se opi su je stu di ja slu ča ja CMC spro ve de na u kom pa ni ji Ar ti gi a ni.	The paper describes a case study of CMC conducted in a company named Artigiani.	0.880952
Po sma tra li smo ko mu ni ka ci ju i spro ve li ana li zu sa dr ža ja e-mejl po ru ka, s po seb nom pa žnjom po sve će nom raz me ni po ru ka iz me đu pred stav ni ka ser vi sa po tro ša ča (CSR) i nji ho vih sa go vor ni ka.	We observed communication and conducted content analysis of e-mail messages, focusing on message exchanges between customer service representatives (CSRs) and their contacts.	0.403162
Po red te ško ća u upra vlja nju za da ci ma iden ti fi ko va li smo pre ki de u ko mu ni ka ci ji ko ji su bi li po sle di ca raz li ka u gle di šti ma i ne do stat ka kon tek stu al nih in for ma ci ja, uglav nom teh nič ke osno ve i pro fe si o nal ne ter mi no lo gi je me đu po tro ša či ma.	In addition to task management difficulties, we identified communication breakdowns that result from differences between perspectives, and from the lack of contextual information, mainly technical background and professional jargon at the customers side.	0.466748
Is pi ti va li smo mo gu će na či ne da se una pre di CMC i u skla du s tim pro jek to va li pro to tip e-mejl ko ri snič kog in ter fej sa ko ji na gla ša va ko mu ni ka ci o nu stra te gi ju pod na zi vom kon tek stu a li za ci ja, kao glav nu kom po nen tu u ostva ri va nju efek tiv ne ko mu ni ka ci je i po dr šci efek tiv nom upra vlja nju i kon tro li or ga ni za ci o nih ak tiv no sti, po seb no kad su u pi ta nju ru ko va nje po rudž bi na ma, na vo đe nje ce ne u po nu di i pra će nje na bav ke i po sta vlja nja pro iz vo da.	We examined possible ways to enhance CMC and accordingly designed a prototype for an e-mail user interface that emphasizes a communicational strategy called contextualization as a central component for obtaining effective communication and for supporting effective management and control of organizational activities, especially handling orders, price quoting, and monitoring the supply and installation of products.	0.545543
Di zaj ne ri si ste ma ko ji po dr ža va ju ko mu ni ka ci ju i sa rad nju na da lji nu mo gu u ovom ra du da na đu prak tič ne ide je ko je mo gu da pri me ne.	Designers of systems that support distant communication and collaboration may find practical ideas to apply.	0.236842
Ključ ne re či: kom pju ter ski po sre do va na ko mu ni ka ci ja (CMC), kom pju ter ski po dr ža na sa rad nja (CSCW), di zajn e-mej la, pre ki di u ko mu ni ka ci ji, po gre šna (is kri vlje na) ko mu ni ka ci ja, kon tek stu a li za ci ja, me đu sob no raz u me va nje. 1.	Keywords: Computer-Mediated-Communication (CMC), Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), email design, Communication Breakdowns, Miscommunication, Contextualization, Mutual Understanding 1.	1.08783
Uvod Kompjuterski podržana saradnja (computer-supported cooperative work CSCW) i kompjuterski posredovana komunikacija (CMC) predstavljaju dve najznačajnije aktivnosti u organizacijama danas.	Introduction Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) and computer mediated communication (CMC) are most crucial in the activities of todays organizations.	1.07945
Organizacije moraju da ostvare ciljeve koje pojedinac ne može da ostvari sam, a znanje koje prikupljaju pojedinci treba da bude na raspolaganju celoj organizacionoj zajednici.	Organizations need to achieve goals that one person cannot accomplish alone, and knowledge that is collected by individuals should be reserved for the general use of the organizational community.	1.19367
Danas je, više nego ikada ranije, potrebno da radnici razmenjuju znanja i da zajedno učestvuju u aktivnostima za koje je potrebna podrška informacionih sistema.	Now, workers need more than ever to share knowledge, and are involved in joint activities that require the support of information systems.	1.15457
Komunikacija se u velikoj meri odvija u obliku kompjuterski posredovane saradnje, a kompjuterizovane aplikacije nazvane grupver (groupware sistemi grupne podrške koji obuhvataju zajednička okruženja, table, elektronske grupne kalendare, sobe za četovanje i još mnogo toga) olakšavaju komunikaciju i poboljšavaju koordinaciju.	Communication is to a large extent in the form of computer mediated cooperation, and computerized applications ascribed as groupware (group support systems that include shared environments, whiteboards, electronic group calendars, chat rooms and more) facilitate communication and improve coordination.	1.01717
Ukupna uspešnost organizacija svakako zavisi od CMC, a onda CMC treba da bude projektovana tako da se postigne visok nivo međusobnog razumevanja (u daljem tekstu MU) uz minimum prekida u komunikaciji.	The overall success of organizations is certainly dependent on CMC that need to be designed to achieve a high level of mutual understanding (hereafter MU) and minimal communication breakdowns.	1.18545
Iako je e-mejl najrašireniji način CMC na poslu, klijentski softver za e-mejl nije dovoljno dobro razvijen da bi uspešno podržao saradničku osobinu organizacionih zadataka, što predstavlja veoma ozbiljan problem ljudima koji su prepoterećeni količinom e-mejla (Bellotti i dr., 2005; Whittaker, 2005).	Although e-mail is the most widespread mode of CMC at work, e-mail client software is poorly suited to support the collaborative quality of the organizational tasks, which results in a pernicious problem of people suffering from email overload (Bellotti et al., 2005; Whittaker, 2005).	1.19647
Korisnici se nerviraju zbog e-mejla zato što imaju utisak da su zatrpani ogromnim brojem poruka.	Users get frustrated with their e-mail because they feel overwhelmed by the high volume of messages.	0.667857
Izgleda da postojeće strukture u okviru klijentske elektronske pošte postaju neadekvatne, posebno u slučaju klijenata koji dobijaju veliki broj elektronskih poruka.	It seems that current structures within email clients prove inadequate, especially for high-volume e-mail users.	1.08902
Nastaje potreba za novim pronalaženjem e-mejl klijenta tako što bi se pošta promenila od sadašnjeg elektronskog oblika fizičke pošte u alatku koja bi omogućila korisnicima da upravljaju svim Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 svojim digitalnim komunikacijama.	There is need for reinventing the email client, moving it from the current electronic analog of physical mail to a tool that allows users to manage all of their digital communications.	0.762702
Nove vizualizacije informacija koje se nalaze u e-mejl sandučiću predstavljaju ključni deo rešenja (Rohall, 2001).	New visualizations of the information contained within e-mail inboxes are a key piece of the solution (Rohall, 2001).	1.41312
Problem prekida u komunikaciji Problemi u komunikaciji potencijalno su prisutni u organizacionim procesima koji obuhvataju saradnju između zaposlenih različitih zanimanja.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 The Problem of Communication Breakdowns Communication problems are potentially present in organizational processes, which involve cooperative work between workers coming from different occupational backgrounds.	0.703041
Razlike u jeziku i znanju na kraju prerastaju u situaciju u kojoj se pojedinci udaljavaju jedni od drugih, a treba da komuniciraju kako bi zadatke obavili uspešno.	The differences in language and knowledge eventually create a situation of distance between individuals who need to communicate in order to complete their tasks successfully.	1.42795
Stoga bi organizacioni proces mogao da se nađe pred problemom pogrešne komunikacije, a to bi za posledicu moglo da ima nizak učinak i konačno neuspeh u poslu.	Therefore, the organizational process could be facing a problem of miscommunication that might lead to low performance and therefore to its failure.	1.06151
S jedne strane, saradnja između zaposlenih koji pripadaju različitim funkcionalnim oblastima jeste bitna u organizaciji (Fischer, 1981).	On the one hand, collaboration between workers who come from diverse functional backgrounds is essential in organizations (Fischer, 1981).	1.46171
S druge strane, komunikacioni procesi u kojima učestvuju pojedinci iz različitih organizacionih oblasti, zanimanja i metodologija i imaju različita znanja nameću određene zahteve i potrebe u vezi sa formom poruka koje se razmenjuju između tih pojedinaca (Sommerville i dr., 1996).	On the other hand, communication processes that involve individuals who come from different organizational occupations, domains or methodologies and hold different kinds of knowledge, impose certain demands and requirements on the form of messages exchanged between them (Sommerville et al, 1996).	1.23912
Istraživanja su pokazala da je komunikacija efikasnija kada ljudi imaju više zajedničkih tačaka i kada svi doprinosi pojedinaca mogu da se povežu u potpunosti.	Research has shown that communication is more efficient when people share greater amounts of common ground and when integration between individual member contributions is achieved.	0.86831
Ipak, postizanje ovakve integracije predstavlja veći izazov ako članovi grupe potiču iz različitih realnosti u praksi, na primer, ako dolaze iz različitih funkcionalnih oblasti.	However, achieving integration will be more challenging if group members start from different practical realities - e.g. come from different functional backgrounds.	1.31014
Za sve situacije koje zahtevaju saopštavanje kontekstualnih informacija zajednička je verovatnoća da ih neće pravilno razumeti zato što govornik obrađuje tu informaciju, ali slušalac to ne čini.	Common to all situations requiring the communication of contextual information is the likelihood of being misunderstood because of information the speaker possesses but the listener does not.	0.708692
Ovakve situacije su češće u timskom radu posredstvom kompjutera nego u timovima čiji su članovi kontaktiraju lično među sobom (Cramton, 2001).	Such situations are more likely to occur in computer mediated team work than in face-to-face teams (Cramton, 2001).	1.31132
Kontekstualizacija Teorije komunikacije koje danas preovlađuju pretpostavljau da se prekidi u komunikaciji mogu umanjiti kontekstualizacijom, to jest, putem jednog prilagodljivog ponašanja u komunikaciji koje osnovnoj poruci dodaje eksplicitnu kontekstualnu informaciju i tako obezbeđuje valjanu komunikaciju.	Contextualization Current communication theories suggest that communication breakdowns may be reduced by contextualization, i.e., an adaptive communication behavior of providing the explicit addition of contextual information to a core message to ensure effective communication.	0.94547
Učesnici u komunikaciji kontestualizuju da bi premostili teškoće u komunikaciji koje nastaju zbog razlika u gledištima (uglu posmatranja).	Communicators contextualize in order to overcome communication difficulties arising from perspective differences.	0.694548
Smatra se da je nedostatak kontekstualizacije jedan od najčešćih problema u komunikaciji između zaposlenih koji su udaljeni jedni od drugih (Cramton, 2001; Hinds & Bailey, 2003).	The lack of contextualization has been named as one of the most frequently occurring problems in communication between distributed workers (Cramton, 2001; Hinds & Bailey, 2003).	1.2902
Odluka da se vrši kontekstualizacija podrazumeva i kompromis između koristi od bolje komunikacije i troškova u smislu kognitivnih resursa koje ona podrazumeva.	The decision to contextualize involves trade-offs between the benefit of gaining better communication and the costs in terms of the cognitive resources it requires.	1.08261
Kognitivni napor koji je potrebno uložiti u kontekstualizaciju posebno je težak za autora e-mejla u CMC, zato što je transfer informacija, posebno složenih informacija, manje efikasan u odnosu na transfer u slučaju bogatijih medija (Kraut i dr., 2002).	The cognitive effort required for the act of contextualization is particularly heavy on the e-mail author in CMC, because information transfer, especially complex information, is less efficient than in richer media (Kraut et al., 2002).	1.44007
Iako stepen konteksta koji je potreban u jednoj e-mejl poruci zavisi od primaoca, ipak je pošiljalac (autor) taj koji će odrediti kontekst koji poruka daje, a isto tako i njegovu dubinu.	Although the degree of context required in an e-mail message depends on the recipient, it is the sender (author) who must determine the context that the message provides, as well as its depth.	1.13998
Stoga je prilagodljivo ponašanje u kontekstualizaciji u oblasti diskrecionog prava pošiljaoca.	Hence, the adaptive behavior of contextualization is at the senders discretion.	0.477143
Pošiljalac koji oseti da postoji problem u komunikaciji motivisan je da kontekstualizuje da bi ga druga strana dobro razumela.	A sender who senses a problem in communication has motivation to contextualize in order to gain mutual understanding.	0.746952
Istraživanja pokazuju da uticaj kontekstualizacije na MU i na učinak zavisi od toga da li učesnici u komunikaciji imaju zajedničke ili različite tačke gledišta: kontekstualizacija poboljšava MU i učinak u slučajevima kada se tačke gledišta razlikuju, ali ne povećava MU i čak smanjuje učinak u situacijama kada su tačke gledišta zajedničke.	It has been reported that the impacts of contextualization on MU and on performance are contingent on whether communicators share or differ in their perspectives: contextualization increases MU and performance in cases of different perspectives, but it does not increase MU and even decreases performance in situations of shared perspectives.	1.10822
Drugim rečima, kontekstualizacija je efektivna samo kada je potrebna, a kontraproduktivna kada nije potrebna (Katz & Teeni, 2007).	In other words, contextualization is only effective when needed and counterproductive when not needed (Katz & Teeni, 2007).	1.54073
Ipak, pošiljaoci poruka nisu uvek i dobri komunikatori i nisu uvek svesni razlika u gledištima između njih i njihovih sagovornika, tako da se može desiti da koriste kontekstualizaciju na neodgovarajući način.	However, message senders are not always effective communicators, and are not always aware of the difference in perspectives with their recipients and therefore may use contextualization inappropriately.	0.715012
Da bi se kontekstualizacija vršila na odgovarajući način, govornik mora da ispolji i dodadno ponašanje u komunikaciji, da zauzme perspektivu (tačku gledišta, prim.prev.), što se metaforčki opisuje kao stavljanje u položaj primaoca poruke.	In order to contextualize appropriately, a speaker needs to be engaged in an additional communication behavior, perspective taking, which is metaphorically depicted as the act of stepping into the shoes of the addressee.	0.698319
U situacijama orijentisanim na zadatak, sposobnost pojedinca da se orijentiše na perspektivu druge osobe omogućava mu da asimiluje i integriše informaciju u okviru gledišta te druge ososbe, a to vodi boljem međusobnom razumevanju (Tan, 1992).	In task-oriented situations, ones ability to orientate to the perspective of the other person enables him to assimilate and integrate information using the others frame of reference and leads to higher MU (Tan, 1992).	1.0244
Zauzimanje perspektive predstavlja kognitivnu veštinu koja se razlikuje od jedne do druge osobe i zahteva da se učini kognitivni napor (Dickey i dr., 2007).	Perspective taking is a cognitive skill that varies among individuals and requires cognitive effort (Dickey et al., 2007).	1.16246
Pored toga, kad komuniciraju s nekim, ljudi se radije oslanjaju na svoju sopstvenu tačku gledišta zato što to zahteva manji kognitivni napor (Horton & Keysar, 1996; Keysar i dr., 2000) ili precenjuju stepen do koga se tačka gladišta druge ososbe poklapa sa njihovom (Krauss & Fussell, 1991).	In addition, people tend to rely on their own perspective when communicating because it requires less cognitive effort (Horton & Keysar, 1996; Keysar et al., 2000), or overestimate the degree to which others perspectives mirror their own (Krauss & Fussell, 1991).	1.62098
Podaci pokazuju da Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 kognitivni teret ima negativan uticaj, pošto ne dozvoljava odgovarajuću kontrolu i prilagođavanje i vodi prilično standardnim porukama koje nisu prilagođene perspektivi primaoca poruke (Roßnagel, 2000; Horton & Keysar, 1996).	It was found that cognitive load has a detrimental influence, as it disrupts monitoring and adjustments and leads to rather standard messages that are not adapted to the perspectives of the addressees (Ro(cid:0)nagel, 2000; Horton & Keysar, 1996).	0.904156
U slučajevima potrošačkog servisa, predstavnik službe za usluge potrošačima (CSR) može da koristi fiksne, unapred određene poruke kojima predstavlja generičku sliku korporacije onima koji su van organizacije (Adria & Chowdhury, 2004).	In customer service situations, customer service representative (CSR) may use fixed, predefined messages to present a generic corporate image to those outside the organization (Adria & Chowdhury, 2004).	1.37316
U tom slučaju, ljudima sa strane je teško da postignu zajedničko razumevanje konteksta, a to je od vitalnog značaja za efikasnost komunikacije (Dickey i dr., 2007).	This makes it difficult for strangers to develop shared understanding of context, which is crucial for communica Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 tion effectiveness (Dickey et al., 2007).	0.988194
Pored toga, potrošači nekada ne mogu da se stave u položaj tog predstavnika zato što on govori o nečemu o čemu potrošači nemaju saznanja.	In addition, customers are sometimes unable to take a CSRs perspective because the CSR refers to things outside the customers experiences.	0.42628
U takvim slučajevima sastanci se mogu prekinuti ili završiti, a da se rešenja ne nađu.	In such cases, meetings can break down and end without resolution.	0.944737
Kontekstualizacija u e-mejl komunikaciji U prethodnom radu posmatrali smo CMC u kome se naglašava potreba za novim projektovanjem e-mejla i fokusirali smo se na kontekstualizaciju kao centralni element kojim se unapređuje efektivna komunikacija.	Contextualization in e-mail Communication In our work presented above we discussed CMC that stresses the need to reinvent e-mail, and put our focus on contextualization as a central component for enhancing effective communication.	1.06849
Koncentrisaćemo se na dve prisutne osobine iz prethodnog rada, na ugrađene linkove i na vizualizaciju istorije poruka i pridodatih dodatnih svojstava (koje uvodimo u poglavlju o dizajnu).	We concentrate on two existing features from previous work, embedded links and visualization of message threads and added additional features (introduced in the design section).	1.08821
Kontekstualizacija pomoću ugrađenih linkova Organizacija znanja bavi se pitanjima o tome na koji način se može najbolje skladištiti znanje tako da bude dostupno kad je potrebno.	Contextualizing with embedded links Knowledge organization deals with issues of how to best store knowledge so that it can be retrieved when relevant.	1.23256
Korisnici treba da imaju na raspolaganju pravo znanje u pravo vreme i moraju da znaju da im odgovarajuće znanje stoji na raspolaganju za svaki zadatak.	Users need to get to the right knowledge at the right time, and must be aware of the relevant knowledge that is available to them at each task.	0.961538
Ideja da se znanje veže za aktivnost nastala je iz činjenice da radnici nemaju vremena da aktivno tragaju za organizacionim znanjem i da bi stoga bilo daleko efektivnije da znanje pronađe njih (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000). kMail, znanjem obogaćeni e-mejl dizajniran da poboljša saradnju, predstavlja značajnu alatku koja efikasno vezuje organizaciono pamćenje (OM) za organizacionu akciju koristeći pritom kontekstualizaciju (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000). kMail predstavlja OM na bazi URL koje omogućava da se znanje vezuje za komunikaciju koja je u toku i da se postigne efikasna komunikacija pomaganjem korisnicima da se na odgovarajući način prilagode komunikaciji procenjujući razlike u tačkama gledišta.	The idea of tying knowledge to action is aroused from the fact that workers do not have the time to actively seek organizational knowledge, and therefore it would be far more effective if the knowledge could find them (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000). ~~~ KMail, a knowledge-enhanced e-mail designed to enhance collaboration, is a remarkable example of a tool that ties organizational memories (OM) effectively to organizational actions using contextualization (Schwartz, & Teeni, 2000). ~~~ KMail is a URL-based OM that enables the linking of knowledge to ongoing communication to achieve successful communication by helping users to appropriately adapt to communication by assessing perspective differences.	0.0749465
Kontekstualizacija pomoću toka poruka (konverzacionih stabala) Zadaci koji zahtevaju saradnju nisu odvojeni, već se ponavljaju.	Contextualization with message threads (conversational trees) Collaborative tasks are not discrete but iterative.	0.901681
Kako se zadatak odvija, korisnici moraju da kombinuju informacije koje se odnose na zadatak u porukama koje primaju sa informacijama značajnim za zadatak koje već imaju.	As a task evolves, users have to combine task related information in incoming messages with prior relevant information.	0.961318
Prethodne poruke jesu značajne zato što sadrže kontekst koji je od kritičnog značaja za tumačenje nove poruke (Whittaker, 2005).	Prior messages are important because they contain context that is critical for interpreting the current message (Whittaker, 2005).	1.39737
Poruke ne treba posmatrati kao izdvojene i nezavisne informacije već kao elemente toka konverzacije.	Messages should be viewed as elements of a conversation rather than as independent or solitary.	1.47439
E-mejl konverzacija, poznata i kao tok (thread), uglavnom se definiše kao stablo međusobno povezanih poruka koje nastaju na osnovu datog odgovora (Venolia & Neustaedter, 2003).	An e-mail conversation, also known as a thread, is typically defined as the tree of related messages that arises from the use of the reply operation (Venolia & Neustaedter, 2003).	1.21513
Ovu međupovezanost e-mejlova konvencionalni korisnici e-mejla ne koriste u celosti.	This interconnectedness of e-mails is not fully exploited in conventional e-mail clients.	1.10634
Tokovi konverzacije u e-mejlu omogućavaju korisniku da sagleda širi kontekst poruke koju čita, podseća ga da je konverzacija u toku, beležeći stanje razgovora i automatski uređujući međusobno povezane poruke (Kerr, 2003).	Conversation threads in e-mail allow users to see a broader context of the messages they are reading, remind users that a conversation is in progress, record the state of a discussion, and collate related messages automatically (Kerr, 2003).	1.13778
Puna vizualizacija toka poruka jasno prikazuje poruku zajedno sa prethodnim povezanim porukama i time pruža bolji kontekst za razumevanje značenja upravo pristigle poruke.	A full visualization of a message thread clearly displays a message along with all its previous related messages and therefore provides better context for understanding the meaning of the current message.	1.12961
Stoga povezivanje poruka smatramo jednim oblikom kontekstualizacije, pošto ono dodaje slojeve informacija o ranijem toku komunikacije.	Therefore we treat threading as a form of contextualization, since it adds layers of information about the communications history.	0.808173
Povezivanje koristi i primaocu i autoru poruke.	Threading is useful for both recipient and author.	0.285714
Što se primaoca tiče, kontekstualna informacija smanjuje verovatnoću da se smisao poruke pogrešno shvati.	At the recipients side, contextual information reduces the likelihood of misunderstanding the meaning of messages.	0.687629
Za oba učesnika, kontekstualizacija pomoću vizualizacije toka smanjuje kognitivne zahteve u pogledu pamćenja tako što eliminiše potrebu da se učesnik seti tema o kojima je bilo reči i drugih elemenata konverzacije.	For both, contextualization by thread visualization reduces cognitive demands on memory by eliminating the need to recall past issues and other conversational elements.	0.958163
Što se autora poruke tiče, povezivanje služi kao referenca o zajedničkim stavovima postignutim u konverzaciji do sadašnjeg trenutka i omogućava mu da uštedi trud prilikom sastavljanja nove poruke.	At the authors side, threading serves as reference of the common ground achieved in the conversation until the current point, and allows him to expend less effort in building the current message.	1.10577
Autor poruke pretpostavlja da primalac već zna ili ima pristup prethodnim informacijama i stoga ne mora da kontekstualizuje, već šalje samo osnovnu poruku i skreće primaocu pažnju na relevantni kontekst onda kada je to potrebno.	The author assumes that the recipient already knows or has access to previous information and therefore can choose not to contextualize, sending only the core message and drawing the recipients attention to relevant context whenever necessary.	1.2865
Time struktura komunikacije dobija na ekonomičnosti, razmenjuje se manji broj poruka i te poruke mogu da budu kraće, pošto je većina potrebnih informacija već prisutna u toku.	This allows a relatively parsimonious (economical) communication pattern, requiring less message exchanges and enabling the creation of shorter messages, because most of the information needed is already presented in the thread.	0.64341
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 U literaturi se mogu naći inovativne ideje koje prevazilaze ograničeno čuvanje konteksta putem toka poruka a koje se u velikoj meri koriste u programima e-mejla.	Innovative ideas that go beyond the limited context preservation by threading widely used in e-mail programs can be found in the literature.	1.15848
Primeri su: napredni prototip e-mejla sa složenim razgranatim stablom za odgovore (Venolia & Neustaedter, 2003), integrisani e-mejl klijent sa vizualnim separatorima na Inbox listi koji koristi pivote i tokove (Kerr, 2003; Kerr & Wilcox, 2004) i kombinacija modela na bazi stabla i modela vremenskog toka kojim se omogućava efikasno praćenje konverzacija (Rohall i dr., 2001). ~~~ 2.	Examples are: an advanced email prototype with a complex branching reply tree (Venolia & Neustaedter, 2003), an integrated e-mail client with visual separators in the Inbox list using pivoting and threads (Kerr, 2003, Kerr & Wilcox, 2004), and a combination of a tree based model with a timeline model to produce useful tracking of conversations (Rohall et al., 2001). ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 2.	0.405265
Ar ti gi a ni kao stu di ja slu ča ja o te ško ća ma u CMC Ovo je studija o dizajniranju efektivne CMC kojom se pospešuje valjana komunikacija.	Artigiani as a case study of CMC difficulties The current study is about designing effective CMC to enhance good communication.	0.989515
Naši ciljevi su bili da prvo ocenimo procese komunikacije između CSR i njihovih poslovnih klijenata pri čemu smo posebnu pažnju posvetili prekidima u komunikaciji da bismo našli tipove kontekstualnih informacija uz čiju pomoć bismo rešili problem prekida u komunikaciji i pogrešno razumevanje, a onda da nađemo moguće načine da pospešimo efektivnu CMC i da konačno primenimo naše ideje u dizajniranju jednog prototipa e-mejla.	Our objectives were to first evaluate communication processes between CSRs and their business clients, with a special attention to communication breakdowns to find the types of contextual information that help resolve breakdowns and miscommunications, and then find possible ways to enhance effective CMC and finally implement our ideas in the design of an e-mail prototype.	1.26272
Istraživali smo procese komunikacije u jednoj izraelskoj kompaniji, Artigiani, u obliku studije slučaja organizacije u kojoj se razmenjuje ogroman broj e-mejl poruka.	We examined communication processes in an Israeli company named Artigiani, as a case study of an organization with massive email message exchanges.	1.16344
Artigiani je firma specijalizovana za dizajn i proizvodnju metalnog asesoara za domaćinstvo (metalnih okova ili dodataka kao što su kvake, kuke i vešalice).	Artigiani specializes in designing and manufacturing affixing (metal fixtures or accessories such as handles, hooks and hangers).	0.903509
Koraci u studiji slučaja Da bismo ocenili postojeću komunikaciju u firmi Artigiani sproveli smo sledeće aktivnosti tokom perioda od otprilike dva meseca: posmatranje, razgovore jedan-na-jedan i prikupljanje i analizu teksta 60 e-mejl poruka.	Case Study Steps To evaluate the existing communication in Artigiani, we conducted the following activities in a time range of about two months: observations; one-to-one interviews; and collection and text analysis of 60 e-mail messages.	1.96324
Stoga smo napravili jednu grubu podelu na dve svrhe kontekstualizacije:		-0.3
Upravljanje zadacima: ~~~ Kontekstualizacija u cilju poboljšanja sposobnosti zaposlenog da efeikasno upra vlja svojim organizacionim aktivnostima i zadacima i da poboljša odlučivanje u tom smislu.	Consequently, we roughly distinguish between two purposes for contextualizing: Task management: Contextualization for improving the workers ability to effectively manage his organi zational activities and tasks, and to improve related decision making.	0.194203
Komunikacija: kontekstualizacija u cilju poboljšanja CMC, t.j., postizanja višeg nivoa MU i svođenja preki da u komunikaciji na minimum.	Communication: Contextualization for improving CMC, i.e. achieving a high level of MU and minimal oc currences of communication breakdowns.	0.75
Zaključci Prvi sastanak između predstavnika službe za odnose sa potrošačima (CSR) i potrošača je lični kontakt; dalja komunikacija se obično odvija putem e-mejla.	Findings The first meeting between a customer service representative (CSR) and a customer is face to face; the following communication is usually via e-mail.	0.766667
Iako su CSR u kontaktu s potrošačima i poslovnimm klijentima putem telefona i ličnih kontakata, postoji još mnogo posla u razmeni e-mejl poruka.	Although CSRs are in contact with customers and business clients via telephone and face to face encounters, there is a massive activity of e-mail message exchange.	1.27165
E-mejl je veoma dobar kanal komunikacije u sprovođenju različitih organizacionih aktivnosti (na primer, pregovaranje sa dobavljačima, poručivanje proizvoda, ponuda, planiranje nabavki i postavljanje proizvoda, itd.), posebno zato što se tako dokumentuju i čuvaju pisani dokazi.	E-mail is the preferable communication channel to handle various organizational activities (e.g. negotiating with suppliers, ordering products, quoting, scheduling the supply and installation of products, etc.), especially because of its ability to document and maintain written proofs.	0.7988
Nas je interesovala razmena poruka između CSR i potrošača, ali i između njih i drugih stručnjaka kao što su stolari, izvođači radova, arhitekte, stručnjaci za unutrašnji dizajn i dobavljači).	We were interested in the exchanging of messages between CSRs and customers, and also with professionals such as carpenters, contractors, architects, interior designers, and suppliers.	0.850836
Za profitabilnost firmi u velikoj meri je značajno zadržati postojeće potrošače i privući nove; služba za odnose s potrošačima predstavlja važan deo svake poslovne organizacije.	As well as profitability of businesses depends on maintaining current customers and attracting new ones; customer service is an important part of every business organization.	0.851095
Potrošači su zadovoljni kada dobiju uslugu lično i brzo.	Customers are satisfied when they receive personal and prompt service.	0.842308
Verovatnoća da će firma izgubiti svoje potrošače zbog njihovih loših iskustava sa CSR predstavljala je samo dodatni podsticaj da komunikacija između njih bude dobra.	The likelihood of a business to lose customers due to bad experiences with CSR reinforces the goal of achieving good communication between them.	0.611585
Iako su odnosi sa potrošačima važni, ova studija se nije bavila razvijanjem i usavršavanjem veština efektivnog pružanja usluge potrošačima; njen cilj je dizajniranje efektivne CMC kojom će se unaprediti dobra komunikacija između CSR i njihovih poslovnih klijenata.	Although they are important, this study is not about developing and refining effective customer service skills, but is about designing effective CMC to enhance good communication between CSRs and business clients.	0.772826
Sada ćemo ukratko opisati teškoće u upravljanju zadacima i komunikaciji u firmi Artigiani.	We now briefly describe the difficulties of task management and communication in Artigiani.	1.14964
Teškoće CSR u upravljanju zadacima CSR u firmi Artigiani provode mnogo vremena u upravljanju tekućim zadacima.	CSRs Task Management Difficulties CSRs in Artigiani spend much time in managing of pending tasks.	1.74643
Učestvuju u velikom broju paralelnih aktivnosti koje se tiču odnosa sa potrošačima i sprovode naloge kao što su upravljanje i dokumentovanje datoteke o potrošačima, odgovaranje na telefonske pozive, kontrolisanje porudžbina, pregovaranje sa dobavljačima, ponuda, planiranje nabavke i montiranje proizvoda i tome slično.	They are involved in various parallel activities related to customer service and handling orders, such as management and documenting of customer files, responding to telephone calls, monitoring orders, negotiating with suppliers, quoting, scheduling the supply and installation of products and so forth.	0.688947
CSR su pod velikim pritiskom da što pre odgovore na e-mejl, i njihov posao u upravljanju svim ovim zadacima je stresan, pošto primaju ogroman broj poruka.	CSRs are in great pressure to respond quickly to e-mails, and the activity of managing their tasks is experienced as a stressful one, because of the high volume of incoming messages.	0.696717
Oni sve vreme odlučuju o prioritetnim aktivnostima, a pored toga može da im se dogodi da izgube važne dokumente onda kad su im potrebni (na primer, prethodna razmena poruka i dokumenti koje žele da priključe porukama koje oni šalju).	They are constantly involved in deciding about priorities of activities, and in addition they tend to lose important items when they need them (such as previous message exchanges, and documents that they wish to attach to outgoing messages).	0.987852
Od njih se očekuje da upravljaju aktivnostima Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 koje su u toku u datom trenutku, a treba i da se bave brojnim planovima i da imaju podsetnike.	They are required to manage ongoing activities over time and need to handle numerous schedules and reminders.	0.39078
Prosečno vreme da se odgovori na porudžbinu iznosi u proseku trideset dana, a u tom vremenu komunikacija koja se tiče porudžbine ili klijenta nije stalna.	The time range for an order is thirty days in average, and during this range communication regarding an order or client is not continuous.	0.730862
Ipak, CSR mora u vrlo kratkom vremenu da poveže detalje, događaje, datoteke i poruke koje se njih tiču.	However, CSRs need to quickly associate items, events, files or messages to them.	0.642857
Zbog toga je zadatak upravljanja porudžbinama i odnosa sa klijentima i potrošačima kognitivno zahtevan.	This makes the task of managing orders and treating clients and customers cognitively demanding.	0.464286
Za potrebe praćenja i upravljanja porudžbinama informacija se klasira fizički, u kancelarijske omote.	For the sake of tracking and managing orders, information is filed into physical office folders.	0.692427
Ovaj proces klasifikovanja i odlaganja nije pogodan, mučan je i zahteva mnogo vremena i doslednosti u radu.	The process of collecting and filing is inconvenient, tedious, and requires the investment of time and consistency.	0.777419
Stoga zaposleni teže da zanemare ovu aktivnost i tako informacija može da se izgubi.	Thus, workers tend to neglect this activity and as a result information can be lost.	1.08732
Pored toga što stavljaju informacije u fizičke omote, CSR stalno uređuju datoteku u njihovim metaforičkim desktop omotima, folderima na svojim kompjuterima i u svojim e-mejl folderima.	In addition to arranging information in physical folders, CSRs constantly arrange files in their metaphorical desktop folders on their com Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 puters and in their e-mail folders.	1.11572
Pamćenje lokacije potrebne informacije je kognitivno zahtevno za dugoročno pamćenje, a neprekidna potraga za informacijom je mučan i dugotrajan posao.	Mentally retrieving the location of needed information is cognitively demanding on the long term memory, and constantly searching for information in e-mail folders is tedious and time consuming.	0.943697
Jasno je da CSR u firmi Artigiani imaju problema da efikasno upravljaju i koriste različite vrste znanja i tako se vrednost informacije gubi.	It is clear that CSRs in Artigiani have problems of effectively maintaining and using various types of knowledge, thus the value of the information is lost.	1.14773
CSR nemaju jasan pregled svih strana obuhvaćenih razgovorom niti mogu lako da pristupe razmeni sadržaja u konverzaciji koju vodi svaki član.	CSRs do not have a clear visualization of all the parties involved in a conversation, nor do they have easy access to the contents exchange in the conversation by each member.	1.47405
Jasno je da teškoće da se pravovremeno dođe do informacije utiču na kvalitet rada, posebno na kvalitet pružanja usluge potrošačima.	Clearly, difficulties to reach information in a timely manner affect work quality, especially the quality of customer service.	1.2201
Pošto je e-mejl komunikacija po prirodi asinhrona i ne ide redom, teško je pratiti porudžbine i rukovati njima na efektivan način.	Because e-mail communication is a-synchronic in its nature and not continuous, it is difficult to keep track of orders and to effectively handle them.	0.811542
E-mejl sistem koji podržava lak pristup elementima kontekstualne informacije koji se odnose na tekuće zadatke može da bude od velike pomoći u upravljanju ogromnim brojem dolaznih poruka i aktivnosti.	An e-mail system that supports easy access to contextual information items that are related to pending tasks can be of great help for managing the overwhelming high volume of incoming messages and activities.	1.2983
Teškoće u komunikaciji Posmatranja, intervjui i analiza teksta e-mejl poruka otkrili su da su glavne aktivnosti CSR rukovanje porudžbinama u odnosu na potrošače i na dobavljače, proveravanje zaliha, ponuda cene i rešavanje tehničkih pitanja.	Communication Difficulties Observations, interviews and text analysis of e-mail messages revealed that the main activities of CSRs are handling orders facing customers and suppliers, stock checking, price quoting, and answering technical questions.	0.844072
Otkrili smo da velika većina nesporazuma u komunikaciji nastaje u komunikaciji između CSR i potrošača, a da su glavni izvor prekida u komunikaciji razlike u tačkama gledišta između CSR i potrošača koje nastaju posebno zbog nepoznavanja tehničkih osnova i terminologije od strane potrošača.	We discovered that the vast majority of miscommunications occur in communication between CSRs and customers, and that the main source of communication breakdowns are the differences between the perspectives of CSRs and customers, derived especially from the lack of technical background and jargon at the customers side.	1.03269
Dok je komunikacija između CSR i stručnih lica kao što su dizajneri i stolari ekonomična, CSR moraju da uključe veliki broj kontekstualnih informacija u poruku kada komuniciraju sa potrošačima.	While communication between CSRs and professional contacts such as designers and carpenters is more parsimonious, CSRs need to include a mass of contextual information in the message when communicating with customers.	1.17399
CSR često moraju da komuniciraju sa potrošačima telefonski kada se radi o slučajevima gde učesnici u komunikaciji ne mogu da prevaziđu prekide koji nastaju u razmeni e-mejlova.	Often, it is necessary for CSRs to communicate with customers via telephone over cases in which communicators fail to overcome breakdowns that emerge in emails exchanges.	0.944064
U nekim slučajevima su prekidi u kominikaciji bili toliko ozbiljni da su ugrozili mogućnost efikasne obrade porudžbine pa je potrošač otkazao ceo dogovor.	In some cases, communication failures were so severe, that they damaged the ability to effectively treat an order, and the whole deal was canceled by the customer.	0.55
Takvi slučajevi nesumnjivo štete profitabilnosti organizacije.	Such cases undoubtedly harm the organizations profitability.	0.701299
Analiza teksta e-mejl poruka pokazala je da u komunikaciji sa klijentima CSR pribegavaju korišćenju egocentričnih i standardnih izraza.	Text analysis of email messages demonstrates CSRs tendency to use egocentric and standard expressions when communicating with clients.	0.447725
Imajući u vidu da kontekstualizacija zahteva kognitivni napor i vreme, tvrdimo da navedeni preveliki kognitivni teret koji CSR nose utiče na to da nemaju mnogo želje da kontekstualizuju poruke. 3.	Keeping in mind that contextualization requires cognitive effort and is time consuming, we claim that the aforementioned cognitive overload of CSRs influences their hesitation to contextualize. ~~~ 3.	0.387135
Di zajn U ovom poglavlju predstavljamo naš prototip e-mejl korisničkog interfejsa koji smo predložili nakon što smo pregledali ogroman broj radova koji su se namnožili tokom 3 decenije u literaturi na temu e-mejla.	Design In this section we present our prototype of an e-mail user interface designed for CSRs in Artigiani. ~~~ Our e-mail design reflects an attempt to follow an avenue for reinventing e-mail, which was suggested after a survey of a vast body of work accumulated over the past 3 decades in the e-mail literature.	0.643908
U istraživanju smo izdvojili tri perspektive koje treba istovremeno da se sklope da bi podržale aktivnosti u dizajniranju budućeg e-mejl klijenta: individualnu, komunikacijsku i društveno-orgatokacionu (Ducheneaut & Watts, 2005).	The survey retrieved three perspectives that need to be assembled simultaneously to support activities in the design of future e-mail clients: individual, communicative, and socio-organizational (Ducheneaut & Watts, 2005).	1.18308
Na ove perspektive vratićemo se kada budemo opisivali osobine našeg e-mejla.	We will refer to the three perspectives when we describe our e-mail features.	0.536364
Kontekstualizacija mora da se oslanja na organizaciono znanje zbog dve komponente: ~~~ 1) Znanje koje će obezbediti dodatne slojeve konteksta oko aktivnosti i 2) Znanje pomoću kojeg će se identifikovati uslovi u kojima treba kontekstualizovati poruke (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000).	Contextualization must rely on organizational knowledge for two components: 1) Knowledge to provide additional context layers around action; 2) Knowledge to identify conditions in which to contextualize messages (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000).	0.68709
U skladu s tim, naš dizajn e-mejla u grubim crtama razlikuje dva cilja kontektualizovanja: podrška upravljanju zadacima i pospešivanje efektivne komunikacije:		-0.3
Upravljanje zadacima: ~~~ Kontekstualizacija u cilju povećanja sposobnosti korisnika da efektivno upravlja svojim organizacionim aktivnostima i zadacima.	Accordingly, our e-mail design roughly distinguishes between two purposes for contextualizing, supporting task management and enhancing effective communication: Task management: Contextualization for improving the users ability to effectively manage his organiza tional activities and tasks.	0.316379
Bavili smo se pitanjima dizajna kao što su kako da na najbolji način primenimo ideju da povežemo znanje sa aktivnošću; drugim rečima, kako najbolje da organizujemo i prikažemo znanje tako da korisnici mogu lako da dođu do pravog znanja u pravo vreme u svakom zadatku.	We dealt with design issues of how to best implement the idea of tying knowledge to action; in other words, how to best organize and display knowledge so users can easily get to the right knowledge at the right time at each task.	1.38888
Ovaj cilj je veoma blizak indivi Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 dualnom nivou koji opisuju Ducheneaut & Watts (2005), a koji se u e-mejlu javlja kao metafora kartoteke u kojoj e-mejl dizajn proširuje ljudske sposobnosti da obrađuju informacije. ~~~ Efektivna komunikacija:	This purpose is closely tied to the Ducheneaut & Watts (2005) individual level reflected in the e-mail as file cabinet metaphor, in which e-mail design extends human information processing capabilities.	0.429561
Kontekstualizacija u cilju postizanja visokog nivoa međusobnog razumevanja i svođenja prekida u komunikaciji na najmanju meru.	Effective communication: Contextualization for achieving a high level of MU and minimal communica tion breakdowns.	1.01139
U vezi sa kontekstualizacijom želeli smo da odgovorimo na dva pitanja: ~~~ Kada?	We dealt with two questions regarding contextualization: Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 When?	0.00887097
Dizajnirali smo jedan prototip e-mejla koji će pomoći korisnicima da identifikuju uslove u kojima je kontekstualizacija neophodna i podstaći ih da tako i urade.	We designed an e-mail prototype that would help users to identify the conditions in which con textualization is necessary and encourage them to do so.	1.46693
Šta?	What?	0.3
Dizajnirali smo jedan prototip e-mejla koji će pomoći pošiljaocima da odrede koja vrsta informacije je potrebna da bi primaoci razumeli poruku.	We designed an e-mail prototype that would help senders to identify what types of information is required for the receivers to understand the message.	0.979456
Metaforički govoreći, pošiljaoci moraju da znaju kako da lako naprave kontekstualni most preko kognitivnog rastojanja između njih samih i primalaca.	Metaphorically, senders should be able to easily build the contextual bridge above the cognitive distance between them and the receivers.	0.690756
Predstavljamo dva ekrana (slike 1 i 2) koji prikazuju glavna svojstva koja su dizajnirana da omoguće efektivno upravljanje zadacima i efektivnu komunikaciju.	We present two screens (Figures 1-2) that show the main features that are designed to achieve effective task management and effective communication.	0.798302
Da bi bilo preglednije, razdvojili smo ova dva različita cilja, ali je važno napomenuti da neka svojstva podržavaju oba.	For convenience, we separated between these two different purposes, but it is important to note that some features support both.	0.888679
Upravljanje zadacima: znanje koje obezbeđuje dodatne slojeve konteksta oko aktivnosti Slika 1 predstavlja ekran iz našeg e-mejl prototipa koji prikazuje dolaznu poruku koju šalje potrošač.	Task management: knowledge to provide the additional context layers around action Figure 1 presents a screen layout from our e-mail prototype with an incoming message from a customer.	1.31362
Ekran je podeljen na četiri polja: ~~~ 1) dolazne poruke (inbox lista); 2) sadržaj poruka; 3) OM vezan za poruku; 4) pregled toka poruka.	The layout is divided into four panes: 1) incoming messages (inbox list); 2) message content; 3) OM related to the message; 4) thread view.	0.524405
Kada se odabere poruka na inbox listi (polje1), različitie kontekstualne informacije iz ove poruke pojavljuju se na preostala tri polja.	When a message is selected in the inbox list (pane 1), different contextual information of that message appears in the three remaining panes.	1.44034
Dolazna poruka (inbox lista) Polje dolazne poruke podseća na sadašnje e-mejl programe.	Incoming messages (inbox list) The incoming message pane resembles current e-mail programs.	0.980769
Poruke su razdvojene u skladu sa datumom prispeća i prikazane su osnovne informacije za svaku poruku (vreme prispeća, pošiljalac i tema).	Messages are separated according to arrival dates, and basic information of each message is displayed (arrival time, sender and subject).	0.723529
Pored poruka mogu da se pojave tri ikonice: ikonica koja ukazuje na tok poruka kod poruka koje pripadaju određenom toku poruka, ikonica koja ukazuje na prilog (atačment) i ikonica sa zastavicom koja ukazuje na hitnost.	Three icons may appear next to messages: an icon of a message thread for messages that belong to a message thread, the familiar attachment icon, and flag icon that expresses urgency.	0.608333
Ova poslednja zadovoljava zahteve za efektivno upravljanje tekućim zadacima i određivanje prioriteta zadataka.	The latter meets the need for effectively managing pending tasks and task prioritizing.	0.415602
Sistem analizira sadržaj dolaznih poruka i zastavicom obeležava poruke koje su najhitnije, pošto identifikuje izraze za hitnost i pravopisne znake (na primer, kritično, hitno, ASAP (što je moguće pre), brzo i sl.) ili pošto identifikuje sadržaj kome se daje visok prioritet (na primer, aktivnosti kao što su porudžbine).	The system parses the text of incoming messages and flags selected messages as most urgent, when identifying urgent expressions and punctuation marks (e.g. critical, urgent, ASAP, quickly, etc.) or when identifying content that is considered high priority (e.g. activities such as orders).	0.885738
Zastavice i prioriteti predstavljaju komponente dizajna komunikacijskog nivoa u okviru koji su dali Ducheneaut & Watts (2005).	Flags and priorities are considered as a design component of the communicative level in the Ducheneaut & Watts (2005) framework.	1.79727
Organizaciona memorija (OM) za povezivanje slojeva konteksta sa aktivnošću Naš prototip je pozajmio svoje glavno svojstvo od kMejla, a to je stvaranje OM prizora.	Organizational memory (OM) for tying context layers to action Our prototype borrowed the main feature of kMail, which is the creation of OM views.	1.33403
Ideja da se OM poveže sa e-mejl porukama podseća na komponentu dizajna kontekstualni podaci koja se odnosi na društveno-organizacioni nivo u okviru koji su dali Ducheneaut & Watts (2005).	The idea of tying OM to e-mail messages resembles the contextual data design component, related to the socio-organizational level in the Ducheneaut & Watts (2005) framework.	1.38292
Razradili smo ideju Schwartz & Teeni (2000) da se OM prikazi vežu za odlazne poruke, ali smo predložili isto i za dolazne poruke.	We elaborated Schwartz and Teenis (2000) idea of associating OM views to outgoing messages, by proposing OM views also for incoming messages.	1.05261
Na primer, na slici 1 analizira se jedna dolazna poruka koju šalje potrošač i reči proizvod broj 126 povezane su sa jedinicom memorije koja pokazuje sliku kvake za vrata i stoga se hiperlinkom upućuje na prizor OM.	For example, in Figure1, an incoming message from a customer was parsed, and the words item number 126 were associated with a memory item of a figure of a door handle, and therefore were hyperlinked to an OM view.	1.86531
U primeni ideje da se znanje veže za aktivnost, ovaj dodatak pomaže CSR da upravljaju velikim brojem tekućih zadataka koji stižu u dolaznim porukama.	Implementing the idea of tying knowledge to action, this addition helps CSRs manage the numerous pending tasks which arrive with incoming messages.	0.942725
Iako smo napravili razliku između efektivnog upravljanja zadacima i efektivne komunikacije, OM podržava i jednu i drugu aktivnost.	Though we differentiated between effective task management and effective communication, OM supports both.	1.5155
Pored toga što pomaže CSR da bolje upravljaju svojim zadacima, verovatnoća za međusobno razumevanj raste zbog činjenice da su dolazne poruke povezane hiperlinkovima sa relevantnim informacijama koje su CSR potrebne da bi razumeli njihov smisao.	In addition to helping CSRs to better handle their tasks, the probability for MU is raised by the fact that incoming messages are associated by hyperlinks to the relevant information needed for the CSR to understand their meaning.	0.932646
Tokovi poruka Pregledi tokova povezuju se sa komunikacijskim nivoom u okviru koji su dali Ducheneaut & Watts (2005).	Message threads Thread visualizations are associated with the communicative level in the Ducheneaut & Watts (2005) framework.	1.27
U nastavku rada dizajnirali smo grafički prikaz tokova poruka da bismo naglasili sve strane koje učestvuju u konverzaciji i da bismo dobili lak pristup razmeni sadržaja i konverzaciji svakog člana.	Following previous work, we designed graphical representation of message threads to highlight all parties involved in a conversation, and to have an easy access to the contents exchange in the conversation by each member.	1.04645
Različite grupe stručnjaka (CSR, stolare, izvođače radova, arhitekte, stručnjake za unutrašnju dekoraciju, dobavljače i potrošače) obeležili smo različitim bojama.	We used different colors for different professional groups (CSRs, carpenters, contractors, architects, interior designers, suppliers and customers).	0.412531
Da bi praćenje konverzacija bilo dobro, naše tokove smo postavili na raspored, po ugledu na rad Rohall i dr. (2001).	To produce a useful tracking of conversations, our threads are located on a timetable, following the work of Rohall et al. (2001).	0.698571
Na slici 1, u 4. polju, za svaku poruku u toku uneli smo dug Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 me pomoću koga se pristupa profilu pošiljaoca da bi se dobile dodatne informacije o njemu.	In figure 1, at the 4th pane, for each message on a thread we inserted a button to access the senders profile for more details.	0.660577
Ovim se korisnik podstiče da se unese u tačku gledišta ugovora pre nego što odgovori ili donese relevantne odluke.	This encourages the user to take the contacts perspective before replying or making relevant decisions.	0.825833
U dizajniranju tokova za poruke, sa liste ključnih osobina preuzeli smo karakteristike koje su najrelevantnije i najkorisnije za efektivno upravljanje CMC i organizacionim aktivnostima u firmi Artigiani: hronološki red, odnose, kompaktnost i naglašavanje atributa (Kerr, 2003).	In designing message threading, we adopted from a list of key qualities characteristics that are most relevant and useful for effectively managing CMC and organizational activities at Artigiani: chronology, relationships, compactness and attribute highlighting (Kerr, 2003).	1.26547
U preliminarnoj fazi analize teksta naučili smo kako da izložimo važne atribute koji su posebno korisni kad treba brzo naći posebne poruke ili oceniti stanje toka.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 The preliminary phase of text analysis of a messages helped us expose important attributes that are extremely useful for quickly finding particular messages or assessing the state of a thread.	0.920435
Korisnici mogu efektivno da lociraju sve poruke koje je poslala neka određena osoba, koje su poslate u određenom vremenskom periodu (dan, nedelja, mesec) ili se vezuju za neki pokazatelj (posebne faze kao što su poručivanje, proizvodnja i nabavka).	Users can effectively locate all messages that were sent by a particular person; sent on a particular time range (day, week, month); or ascribed to a certain milestone (distinguished stages such as orderings, production and supply).	0.759214
Organizovanje informacija putem kategorizacije glavnih pokazatelja brige o potrošačima u firmi Artigiani predstavlja značajno svojstvo kojim se može smanjiti kognitivna složenost koju CSR oseća.	Organizing information by categorization of the main milestones of customer care in Artigiani is an important feature for lowering the cognitive complexity sensed by CSRs.	0.599189
Različitim bojama obeležili smo posebne grupe i razdvojili određene poruke, kontakte i pokazatelje tako da se mogu identifikovati sa lakoćom.	We used colours to group and distinguish between certain messages, contacts, and milestones, for a quick and simple identification.	0.715789
Korišćenjem identičnih boja za grupisanje elemenata smanjeno je kognitivno opterećenje.	Using identical colors to group elements helps reduce cognitive load.	0.464531
Isticanjem atributa bojenjem čvorova i postavljanjem tokova poruka na raspored nestaje potreba da se klikne na poruku u toku da bi se videlo ko je komunicirao, kada i u kojoj fazi.	Highlighting attributes by coloring nodes and locating threads on a timetable spare the need to click on messages on a thread to see who communicated, when, and at what stage.	0.483344
Slika 1: ~~~ Kontekstualizacija sa ugrađenim linkovima i pregledom tokova Efektivna komunikacija: znanje kojim se određuje kada i kako kontekstualizovati Kao što je već rečeno, kontekstualizacija je efektivna samo kada je neophodna, a kontraproduktivna je kad za njom nema potrebe.	Figure 1: Contextualization with Embedded Links and Threading Visualization Effective communication: knowledge to identify when and what to contextualize As aforementioned, contextualization is only effective when needed and counterproductive when not needed.	0.312287
Takođe smo svesni činjenice da pošiljaoci poruka nisu uvek uspešni učesnici u komunikaciji i da nisu uvek svesni da se njihova tačka gledišta razlikuje od tačke gledišta primalaca njihovih poruka.	We are also aware of the fact that message senders are not always effective communicators and are not always aware of the difference in perspectives with their recipients.	0.854483
Stoga naš prototip sadrži dva glavna elementa kojima se obezbeđuje odgovarajuća kontekstualizacija.	Therefore, our prototype includes two main elements that are aimed to ensure appropriate contextualization.	1.21663
Organizaciona memorija (OM) u efektivnoj komunikaciji Kad god CSR sastavi poruku, sistem će povući sve relevantne informacije iz OM i ponuditi hipertekst linkove prema OM tako da CSR može da proveri ili promeni šta želi pre nego što pošalje poruku.	Organizational memory (OM) for effective communication Whenever a CSR composes a message, the system will retrieve all the relevant information from the OM and will offer hypertext links to the OM for the CSR to confirm validate or modify before message transmission.	1.16422
Na strani primaoca, poruka će stići sa hiperlinkovima prema relevantnim OM prizorima.	At the recipients side, the message will arrive with hyperlinks to relevant OM views.	1.20664
Kao i kod kMejla, znanje o pošiljaocima i primaocima se koristi da se nađe podudarnost njihovih profila i odredi njihova udaljenost.	As kMail, there is use of knowledge about senders and recepeints to match their profiles and estimate their distance. ~~~ Embedded links in outgoing messages are automatically created based on the distance detected.	0.15392
Kada proračuni o udaljenosti između pošiljaoca i primaoca nađu slične profile, međusobno razumevanje se Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 može postići relativno ekonomičnom razmenom poruka, sa nekoliko ugrađenih linkova ako ih ima.	When calculations of sender-receiver distance find similar profiles, MU can be achieved with a relatively economical message exchange, with few embedded links, if any.	0.833793
Ugrađeni linkovi prema OM ne samo da podstiču kontekstualizaciju kada je to potrebno, već i pomažu korisnicima da kontekstualizuju ono što je potrebno.	Embedded links to OM not only encourage contextualization when necessary, but also helps users contextualize what is necessary.	1.1825
Karte profila Profili mogu da daju detaljne informacije o svakom pojedincu sa kojim se korisnik e-mejla dopisuje, da pomognu da bolje shvatimo s kim imamo posla (Tyler & Tang, 2003).	Profile Cards Profiles can offer in-depth information about each individual an e-mail user is corresponding with, to enrich the understanding of whom they are dealing with (Tyler & Tang, 2003).	1.05276
Karte profila primenili smo da bismo rastojanje između sagovornika sveli na najmanju meru.	We implemented profile cards to minimize the distance between communicators.	0.519786
Primer je prikazan na slici 2.	An example is shown in figure 2.	1.1456
Korisnici mogu da kreiraju kontekstualne informacije o ugovorima i da ih onda koriste kao značajne reference kako bi razvejali nejasnoće u vezi sa svojim stanovištem kada se njima šalju poruke.	Users can create con Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 textual information about contacts, and then use it as an important reference in order to dispel ambiguity around their perspectives when composing messages to them.	0.996087
Za razliku od ugrađenih linkova koji se sistemski generišu i stoga se formiraju automatski, profili omogućavaju korisniku da aktivno traži relevantne informacije o ugovorima i da onda svesno odluči o tome kome će šta kontekstualizovati.	Unlike embedded links, which are system generated and therefore formed automatically, profiles enable the user to actively seek for relevant information about contacts, and then to consciously decide on what to contextualize to whom.	1.14371
Pored osnovnih informacija o potrošaču, karte profila sadrže i kategorije interesovanja potrošača.	In addition to basic customer information, profile cards contain the customers categories of interest.	1.21308
CSR može efektivno da koristi ove informacije kao polazište za jednostavnu i efikasnu komunikaciju i dobija mogućnost da ponudi uslugu koja odgovara tom posebnom potrošaču; na primer, može da odredi koji stil dizajna potrošač najviše voli i da mu ponudi komplementarne proizvode.	The CSR can use this information effectively as common ground for a smooth and efficient communication, and for providing customer-centered service; for example, he may identify the preferred design style of the customer and offer him complementary products.	0.880249
Karta profila takođe sadrži priloge (atačmente) datoteka koje su prikupljene za ovaj kontakt.	Also, profile card contains attachments to all the files that were gathered for this contact.	0.709821
Prelaz od prizora do prizora koji predstavljaju različite slojeve konteksta Korisnici mogu brzo da pređu sa jednog na drugi sloj konteksta rukovanjem određenim svojstvima prikaza.	Transition between views presenting different layers of context Users can quickly transfer between different layers of context by manipulating the display characteristics.	1.06671
Kao što je pokazano na slici 2, korisnik može da bura između grafičkog i tekstualnog prikaza informacija, da prebaci odluke o detaljima sa dnevnog na godišnji prikaz, preko nedeljnog i mesečnog prikaza, i takođe može da postavi poseban vremenski opseg.	As shown in Figure 2, a user can choose between a graphical or textual display of information, switch resolutions of detail from a daily to an annual view, through weekly and monthly views, and also choose to present a specific time range.	0.923863
Korisnik može da traži da vidi veći broj dubinskih prezentacija i da time pristupi dokumentima koji pripadaju različitim odrednicama (na primer, u vezi sa porudžbinom, CSR može da vidi sve sačuvane dokumente: ponude cene, porudžbine, odobrenja menadžera, proizvodnju, itd.).	A user can request to see more drill down presentations to access documents that belong to different milestones (for example, regarding an order, CSRs can see all documents that were saved: quotes, orders, manager approvals, manufacturing, etc.)	1.03805
Razvrstavanje dokumenata po temama koje se izvode iz kritičnih organizacionih aktivnosti (odrednica) saglasno je sa pojmom tematskih komponenata koje povezuju komunikacijski i društveno-organizacioni nivo (Ducheneaut & Bellotti, 2003; Ducheneaut & Watts, 2005). ~~~ I sa Sistemima toka rada koji odgovaraju organizacionim zadacima koji imaju predvidivu strukturu (Whittacker, 2005).	Sorting documents by themes that are derived from critical organizational activities (milestones), is in line with the notion of Thematic components that connect communicative and socio-organizational levels (Ducheneaut & Bellotti, 2003; Ducheneaut & Watts, 2005) and with Workflow systems that are appropriate for organizational tasks that have a predictable structure (Whittaker, 2005).	0.705131
Korisnici mogu da prelaze iz jednog prizora koji pokazuje tokove e-mejl konverzacije, posebne poruke i e-meij priloge u drugi.	Users can transfer between views that display threads of e-mail conversations, specific messages and e-mail attachments.	1.17386
Na slici 2 jedan CSR je odlučio da prikaže sve poruke koje je razmenio sa potrošačem kao tok, naglašene odrednicama kojima pripadaju.	In Figure 2, a CSR chose to display all messages exchanged with a customer on a thread, highlighted by the milestones they belong to.	0.541951
Slika 2: ~~~ Kontekstualizacija kontakata (potrošača) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Zaključak Trudili smo se da što bolje shvatimo različite kontekste relevantne za komunikaciju i upravljanje zadacima da bismo mogli da dizajniramo jedan efikasan e-mejl prototip.	Figure 2: Contextualization of Contacts (Customers) Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Conclusion We focused on gaining a better sense of the various contexts relevant for communication and task management to design an effective e-mail prototype.	0.356004
Naši prvi ciljevi bili su da ocenimo procese komunikacije između CSR i njihovih poslovnih klijenata i da nađemo vrste kontekstualnih informacija pomoću kojih bismo mogli da nađemo rešenje za prekide i nesporazume u komunikaciji.	Our first objectives were to evaluate communication processes between CSRs and their business clients, and to find the types of contextual information that help resolve breakdowns and miscommunications.	0.97982
Nakon toga smo istražili moguće načine da pospešimo efektivnu CMC i konačno primenili naše ideje u dizajniranju jednog e-mejl prototipa.	Then, we examined possible ways to enhance effective CMC and finally we implemented our ideas in the design of an email prototype.	1.11896
Pošto želimo da dobijemo početnu povratnu informaciju od potencijalnih korisnika pre nego što utvrdimo radni prototip, naš prototip je u početnoj fazi i stoga još uvek nije funkcionalan.	Since we are interested in receiving initial feedback from potential users prior to establishing a working prototype, our prototype is in an initial stage and therefore not yet a functional one.	0.813605
Dodatno ograničenje za naš prototip koje proizilazi iz ovog prvog jeste da nismo primenili algoritam za kreiranje tokova (kao što je algoritam koji postoji u Netscape Mail; Fischer & Moody, 2001; Kerr, 2003) ili analiziranje poruka u cilju stvaranja ugrađenih linkova (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000).	An additional limitation to our prototype derived from the former is that we did not implement a threading algorithm (such as the algorithms existing in Netscape Mail; Fischer & Moody, 2001; Kerr, 2003) or message parsing for creating embedded links (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000).	1.53963
Predstavili smo prototip potencijalnim korisnicima i dobili veoma pozitivne povratne informacije.	We presented the prototype to potential users and received very positive feedback.	0.983333
CSR tvrde da je e-mejl najznačajniji element u njihovom svakodnevnom radu i posebno ih je interesovalo kako se vizualno predstavljaju konverzacije i kako se ugrađeni linkovi usmeravaju prema OM.	CSRs stated that the e-mail is most relevant for their daily work and were particularly excited about presenting conversations visually and about the embedded links to OM.	0.681311
Oduševljeni su što će moći da rade brže i ugodnije a privukao ih je i atraktivni dizajn.	They expressed their enthusiasm about the ability to do things faster and more conveniently and also about the attractiveness of the design.	0.305128
Naše ideje se ne ograničavaju samo na sistem pružanja usluge potrošačima, već se mogu primeniti na zadatke i razmenu e-mejlova drugih organizacionih uloga i oblasti, kao što su kupovina ili proizvodnja.	Our ideas are not limited only to the realm of customer service, but can be implemented to tasks and e-mail exchanges of other organizational roles and areas, such as purchasing and manufacturing.	0.837199
Naš prototip e-mejla usmeren je na razvijanje novog oblika e-mejla koji se izvodi iz ogromnog broja radova koji su se tokom 30 godina nakupili u literaturi o e-mejlu (Ducheneaut & Watts, 2005).	Our e-mail prototype follows an avenue for reinventing e-mail, which was derived from a vast body of work accumulated over the past 30 years in e-mail literature (Ducheneaut & Watts, 2005).	2.5425
Svojstva ovog prototipa koja smo primenili, kao što su profili, prikaz tokova poruka i ugrađenih linkova prema OM povezuju komponente tri nivoa na kojima e-mejl funkcioniše: individualni, komunikacijski i društveno-organizacioni.	Prototype features that we implemented, such as profiles, thread visualization and embedded links to OM connect components from three levels at which e-mail operates: the individual; communicative; and socioorganizational, respectively.	1.0698
Verujemo da će pristup pristup na više nivoa podržavati veliki broj organizacionih zadataka koji se obavljaju uz primenu e-mejla.	We believe that a multi level approach will support a variety of organizational tasks performed using e-mail.	0.899645
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Prihvaćen: ~~~ Septembar 2012. O autoru Adi Katz Odsek za industrijski inženjering i menadžment, Tehnički fakultet SCE, Izrael E-mail: adis@sce.ac.il Dr. Adi Katz je doktorirala 2004. godine na Univerzitetu Bar-Ilan u Izraelu, u oblasti kompjuterski posredovane komunikacije u organizacionimm procesima.		-0.3
Glavne oblasti njenog naučnog interesovanja obuhvataju: interakciju između ljudi i kompjutera, IT estetiku, kompjuterski posredovanu komunikaciju (CMC), kompjuterski podržanu saradnju (CSCW), projektovanje metaforičkih interfejsa i projektovanje interfejsa namenjenih deci.		-0.3
Njen rad objavljen u IwC pod naslovom Ono što je lepo je upotrebljivo citiran je više od 540 puta i bio na prvom mestu na listi 25 najznačajnijih članaka u Science Direct 2006, godine 2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Adi Katz Odsek za industrijski inženjering i menadžment Tehnički fakultet SCE, Izrael Una pre đi va nje kom pju ter ski po sre do va ne ko mu ni ka ci je pri me nom kon tek stu a li za ci je na di zajn e-mej la: stu di ja slu ča ja UDK: ~~~ 005.53:[007:004.451.6 ; 005.94:004.9) DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.- 09.		-0.3
Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija Te ma ovog ra da su pre ki di u ko mu ni ka ci ji i ne spo ra zu mi u ko mu ni ka ci ji po sred stvom kom pju te ra (CMC), kao i na či ni da se ko mu ni ka ci ja po pra vi ili da se pro ble mi spre če.		-0.3
U ra du se opi su je stu di ja slu ča ja CMC spro ve de na u kom pa ni ji Ar ti gi a ni.		-0.3
Po sma tra li smo ko mu ni ka ci ju i spro ve li ana li zu sa dr ža ja e-mejl po ru ka, s po seb nom pa žnjom po sve će nom raz me ni po ru ka iz me đu pred stav ni ka ser vi sa po tro ša ča (CSR) i nji ho vih sa go vor ni ka.		-0.3
Po red te ško ća u upra vlja nju za da ci ma iden ti fi ko va li smo pre ki de u ko mu ni ka ci ji ko ji su bi li po sle di ca raz li ka u gle di šti ma i ne do stat ka kon tek stu al nih in for ma ci ja, uglav nom teh nič ke osno ve i pro fe si o nal ne ter mi no lo gi je me đu po tro ša či ma.		-0.3
Is pi ti va li smo mo gu će na či ne da se una pre di CMC i u skla du s tim pro jek to va li pro to tip e-mejl ko ri snič kog in ter fej sa ko ji na gla ša va ko mu ni ka ci o nu stra te gi ju pod na zi vom kon tek stu a li za ci ja, kao glav nu kom po nen tu u ostva ri va nju efek tiv ne ko mu ni ka ci je i po dr šci efek tiv nom upra vlja nju i kon tro li or ga ni za ci o nih ak tiv no sti, po seb no kad su u pi ta nju ru ko va nje po rudž bi na ma, na vo đe nje ce ne u po nu di i pra će nje na bav ke i po sta vlja nja pro iz vo da.		-0.3
Di zaj ne ri si ste ma ko ji po dr ža va ju ko mu ni ka ci ju i sa rad nju na da lji nu mo gu u ovom ra du da na đu prak tič ne ide je ko je mo gu da pri me ne.		-0.3
Ključ ne re či: kom pju ter ski po sre do va na ko mu ni ka ci ja (CMC), kom pju ter ski po dr ža na sa rad nja (CSCW), di zajn e-mej la, pre ki di u ko mu ni ka ci ji, po gre šna (is kri vlje na) ko mu ni ka ci ja, kon tek stu a li za ci ja, me đu sob no raz u me va nje. 1.		-0.3
Uvod Kompjuterski podržana saradnja (computer-supported cooperative work CSCW) i kompjuterski posredovana komunikacija (CMC) predstavljaju dve najznačajnije aktivnosti u organizacijama danas.		-0.3
Organizacije moraju da ostvare ciljeve koje pojedinac ne može da ostvari sam, a znanje koje prikupljaju pojedinci treba da bude na raspolaganju celoj organizacionoj zajednici.		-0.3
Danas je, više nego ikada ranije, potrebno da radnici razmenjuju znanja i da zajedno učestvuju u aktivnostima za koje je potrebna podrška informacionih sistema.		-0.3
Komunikacija se u velikoj meri odvija u obliku kompjuterski posredovane saradnje, a kompjuterizovane aplikacije nazvane grupver (groupware sistemi grupne podrške koji obuhvataju zajednička okruženja, table, elektronske grupne kalendare, sobe za četovanje i još mnogo toga) olakšavaju komunikaciju i poboljšavaju koordinaciju.		-0.3
Ukupna uspešnost organizacija svakako zavisi od CMC, a onda CMC treba da bude projektovana tako da se postigne visok nivo međusobnog razumevanja (u daljem tekstu MU) uz minimum prekida u komunikaciji.		-0.3
Iako je e-mejl najrašireniji način CMC na poslu, klijentski softver za e-mejl nije dovoljno dobro razvijen da bi uspešno podržao saradničku osobinu organizacionih zadataka, što predstavlja veoma ozbiljan problem ljudima koji su prepoterećeni količinom e-mejla (Bellotti i dr., 2005; Whittaker, 2005).		-0.3
Korisnici se nerviraju zbog e-mejla zato što imaju utisak da su zatrpani ogromnim brojem poruka.		-0.3
Izgleda da postojeće strukture u okviru klijentske elektronske pošte postaju neadekvatne, posebno u slučaju klijenata koji dobijaju veliki broj elektronskih poruka.		-0.3
Nastaje potreba za novim pronalaženjem e-mejl klijenta tako što bi se pošta promenila od sadašnjeg elektronskog oblika fizičke pošte u alatku koja bi omogućila korisnicima da upravljaju svim Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 svojim digitalnim komunikacijama.		-0.3
Nove vizualizacije informacija koje se nalaze u e-mejl sandučiću predstavljaju ključni deo rešenja (Rohall, 2001).		-0.3
Problem prekida u komunikaciji Problemi u komunikaciji potencijalno su prisutni u organizacionim procesima koji obuhvataju saradnju između zaposlenih različitih zanimanja.		-0.3
Razlike u jeziku i znanju na kraju prerastaju u situaciju u kojoj se pojedinci udaljavaju jedni od drugih, a treba da komuniciraju kako bi zadatke obavili uspešno.		-0.3
Stoga bi organizacioni proces mogao da se nađe pred problemom pogrešne komunikacije, a to bi za posledicu moglo da ima nizak učinak i konačno neuspeh u poslu.		-0.3
S jedne strane, saradnja između zaposlenih koji pripadaju različitim funkcionalnim oblastima jeste bitna u organizaciji (Fischer, 1981).		-0.3
S druge strane, komunikacioni procesi u kojima učestvuju pojedinci iz različitih organizacionih oblasti, zanimanja i metodologija i imaju različita znanja nameću određene zahteve i potrebe u vezi sa formom poruka koje se razmenjuju između tih pojedinaca (Sommerville i dr., 1996).		-0.3
Istraživanja su pokazala da je komunikacija efikasnija kada ljudi imaju više zajedničkih tačaka i kada svi doprinosi pojedinaca mogu da se povežu u potpunosti.		-0.3
Ipak, postizanje ovakve integracije predstavlja veći izazov ako članovi grupe potiču iz različitih realnosti u praksi, na primer, ako dolaze iz različitih funkcionalnih oblasti.		-0.3
Za sve situacije koje zahtevaju saopštavanje kontekstualnih informacija zajednička je verovatnoća da ih neće pravilno razumeti zato što govornik obrađuje tu informaciju, ali slušalac to ne čini.		-0.3
Ovakve situacije su češće u timskom radu posredstvom kompjutera nego u timovima čiji su članovi kontaktiraju lično među sobom (Cramton, 2001).		-0.3
Kontekstualizacija Teorije komunikacije koje danas preovlađuju pretpostavljau da se prekidi u komunikaciji mogu umanjiti kontekstualizacijom, to jest, putem jednog prilagodljivog ponašanja u komunikaciji koje osnovnoj poruci dodaje eksplicitnu kontekstualnu informaciju i tako obezbeđuje valjanu komunikaciju.		-0.3
Učesnici u komunikaciji kontestualizuju da bi premostili teškoće u komunikaciji koje nastaju zbog razlika u gledištima (uglu posmatranja).		-0.3
Smatra se da je nedostatak kontekstualizacije jedan od najčešćih problema u komunikaciji između zaposlenih koji su udaljeni jedni od drugih (Cramton, 2001; Hinds & Bailey, 2003).		-0.3
Odluka da se vrši kontekstualizacija podrazumeva i kompromis između koristi od bolje komunikacije i troškova u smislu kognitivnih resursa koje ona podrazumeva.		-0.3
Kognitivni napor koji je potrebno uložiti u kontekstualizaciju posebno je težak za autora e-mejla u CMC, zato što je transfer informacija, posebno složenih informacija, manje efikasan u odnosu na transfer u slučaju bogatijih medija (Kraut i dr., 2002).		-0.3
Iako stepen konteksta koji je potreban u jednoj e-mejl poruci zavisi od primaoca, ipak je pošiljalac (autor) taj koji će odrediti kontekst koji poruka daje, a isto tako i njegovu dubinu.		-0.3
Stoga je prilagodljivo ponašanje u kontekstualizaciji u oblasti diskrecionog prava pošiljaoca.		-0.3
Pošiljalac koji oseti da postoji problem u komunikaciji motivisan je da kontekstualizuje da bi ga druga strana dobro razumela.		-0.3
Istraživanja pokazuju da uticaj kontekstualizacije na MU i na učinak zavisi od toga da li učesnici u komunikaciji imaju zajedničke ili različite tačke gledišta: kontekstualizacija poboljšava MU i učinak u slučajevima kada se tačke gledišta razlikuju, ali ne povećava MU i čak smanjuje učinak u situacijama kada su tačke gledišta zajedničke.		-0.3
Drugim rečima, kontekstualizacija je efektivna samo kada je potrebna, a kontraproduktivna kada nije potrebna (Katz & Teeni, 2007).		-0.3
Ipak, pošiljaoci poruka nisu uvek i dobri komunikatori i nisu uvek svesni razlika u gledištima između njih i njihovih sagovornika, tako da se može desiti da koriste kontekstualizaciju na neodgovarajući način.		-0.3
Da bi se kontekstualizacija vršila na odgovarajući način, govornik mora da ispolji i dodadno ponašanje u komunikaciji, da zauzme perspektivu (tačku gledišta, prim.prev.), što se metaforčki opisuje kao stavljanje u položaj primaoca poruke.		-0.3
U situacijama orijentisanim na zadatak, sposobnost pojedinca da se orijentiše na perspektivu druge osobe omogućava mu da asimiluje i integriše informaciju u okviru gledišta te druge ososbe, a to vodi boljem međusobnom razumevanju (Tan, 1992).		-0.3
Zauzimanje perspektive predstavlja kognitivnu veštinu koja se razlikuje od jedne do druge osobe i zahteva da se učini kognitivni napor (Dickey i dr., 2007).		-0.3
Pored toga, kad komuniciraju s nekim, ljudi se radije oslanjaju na svoju sopstvenu tačku gledišta zato što to zahteva manji kognitivni napor (Horton & Keysar, 1996; Keysar i dr., 2000) ili precenjuju stepen do koga se tačka gladišta druge ososbe poklapa sa njihovom (Krauss & Fussell, 1991).		-0.3
Podaci pokazuju da Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 kognitivni teret ima negativan uticaj, pošto ne dozvoljava odgovarajuću kontrolu i prilagođavanje i vodi prilično standardnim porukama koje nisu prilagođene perspektivi primaoca poruke (Roßnagel, 2000; Horton & Keysar, 1996).		-0.3
U slučajevima potrošačkog servisa, predstavnik službe za usluge potrošačima (CSR) može da koristi fiksne, unapred određene poruke kojima predstavlja generičku sliku korporacije onima koji su van organizacije (Adria & Chowdhury, 2004).		-0.3
U tom slučaju, ljudima sa strane je teško da postignu zajedničko razumevanje konteksta, a to je od vitalnog značaja za efikasnost komunikacije (Dickey i dr., 2007).		-0.3
Pored toga, potrošači nekada ne mogu da se stave u položaj tog predstavnika zato što on govori o nečemu o čemu potrošači nemaju saznanja.		-0.3
U takvim slučajevima sastanci se mogu prekinuti ili završiti, a da se rešenja ne nađu.		-0.3
Kontekstualizacija u e-mejl komunikaciji U prethodnom radu posmatrali smo CMC u kome se naglašava potreba za novim projektovanjem e-mejla i fokusirali smo se na kontekstualizaciju kao centralni element kojim se unapređuje efektivna komunikacija.		-0.3
Koncentrisaćemo se na dve prisutne osobine iz prethodnog rada, na ugrađene linkove i na vizualizaciju istorije poruka i pridodatih dodatnih svojstava (koje uvodimo u poglavlju o dizajnu).		-0.3
Kontekstualizacija pomoću ugrađenih linkova Organizacija znanja bavi se pitanjima o tome na koji način se može najbolje skladištiti znanje tako da bude dostupno kad je potrebno.		-0.3
Korisnici treba da imaju na raspolaganju pravo znanje u pravo vreme i moraju da znaju da im odgovarajuće znanje stoji na raspolaganju za svaki zadatak. ~~~ Ideja da se znanje veže za aktivnost nastala je iz činjenice da radnici nemaju vremena da aktivno tragaju za organizacionim znanjem i da bi stoga bilo daleko efektivnije da znanje pronađe njih (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000). kMail, znanjem obogaćeni e-mejl dizajniran da poboljša saradnju, predstavlja značajnu alatku koja efikasno vezuje organizaciono pamćenje (OM) za organizacionu akciju koristeći pritom kontekstualizaciju (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000). kMail predstavlja OM na bazi URL koje omogućava da se znanje vezuje za komunikaciju koja je u toku i da se postigne efikasna komunikacija pomaganjem korisnicima da se na odgovarajući način prilagode komunikaciji procenjujući razlike u tačkama gledišta. ~~~ Kontekstualizacija pomoću toka poruka (konverzacionih stabala) Zadaci koji zahtevaju saradnju nisu odvojeni, već se ponavljaju. ~~~ Kako se zadatak odvija, korisnici moraju da kombinuju informacije koje se odnose na zadatak u porukama koje primaju sa informacijama značajnim za zadatak koje već imaju. ~~~ Prethodne poruke jesu značajne zato što sadrže kontekst koji je od kritičnog značaja za tumačenje nove poruke (Whittaker, 2005). ~~~ Poruke ne treba posmatrati kao izdvojene i nezavisne informacije već kao elemente toka konverzacije. ~~~ E-mejl konverzacija, poznata i kao tok (thread), uglavnom se definiše kao stablo međusobno povezanih poruka koje nastaju na osnovu datog odgovora (Venolia & Neustaedter, 2003). ~~~ Ovu međupovezanost e-mejlova konvencionalni korisnici e-mejla ne koriste u celosti. ~~~ Tokovi konverzacije u e-mejlu omogućavaju korisniku da sagleda širi kontekst poruke koju čita, podseća ga da je konverzacija u toku, beležeći stanje razgovora i automatski uređujući međusobno povezane poruke (Kerr, 2003). ~~~ Puna vizualizacija toka poruka jasno prikazuje poruku zajedno sa prethodnim povezanim porukama i time pruža bolji kontekst za razumevanje značenja upravo pristigle poruke. ~~~ Stoga povezivanje poruka smatramo jednim oblikom kontekstualizacije, pošto ono dodaje slojeve informacija o ranijem toku komunikacije. ~~~ Povezivanje koristi i primaocu i autoru poruke. ~~~ Što se primaoca tiče, kontekstualna informacija smanjuje verovatnoću da se smisao poruke pogrešno shvati. ~~~ Za oba učesnika, kontekstualizacija pomoću vizualizacije toka smanjuje kognitivne zahteve u pogledu pamćenja tako što eliminiše potrebu da se učesnik seti tema o kojima je bilo reči i drugih elemenata konverzacije. ~~~ Što se autora poruke tiče, povezivanje služi kao referenca o zajedničkim stavovima postignutim u konverzaciji do sadašnjeg trenutka i omogućava mu da uštedi trud prilikom sastavljanja nove poruke. ~~~ Autor poruke pretpostavlja da primalac već zna ili ima pristup prethodnim informacijama i stoga ne mora da kontekstualizuje, već šalje samo osnovnu poruku i skreće primaocu pažnju na relevantni kontekst onda kada je to potrebno. ~~~ Time struktura komunikacije dobija na ekonomičnosti, razmenjuje se manji broj poruka i te poruke mogu da budu kraće, pošto je većina potrebnih informacija već prisutna u toku. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 U literaturi se mogu naći inovativne ideje koje prevazilaze ograničeno čuvanje konteksta putem toka poruka a koje se u velikoj meri koriste u programima e-mejla. ~~~ Primeri su: napredni prototip e-mejla sa složenim razgranatim stablom za odgovore (Venolia & Neustaedter, 2003), integrisani e-mejl klijent sa vizualnim separatorima na Inbox listi koji koristi pivote i tokove (Kerr, 2003; Kerr & Wilcox, 2004) i kombinacija modela na bazi stabla i modela vremenskog toka kojim se omogućava efikasno praćenje konverzacija (Rohall i dr., 2001). ~~~ 2. ~~~ Ar ti gi a ni kao stu di ja slu ča ja o te ško ća ma u CMC Ovo je studija o dizajniranju efektivne CMC kojom se pospešuje valjana komunikacija. ~~~ Naši ciljevi su bili da prvo ocenimo procese komunikacije između CSR i njihovih poslovnih klijenata pri čemu smo posebnu pažnju posvetili prekidima u komunikaciji da bismo našli tipove kontekstualnih informacija uz čiju pomoć bismo rešili problem prekida u komunikaciji i pogrešno razumevanje, a onda da nađemo moguće načine da pospešimo efektivnu CMC i da konačno primenimo naše ideje u dizajniranju jednog prototipa e-mejla. ~~~ Istraživali smo procese komunikacije u jednoj izraelskoj kompaniji, Artigiani, u obliku studije slučaja organizacije u kojoj se razmenjuje ogroman broj e-mejl poruka. ~~~ Artigiani je firma specijalizovana za dizajn i proizvodnju metalnog asesoara za domaćinstvo (metalnih okova ili dodataka kao što su kvake, kuke i vešalice). ~~~ Koraci u studiji slučaja Da bismo ocenili postojeću komunikaciju u firmi Artigiani sproveli smo sledeće aktivnosti tokom perioda od otprilike dva meseca: posmatranje, razgovore jedan-na-jedan i prikupljanje i analizu teksta 60 e-mejl poruka. ~~~ Stoga smo napravili jednu grubu podelu na dve svrhe kontekstualizacije: ~~~ Upravljanje zadacima: ~~~ Kontekstualizacija u cilju poboljšanja sposobnosti zaposlenog da efeikasno upra vlja svojim organizacionim aktivnostima i zadacima i da poboljša odlučivanje u tom smislu. ~~~ Komunikacija: kontekstualizacija u cilju poboljšanja CMC, t.j., postizanja višeg nivoa MU i svođenja preki da u komunikaciji na minimum. ~~~ Zaključci Prvi sastanak između predstavnika službe za odnose sa potrošačima (CSR) i potrošača je lični kontakt; dalja komunikacija se obično odvija putem e-mejla. ~~~ Iako su CSR u kontaktu s potrošačima i poslovnimm klijentima putem telefona i ličnih kontakata, postoji još mnogo posla u razmeni e-mejl poruka. ~~~ E-mejl je veoma dobar kanal komunikacije u sprovođenju različitih organizacionih aktivnosti (na primer, pregovaranje sa dobavljačima, poručivanje proizvoda, ponuda, planiranje nabavki i postavljanje proizvoda, itd.), posebno zato što se tako dokumentuju i čuvaju pisani dokazi. ~~~ Nas je interesovala razmena poruka između CSR i potrošača, ali i između njih i drugih stručnjaka kao što su stolari, izvođači radova, arhitekte, stručnjaci za unutrašnji dizajn i dobavljači). ~~~ Za profitabilnost firmi u velikoj meri je značajno zadržati postojeće potrošače i privući nove; služba za odnose s potrošačima predstavlja važan deo svake poslovne organizacije. ~~~ Potrošači su zadovoljni kada dobiju uslugu lično i brzo. ~~~ Verovatnoća da će firma izgubiti svoje potrošače zbog njihovih loših iskustava sa CSR predstavljala je samo dodatni podsticaj da komunikacija između njih bude dobra. ~~~ Iako su odnosi sa potrošačima važni, ova studija se nije bavila razvijanjem i usavršavanjem veština efektivnog pružanja usluge potrošačima; njen cilj je dizajniranje efektivne CMC kojom će se unaprediti dobra komunikacija između CSR i njihovih poslovnih klijenata. ~~~ Sada ćemo ukratko opisati teškoće u upravljanju zadacima i komunikaciji u firmi Artigiani. ~~~ Teškoće CSR u upravljanju zadacima CSR u firmi Artigiani provode mnogo vremena u upravljanju tekućim zadacima. ~~~ Učestvuju u velikom broju paralelnih aktivnosti koje se tiču odnosa sa potrošačima i sprovode naloge kao što su upravljanje i dokumentovanje datoteke o potrošačima, odgovaranje na telefonske pozive, kontrolisanje porudžbina, pregovaranje sa dobavljačima, ponuda, planiranje nabavke i montiranje proizvoda i tome slično. ~~~ CSR su pod velikim pritiskom da što pre odgovore na e-mejl, i njihov posao u upravljanju svim ovim zadacima je stresan, pošto primaju ogroman broj poruka. ~~~ Oni sve vreme odlučuju o prioritetnim aktivnostima, a pored toga može da im se dogodi da izgube važne dokumente onda kad su im potrebni (na primer, prethodna razmena poruka i dokumenti koje žele da priključe porukama koje oni šalju). ~~~ Od njih se očekuje da upravljaju aktivnostima Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 koje su u toku u datom trenutku, a treba i da se bave brojnim planovima i da imaju podsetnike. ~~~ Prosečno vreme da se odgovori na porudžbinu iznosi u proseku trideset dana, a u tom vremenu komunikacija koja se tiče porudžbine ili klijenta nije stalna. ~~~ Ipak, CSR mora u vrlo kratkom vremenu da poveže detalje, događaje, datoteke i poruke koje se njih tiču. ~~~ Zbog toga je zadatak upravljanja porudžbinama i odnosa sa klijentima i potrošačima kognitivno zahtevan. ~~~ Za potrebe praćenja i upravljanja porudžbinama informacija se klasira fizički, u kancelarijske omote. ~~~ Ovaj proces klasifikovanja i odlaganja nije pogodan, mučan je i zahteva mnogo vremena i doslednosti u radu. ~~~ Stoga zaposleni teže da zanemare ovu aktivnost i tako informacija može da se izgubi. ~~~ Pored toga što stavljaju informacije u fizičke omote, CSR stalno uređuju datoteku u njihovim metaforičkim desktop omotima, folderima na svojim kompjuterima i u svojim e-mejl folderima. ~~~ Pamćenje lokacije potrebne informacije je kognitivno zahtevno za dugoročno pamćenje, a neprekidna potraga za informacijom je mučan i dugotrajan posao. ~~~ Jasno je da CSR u firmi Artigiani imaju problema da efikasno upravljaju i koriste različite vrste znanja i tako se vrednost informacije gubi. ~~~ CSR nemaju jasan pregled svih strana obuhvaćenih razgovorom niti mogu lako da pristupe razmeni sadržaja u konverzaciji koju vodi svaki član. ~~~ Jasno je da teškoće da se pravovremeno dođe do informacije utiču na kvalitet rada, posebno na kvalitet pružanja usluge potrošačima. ~~~ Pošto je e-mejl komunikacija po prirodi asinhrona i ne ide redom, teško je pratiti porudžbine i rukovati njima na efektivan način. ~~~ E-mejl sistem koji podržava lak pristup elementima kontekstualne informacije koji se odnose na tekuće zadatke može da bude od velike pomoći u upravljanju ogromnim brojem dolaznih poruka i aktivnosti. ~~~ Teškoće u komunikaciji Posmatranja, intervjui i analiza teksta e-mejl poruka otkrili su da su glavne aktivnosti CSR rukovanje porudžbinama u odnosu na potrošače i na dobavljače, proveravanje zaliha, ponuda cene i rešavanje tehničkih pitanja. ~~~ Otkrili smo da velika većina nesporazuma u komunikaciji nastaje u komunikaciji između CSR i potrošača, a da su glavni izvor prekida u komunikaciji razlike u tačkama gledišta između CSR i potrošača koje nastaju posebno zbog nepoznavanja tehničkih osnova i terminologije od strane potrošača. ~~~ Dok je komunikacija između CSR i stručnih lica kao što su dizajneri i stolari ekonomična, CSR moraju da uključe veliki broj kontekstualnih informacija u poruku kada komuniciraju sa potrošačima. ~~~ CSR često moraju da komuniciraju sa potrošačima telefonski kada se radi o slučajevima gde učesnici u komunikaciji ne mogu da prevaziđu prekide koji nastaju u razmeni e-mejlova. ~~~ U nekim slučajevima su prekidi u kominikaciji bili toliko ozbiljni da su ugrozili mogućnost efikasne obrade porudžbine pa je potrošač otkazao ceo dogovor. ~~~ Takvi slučajevi nesumnjivo štete profitabilnosti organizacije. ~~~ Analiza teksta e-mejl poruka pokazala je da u komunikaciji sa klijentima CSR pribegavaju korišćenju egocentričnih i standardnih izraza. ~~~ Imajući u vidu da kontekstualizacija zahteva kognitivni napor i vreme, tvrdimo da navedeni preveliki kognitivni teret koji CSR nose utiče na to da nemaju mnogo želje da kontekstualizuju poruke. 3. ~~~ Di zajn U ovom poglavlju predstavljamo naš prototip e-mejl korisničkog interfejsa koji smo predložili nakon što smo pregledali ogroman broj radova koji su se namnožili tokom 3 decenije u literaturi na temu e-mejla. ~~~ U istraživanju smo izdvojili tri perspektive koje treba istovremeno da se sklope da bi podržale aktivnosti u dizajniranju budućeg e-mejl klijenta: individualnu, komunikacijsku i društveno-orgatokacionu (Ducheneaut & Watts, 2005). ~~~ Na ove perspektive vratićemo se kada budemo opisivali osobine našeg e-mejla. ~~~ Kontekstualizacija mora da se oslanja na organizaciono znanje zbog dve komponente: ~~~ 1) Znanje koje će obezbediti dodatne slojeve konteksta oko aktivnosti i 2) Znanje pomoću kojeg će se identifikovati uslovi u kojima treba kontekstualizovati poruke (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000). ~~~ U skladu s tim, naš dizajn e-mejla u grubim crtama razlikuje dva cilja kontektualizovanja: podrška upravljanju zadacima i pospešivanje efektivne komunikacije: ~~~ Upravljanje zadacima: ~~~ Kontekstualizacija u cilju povećanja sposobnosti korisnika da efektivno upravlja svojim organizacionim aktivnostima i zadacima. ~~~ Bavili smo se pitanjima dizajna kao što su kako da na najbolji način primenimo ideju da povežemo znanje sa aktivnošću; drugim rečima, kako najbolje da organizujemo i prikažemo znanje tako da korisnici mogu lako da dođu do pravog znanja u pravo vreme u svakom zadatku. ~~~ Ovaj cilj je veoma blizak indivi Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 dualnom nivou koji opisuju Ducheneaut & Watts (2005), a koji se u e-mejlu javlja kao metafora kartoteke u kojoj e-mejl dizajn proširuje ljudske sposobnosti da obrađuju informacije. ~~~ Efektivna komunikacija: ~~~ Kontekstualizacija u cilju postizanja visokog nivoa međusobnog razumevanja i svođenja prekida u komunikaciji na najmanju meru. ~~~ U vezi sa kontekstualizacijom želeli smo da odgovorimo na dva pitanja: ~~~ Kada? ~~~ Dizajnirali smo jedan prototip e-mejla koji će pomoći korisnicima da identifikuju uslove u kojima je kontekstualizacija neophodna i podstaći ih da tako i urade. ~~~ Šta? ~~~ Dizajnirali smo jedan prototip e-mejla koji će pomoći pošiljaocima da odrede koja vrsta informacije je potrebna da bi primaoci razumeli poruku. ~~~ Metaforički govoreći, pošiljaoci moraju da znaju kako da lako naprave kontekstualni most preko kognitivnog rastojanja između njih samih i primalaca. ~~~ Predstavljamo dva ekrana (slike 1 i 2) koji prikazuju glavna svojstva koja su dizajnirana da omoguće efektivno upravljanje zadacima i efektivnu komunikaciju. ~~~ Da bi bilo preglednije, razdvojili smo ova dva različita cilja, ali je važno napomenuti da neka svojstva podržavaju oba. ~~~ Upravljanje zadacima: znanje koje obezbeđuje dodatne slojeve konteksta oko aktivnosti Slika 1 predstavlja ekran iz našeg e-mejl prototipa koji prikazuje dolaznu poruku koju šalje potrošač. ~~~ Ekran je podeljen na četiri polja: ~~~ 1) dolazne poruke (inbox lista); 2) sadržaj poruka; 3) OM vezan za poruku; 4) pregled toka poruka. ~~~ Kada se odabere poruka na inbox listi (polje1), različitie kontekstualne informacije iz ove poruke pojavljuju se na preostala tri polja. ~~~ Dolazna poruka (inbox lista) Polje dolazne poruke podseća na sadašnje e-mejl programe. ~~~ Poruke su razdvojene u skladu sa datumom prispeća i prikazane su osnovne informacije za svaku poruku (vreme prispeća, pošiljalac i tema). ~~~ Pored poruka mogu da se pojave tri ikonice: ikonica koja ukazuje na tok poruka kod poruka koje pripadaju određenom toku poruka, ikonica koja ukazuje na prilog (atačment) i ikonica sa zastavicom koja ukazuje na hitnost. ~~~ Ova poslednja zadovoljava zahteve za efektivno upravljanje tekućim zadacima i određivanje prioriteta zadataka. ~~~ Sistem analizira sadržaj dolaznih poruka i zastavicom obeležava poruke koje su najhitnije, pošto identifikuje izraze za hitnost i pravopisne znake (na primer, kritično, hitno, ASAP (što je moguće pre), brzo i sl.) ili pošto identifikuje sadržaj kome se daje visok prioritet (na primer, aktivnosti kao što su porudžbine). ~~~ Zastavice i prioriteti predstavljaju komponente dizajna komunikacijskog nivoa u okviru koji su dali Ducheneaut & Watts (2005). ~~~ Organizaciona memorija (OM) za povezivanje slojeva konteksta sa aktivnošću Naš prototip je pozajmio svoje glavno svojstvo od kMejla, a to je stvaranje OM prizora. ~~~ Ideja da se OM poveže sa e-mejl porukama podseća na komponentu dizajna kontekstualni podaci koja se odnosi na društveno-organizacioni nivo u okviru koji su dali Ducheneaut & Watts (2005). ~~~ Razradili smo ideju Schwartz & Teeni (2000) da se OM prikazi vežu za odlazne poruke, ali smo predložili isto i za dolazne poruke. ~~~ Na primer, na slici 1 analizira se jedna dolazna poruka koju šalje potrošač i reči proizvod broj 126 povezane su sa jedinicom memorije koja pokazuje sliku kvake za vrata i stoga se hiperlinkom upućuje na prizor OM. ~~~ U primeni ideje da se znanje veže za aktivnost, ovaj dodatak pomaže CSR da upravljaju velikim brojem tekućih zadataka koji stižu u dolaznim porukama. ~~~ Iako smo napravili razliku između efektivnog upravljanja zadacima i efektivne komunikacije, OM podržava i jednu i drugu aktivnost. ~~~ Pored toga što pomaže CSR da bolje upravljaju svojim zadacima, verovatnoća za međusobno razumevanj raste zbog činjenice da su dolazne poruke povezane hiperlinkovima sa relevantnim informacijama koje su CSR potrebne da bi razumeli njihov smisao. ~~~ Tokovi poruka Pregledi tokova povezuju se sa komunikacijskim nivoom u okviru koji su dali Ducheneaut & Watts (2005). ~~~ U nastavku rada dizajnirali smo grafički prikaz tokova poruka da bismo naglasili sve strane koje učestvuju u konverzaciji i da bismo dobili lak pristup razmeni sadržaja i konverzaciji svakog člana. ~~~ Različite grupe stručnjaka (CSR, stolare, izvođače radova, arhitekte, stručnjake za unutrašnju dekoraciju, dobavljače i potrošače) obeležili smo različitim bojama. ~~~ Da bi praćenje konverzacija bilo dobro, naše tokove smo postavili na raspored, po ugledu na rad Rohall i dr. (2001). ~~~ Na slici 1, u 4. polju, za svaku poruku u toku uneli smo dug Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 me pomoću koga se pristupa profilu pošiljaoca da bi se dobile dodatne informacije o njemu. ~~~ Ovim se korisnik podstiče da se unese u tačku gledišta ugovora pre nego što odgovori ili donese relevantne odluke. ~~~ U dizajniranju tokova za poruke, sa liste ključnih osobina preuzeli smo karakteristike koje su najrelevantnije i najkorisnije za efektivno upravljanje CMC i organizacionim aktivnostima u firmi Artigiani: hronološki red, odnose, kompaktnost i naglašavanje atributa (Kerr, 2003). ~~~ U preliminarnoj fazi analize teksta naučili smo kako da izložimo važne atribute koji su posebno korisni kad treba brzo naći posebne poruke ili oceniti stanje toka. ~~~ Korisnici mogu efektivno da lociraju sve poruke koje je poslala neka određena osoba, koje su poslate u određenom vremenskom periodu (dan, nedelja, mesec) ili se vezuju za neki pokazatelj (posebne faze kao što su poručivanje, proizvodnja i nabavka). ~~~ Organizovanje informacija putem kategorizacije glavnih pokazatelja brige o potrošačima u firmi Artigiani predstavlja značajno svojstvo kojim se može smanjiti kognitivna složenost koju CSR oseća. ~~~ Različitim bojama obeležili smo posebne grupe i razdvojili određene poruke, kontakte i pokazatelje tako da se mogu identifikovati sa lakoćom. ~~~ Korišćenjem identičnih boja za grupisanje elemenata smanjeno je kognitivno opterećenje. ~~~ Isticanjem atributa bojenjem čvorova i postavljanjem tokova poruka na raspored nestaje potreba da se klikne na poruku u toku da bi se videlo ko je komunicirao, kada i u kojoj fazi. ~~~ Slika 1: ~~~ Kontekstualizacija sa ugrađenim linkovima i pregledom tokova Efektivna komunikacija: znanje kojim se određuje kada i kako kontekstualizovati Kao što je već rečeno, kontekstualizacija je efektivna samo kada je neophodna, a kontraproduktivna je kad za njom nema potrebe. ~~~ Takođe smo svesni činjenice da pošiljaoci poruka nisu uvek uspešni učesnici u komunikaciji i da nisu uvek svesni da se njihova tačka gledišta razlikuje od tačke gledišta primalaca njihovih poruka. ~~~ Stoga naš prototip sadrži dva glavna elementa kojima se obezbeđuje odgovarajuća kontekstualizacija. ~~~ Organizaciona memorija (OM) u efektivnoj komunikaciji Kad god CSR sastavi poruku, sistem će povući sve relevantne informacije iz OM i ponuditi hipertekst linkove prema OM tako da CSR može da proveri ili promeni šta želi pre nego što pošalje poruku. ~~~ Na strani primaoca, poruka će stići sa hiperlinkovima prema relevantnim OM prizorima. ~~~ Kao i kod kMejla, znanje o pošiljaocima i primaocima se koristi da se nađe podudarnost njihovih profila i odredi njihova udaljenost. ~~~ Kada proračuni o udaljenosti između pošiljaoca i primaoca nađu slične profile, međusobno razumevanje se Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 može postići relativno ekonomičnom razmenom poruka, sa nekoliko ugrađenih linkova ako ih ima. ~~~ Ugrađeni linkovi prema OM ne samo da podstiču kontekstualizaciju kada je to potrebno, već i pomažu korisnicima da kontekstualizuju ono što je potrebno. ~~~ Karte profila Profili mogu da daju detaljne informacije o svakom pojedincu sa kojim se korisnik e-mejla dopisuje, da pomognu da bolje shvatimo s kim imamo posla (Tyler & Tang, 2003). ~~~ Karte profila primenili smo da bismo rastojanje između sagovornika sveli na najmanju meru. ~~~ Primer je prikazan na slici 2. ~~~ Korisnici mogu da kreiraju kontekstualne informacije o ugovorima i da ih onda koriste kao značajne reference kako bi razvejali nejasnoće u vezi sa svojim stanovištem kada se njima šalju poruke. ~~~ Za razliku od ugrađenih linkova koji se sistemski generišu i stoga se formiraju automatski, profili omogućavaju korisniku da aktivno traži relevantne informacije o ugovorima i da onda svesno odluči o tome kome će šta kontekstualizovati. ~~~ Pored osnovnih informacija o potrošaču, karte profila sadrže i kategorije interesovanja potrošača. ~~~ CSR može efektivno da koristi ove informacije kao polazište za jednostavnu i efikasnu komunikaciju i dobija mogućnost da ponudi uslugu koja odgovara tom posebnom potrošaču; na primer, može da odredi koji stil dizajna potrošač najviše voli i da mu ponudi komplementarne proizvode. ~~~ Karta profila takođe sadrži priloge (atačmente) datoteka koje su prikupljene za ovaj kontakt. ~~~ Prelaz od prizora do prizora koji predstavljaju različite slojeve konteksta Korisnici mogu brzo da pređu sa jednog na drugi sloj konteksta rukovanjem određenim svojstvima prikaza. ~~~ Kao što je pokazano na slici 2, korisnik može da bura između grafičkog i tekstualnog prikaza informacija, da prebaci odluke o detaljima sa dnevnog na godišnji prikaz, preko nedeljnog i mesečnog prikaza, i takođe može da postavi poseban vremenski opseg. ~~~ Korisnik može da traži da vidi veći broj dubinskih prezentacija i da time pristupi dokumentima koji pripadaju različitim odrednicama (na primer, u vezi sa porudžbinom, CSR može da vidi sve sačuvane dokumente: ponude cene, porudžbine, odobrenja menadžera, proizvodnju, itd.). ~~~ Razvrstavanje dokumenata po temama koje se izvode iz kritičnih organizacionih aktivnosti (odrednica) saglasno je sa pojmom tematskih komponenata koje povezuju komunikacijski i društveno-organizacioni nivo (Ducheneaut & Bellotti, 2003; Ducheneaut & Watts, 2005). ~~~ I sa Sistemima toka rada koji odgovaraju organizacionim zadacima koji imaju predvidivu strukturu (Whittacker, 2005). ~~~ Korisnici mogu da prelaze iz jednog prizora koji pokazuje tokove e-mejl konverzacije, posebne poruke i e-meij priloge u drugi. ~~~ Na slici 2 jedan CSR je odlučio da prikaže sve poruke koje je razmenio sa potrošačem kao tok, naglašene odrednicama kojima pripadaju. ~~~ Slika 2: ~~~ Kontekstualizacija kontakata (potrošača) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Zaključak Trudili smo se da što bolje shvatimo različite kontekste relevantne za komunikaciju i upravljanje zadacima da bismo mogli da dizajniramo jedan efikasan e-mejl prototip. ~~~ Naši prvi ciljevi bili su da ocenimo procese komunikacije između CSR i njihovih poslovnih klijenata i da nađemo vrste kontekstualnih informacija pomoću kojih bismo mogli da nađemo rešenje za prekide i nesporazume u komunikaciji. ~~~ Nakon toga smo istražili moguće načine da pospešimo efektivnu CMC i konačno primenili naše ideje u dizajniranju jednog e-mejl prototipa. ~~~ Pošto želimo da dobijemo početnu povratnu informaciju od potencijalnih korisnika pre nego što utvrdimo radni prototip, naš prototip je u početnoj fazi i stoga još uvek nije funkcionalan. ~~~ Dodatno ograničenje za naš prototip koje proizilazi iz ovog prvog jeste da nismo primenili algoritam za kreiranje tokova (kao što je algoritam koji postoji u Netscape Mail; Fischer & Moody, 2001; Kerr, 2003) ili analiziranje poruka u cilju stvaranja ugrađenih linkova (Schwartz & Teeni, 2000). ~~~ Predstavili smo prototip potencijalnim korisnicima i dobili veoma pozitivne povratne informacije. ~~~ CSR tvrde da je e-mejl najznačajniji element u njihovom svakodnevnom radu i posebno ih je interesovalo kako se vizualno predstavljaju konverzacije i kako se ugrađeni linkovi usmeravaju prema OM. ~~~ Oduševljeni su što će moći da rade brže i ugodnije a privukao ih je i atraktivni dizajn. ~~~ Naše ideje se ne ograničavaju samo na sistem pružanja usluge potrošačima, već se mogu primeniti na zadatke i razmenu e-mejlova drugih organizacionih uloga i oblasti, kao što su kupovina ili proizvodnja. ~~~ Naš prototip e-mejla usmeren je na razvijanje novog oblika e-mejla koji se izvodi iz ogromnog broja radova koji su se tokom 30 godina nakupili u literaturi o e-mejlu (Ducheneaut & Watts, 2005). ~~~ Svojstva ovog prototipa koja smo primenili, kao što su profili, prikaz tokova poruka i ugrađenih linkova prema OM povezuju komponente tri nivoa na kojima e-mejl funkcioniše: individualni, komunikacijski i društveno-organizacioni. ~~~ Verujemo da će pristup pristup na više nivoa podržavati veliki broj organizacionih zadataka koji se obavljaju uz primenu e-mejla. ~~~ LITERATURA [1] Adria, M. & Chowdhury, S. 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When can I expect an email response?	When can I expect an email response?	2.925
A study of rhythms in email usage.	A study of rhythms in email usage.	2.55
Proceedings of the ECSCW2003 European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work.	Proceedings of the ECSCW2003 European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work.	3.05
New York:	New York: Springer-Verlag. [22]	1.63333
Springer-Verlag. [33] Venolia, G. D., & Neustaedter, C. (2003, April).	Venolia, G. D., & Neustaedter, C. (2003, April).	2.82381
Understanding sequence and reply relationships within email conversations:	Understanding sequence and reply relationships within email conversations: A mixed-model visualization, Proc.	2.8299
A mixed-model visualization, Proc. ~~~ SIGCHI2003, 5 (1), Ft.	SIGCHI2003, 5 (1), Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, 361 - 368. [23]	0.6375
Lauderdale, Florida, USA, 361 - 368. [23] Whittaker, S. (2005).	Whittaker, S. (2005).	1.275
Supporting collaborative task management in email, Human-Computer Interac tion, 20(1 & 2), 49-88.	Supporting collaborative task management in email, Human-Computer Interac tion, 20(1 & 2), 49-88.	3.08571
Primljen: ~~~ April 2012.	Receieved: September 2012.	0.525
Prihvaćen:	Accepted: April 2012.	1.6
Septembar 2012. O autoru Adi Katz Odsek za industrijski inženjering i menadžment, Tehnički fakultet SCE, Izrael E-mail: adis@sce.ac.il Dr. Adi Katz je doktorirala 2004. godine na Univerzitetu Bar-Ilan u Izraelu, u oblasti kompjuterski posredovane komunikacije u organizacionimm procesima.	About the Author Adi Katz Department of Industrial Engineering and Management SCE College of Engineering, Israel E-mail: adis@sce.ac.il Adi Katz received her Ph.D. in 2004 from Bar-Ilan University, Israel, specializing in computer mediated communication for organizational processes.	2.10732
Glavne oblasti njenog naučnog interesovanja obuhvataju: interakciju između ljudi i kompjutera, IT estetiku, kompjuterski posredovanu komunikaciju (CMC), kompjuterski podržanu saradnju (CSCW), projektovanje metaforičkih interfejsa i projektovanje interfejsa namenjenih deci.	Her main research interests include: human-computer interactions, IT aesthetics, computer-mediated communication (CMC), computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), metaphoric interface design and children interface design.	0.976866
Njen rad objavljen u IwC pod naslovom Ono što je lepo je upotrebljivo citiran je više od 540 puta i bio na prvom mestu na listi 25 najznačajnijih članaka u Science Direct 2006, godine 2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Predrag Jovanović 1, SlađanaBenković2 1Uprava za javne nabavke 2Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Una pre đe nje or ga ni za ci je jav nih na bav ki na ni vou lo kal nih sa mo u pra va u Sr bi ji UDK: ~~~ 005.912:658.716(497.11) DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management.	Her paper in IwC, entitled What is beautiful is usable (co-authored with N. Tractinsky) has been cited over 540 times and occupied the first position on the list of top 25 hottest articles in ScienceDirect.	0.271676
fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) Pi ta nje for mi ra nja slu žbi za jav ne na bav ke je ak tu el no u Sr bi ji ima ju ći u vi du da je do sa da ser ti fi ko va no 1.200 slu že ni ka za jav ne na bav ke što na me će po tre bu us po sta vlja nja od go va ra ju će or ga ni za ci o ne struk tu re u ko joj će ra di ti.	2012/64 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Predrag Jovanović 1, Slađana Benković2 1Public Procurement Office 2University in Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Improvements in Organizing Public Procurement at the Local Self-Government Level in Serbia UDC: 005.912:658.716(497.11) DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0025 The issue of establishing offices for public procurement is very topical in Serbia, having in mind that 1,200 public procurement officers have been certified so far, entailing the need to set up an adequate structure as the operating field.	0.0579545
Ta ko đe je va žno od re di ti re la ci ju Slu žbe za jav ne na bav ke sa osta lim or ga ni za ci o nim je di ni ca ma unu tar na ru či o ca.	It is also important to determine a correlation between public procurement offices and other organizational units within contracting authority.	0.38301
Na da lje, nu žno je utvr di ti ka ko slu žbe za jav ne na bav ke na ni vou lo kal nih sa mo u pra va mo gu po mo ći na ru či o ci ma u gra du/op šti ni i po seb no ko li ki su do me ti cen tra li za ci je jav nih na bav ki ko je bi slu žbe za jav ne na bav ke gra da/op šti ne mo gle da spro vo de u ime i za ra čun lo kal nih na ru či la ca.	Further, it is necessary to determine how the public procurement offices at the local self-government level can help contracting authorities in a city/municipality, and in particular the scope of centralization of public procurement that public procurement offices in the city/municipality could conduct in the name and on behalf of local contracting authorities.	0.961745
Ključ ne re či: jav ne na bav ke, lo kal na sa mo u pra va, cen tra li za ci ja, stra te gi ja, Sr bi ja 1.	Keywords: public procurenment, local Government, centrlaization, strategy, Serbia 1.	0.888312
Uvod Procenjuje se da je udeo javnih nabavki u budžetima lokalnih samouprava u Srbiji, u 2011. godini, iznosio u proseku 20 - 25% što ukazuje na značaj koji javne nabavke imaju u upravljanju javnim finansijama na nivou lokalnih samouprava (1).	Introduction It is estimated that the share of public procurement in local self-government budgets in Serbia for 2011 was 20-25% on average, indicating the importance of public procurement in managing public finances at the local self-government level (1).	1.51346
Samim tim, unapređenje upravljanja i organizacije javnih nabavki ima značajan potencijal za uštede i povećanje efikasnosti rada lokalnih samouprava.	Hence, improving the management and organization of public procurement has significant potential for savings and increasing the efficiency of local self-governments.	1.47556
Da bi se realizovao potencijal za uštede i povećanje ekonomičnosti rada lokalne samouprave, javne nabavke moraju dostići standard kvaliteta upravljanja definisan kao skup dobrih praksi.	In order to release this potential for savings and increase efficiency of the local self-government, public procurement must reach the quality management standard defined as collection of good practices.	1.32039
Jedan od bitnih činilaca za ostvarivanje standarda kvaliteta upravljanja jeste uspostavljanje efikasne organizacije javnih nabavki.	A crucial factor in attaining quality management standard is introducing efficient organization of public procurement.	1.76
Prema važećim propisima, javne nabavke u Srbiji su uređene tako da ih odlikuje visok stepen decentralizacije (2).	According to applicable law, public procurement in Serbia features high level of decentralization (2).	1.46333
To znači da je svaki direktni i indirektni budžetski korisnik naručilac, tako da u Srbiji ima oko 12.000 naručilaca.	This means each direct/indirect budgetary beneficiary is a contracting authority and they make up some 12,000 contracting authorities in Serbia.	0.68301
Zakon, međutim, omogućava naručiocu da ..ovlasti drugog naručioca da u njegovo ime i za njegov račun sprovede postupak javne nabavke ili preduzme određene radnje u tom postupku (član 29, ZJN).	The Public Procurement Law (PPL) allows a contracting authority to authorize another contracting authority to conduct public procurement in its name and on its behalf, or take certain actions in that procedure (Article 29 of the PPL).	1.21862
Opcijom da se javne nabavke objedine stvorena je mogućnost za kombinovanje organizacionih modela decentralizacije i centralizacije nabavki kako bi se uspostavio onaj koji najviše odgovara datim uslovima.	The option to integrate public procurements creates a possibility to combine organizational models of decentralization and centralization of procurement in order to set the model best suited to the existing circumstances.	0.815714
U radu će najpre biti opisan standard kvaliteta upravljanja koji službe za javne nabavke na nivou lokalnih samouprava treba da dostignu.	This paper begins with a description of quality management standard that public procurement offices at the local self-government level should attain.	1.22681
U drugom delu rada, pažnja će biti posvećena pitanju organizacije nabavki u cilju što boljeg korišćenja prednosti koje nudi centralizacija javnih nabavki kako bi se ostvario standard kvaliteta upravljanja.	The second part focuses on organizing procurement so as to maximize advantages offered by centralization of public procurement in order to reach the quality management standard.	0.905882
Konkretno, biće razmotreni slučajevi u kojima je opravdano primeniti centralizaciju javnih nabavki, kao i slučajevi u kojima nije, što je od značaja lokanim samoupravama prilikom definisanja koncepta organizacije i poslova službe za javne nabavke imajući u vidu da bi centralizovane javne nabavke trebalo da realizuju upravo službe za javne nabavke.	In particular, it elaborates cases which do and which do not justify the approach of centralizing public procurement, which is most relevant to local self-governments in defining the concept of organization and operation of public procurement offices, having in mind that public procurement offices are the ones to implement the centralized public procurement.	1.3
U zaključku će biti sumirane preporuke lokalnim samoupravama u pogledu uspostavljanja standarda kvaliteta upravljanja i organizacije službi za javne nabavke. 2.	The conclusion summarizes recommendations to local selfgovernments concerning setting of the quality management standard and organization of public procurement offices.	1.14464
Stan dard kva li te ta upra vlja nja Standard kvaliteta upravljanja može se definisati kao skup dobrih praksi ili nivo kvaliteta upravljanja koji treba da bude postignut ili kome treba da se teži.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 2. ~~~ Quality management standard Quality management standard can be defined as collection of good practices or level of quality management that should be reached or sought.	0.611699
Što se tiče organizacije javnih nabavki u lokanim samoupravama u Srbiji, koncept standarda kvaliteta treba razlikovati od minimalnog standarda koji bi predsta Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 vljala usaglašenost sa propisima.	As for the organization of public procurement in local self-governments in Serbia, the concept of quality standard should be distinguished from minimum standard which is in compliance with the legislation.	1.38163
Standard kvaliteta upravljanja je opis dobre prakse u upravljanju javnim nabavkama koji vodi ostvarivanju načela i ciljeva javnih nabavki (1).	Quality management standard is a description of good practice in managing public procurements that leads to applying the principles and goals of public procurement (1).	1.82343
Načela javnih nabavki definisana su Zakonom o javnim nabavkama kao: ~~~ 1) načelo ekonomičnosti i efikasnosti, 2) načelo obezbeđivanja konkurencije, 3) načelo transparentnosti i 4) načelo jednakosti ponuđača (2).	Principles of public procurement are defined by the Public Procurement Law as: 1) principle of cost-effectiveness and efficiency, 2) principle of ensuring competition, 3) principle of transparency and 4) principle of equality of bidders (2).	0.70311
S obzirom da ciljevi javnih nabavki u Srbiji nisu posebno definisani možemo se poslužiti definicijom američkog Nacionalnog insitututa za javne nabavke (National Institute of Governmental Purchasing - NIGP): da zadovolji potrebe naručioca tako što će tržište ispuniti njegove zahteve pružanjem onog šta je potrebno (tj. kvaliteta) kada je potrebno (tj. u roku) po fer i razumnoj ceni, dok istovremeno služi dugoročnim interesima države tako što će minimizovati poslovne i tehničke rizike, postizati socio-ekonomske ciljeve, maksimalno povećavati konkurenciju i održavati visok nivo integriteta (1) Imajući u vidu navedena načela i ciljeve javnih nabavki, moguće je definisati opšti model organizacije javnih nabavki na nivou lokalnih samouprava u Srbiji koji obezbeđuje njihovo ostvarivanje.	Given that public procurement goals in Serbia are not specifically defined, we can resort to the definition of the US National Institute of Governmental Purchasing - NIGP: to satisfy the needs of contracting authority by the means of market responding to its requests by providing what is needed (i.e., the quality) when is needed (i.e., in a timely fashion) for a fair and reasonable consideration, while at the same time serving the long term state interests by minimizing business and technical risks, achieving socio-economic objectives, maximizing competition and maintaining high level of integrity (1) Having in mind the stated principles and goals of public procurement, it is possible to define a general model of public procurement organization at the local self-government level in Serbia that enables its implementation.	1.35363
Ovaj model je koncipiran na osnovu dobre prakse zemalja EU, pre svega Danske, i predstavlja cilj kojem lokalne samouprave u Srbiji treba da teže i da ga ostvare u sledećih 5 do 10 godina.	This model is designed on the basis of good practice in the EU countries, particularly Denmark, and is the goal that local self-governments in Serbia should strive to reach within the next 5 - 10 years.	1.39327
Iskustvo Danske pokazuje da prelazak sa nivoa upravljanja i organizacije koji karakteriše lokalne samouprave u Srbiji danas na nivo koji se postavlja kao cilj i koji će biti opisan u narednom izlaganju donosi velike uštede i značajno povećava efikasnost rada lokalne administracije (1).	The Danish experience shows that transition from the level of management and organization featured by the present-day local self-government in Serbia to the level set as the goal, which will be elaborated below, brings huge savings and significantly increases efficiency in the work of local administration (1).	1.57625
Standard kvaliteta upravljanja i organizacije javnih nabavki ima sledeća obeležja.	Quality management standard and organization of public procurement has the following traits.	1.63995
Lokalna samouprava ima definisanu politiku javnih nabavki kojom su obuhvaćene sve nabavke u gradu ili opštini.	Local self-government has a defined public procurement policy that covers all procurements in a city/municipality.	1.22832
Politika javnih nabavki treba da bude usvojena od strane Gradskog veća i da bude postavljena na internet stranicu grada/opštine.	Public procurement policy should be adopted by the city council and posted at the website of the city/municipality.	0.41547
Politika javnih nabavki obavezno treba da sadrži sledeće elemente: zabranu uplitanja politike u postupak javne nabavke, kao i u aktivnosti službe za javne nabavke, usvajanje, od strane skupštine grada/opštine, etičkog kodeksa u javnim nabavkama, efikasan mehanizam za sankcionisanje kršenja pravila javnih nabavki i etičkog kodeksa, jasno razgraničenje koje nabavke realizuju sami budžetski korisnici, sa i bez pomoći Službe za javne nabavke, a koje nabavke sprovodi Služba za javne nabavke u ime i za račun naručilaca.	Public procurement policy has to include these elements: ban on political interference in both public procurement procedures and work of public procurement offices; adopting code of ethics in public procurements by city/municipal assembly; efficient mechanism to sanction the breaches of public procurement rules and code of ethics; clear distinction between procurements conducted by budgetary beneficiaries with or without assistance of public procurement offices and procurements conducted by public procurement service in the name and on behalf of contracting authorities.	1.22264
Služba za javne nabavke na nivou lokalne samouprave treba da bude formirana tako da predstavlja centar ekspertize u javnim nabavkama na nivou grada/opštine.	Public procurement service at the local self-government level should be designed as a centre of public procurements expertise at the level of city/municipality.	1.29562
Ova služba može da bude organizvana kao posebna organizaciona jedinica koja će odgovarati gradonačelniku ili kao organizaciona jednica u sastavu veće celine, kao na primer Sektora za finansije.	This service may be organized as a separate organizational unit reporting to the mayor, or as an organizational unit within a broader segment, such as the sector of finance.	0.970713
Broj, struktura i nivo stručne osposobljenosti zaposlenih u Službi treba da bude u direktnoj vezi sa portfoliom javnih nabavki koje treba da sprovodi.	The number, structure and qualification level of employees in this service should be directly dependent on the portfolio of the planned public procurements.	1.04084
Takođe je važno da grad/opština poseduje srednjeročnu strategiju selekcije, zapošljavanja i stručnog usavršavanja zaposlenih u Službi javnih nabavki.	It is also important that the city/municipality has its own mediumterm strategy for selection, recruitment and training of employees in the public procurement service.	1.23886
Služba za javne nabavke mora da ima jasno definisane poslove.	Public procurement service must have clearly defined tasks.	0.627673
Najvažniji među njima su: prikupljanje i analiza podataka o javnim nabavkama sprovedenim na teritoriji grada/opštine, pregled planova nabavki za sve budžetske korisnike, pripremanje godišnjeg plana nabavki koji usvaja skupština grada/opštine, redovno izveštavanje skupštine o sprovođenju plana nabavki.	The most important ones include: gathering and analyzing data on public procurements conducted on the city/municipality territory, overview of procurement plans for all budgetary beneficiaries, preparing annual procurement plans to be adopted by the city/municipality, regular reporting to relevant assembly on implementation of procurement plans.	1.06023
Pored toga, Služba za javne nabavke treba da bude u stalnoj komunikaciji sa krajnjim korisnicima kako bi oni za čije se potrebe nabavlja bili uključeni od samog početka u proces, tj. počev od definisanja potreba, pa sve do poslednje faze javne nabavke, tj. do upravljanja ugovorom.	Further, public procurement service should maintain standing communication with end users so as to involve them in the process as subjects whose needs are being satisfied by procurement, from the very beginning, including the defining of needs, up to the very last stage of public procurement, which is contract implementation.	0.8286
Jedan od važnih poslova Službe jeste da vrši istraživanje tržišta kako bi identifikovala relevantne ponuđače i utvrdila tržišne cene dobara, usluga i radova koje je potrebno nabaviti.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 An important task of the service is market research, conducted in order to identify relevant bidders and learn market prices of goods, services and works to be procured.	0.998214
Služba za javne nabavke treba da pruža savetodavnu pomoć naručiocima na nivou lokalne samouprave kada oni sprovode postupke javnih nabavki ili pak da sama sprovodi postupke javnih nabavki za potrebe naručilaca.	Public procurement service should provide advisory support to contracting authorities at the local self-government level when conducting public procurement procedures, or even engage itself in conducting such public procurement procedures for the sake of contracting authorities.	1.32984
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Kao vid pomoći naručiocima, Služba treba da postavi na svoju Internet stranicu modele konkursnih dokumentacija, odluka i ugovora kako bi ih naručioci mogli koristiti.	In another form of assistance to contracting authorities, the service should post on its website models of tender documentation, decisions and contracts for their further use by contracting authorities.	0.355429
Takođe, Služba treba da formira svoju bazu podataka o javnim nabavkama koja će obuhvatiti najmanje sledeće bitne informacije: šta je nabavljeno (dobra, usluge ili radovi), postupak, ugovorene cene i nazive ponuđača.	The service should also create its database on public procurements covering at least the following essential information: what was procured (goods, services, or works), the procedure, contract prices and names of bidders.	1.23436
Služba treba da ima redovnu komunikaciju i dobru saradnju sa Upravom za javne nabavke Republike Srbije kojoj, između ostalog, podnosi kvartalne izveštaje o sprovedenim postupcima javnih nabavki.	The Service should have regular communication and good cooperation with the Public Procurement Office of the Republic of Serbia to which it, inter alia, submits quarterly reports on conducted public procurement procedures.	1.01512
Služba, takođe, treba aktivno da radi na podizanju svesti naručilaca na nivou grada/opštine o značaju uspostavljanja standarda kvaliteta upravljanja i organizacije. 3.	The Service should also be actively engaged in raising awareness of contracting authorities in the city/municipality on the importance of introducing quality management standard and organization.	1.43641
Cen tra li zo va ne jav ne na bav ke U tabeli 1 prikazana je struktura učešća naručilaca iz kategorije javnih ustanova iz oblasti zdravstva, prosvete i kulture kao i lokalnih samouprava u ukupnom broju zaključenih ugovora i u ukupnoj vrednosti javnih nabavki u 2011. godini (3).	3. ~~~ Centralized public procurement Table 1 shows the structure of share of contracting authorities in categories of public institutions in health care, education and culture and local self-governments in the total number of concluded contracts, and the share in the total value of public procurement in 2011 (3).	0.671044
Tabela 1.	Table 1.	2.2625
Kategorija naru(cid:		-0.3
Javne ustanove Lokalna samouprava U(cid:		-0.3
u broju zaklju(cid:		-0.3
ugovora o javnoj nabavci (%) U(cid:		-0.3
u ukupnoj vrednosti javnih nabavki (%) Izvor:		-0.3
Uprava za javne nabavke: ~~~ Izveštaj o javnim nabavkama u Republici Srbiji za 2011. godinu, 2012 Iz Tabele 1 se vidi da je 73% naručilaca nabavljalo 25% ukupne vrednosti javnih nabavki, što ukazuje da je kod pomenute dve kategorije naručilaca najizraženija fragmentiranost javnih nabavki.	Category of contracting Share in number of concluded Share in total value of public authorities PP contracts (%) procurement (%) Public institutions Local self-government Source: Public Procurement Office: Report on public procurements in the Republic of Serbia in 2011, 2012 Table 1 shows that 73% contracting authorities procured 25% of total value of public procurement, indicating that these two categories of contracting authorities have most pronounced fragmentation in public procurement.	0.731579
Imajući u vidu da su zdravstvene, prosvetne i kulturne ustanove u najvećem broju u nadležnosti lokalnih samouprava, nameće se pitanje da li bi objedinjavanje nabavki za potrebe vrtića, škola i sl. na nivou grada/opštine donelo uštede po osnovu nižih nabavnih cena i povoljnijih uslova kupovine.	Since most health care, education and culture institutions are under the authority of local self-governments, the question is whether the consolidation of procurement for the needs of schools, kindergartens, etc. at the level of the city/municipality would result in savings on the grounds of lower purchasing prices and more favorable terms of purchase.	0.837341
Da bi se dao odgovor na ovo pitanje potrebno je sagledati u kojim okolnostima je opravdano objediniti javne nabavke, odnosno koji su preduslovi za centralizaciju javnih nabavki. 4.	The answer to this question requires a prior considering of situations that justify consolidation of public procurement, i.e., the preconditions for centralizing public procurement.	0.89026
Preduslovi za centralizaciju javnih nabavki Centralizovane nabavke podrazumevaju da se nabavke za potrebe više naručilaca ne sprovode pojedinačno, tj. svako za sebe, već da se potrebe naručilaca objedine i da se sprovede jedan postupak javne nabavke preko koga će se nabaviti dati predmet nabavke koji će odgovarati potrebama svakog od naručilaca po kvalitetu, svojstvima i količini (4).	4. ~~~ Preconditions for centralization OF Public procurement Centralized procurement implies that procurements for several contracting authorities are not conducted separately, i.e., individually, but rather that the needs of contracting authorities are consolidated in order to conduct a single public procurement procedure and purchase the specified subject of procurement which will meet the needs of each contracting authority by quality, attributes and quantity (4).	0.359779
Iz ovoga proizlazi preduslov za uspešnu objedinjenu javnu nabavku, a to je da potrebe više naručilaca za datim predmetom javne nabavke budu podudarne u pogledu svojstava, kvaliteta i drugih karakteristika, izuzev količina.	It follows that a prerequisite for successful consolidated public procurement is that the needs of several contracting authorities for given procurement subject are corresponding in terms of attributes, quality and other features, except for the quantity.	0.989007
U suprotnom, jedan ili više naručilaca ne bi dobili ono što im je potrebno, pa ključni cilj javne nabavke ne bi bio ispunjen.	Otherwise, one or more contracting authorities will end up getting what Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 they do not need, thus missing the key objective of public procurement.	0.486111
Drugi preduslov koji treba da bude ispunjen da bi objedinjavanje nabavki bilo opravdano jeste da se na ovaj način mogu ostvariti prednosti u odnosu na pojedinačno sprovedene nabavke, pre svega u pogledu nabavne cene.	The second prerequisite to be fulfilled for a justified consolidation of procurement is that it can bring about more benefits than individually conducted procurements, primarily concerning the price.	0.69125
Naime, nabavka većih količina omogućava preduzećima (ponuđačima) da ostvare efekat ekonomije obima.	Namely, the purchase of larger quantities enables the companies (bidders) to achieve the effect of economies of scale.	1.20097
Što je efekat ekonomije obima izraženiji kod datog predmeta javne nabavke, to su veći potencijali za uštede putem centralizacije.	The greater the effect of economies of scale in given procurement matter, the bigger the potential for savings by centralization.	1.18649
Da bi se odredili slučajevi kada je opravdano centralizovano sprovoditi javne nabavke, potrebno je sagledati moguće odnose na strani tražnje i ponude koji se mogu javiti na tržištu.	In order to determine cases that justify conducting of centralized public procurement, it is necessary to examine potential relations of demand and supply that may emerge on the market.	1.02034
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Slika 1.	Figure 1.	0.566667
Međusobni odnosi homogenosti tražnje i ekonomije obima ponude Izvor: ~~~ OECD (2010), Public Procurement Training for IPA Countries, Sigma Training Manual, OECD U slučaju kada se poklope visoka homogenost na strani tražnje što podrazumeva da naručioci imaju iste ili vrlo slične potrebe u pogledu karakteristika i kvaliteta proizvoda, vremena i mesta isporuke i ostalih uslova i izražena (visoka) ekonomija obima na strani ponude (kvadrant 4 na slici 1), opravdano je objedinjavanje javnih nabavki za više naručilaca.	Interrelation between homogeneity of demand and economies of scale in supply Source: OECD (2010), Public Procurement Training for IPA Countries, Sigma Training Manual, OECD Where high homogeneity on the part of demand - which implies that contracting authorities have the same or very similar needs concerning attributes and quality of the goods, times and places of delivery, and other requirements - coincides with pronounced (high) economies of scale on the part of supply (Quadrant 4 in Figure 1), it is justified to consolidate public procurements for several contracting authorities.	0.85145
Ako su zahtevi na strani naručilaca heterogeni u pogledu svojstava ili kvaliteta ili uslova (rokovi i mesto isporuke itd.) objedinjavanje nabavke neće moći da zadovolji njihove potrebe na najbolji način.	Where contracting authorities have heterogeneous requirements concerning attributes or quality or terms (timelines and places of delivery, etc.), consolidating such procurements will not result in suiting their needs best.	0.973184
Stoga, u slučaju nestandardizovane tražnje (kvadrant 2, slika 1), čak i kada postoje značajni potencijali za ostvarivanje ekonomije obima, nema opravdanja za objedinjavanje javne nabavke.	Thus, in cases of non-standardized requests (Quadrant 2, Figure 1), consolidating public procurements is not justified even if there are significant potentials to achieve economies of scale.	1.10224
Kod specifičnih, maloserijskih proizvoda (kvadrant 3, slika 1) nema ekonomije obima, pa ni razloga za objedinjavanje nabavki, čak i ako više naručilaca želi da kupi isti proizvod.	Small series products (Quadrant 3, Figure 1) entail no economies of scale and therefore there is no reason to consolidate procurement, even where several contracting authorities intend to buy the same goods.	1.01604
Konačno, tamo gde ne postoje ni homogenost tražnje niti mogućnost za ostvarivanje ekonomije obima svakako da nema razloga za objedinjeno sprovođenje javne nabavke (kvadrant 1, slika 1), već naručioci treba da sprovode pojedinačne postupke javnih nabavki.	Finally, where there is neither economies of scale nor homogeneity on the part of demand nor possibilities to achieve economies of scale, there is certainly no reason to conduct consolidated public procurement (Quadrant 1, Figure 1); instead, contracting authorities should conduct individual public procurement procedures.	1.36509
Proizlazi da je centralizacija javnih nabavki opravdana u relativno malom broju slučajeva u kojima dolazi do podudaranja visokog stepena homogenosti tražnje i izraženog efekta ekonomije obima. 5.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 It can be derived that centralization of public procurement is justified in a relatively small number of cases where a high level of homogeneity of demand coincide with a pronounced effect of economies of scale.	1.37626
Po zi tiv ni efek ti cen tra li za ci je jav nih na bav ki Prednosti koje se mogu ostvariti centralizacijom javnih nabavki, u slučajevima gde je ona opravdana, su višestruke (5).	5. ~~~ Positive effects of public procurement centralization Benefits that can be achieved by centralizing public procurement, provided it is justified, are manifold (5).	0.38606
Najznačajniji pozitivni efekti centralizacije su: ~~~ 1) veća kupovna snaga naručioca što ga stavlja u povoljniji odnos prema ponuđačima; 2) veliki potencijal za smanjivanje nabavnih cena po osnovu ostvarivanja ekonomije obima; 3) smanjivanje transakcionih troškova jer se više postupaka zamenjuje jednim; 4) koncentracija i unapređivanje znanja (ekspertize) od čega korist deli veći broj naručilaca; 5) smanjenje rizika da postupak ne uspe; 6) bolja koordinacija i viši stepen standardizacije i 7) niži rizik favorizovanja određenog ponuđača.	Most important positive effects of centralization are as follows: 1) Higher purchasing power of contracting authority, placing it into a more favorable position vis-à-vis bid ders; 2) Large potential to reduce purchase prices on the basis of achieving economies of scale; 3) Cutting transaction costs, since several procedures are being replaces by one; 4) Concentrating and upgrading knowledge (expertise) to the benefit of most contracting authorities; 5) Reducing the risk of unsuccessful procedure; 6) Better coordination and higher standardization level, and 7) Lower risk of favoring any particular bidder.	0.50194
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Agregiranje tražnje, koje je osnovno obeležje centralizacije, obezbeđuje kupcu bolju pregovaračku poziciju u odnosu na ponuđače.	Aggregating demands, as the hallmark of centralization, ensures better bargaining position of buyer in realtion to bidders.	0.452778
Time se, na strani ponude, stvaraju uslovi oštrije konkurencije za dobijanje posla, što rezultira povoljnijim uslovima kupovine za naručioca.	This creates an environment of tougher competition for the job on the part of supply and results in more favorable conditions of purchasing for the contracting authority.	0.85748
Nabavka većih količina omogućava ponuđačima da ostvare efekat ekonomije obima kod standardizovanih proizvoda.	Purchasing larger volumes enables the bidders to create effect of economies of scale for standardized products.	1.13859
Što je učešće fiksnih troškova u ukupnim troškovima proizvodnje veće, to će proizvođači biti u mogućnosti više da snize ponuđenu cenu.	With the higher share of fixed costs in overall production costs, producers will be able go further with reducing the offered price.	0.938961
Efekti centralizacije javnih nabavki po ovom osnovu mogu se videti na primeru javnih nabavki koje su, u Gradu Nišu, pojedinačno sprovodile osnovne škole u 2008. godini, dok su, u 2009. godini, isti predmeti nabavki nabavljani na objedinjen način, od strane Odseka za javne nabavke, Gradske uprave Grada Niša, a za potrebe iste kategorije naručilaca, tj. osnovnih škola (Tabela 2) (6).	The effects of centralization of public procurement on this basis can be seen in the case of public procurements conducted individually by elementary schools in the City of Niš in 2008, as opposed to procuring the same items in 2009 in a consolidated procedure by Public Procurement Division of the City of Niš City Administration, on behalf of the same category of contracting authorities, i.e., elementary schools (Table 2) (6).	1.15732
Tabela 2.	Table 2.	2.2625
Uporedni pregled nabavnih cena za decentralizovani i centralizovani model javne nabavke Grad Niš Predmet javne nabavke Pojedina(cid:		-0.3
nabavka* Objedinjena nabavka* Ušteda (%) ŠŠkolska stolica Ra(cid:		-0.3
sto Ra(cid: ~~~ konfiguracija Monitor Ra(cid: ~~~ konfiguracija sa monitorom 15,0 65,5 197,5 115,0 314,0 12,0 32,0 182,0 93,5 253,0 * cene su u evrima, po srednjem kursu Narodne banke Srbije, na dan zaključenja ugovora Ušteda od centralizacije javnih nabavki ostvaruje se i po osnovu smanjivanja transakcionih troškova jer se više postupaka za isti predmet nabavke zamenjuje jednim postupkom.	Comparative overview of purchase prices for decentralized and centralized public procurement City of Niš Subject of public procurement School chair Computer desk Computer configuration Monitor Computer configuration with monitor Individual procurement* Consolidated procurement* Savings (%) 15.0 65.5 197.5 115.0 314.0 12.0 32.0 182.0 93.5 253.0 * prices are in EUR, pursuant to average exchange rate of the National Bank of Serbia on the day of concluding contract Savings by centralization of public procurement is also achieved on the grounds of reducing transaction costs, since several procedures for the same procurement subject are replaced by a single procedure.	0.0114485
Objedinjavanjem više postupaka u jedan ostvaruje se značajna ušteda u čovek/satima i omogućava zaposlenima da obavljaju druge poslove bitne za funkcionisanje svoje organizacije.	Consolidating several procedures into one results in significant savings in man/hours and allows employees to carry out other tasks important for the functioning of their organization.	1.17313
Na taj način se povećava ukupan obim ušteda po osnovu centralizacije, kao i ekonomičnost postupka javne nabavke i efikasnost korišćenja resursa naručioca, pre svega kadrovskih.	This increases the total amount of savings from centralization, as well as cost-effectiveness of public procurement procedure and efficiency in using resources of contracting authority, primarily human ones.	1.29909
Koncentracija znanja putem centralizacije javnih nabavki omogućava da koristi od najvišeg nivoa ekspertize ima širi krug naručilaca i to ne samo oni za koje se sprovode javne nabavke, već i drugi koji mogu da se obrate telu za centralizovane javne nabavke za savet, model konkursne dokumentacije, ugovora itd.	Concentrating knowledge by means of centralizing public procurement facilitates the use of the highest level expertise for broader range of contracting authorities covering not only those for whom the public procurement is conducted, but also the others who can approach the body in charge of centralized public procurement seeking advice, model of tender documentation or contract, etc.	1.14673
Centralizovan način sprovođenja javne nabavke donosi još jednu značajnu prednost, a to je da se time značajno smanjuje rizik da postupak javne nabavke, zbog propusta, bude poništen.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Centralized conducting of public procurement has another key advantage in significantly reducing the risk of cancelling public procurement procedure due to non-compliance.	0.863228
S obzirom da centralizovane nabavke, po pravilu, sprovode najkompetentniji stručnjaci angažovani za potrebe više naručilaca, veće su šanse da će konkursna dokumentacija biti bolje pripremljena u smislu kvantifikacije kriterijuma kvaliteta i drugih elemenata, kao i da će postupak biti dobro vođen, nego ako to radi svaki naručilac za sebe.	Given that centralized procurement, as a rule, is conducted by most competent experts commissioned for the needs of several contracting authorities, it is more likely that tender documentation will be better prepared in terms of quantifying the quality criteria and other elements and that the procedure will be duly conducted, than if each contracting authority conducts its own procedure.	1.16921
Smanjenje rizika od ponavljanja postupka doprinosi većoj ekonomičnosti postupaka javnih nabavki merenoj utrošenim čovek/satima, ali i troškovima koji nastaju usled poremećaja u snabdevanju i redovnom funkcionisanju naručioca (javnog preduzeća, vrtića, škole, bolnice), a što se sve odražava na krajnje korisnike građane.	Reducing the risk of repeating the procedure contributes to increased cost-effectiveness of public procurement measured by spent man/hours, and also to costs stemming from disruptions in supply and a regular operation of contracting authority (public company, school, kindergarten, hospital), and this all reflects on the end-users citizens.	1.01224
Centralizacijom se ostvaruje bolja koordinacija i viši stepen standardizacije među naručiocima.	Centralization achieves better coordination and higher level of standardization among contracting authorities.	1.76292
Pojedinačne naručioce, bilo da su oni samostalni ili deo nekog većeg sistema, po pravilu karakteriše specijalizovano znanje.	Individual contracting authorities, either autonomous or belonging to a larger system, typically possess specialized knowledge.	0.672345
Ukoliko, međutim, između njih nema efikasne razmene informacija i međusobnog deljenja iskustava i informacija, to ograničava efikasnost sistema u celini.	However, without an efficient exchange of information and without mutual sharing of experience and information, the efficiency of the system as a whole will be limited.	1.14635
Centralizacija omogućava ažuriranje informacija i ubrzava pronalaženje rešenja koja svi unutar sistema mogu koristiti.	Centralization enables updating information and quicker finding solutions to be used by all parties within the system.	0.679612
S obzirom da su neki proizvodi i usluge povezani međusobno, kao na primer, PC i printeri, usluge bankarstva i osiguranja, potrebno je da postoji razmena informacija o povezanim i srodnim tržištima, intenzitetu konkurencije na njima i potencijalnim ponuđačima.	Since certain products and services are interlinked, such as PCs and printers, banking and insuring services, there is the need for exchanging information about associated and related markets, intensity of competition on those markets, and potential bidders.	0.845905
Takođe je uputno da se, na centralnom nivou, zajednički iznalaze rešenja za najbolji način bodovanja, definisanje ugovornih uslova, što sve zajedno doprinosi većoj efikasnosti javnih nabavki, posmatrano sa aspekta sistema kao celine.	It is also recommended to use the central level to seek and identify solutions for the best scoring system and defining contractual requirements, which will altogether contribute to a greater efficiency of public procurement from the aspect of the system as a whole.	1.18612
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Standardizacija je značajan faktor snižavanja nabavnih cena i to tako što na strani tražnje omogućava objedinjavanje nabavki proizvoda i usluga (tj. kupovinu na veliko), dok istovremeno omogućava proizvođačima da proizvode velike količine proizvoda istih karakteristika i da time ostvare niže jedinične troškove po osnovu efekta ekonomije obima.	Standardization is a major factor in reducing purchase prices by means of enabling consolidation of procurement of goods and services on the part of the demand (the so-called buying in bulk) allowing at the same time the producers to produce large quantities of products with the same attributes, thus attaining lower unit costs based on the effect of economies of scale.	1.05261
Centralizacija javnih nabavki doprinosi i smanjivanju rizika favorizovanja unapred odabranih ponuđača.	In addition, centralization of public procurement contributes to reducing the risk of favouring certain handpicked bidders.	1.00579
Prilagođavanje specifikacija i kriterijuma u cilju favorizovanja određenog ponuđača najčešće se bazira na lokalnim specifičnostima u pogledu uslova isporuke, svojstava itd.	Tailoring specifications and criteria for the purpose of favoring specific bidder is most often based on local specificities in terms of delivery, product attributes, etc.	1.09183
Prilagođavanje specifikacija, kriterijuma i uslova određenom ponuđaču se lakše otkriva na centralizovanom nivou nego kada se realizuje veći broj manjih nabavki.	Tailoring specifications, criteria and terms to a hand-picked bidder is revealed more easily at the centralized level than when conducting a number of smaller procurements.	1.1141
Centralizovano sprovođenje javnih nabavki ima opravdanja i u specifičnim slučajevima koje ne karakteriše homogenost tražnje i ekonomija obima na strani ponude.	Centralized conducting of public procurement is justified in specific instances that are not characterized by homogeneity of demand or by economies of scale on the part of supply.	1.10163
Jedan od takvih primera su strateške nabavke.	One such example is strategic procurement.	0.704887
Strateške nabavke su one koje imaju dalekosežne efekte na ekonomiju ili su od šireg društvenog značaja.	Strategic procurements are those that have far-reaching implications on the economy, or ones having a broader social impact.	1.13767
U tim oblastima je racionalno primeniti centralizaciju, upravo zbog efekata koje ovakve nabavke imaju.	It is reasonable to apply centralization in the above areas, exactly because of the effect of such procurements.	0.68
To se odnosi na oblasti kao što su: zdravstvo gde je neophodna centralna koordinacija u cilju obezbeđivanja konzistentnih standarda, zatim školstvo, sektor bezbednosti i odbrane, zaštita životne sredine gde je potrebno obezbediti sveobuhvatan i koordiniran pristup.	This applies to areas such as: health care, which requires central coordination in order to ensure consistent standards, then education, security and defense sector, and environment which requires ensuring a comprehensive and coordinated approach.	0.699269
Konačno, centralizacija javnih nabavki ima opravdanja i u vanrednim situacijama, kao što su elementarne nepogode, zemljotresi, epidemije, itd.	Finally, centralization of public procurement is also justified in emergency situations such as natural disasters, earthquakes, epidemics, etc.	1.24501
U vanrednim situacijama, centralizacija javnih nabavki ima nekoliko prednosti (4): ~~~ 1) obezbeđuje se bolja koordinacija nabavki; 2) smanjuje se rizik nabavljanja dobara/usluga/radova neodgovarajućih svojstava i kvaliteta i 3) smanjuje se rizik od korupcije u raspolaganju vanredno odobrenim sredstvima, odnosno povećava se mogućnost otkrivanja eventualnih zloupotreba, kao što pokazuje primer nabavke vakcina protiv svinjskog gripa 2009. godine (5).	In emergency situations, centralizing public procurement brings several advantages (4): 1) Ensures better coordination of procurement; 2) Reduces risk of purchasing goods, services or works of inadequate attributes and/or quality, and 3) Reduces the risk of corruption in the management of the approved emergency funds and increases possibilities to reveal possible misuse, as shown by the case of procuring the vaccine against the swine flu in 2009 (5).	0.432861
6.	6.	1.8
Ma ne cen tra li zo va nih jav nih na bav ki Centralizacija javnih nabavki ima određene slabosti u odnosu na decentralizovani sistem nabavki.	Disadvantages of centralized public procurement Centralization of public procurement has certain flaws when compared to the decentralized procurement system.	1.14706
Najznačajniji nedostaci centralizovanih nabavki su (7): ~~~ 1) Agregacija tražnje može da vodi agregaciji ponude tako da samo mala grupa ponuđača ili čak samo jedan ponuđač može da zadovolji datu potrebu.	Key disadvantages of centralized procurements are (7): 1) Aggregation of demand may lead to aggregation of supply, so that eventually only a small group of bidders or even a single bidder is able to meet a specific need.	0.35918
U tom slučaju se javlja opasnost da malobrojni ponuđači mogu lako da se međusobno dogovore oko cene i drugih uslova koji su, na kraju, nepovoljniji nego da se išlo na pojedinačne nabavke.	This case entails a risk that few existing bidders can easily enter into collusion on price or other terms that, in the end, are less favorable than in case of in Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 dividual procurements.	1.03536
Takođe, pregovaračka pozicija ponuđača se popravlja srazmerno opadanju njihovog broja, a najnepovoljnija je ako samo jedan ponuđač može da zadovolji agregiranu javnu nabavku ; 2) Velike nabavke, po pravilu, predstavljaju prepreku za mala i srednja preduzeća, iako su ona često u mogućnosti da ponude superiornija i inovativnija rešenja u pojedinim tržišnim segmentima (nišama); 3) Manji broj velikih nabavki nosi rizik za one koji nisu dobili posao da budu isključeni sa značajnog dela tržišta za duži vremenski period.	Likewise, the bargaining position of bidders improves in proportion to the decline in their number, and it is least favorable where only a single bidder is capable of meeting the aggregated public procurement; 2) Large procurements, as a rule, are an obstacle for small and medium enterprises, although these are often quite capable of offering superior and more innovative solutions in certain market segments (niches); 3) A smaller number of large procurements entails a risk for those who lose contract to end up being excluded from a significant portion of the market for a longer period of time.	1.04266
Naime, kada naručioci kupuju pojedinačno, svaki za sebe, ako ponuđač izgubi na jednom tenderu, on ima šansu da, korigujući svoje uslove ponude, pobedi na drugom tenderu koji je raspisao drugi naručilac.	Namely, when contracting authorities purchase individually, each for themselves, if a bidder loses one tender it still has a fair chance, provided that it adjusts its bid, to win a tender issued by another contracting authority.	0.932917
Kod objedinjene nabavke, ponuđačima koji ne uspeju da dobiju posao, ostaje manji deo raspoložive tražnje nego kada ne bi bi bilo centralizacije.	In consolidated procurements, bidders who lose contract end up with a smaller part of the available demand than under the scenario without centralization.	0.940455
Što je veći deo tražnje obuhvaćen centralizacijom, to je rizik od eliminacije sa tržišta za određeni vremenski period (dok važi ugovor) veći; 4) Ukoliko se naručilac oslanja na jednog velikog dobavljača koji sa svoje strane ima i druge značajne klijente, to može da stavi ponuđača u superiornu pregovaračku poziciju u odnosu na naručioca i da preokrene pregovaračku poziciju na štetu naručioca.	The bigger share of demand covered by centralization, the greater the risk of elimination from the market for a period of time (for the duration of contract); 4) Where contracting authority relies on a single large supplier who also deals with other major clients of its own, this may give the bidder a better bargaining position relative to contracting authority and may turn the tables in the bargaining to the detriment of contracting authority.	0.911286
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 7.	7.	-0.6
Pre po ru ke za cen tra li za ci ju Centralizacija javnih nabavki može da poveća ekonomičnost javnih nabavki.	Recommendations for centralization Centralization of public procurement can increase cost-effectiveness of public procurement.	0.875836
Pozitivni efekti centralizacije na ekonomičnost javnih nabavki ogledaju se, pre svega, u snižavanju nabavnih cena i smanjivanju transakcionih troškova.	A positive impact of centralization to cost-effectiveness of public procurement is reflected primarily in reducing the purchase prices and the transaction costs.	0.891241
Centralizacija, takođe, ima pozitivne efekte kod strateških nabavki kao i u određenim vanrednim situacijama.	In addition, centralization has a positive impact in strategic procurement and in certain emergency situations.	1.09694
Međutim, uslovi u kojima objedinjavanje javnih nabavki daje pozitivne efekte nisu široko rasprostranjeni, tako da se učešće javnih nabavki sprovedenih preko centralizovanih tela u ukupnoj vrednosti nabavki, u zemljama EU, kreće oko 5% (8).	However, circumstances under which consolidation of public procurement has positive impact are not widespread, so that the share of public procurement conducted by centralized bodies in the total value of procurements in the EU countries is approximately 5% (8).	1.31167
Ukoliko se centralizacija javnih nabavki sprovodi na način i u uslovima koji nisu adekvatni, negativni efekti mogu biti višestruki: neodgovarajuća vrednost za novac za naručioca i stvaranje malog broja velikih ponuđača koji mogu lako da se međusobno dogovore i stvore nekonkurentne uslove na štetu naručioca.	If centralization of public procurement is conducted under inadequate terms, the negative impact may be manifold: inappropriate value for money for contracting authority and creation of small number of big bidders who may easily collude and create non-competitive conditions at the expense of the contracting authority.	1.14673
Stoga je važno, na osnovu tržišne analize, jasno utvrditi koje je predmete nabavki opravdano nabavljati na centralizovan način i definisati mere koje će sprečiti smanjivanje učešća malih i srednjih preduzeća i posledično slabljenje konkurencije.	It is therefore important to clearly determine, on the basis of market analysis, the items whose centralized procurement is justified and to define measures to prevent the decrease in the participation of small and medium enterprises and subsequent waning of competition.	1.14643
Stoga je veoma važno da se na nivou lokalne samouprave pravilno odredi koje proizvode i usluge će Služba za javne nabavke kupovati za potrebe drugih naručilaca, a u kojim slučajevima će im pružati drugu vrstu pomoći, pre svega savetodavnu.	Therefore, it is very important that local self-government properly determine which goods and services should be purchased by public procurement service on behalf of other contracting authorities, and also in which cases the Service should provide them another kind of assistance, most notably the advisory one.	1.11857
Zaključak Lokalne samouprave u Srbiji treba, u narednom periodu, da pripreme srednjoročne strategije, za narednih 5 godina, kako će organizovati službe za javne nabavke.	Conclusion Local self-governments in Serbia in the coming period should prepare their respective medium-term strategies for the next 5 years, in terms of the way in which public procurement offices will be set up.	1.4404
Ovo postaje neophodnost, imajući u vidu da je do sada sertifikovan veliki broj službenika za javne nabavke koje treba adekvatno organizovati u odgovarajuće službe za javne nabavke na nivou lokalnih samouprava.	This is turning into necessity having in mind that, so far, a substantial number of public procurement officers have been certified and they should now be appropriately organized into adequate public procurement offices at the level of local self-governments.	1.26929
Dobro koncipirana strategija i politika javnih nabavki omogućiće dostizanje standarda kvaliteta upravljanja javnim nabavkama a nju će pratiti odgovarajuća organizaciona struktura službi za javne nabavke u gradovima/opštinama što će rezultairati uštedama i povećanjem efikasnosti rada lokalnih samouprava.	Well designed public procurement strategies and policies will facilitate reaching a quality management standard in public procurements coupled with appropriate organizational structure of public procurement offices in cities and municipalities, and this will in turn result in savings and increase in the efficiency of operation of local self-governments.	1.60985
Kod koncipiranja organizacije i poslova službi za javne nabavke posebnu pažnju treba posvetiti iskorišćavanju potencijala za centralizaciju javnih nabavki kako bi se ostvarili pozitivni efekti, uz istovremeno minimizovanje rizika koje centralizacija sobom nosi.	When designing the organization and operation of public procurement offices, special attention should be given to exploiting potentials for centralization of public procurements in order to achieve a positive impact while minimizing the risks inherent to centralization.	1.09284
To će se postići ukoliko se za svaki predmet nabavke pažljivo ispita da li su ispunjeni preduslovi za centralizaciju, umesto da se ovaj metod neselektivno primenjuje.	This can be accomplished if each procurement subject is carefully considered in terms of fulfilling the prerequisites for centralization, instead of opting for an indiscriminate application of this method.	0.78728
Na ograničenost uslova za primenu centralizacije upućuje i podatak da se samo 5% ukupne vrednosti javnih nabavki u zemljama EU realizuje preko centralnih tela za javne nabavke.	The limitation of conditions conducive to application of centralization is also indicated by the fact that mere 5% of total value of public procurements in EU Member States is realized by central bodies for public procurement.	1.18782
Na kraju, važno je upozoriti da centralizacija može imati značajne negativne efekte i izazvati dugoročnije poremećaje na tržištu ukoliko se primenjuje tamo gde nisu ispunjeni odgovarajući preduslovi.	Lastly, it is important to warn that centralization may have a substantial negative impact and cause long-term disruptions in the market, if applied where the adequate preconditions were not fulfilled.	1.03439
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 LITERATURA (1) Kirsten Ejlskov Jansen:		-0.3
Razvoj organizacionih rešenja i preporuka za jedinice za javne nabavke u pilot gradovima, analitički izveštaj u okviru projekta:		-0.3
Jačanje mehanizama odgovornosti u javnim finansijama, UNDP i Kraljevina Norveška, 2012 (2) Zakon o javnim nabavkama, Službeni glasnik RS, br 116/08 (3) Uprava za javne nabavke: ~~~ Izveštaj o javnim nabavkama u Republici Srbiji za 2011. godinu, 2012 (4) SIGMA/OECD, Centralized Purchasing Systems in the European Union, Sigma Papers, No. 47, OECD, (5) SIGMA/OECD, Public Procurement Training for IPA Countries, Sigma Training Manual, OECD, 2010 (6) Uprava za javne nabavke, Analitički document, 2012 (7) N. Dimitri, G. Piga and G. Spagnolo, Handbook of procurement, Cambridge University Press, 2006 (8) G. Albano and M. Sparo, Flexible Strategies for Centralized Public Procurement, Review of Economics and Institutions, Vol 1 - No 2, 2010 Primljen:	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 REFERENCES (1) Kirsten Ejlskov Jansen: Development of Organizational Solutions and Recommendations for Public Procurement Units in Pilot Cities, analytical report within the Project: Strengthening Accountability Mechanisms in Public Finance, UNDP and Kingdom of Norway, 2012 (2) Public Procurement Law, Official Gazette of the RS, No. 116/08 (3) Public Procurement Office: Report on public procurements in the Republic of Serbia in 2011, 2012 (4) SIGMA/OECD, Centralized Purchasing Systems in the European Union, Sigma Papers, No. 47, OECD, (5) SIGMA/OECD, Public Procurement Training for IPA Countries, Sigma Training Manual, OECD, 2010 (6) Public Procurement Office, Analytical Document, 2012 (7) N. Dimitri, G. Piga and G. Spagnolo, Handbook of procurement, Cambridge University Press, 2006 (8) G. Albano and M. Sparo, Flexible Strategies for Centralized Public Procurement, Review of Econom ics and Institutions, Vol 1 - No 2, 2010 Receieved: August 2012.	1.13569
Avgust 2012. ~~~ Prihvaćen:	Accepted: September 2012.	0.6
Septembar 2012. O autoru Slađana Benković Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka E-mail: ada.d@orion.rs Dr. Slađana Benković radi kao vanredni profesor na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka, Univerziteta u Beogradu, Srbija, gde je završila diplomske, master i doktorske studije.	About the Author Sladjana Benkovic University in Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences E-mail: ada.d@orion.rs Dr. Sladjana Benkovic works as associate professor at the Faculty of Organizational Science, Belgrade Unviersity, Serbia, where she completed her bechelor, master and doctoral studies.	1.16263
Na fakultetu je zaposlena poslednjih 15 godina, i njeni glavni istraživački i nastavni interesi vezani su za oblast finansijskog menadžmenta, modaliteta finansiranja razvojnih projekata, projektno finansiranje, ocenu isplativosti ulaganja i procenu. toka novca.	She has worked at the Faculty for the last 15 years, and her prefereances regarding research and teaching interests are related to the field of financial management, methods of financing corporate development, project financing, apprisal and evaluating of cash flow Ph.D. Predrag Jovanovic works as the director of the Public Procurement Office, the Republic of Serbia.	1.60619
Predrag Jovanović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka E-mail: ada.d@orion.rs Dr Predrag Jovanović radi kao direktor Uprave za javne nabavke Republike Srbije.	He completed his bachelor, master and doctoral studies t the School of Economics, University of Belgrade, Serbia,.	0.124242
Na Ekonomskom fakultetu, Univerziteta u Beogradu, Srbija, završio je diplomske, magistarske i doktorske studije.	His research work, commenced at the Economics institute, was focused on investments, financial markets, competitiveness and public procurement.	0.222772
Tokom istraživačkog rada koji je započeo u Ekonomskom institutu, bavio se oblastima: investiranje, finansijska tržišta, konkurentnost i javne nabavke. 2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Ofer Barkai1, Elad Harison2 1Tehnički fakultet Shamoon, Odsek za industrijski inženjering i upravljanje, Bialik St., Beer Sheva, Israel 2Shenkar fakultet za inženjering i dizajn, Odsek za industrijski inženjering i upravljanje, 12 Anne Frank St., Ramat Gan, Israel Mo gu li se pro pu sti u uslu ga ma na put nič kim le to vi ma spre či ti? ~~~ Pred log jed nog si ste ma UDK: ~~~ 338.46:658.562 ; 005.6:004]: ~~~ DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management.	Predrag Jovanovic Public Procurement Office E-mail: ada.d@orion.rs 2012/64 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Ofer Barkai1, Elad Harison2 1Shamoon College of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Bialik St., Beer Sheva, Israel 2Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, 12 Anne Frank St., Ramat Gan, Israel Can Service Faults in Passenger Flights be Prevented?	0.13266
fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.- 09. ~~~ Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija U ra du se raz vi ja je dan no vi okvir za pri me nu si ste ma pre ven tiv nih uslu ga či ji je cilj spre ča va nje pro pu sta i žal bi u uslu ga ma u avio pre vo zu.	A proposed Framework UDC: 338.46:658.562 ; 005.6:004]:656.7 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0020 XIII International Symposium SymOrg 2012, 05 - 09 June 2012, Zlatibor, Serbia The paper devises a new framework for implementing preventive service systems that aim at preventing service failures and complaints in air transport services.	-0.00552923
Pro ak tiv nim pra će njem pru ža nja uslu ga put ni ci ma i pred u pre đi va njem gre ša ka u uslu zi upra vlja nje pre ven tiv nim uslu ga ma sma nju je broj žal bi ko ri sni ka i po ma že una pre đe nju kva li te ta uslu ge i ugle da avi o kom pa ni je.	By proactively monitoring the provision of services to passengers and averting service failures, preventive service management decreases the volume of customer complaints and assists in enhancing service quality and airline reputation.	0.654793
Okvir ko ji ov de pred sta vlja mo za sni va se na ši ro koj pri me ni IT si ste ma ko ji ma se ne pre kid no pra ti in fra struk tu ra uslu ga u ci klu su ak tiv no sti ko ji ob u hva ta de tek ci ju i pre ven ci ju pro pu sta u pru ža nju uslu ga, oba ve šta va nje o gre ška ma u uslu ga ma i po slo vi ma ko ji po tom usle đu ju.	The presented framework is based on extensive use of IT systems that continuously monitor the service infrastructure in a cycle of activities that includes detection and prevention of service failures, notification of service malfunctions and follow-up operations.	0.519812
Pri me na i vred nost ovog si ste ma pro ve re ni su u raz li či tim sce na ri ji ma ko ji se ja vlja ju u obla sti ko mer ci jal nih le to va i če sto sma nju ju broj žal bi i ne pri jat no sti ko je put ni ci do ži vlja va ju.	The implementation and the value of the framework are exemplified in various scenarios that arise in the operation of commercial flights and often facilitate passenger complaints and discomfort.	0.711997
Ključ ne re či: upra vlja nje pre ven tiv nim uslu ga ma, pro pu sti u uslu zi, žal be ko ri sni ka, za do volj stvo ko ri sni ka 1.	Keywords: preventive service management, service faults, customer complaints, customer satisfaction. ~~~ 1.	0.263352
Uvod Ubrzani razvoj avioindustrije i avio prevoza u celom svetu ističe veliki ekonomski i komercijalni značaj pružanja kvalitetnih i pravovremenih usluga na letovima (Kim i Lee, 2009).	Introduction The dramatic growth of the airline industry and air transport worldwide highlights the major economic and commercial importance of provision of quality and punctual flight services (Kim and Lee, 2009).	0.793122
Pružanje usluga je izazovan i složen posao, posebno u avioprevozničkoj delatnosti gde veliki broj putnika neprekidno putuje na brojna odredišta širom sveta i gde usluge u avioprevozu obuhvataju širok spektar resursa i postupaka u oblasti bezbednosti i rada.	The operation of services is challenging and complex, particularly in the airline industry, where large numbers of passengers continuously travel to multitude destinations worldwide and air transport services incorporate a broad set of resources, safety and work procedures.	0.747001
U najnovijim studijama naglašava se značaj upravljanja žalbama kao ključni faktor za obezbeđivanje zadovoljstva korisnika i, dugoročnije, njihove lojalnosti (Homburg i dr., 2010).	Recent studies emphasize the importance of complaint management as a key factor for ensuring customer satisfaction and, in the longer term, customer loyalty (Homburg et al., 2010).	1.53258
Istovremeno, studije sprovedene na temu nadoknada za (neadekvatnu) uslugu pokazuju da većina korisnika koji nisu zadovoljni uslugom ne koristi mogućnost žalbe, posebno ne pre nego što odluči da više ne koristi usluge date kompanije i time ne daju priliku kompanijama koje pružaju uslugu da isprave negativna iskustva putnika i kompenzuju im štetu koju su pretrpeli (Chebat, Davidow i Codjovi, 2005; Sharma i dr., 2010).	At the same time, studies conducted on the subject of service recovery argue that most of the customers that confront service failures avoid complaining, especially before deciding to leave their service providers, and thereby do not provide service companies the opportunity to correct their negative experiences or compensate them for their damages (Chebat, Davidow, and Codjovi 2005; Sharma et al. 2010).	1.15631
Pored toga, slični propusti u uslugama često se ponavljaju (u istom ili u različitom kontekstu), čime je veći broj korisnika izložen neadekvatnim uslugama, a što bi se moglo sprečiti da su kompanije ranije uspostavile i aktivirale mehanizme za kontrolu usluga.	Further, similar service failures often repeat themselves (either in same or different contexts) and more customers are exposed to service malfunctions that could have been prevented had companies enforced service control mechanisms earlier.	1.06555
Novija i uobičajena praksa koju primenjuju pružaoci usluga koji žele da unaprede svoje poslovanje jeste upravljanje žalbama.	The recent and common practice applied by service providers that seek to improve their operations is complaint management.	0.780189
Upravljanje žalbama obuhvata niz aktivnosti kojima se nezadovoljni korisnici podstiču da se žale umesto da zadrže nezadovoljstvo za sebe i da prenose negativno mišljenje drugima, aktivnosti kojima se ispravlja njihovo negativno iskustvo i kojima se nezadovoljni kupci prevode u zadovoljne i lojalne klijente (Fornell i Wernerfelt, 1987; Paul i dr., 2009).	Complaint management includes scope of activities that encourage dissatisfied customers to complain, rather than remaining dissatisfied and spread negative opinions, correct their negative experiences and convert dissatisfied customers to satisfied and loyal clients (Fornell and Wernerfelt, 1987; Paul et al., 2009).	1.33582
Ipak, glavni nedostaci upravljanja žalbama predstavljaju izloženost korisnika propustima u usluzi i zahtev da se korisnici jave svojim pružaocima usluga i požale se, što je preduslov za pokretanje postupka upravljanja žalbama.	However, the major drawbacks of complaint management are the exposure of customers to service faults and the requirement that customers contact their service providers and complain as a precondition for initiating complaint management procedures.	0.939994
Upravljanje preventivnim uslugama predstavlja nov i inovativan okvir čiji je cilj povećanje zadovljstva korisnika a da se korisnici pritom ne izlažu negativnim iskustvima, i to tako što sprečava greške u usluzi i žalbe korisnika koje potom uslede.	Preventive service management is a new and innovative framework that aims at improving customer satisfaction without exposing customers to negative experiences, by preventing service faults and the consequent customer complaints.	0.950554
Metodologija se zasniva na stalnom praćenju procesa i infrastrukture usluga, Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 kao i na otkrivanju okolnosti koje mogu da dovedu do propusta u usluzi.	The methodology is based on ongoing monitoring of the service infrastructure and processes and on detection of conditions that may lead to potential service failures.	0.566434
Pošto aktivnosti neprekidnog praćenja zahtevaju intenzivan rad i mogu da budu veoma skupe, zalažemo se za primenu automatizovanih sistema po kojima će se ove aktivnosti sprovoditi.	Since continuous mon Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 itoring activities require intensive labor and may be very costly, we advocate the application of automated systems to carry out monitoring activities.	0.552708
Cilj upravljanja preventivnim uslugama jeste da primenom postupaka zasnovanih na ljudskom faktoru i automatizovanim sistemima garantuje zadovoljstvo korisnicima kao i da proaktivno eliminiše sve slučajeve koji mogu da dovedu do nedostataka u pružanju usluga.	Preventive service management aims at guaranteeing consumer satisfaction as well as proactive elimination of events that may lead to potential service malfunctions by using human-based procedures and automated systems.	0.740314
I stvarno, sprečavanje grešaka bilo je tema istraživanja u avioindustriji, posebno kad se govori o politikama održavanja i bezbednosti u aviokompaniji (videti, na primer, Liou i dr., 2008; Netjasov i Janic, 2008).	Indeed, prevention of failures was explored in the airline industry, considering, in particular, airline maintenance and safety policies (see for example Liou et al., 2008; Netjasov and Janic, 2008).	1.37384
Nažalost, nema mnogo istraživanja na temu preventivnih postupaka kojima bi se unapredio kvalitet usluge koja se pruža putnicima.	However, little research has been dedicated to preventive practices that can enhance the quality of the service provided to passengers.	0.768467
Upravljanje preventivnim uslugama ukazuje na to da bi identifikovanjem, praćenjem i sprečavanjem različitih faktora i pojava koje za posledicu imaju nezadovoljavajuću uslugu aviokompanije mogle da podignu kako nivo usluge koju pružaju, tako i nivo zadovoljstva korisnika, a da pritom korisnike poštede neugodnosti a sebe plaćanja odštete. 2.	Preventive service management suggests that by identifying, monitoring and preventing different factors and occurrences that result in service malfunctions, airlines can improve the level of delivered services and customer satisfaction, while sparing inconvenience and recovery costs. ~~~ 2.	0.294797
Upra vlja nje pre ven tiv nim uslu ga ma: kon cep tu al ni okvir i me to do lo gi ja Upravljanje preventivnim uslugama može da se primeni u velikom broju organizacija, među njima i u aviokompanijama.	Preventive service management: a conceptual framework and methodology Preventive service management can be applied in a wide range of organizations, including airline companies.	0.659615
Ipak, njegova primena zahteva dosledan i dobro struktuiran okvir koji obuhvata širok spektar usluga i procesa koji ih podržavaju.	However, its application requires a coherent and constructed framework that addresses a broad variety of services and processes that support them.	1.16579
Metodologija i okvir predstavljeni u ovom radu projektovani su sa ciljem da smanje verovatnoću pojave propusta u uslugama.	The methodology and the framework presented in this paper were constructed to accomplish the major aim of reducing the likelihood of service failures.	0.869897
Ovaj cilj je u velikoj meri postignut uspostavljanjem modela koji obuhvata širok spektar organizacionih jedinica i procesa koji se odnose na usluge na osnovu četiri glavne faze: detekcija, preventiva (mere opreza), obaveštavanje i naredni poslovi (videti sliku 1).	This aim is addressed and met at large by establishing a model that addresses a broad spectrum of service related processes and organizational units on the basis of four major stages: detection, prevention, notification and follow-up (see Fig. 1).	1.11615
Slika 1: ~~~ Faze procesa upravljanja preventivnim uslugama Detekcija predstavlja fazu stalnog praćenja usluga u cilju eliminacije mogućih pojava nezadovoljavajućih slučajeva / događaja.	Figure 1: Stages of the Preventive Service Management process Detection represents the stage of continuous monitoring of services to eliminate possible occurrence of dissatisfactory events.	0.354432
Na primer, aviokompanije mogu da organizuju neprekidno praćenje stanja velikih ili malih problema u održavanju letelice da bi mogle da obezbede zamenu letelice i posade u kratkom roku.	For example, airline companies may continuously monitor the state of major and minor aircraft maintenance problems to allocate replacement aircraft and team within a short period.	0.956989
Automatizacija procesa praćenja putem sistema informisanja u realnom vremenu omogućava široku pokrivenost usluga na velikom broju destinacija širom sveta, a da pritom aviokompanija uštedi na troškovima radne snage.	Automation of the monitoring processes via real-time information systems provides broad coverage of the services in multiple destinations worldwide, while enabling the airline to economize on labor costs.	0.686827
Uslužne aktivnosti i informacioni sistemi pomoću kojih se sprovodi proces detekcije treba da obuhvate sledeće aspekte:	Service activities and information systems that carry out detection processes should address the following aspects: 1) The service operations, processes and related systems that should be monitored by the airline.	0.61072
	2) The population of customers for which detection is carried out (for example, business passengers, fre quent flyers or all the passengers in a particular flight).	-0.3
	3) The frequency of operating detection activities (for example, hourly, daily or weekly monitoring of service processes).	-0.3
1) Servisne operacije, procese i njima odgovarajuće sisteme koje avoikompanija treba da prati, 2) Populaciju korisnika za koje se proces detekcije sprovodi (na primer, poslovne ljude, redovne putnike ili sve putnike na određenom letu), 3) Učestalost aktivnosti detekcije (na primer, praćenje uslužnih procesa po satu, po danu ili mesečno), 4) Ko je odgovoran za različite operacije detekcije, 5) Način na koji se operacije detekcije organizuju i sprovode, informacioni sistemi i resursi aviokompanije koje koriste, 6) Koje slučajeve/događaje aviokompanija definiše kao nezadovoljavajuću uslugu.	4) Who is responsible for different detection operations. ~~~ 5) The ways in which detection operations are organized and carried out, the information systems and the airline resources that they use. ~~~ 6) Which events are defined by the airline as service malfunctions.	0.00548419
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Prevencija obuhvata aktivnosti koje aviokompanija preduzima da bi eliminisala potencijalne faktore rizika koji utiču na primereno pružanje usluga i na kvalitet tih usluga.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Prevention represents the activities that the airline implements to eliminate potential risk factors that affect the proper provision of services and their quality.	1.13157
U ovoj fazi aviokompanija sprovodi aktivnosti kojima proaktivno sprečava pojavu grešaka u uslugama, kao što su kontingencijski postupci i postupci u slučaju opasnosti.	In this stage, the airline carries out activities that proactively prevent the occurrences of service failures, such as emergency and contingency operations.	1.05414
U slučaju planiranih izostanaka usluga ili sprovođenja poslova održavanja, prevencija obuhvata organizaciju aktivnosti i resursa kojom će se skratiti period u kome usluge ne zadovoljavaju standard i minimizovati finansijski gubici.	In case planned service outages and maintenance operations are carried out, prevention includes the organization of activities and resources that can shorten the duration of service malfunctions and minimize financial losses.	1.05736
Naš okvir se sastoji od sledećih aspekata preventivnih procesa:	Our framework consists of the following aspects of prevention processes: 1) Identifying potential service failures that may occur and articulating plans to resolve them in advance.	1.2931
1) Identifikovanje potencijalnih grešaka u uslugama koje mogu da nastanu i artikulacija planova kojima će se takva situacija rešiti unapred. 2) Raspodela resursa i određivanje prioriteta neophodnih sredstava u cilju sprečavanja da propusti u uslugama uopšte nastanu raspodela resursa se takođe može obaviti na ekonomskoj bazi: pružaoci usluga mogu da odluče da investiraju u prevenciju samo onih grešaka koje izazivaju štetu veću od troškova resursa, a da ne uzmu u obzir pad kvaliteta usluga i ugleda (kompanije).	2) Allocation of resources and prioritizing necessary means to prevent service failures from occurring - The allocation of resources can also be decided on an economic basis: service providers can decide to invest in preventing only the failures that cause damages that surpass the costs of the resources, without taking into account downgraded service quality and reputation.	1.10767
3) Ključne ljude / uloge u firmi koje treba obavestiti o greškama u uslugama koje su sprečene (glavni stejkholderi u aviokompaniji, kao što je izvršni direktor (CEO), tehnički stručnjaci i menadžeri odeljenja usluga potrošačima).	3) Key roles in the firm that should be informed about service failures that are prevented (major stakehold ers within the airline, such as the CEO, technical experts and customer service managers).	1.13945
4) Naredni događaji koji nastaju posle određenih propusta u uslugama i koje treba sprečiti.	4) Subsequent events that follow particular service failures and should be prevented.	1.42585
Obaveštavanje je faza u kojoj se informacije o greškama u usluzi pružaju korisnicima koji time mogu da budu oštećeni ili korisnicima koje kompanija smatra dovoljno značajnima da bi bili obavešteni o problemima i glavnim koracima koji se preduzimaju da se ti problemi reše.	Notification provides information about service failures to customers who are likely to be affected by them or to customers that the airline finds it important to alert about the problems and the major steps that are taken to solve them.	0.678723
Obaveštenja se mogu dostaviti korisnicima zajedno sa informacijom o preventivnim operacijama koje se sprovode ili se mogu aktivirati pošto se faza preventive završi.	Notifications may be delivered to customers in conjunction with the preventive operations that are carried out or may be activated after the prevention stage is completed.	0.925
Predloženi okvir pretpostavlja da primenom automatskog obaveštavanja firma može da se obrati velikom broju korisnika u slučaju da je greška u usluzi rasprostranjena u značajnom obimu.	The proposed framework suggests that by applying notification in an automated way, the firm can address a large number of customer calls in cases of widespread service failures.	1.16107
Dalje se predlaže da firme primene dodatne aktivne sisteme obaveštavanja putem kojih se sa korisnicima kontaktira na proaktivan način i dostavljaju obaveštenja o očekivanim propustima u uslugama ili o propustima koji su otkriveni i koji mogu da utiču na poslovanje korisnika. 3.	It is further suggested that firms should implement additional active notification systems that pro-actively contact customers and deliver notifications about expected service failures or failures that are discovered and can affect the operations of customers. ~~~ 3.	0.283225
Pri me na okvi ra pre ven tiv nih uslu ga: spre ča va nje po ten ci jal nih pro pu sta na put nič kim le to vi ma Putnici se najčešće žale na sledeće kategorije usluga (Weber i Sparks, 2004; Kim i Lee, 2009):	Applying the preventive service framework: prevention of potential service failures in passenger flights The most common passengers complaints refer to the following categories (Weber and Sparks, 2004; Kim and Lee, 2009): Airline punctuality and convenient flight scheduling.	1.28173
Tačnost letova aviokompanije i planiranje letova u skladu sa potrebama putnika, Kvalitet hrane i zadovoljavanje zahteva za posebnim vrstama hrane (na primer, vegetarijanske, košer hrane ili obroka za decu), Pravilna i potpuna isporuka i prijem prtljaga na odredištu leta, Usluge prijave na let i kabinski prostor.	Food quality and fulfillment of special meal requests (such as a vegetarian, Kosher or a childrens meal). ~~~ Proper and complete delivery and receipt of baggage at the flight destination. ~~~ Cabin and check-in services.	-0.171069
Aviokompanije mogu da imaju problem sa širokim spektrom propusta i grešaka u uslugama i mogu da ih spreče primenom proaktivnih postupaka praćenja i ispravljanja propusta.	Airlines can comply with a broad spectrum of service failures and malfunctions and prevent them by implementing proactive steps for monitoring and correcting service failures.	0.990321
Spektar uslužnih procesa i propusta koji su karakteristični za njih počinje već kada putnici poručuju karte i završava se kada se let završi i kad oni podižu svoj prtljag.	The range of service processes and the failures associated with them begins when customers are ordering their tickets and ends when they leave the flight and collect their luggage.	0.598026
Uopšteno govoreći, izvori propusta u uslugama mogu se svrstati u tri grupe: prvo, podaci o putnicima ili o avionima ne usmeravaju se kako treba kroz različite informacione sisteme firme, što za posledicu ima maltretiranje putnika uprkos tome što su informacije o njihovim rezervacijama i izboru vrste usluge dostupne.	In general, the sources of service failures can be divided into three major groups: first, data on passengers or on airplanes are not streamlined between various information systems of the firm, resulting in maltreating customers despite the available information on their bookings and preferences.	1.14323
Na primer, sedište koje ne funkcioniše dobro, što je prijavljeno informacionom sistemu službe održavanja aviona, ali nije izostavljeno iz sistema izdavanja karata dok se ne popravi može da stvori problem kako putniku, tako i posadi koja mora da ga premesti na neko drugo sedište neposredno pre uzletanja.	For example, a malfunctioning seat that is reported in the aircraft maintenance information system and is not removed from the ticketing system until it is fixed can create a problem to the passenger that purchased it and to the crew that should remove him to another seat shortly before take-off.	0.904518
Drugo, putnici daju neke informacije prilikom rezervisanja karata, ali dalja saznanja o njihovim navikama i potrebama za vreme leta koja bi pomogla da im se let učini ugodnim i da oni budu zadovoljni ne mogu se dobiti iz rezervacija.	Second, passengers provide information via their bookings, but further know-how about their flight habits and needs that could ensure their convenience and satisfaction was not derived from their booking.	0.966102
Na primer, putnicima koji kupe karte za decu ne bi trebalo dozvoliti da izaberu sedišta blizu izlaza, pošto deca nemaju dovoljno snage da otvore izlazna vrata u slučaju opasnosti.	For example, passengers that purchase childrens tickets should not be allowed to choose seats near the exits, since children are not strong enough to open the exit doors in case of emergency.	1.18839
Stoga sistem za prodaju karata treba da zabrani ova sedišta već prilikom prijema rezervacija koje obuhvataju decu i da time izbegne neugodnosti za putnika kada mu se pred poletanje dodeli neko drugo sedište.	Hence, the ticketing system should prohibit choosing these seats when bookings that include a child are made so as to prevent the inconvenience of allocating different seats before the flight.	0.853206
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Treće, usled nepažnje ili grešaka putnika ili pružalaca usluga, putnici dobijaju lošiju uslugu nego u slučaju da su ove greške automatski otkrivene i sprečene.	Third, due to lack of attention or mistakes of passengers or service providers, passengers are provided with inferior services than could have been supplied to them had these mistakes been automatically tracked and prevented.	0.928592
Na primer, ako putnik ili putnička agencija zaborave da traže posebne obroke, sistem koji obuhvata putnike koji često lete može na osnovu ranijih podataka prilikom rezervacija da obezbedi da putnik dobije standardni obrok ili da pozove putnika pre leta da potvrdi koji obrok je izabrao.	For example, if the passenger or the travel agent forgets to request special meals, the frequent flyer system can ensure via the purchasing history that the passenger usually consumes standard meals or otherwise contact the passenger before the flight to validate his choice.	0.828788
Na tabeli 1 predstavljan je skup različitih potencijalnih propusta u uslugama koji mogu da nastanu tokom procesa pružanja usluge na komercijalnim putničkim letovima.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Table 1 summarizes the various potential service failure events that can occur throughout the process of service provision in commercial passenger flights.	0.964286
Pošto te različite vrste propusta nisu međusobno uslovljene, aviokompanije mogu da primene neka ili sva predložena rešenja kako bi sprečile njihovu pojavu.	As the various types of service failures do not depend on each other, airlines can choose to implement some or all of the proposed solutions to prevent them.	0.798838
Tabela 1: ~~~ Mogući nedostaci u uslugama na putničkim letovima i aktivnosti kojima se oni prate i sprečavaju Opis nedostatka u usluzi Neplanirano kašnjenje leta Kašnjenje pri dolasku na odredište i verovatno(cid: ~~~ da putnik ne stigne na slede(cid: ~~~ let Planirano kašnjenje leta Kašnjenje pri dolasku na odredište i verovatno(cid: ~~~ da putnik ne stigne na slede(cid: ~~~ let Izdavanje karata i odre(cid:	Table 1: Potential service failures in passenger flights and activities to monitor and prevent them Service failure description Unplanned flight delay - Delay of arrival to the destination and possibility of missing connection flights Proposed solution Notification of passengers upon the event, the expected delay and instructions what actions should be taken.	-0.158093
sedišta - sistem za prodaju karata nepropisno dodeljuje sedišta kad se radi o bebama, deci i licima sa posebnim potrebama Nepreciznosti spiska putnika Putnici nisu na spisku za let mada su kupili i dobili svoje katre Prtljag putnika stiže na pogrešno odredište Vreme leta pomereno unapred neugodnost i gubitak vremena predvi(cid:		-0.3
za kupovinu u Fri šopu Obroci ne odgovaraju izboru putnika (vegetarianski, košer obroci, itd.) usled greške putni(cid:		-0.3
agencije ili zato što su putnici zaboravili da obrok posebno poru(cid: ~~~ Skra(cid:		-0.3
vremena (cid: ~~~ na let Prevoz životinja ako putnik ne zna postupak, to može da uspori proces prijavljivanja na let ili da onemogu(cid:		-0.3
prevoz životinja Predloženo rešenje Obavestiti putnike o situaciji, o tome koliko se o(cid:	Preparation of dining and sleeping arrangement, if needed, including passenger transportation.	0.292771
da let kasni i uputstva o koracima koje treba preduzeti.		-0.3
Planiranje obroka i preno(cid:		-0.3
u slu(cid:		-0.3
potrebe, uklju(cid:		-0.3
i prevoz putnika.		-0.3
Obavestiti putnike o planiranoj promeni na letu (putem SMS ili telefonski).	Notification to passengers about planned flight change (via SMS or phone).	1.04538
Ukoliko je potrebno, iznajmljivanje letelice i posade. (cid:	Rental of aircraft and crew, if needed.	0.123529
obaveštenja putnicima.	Frequent update of passengers.	0.234783
Sistem za prodaju karata dodeljuje sedišta za bebe i roditelje (cid: ~~~ se rezervacija potvrdi.	Allocation of baby and parent seats by the ticketing system upon completion of a booking.	0.085
Deci se ne smeju dati sedišta pored izlaza u slu(cid:	Child seats would not be permitted next to emergency exits.	0.540119
opasnosti. ~~~ Lica sa posebnim potrebama koja koriste invalidska kolica ne(cid:	Disabled persons ordering wheelchairs would not be seated next to emergency exits.	-0.00428571
sedeti pored izlaza za slu(cid:		-0.3
opasnosti. ~~~ Ako sedišta nisu na raspolaganju usled tehni(cid: ~~~ problema, potrebno je obavestiti službu održavanja, privremeno ih izostaviti iz sistema prodaje za naredne letove i automatski dodeliti alternativna sedišta ako su karte kupljene.	Unavailability of seats due to technical problems requires notification of maintenance, temporarily removal from the ticketing system for upcoming flights and automatic allocation of alternative seats if purchased.	0.130426
Pre letova automatski ispitati da li su spisak putnika i spisak kupljenih karata identi(cid:	Planned flight delay - Delay of arrival to the destination and possibility of missing connection flights Ticketing and seat allocation - Improper allocation of seats for babies, children and disabled persons by the ticketing system Flight manifest inaccuracies - Passengers do not appear in the manifest despite purchasing and receiving their flight tickets Before flights automatically examining that the manifest and the passenger ticket purchases are identical.	-0.09625
Ako se ne poklapaju, putnicima odrediti druga sedišta.	If mismatches were revealed, passengers would be provided with alternative seats.	0.82585
	Arrival of passenger luggage to a wrong destination Flight time brought forward Inconvenience and loss of Duty Free shopping time Meals do not fit preferences of passengers (vegetarian, Kosher, etc.) due to travel agents mistakes or passengers forgetting to specially order them Reduction of pre-flight waiting time Animal transport Lack of passengers knowledge can impede the check-in process or would not allow transporting the animal.	-0.3
Prijem kontaktnih podataka i adresa putnika koji potražuju svoj prtljag. (cid: ~~~ se na(cid:	10 Confusion about the flight time due to mistakes and lack of attention 11 General or specific seat malfunctions in the media system Receipt of contact details and address from passengers reporting luggage claims.	0.187963
prtljag, obavestiti putnike putem SMS ili telefonski i organizovati dostavu prtljaga.	Update of passengers via SMS or phone upon finding the luggage and coordinating its delivery.	1.03421
Postaviti dodatne (cid: ~~~ barkodova u odeljenjima za prtljag u avionima da bi se izbegao pogrešan utovar .	Installation of additional barcode readers in baggage compartments of airplanes to prevent wrong loading.	0.19837
Putnike obavestiti putem SMS ili telefonski Automatskim pregledom podataka o ranijim putovanjima putnika koji (cid: ~~~ putuju na datom letu može da se otkrije kakve su obroke putnici poru(cid: ~~~ sada a kakve ranije.	Passengers are notified via SMS or by phone Automatic review of Frequent Flyer history can reveal mismatch between passengers meal orders in the present and in the past.	0.0714161
Onda (cid: ~~~ predstavnik kompanije pozvati putnike da potvrdi ta(cid: ~~~ njihove sadašnje porudžbine.	Then, a company representative will call the passengers to ensure the accuracy of their present meal order.	0.194608
Preuzimanje prtljaga na adresi putnika (kao premium/standardna usluga).	Luggage collection from the passengers house (as a premium/standard service).	0.948205
Poslati e-mail nekoliko dana pre leta sa detaljnim obaveštenjem o postupcima i zahtevima, uklju(cid:		-0.3
kontakt podatke veterinara koji radi za aviokompaniju. 10 Zbrka u vezi sa vremenom leta usled greške ili nepažnje 11 Neispravnost sedišta, uopšteno ili u posebnim slu(cid:	Delivery of an email a few days before the flight stating the procedures and requests in detail, including contact details of the airlines advisory veterinarian.	0.617893
u vezi sa sistemom prijema medija Prepraviti elektronsku kartu tako da datum i vreme leta budu naglašeni.	Redesign of the electronic ticket to highlight the flight date and time.	0.851985
Dan pre leta dostaviti SMS sa potrebnim pojedinostima vezanim za let.	Delivery of SMS with the flight details the day before.	0.762476
Izvestiti službu za održavanje o neispravnosti.	Reporting the malfunctions to maintenance.	0.253846
Podeliti putnicima odgovaraju(cid:	Distribution of media players to passengers.	0.236364
aparate. Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Među različitim nedostacima u usluzi koje aviokompanije mogu da spreče, nepodudarnost između obroka koji je putnik poručio i obroka koji je za putnika poručen (sedma kategorija u tabeli 1) može da nastane usled greške u online rezervisanju ili usled greške putničke agencije.	Among the various service failures that can be prevented by airlines, mismatch between passengers meal preferences and the meal ordered for them (seventh category in Table 1) can occur due to mistakes in online booking or due to a travel agents fault.	1.28121
Ovaj propust može da prouzrokuje veoma veliku neugodnost putnicima koji ne mogu da konzumiraju nestandardne obroke (iz medicinskih ili religijskih razloga), pošto većina aviokompanija ovakve obroke poručuje samo ako su naručeni pre leta.	This service failure can cause major inconvenience to passengers who cannot consume non-standard meals (due to medical or religious reasons), as most airlines offer them only if they were ordered before the flight.	0.695275
Na slici 2 prikazano je kako ovaj nedostatak može da se spreči povezivanjem različitih informacionih sistema i izvora podataka u aviokompaniji.	Fig. 2 exemplifies how this failure can be prevented by linking the various information systems and data sources of the airline.	2.15955
Cilj ovog procesa jeste da obezbedi da poručeni obroci odgovaraju zahtevima putnika koji se vide iz podataka o njihovim ranijim i skorašnjim letovima.	This process aims at ensuring that ordered meals match Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 the preferences of passengers, indicated by data on their previous and recent flights.	0.699237
Ako se sve podudara, putnik putem SMS dobija detalje o svom letu i obroku.	If no mismatch is found, the passenger receives by SMS his flight and meal details.	0.86129
U suprotnom, predstavnik aviokompanije poziva putnika da potvrdi da li se porudžbina obroka poklapa sa njegovim izborom i ispravlja je ako je potrebno.	Otherwise, an airline representative contacts the passenger to verify that the meal order matches their preferences and, if necessary, corrects it.	0.565696
Slika 2: ~~~ Sprečavanje neusklađenosti između porudžbine obroka i izbora koji je naveo putnik Zaključak Novija literatura koja se bavi istraživanjima u oblasti upravljanja uslugama i odnosa sa kupcima u velikoj meri se fokusira na održavanje zadovoljstva potrošača i rešavanje njihovih žalbi kao načinu da se kvalitet usluge poboljša.	Figure 2: Preventing mismatch between meal orders and passenger preferences Conclusion The recent research literature on service and customer relationship management has largely focused on preserving customer satisfaction and addressing customer complaints as means for improving service quality.	0.251346
U ovom radu prikazan je drugačiji pristup mogućnostima poboljšanja kvaliteta usluga tako što je predložen jedan sistem / okvir upravljanja preventivnim uslugama, zasnovan na praćenju pružanja usluga i eliminisanju mogućih propusta u usluzi.	This paper takes a different approach towards the possibilities of improving the quality of services by proposing the preventive service management framework, which is based on monitoring the provision of services and eliminating potential service failures.	0.909352
Avioindustriju smo izabrali kao primer primene upravljanja preventivnim uslugama i koristima od takvog upravljanja upravo zato što poslovanje aviokompanija i njihovi prihodi u velikoj meri zavise od kvaliteta usluge koju pružaju.	The airline industry was chosen to illustrate the application of preventive service management and its benefits as the operation of airlines and their revenues are largely based on the quality of services.	0.909964
Pored toga, poslovanje aviokompanija je posebno osetljivo na propuste kad je reč o višestrukim operacijama i kontekstima, na primer kad su ti propusti posledica tehničke neispravnosti u sistemima kabine letelice.	Additionally, airline operations are sensitive to the emergence of service failures in multitude operations and contexts, for example as a result of technical malfunctions in aircraft cabin systems.	1.10142
Predstavljena metodologija pokazuje da, iako većina organizacija koje pružaju usluge, među njima i aviokompanije, regauje na propuste u uslugama s ciljem da održi zadovoljstvo i lojalnost korisnika, kvalitet usluga se može održati i unapred i time aviokompanije poštedeti negativnih posledica propusta u uslugama.	The presented methodology suggests that while the majority of services providing organizations, including airline companies, react to service malfunctions in an attempt to preserve satisfaction and loyalty of customers, service quality can be preserved in advance, hence sparing airlines the negative consequences of service failures.	1.17346
Ovom metodologijom se takođe zalažemo za što širu primenu informacionih i komunikacionih sistema.	The methodology also advocates extensive use of information and communications systems.	0.753846
S jedne strane, primena informacionih tehnologija omogućava avio Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 kompanijama da pospeše nivo i kvalitet komunikacije sa svojim korisnicima (na primer, time što će ih obavestiti o bilo kojoj promeni u rasporedu leta ili potvrditi njihovu porudžbinu).	On the one hand, the use of information technologies enables airlines to enhance the degree and the quality of communication between them and their customers (e.g. by notifying them about their orders or any changes in the flight schedule).	1.09655
S druge strane, aviokompanije mogu da stvore veću vrednost na osnovu podataka o postupcima u vezi sa letelicom ili o navikama svojih korisnika (na primer, sprečivši prodaju karte koja se odnosi na polomljeno sedište ili ukazujući na nepodudarnost između poručenog obroka i posebnih navika u ishrani određenog putnika, na osnovu toga šta je ranije poručivao).	On the other hand, airline companies can produce larger value from data on aircraft procedures or about their customers habits (e.g. by preventing ticketing of a broken seat or by identifying mismatch between an ordered meal and the customers special food habits from past purchases).	1.05571
Šta više, koristeći informaciono komunikacione sisteme u automatskoj obradi informacija i upravljanju faktorima koji potencijalno dovode do propusta u usluzi, aviokompanije ne samo da pospešuju kvalitet svojih usluga već postižu i znatne uštede u troškovima radne snage i odšteta za neodgovarajuću uslugu.	Moreover, by using information and communications systems for automatic processing of information and for handling of potential service failure factors, airlines do not only enhance service quality but also substantially economize on labor and service recovery costs.	0.639133
LITERATURA [1] Chebat, J.C., Davidow, M. and Codjovi, I., Silent Voices: ~~~ Why Some Dissatisfied Consumers Fail to Complain, Journal of Service Research, Vol.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 REFERENCES [1] Chebat, J.C., Davidow, M. and Codjovi, I., Silent Voices: Why Some Dissatisfied Consumers Fail to Com plain, Journal of Service Research, Vol. 7, 2005, 328-342. [2]	1.0772
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Consumer attributes and behavioral responses to service failures in strategic airlines alliance settings.	Consumer attributes and behavioral responses to service failures in strate gic airlines alliance settings.	2.87143
Journal of Air Transport Management 10, 361-3 6 7.	Journal of Air Transport Management 10, 361-367.	2.175
Primljen:	Receieved: April 2012.	1.47
April 2012. ~~~ Prohvaćen:	Accepted: September 2012.	0
Septembar 2012. O autoru Ofer Barkai 1Tehnički fakultet Shamoon, Odsek za industrijski inženjering i upravljanje, Bialik St., Beer Sheva, Israel ; ofer@sce.ac.il Dr. Ofer Barkai je predavač na Odseku za industrijski inženjering i upravljanje na Tehničkom koledžu Shamoon.	About the Author Ofer Barkai 1Shamoon College of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Bialik St., Beer Sheva, Israel; ofer@sce.ac.il Dr. Ofer Barkai is a Lecturer in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management at the Shamoon College of Engineering.	1.44264
Pored toga, ima 27 godina radnog iskustva.	In addition he has 27 years of industrial experience.	5.47703
Oblast njegove specijalizacije su strategije plata i kompenzacija na organizacionom i menadžerskom nivou, programi kompenzacija, kompenzacije po sektorima, ako i metodi isplate i organizacija usluga.	He specializes in wage and compensation strategies at the organizational and managerial levels, compensation schemes, sectorial compensation and payment methods and service organization.	0.778182
Elad Harison 2Shenkar fakultet za inženjering i dizajn, Odsek za industrijski inženjering i upravljanje, 12 Anne Frank St., Ramat Gan, Israel; eladha@shenkar.ac.il Dr. Elad Harison je Rukovodilac Odseka za industrijski inženjering i upravljanje na Shenkar koledžu zainženjering i dizajn u Izraelu.	Elad Harison Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, 12 Anne Frank St., Ramat Gan, Israel; eladha@shenkar.ac.il Dr. Elad Harison is the Head of the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management at the Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Israel.	2.07773
Oblast njegove specijalizacije je ekonomija inovacija i tehničke promene u kontekstu informacionih tehnologija.	He specializes in the Economics of innovation and technical change in the context of information technologies.	1.57009
Učestvovao je u brojnim istraživačkim projektima u oblasti inovacionih politika i IKT čiji su naručioci bili Evropska komisija i neke evropske vlade. 2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Dragan Marković1, Dejan Petrović2, Marko Mihić2 1 Fakultet za menadžment u Sremskim Karlovcima 2 Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu Cost-be ne fit ana li za pro je ka ta pro iz vod nje elek trič ne ener gi je iz ob no vlji vih iz vo ra UDK: ~~~ 005.8:330.322]: ~~~ ; 620.9(497.11) DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012.	He was involved in several research projects on innovation policies and ICT for the European Commission and for several European governments. ~~~ 2012/64 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Dragan Marković1, Dejan Petrović2, Marko Mihić2 1 Faculty of management, Sremski Karlovci 2 Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Project of Power Generation from Renewable Sources UDC: 005.8:330.322]:621.311(497.11) ; 620.9(497.11) DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0018 The problem of exploitation of exclusively conventional sources of electricity points out the fact that environmental sustainability is seriously endangered, increasing the dependency of the state in the field of electricity supply, reducing the economic potential of the community by increasing the cost of repairs, etc.	-0.152412
(english version) Pro blem pri eks plo a ta ci ji is klju či vo kon ven ci o nal nih iz vo ra elek trič ne ener gi je uka zu je na na ru ša va nje odr ži vo sti ži vot ne sre di ne, po ve ća nje za vi sno sti dr ža ve u obla sti elek tro snab de va nja, sma nje nje eko nom skog po ten ci ja la za jed ni ce kroz po ve ća nje tro ško va sa na ci ja, i dr. Po sle di ce ko je na sta ju kao re zul tat uoče nog pro ble ma je su: ve li ke emi si je CO2 u at mos fe ru, re zer vi uglja je sve ma nje, a po ljo pri vred no sta nov ni štvo sve vi še po ka zu je ten den ci ju ka mi gra ci ja ma iz se la u grad.	The consequences that arise as a result of perceived problems are: high emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere, coal reserves are reduced progressively, while the agricultural population increasingly tends to migrate from the countryside to the cities.	0.52612
Re zul ta ti do sa da šnjih is tra ži va nja u obla sti upo tre be bi o ma se od po ljo pri vred nog ot pa da uka zu ju na po ve ća nje ener get ske efi ka sno sti.	The results of previous studies in the field of biomass from agricultural waste indicate an increase in energy efficiency.	0.851429
Is tra ži va njem je ana li zi ra no tre nut no sta nje RB Ko lu ba re i do ne ta dru štve no-eko nom ska oce na is pla ti vo sti po ste pe nog pre la ska sa kon ven ci o nal nih na al ter na tiv ne iz vo re ener gi je.	This study analyzes the current state of Kolubara and performs a socio-economic evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of a gradual transition from conventional to alternative energy sources.	0.401736
Ka ko bi se do šlo do re zul ta ta is tra ži va nja ko ri šćen je me tod Cost-Be ne fit Ana li ze.	The results are obtained using the Cost Benefir analysis.	0.144
Re zul ta ti ovog is tra ži va nja uka za li su na pred no sti bi o ma se od po ljo pri vred nog ot pa da u od no su na kon ven ci o nal ne iz vo re ener gi je kroz po zi tiv nu oce nu do bi je nu spro vo đe njem CBA.1 Ključ ne re či: ~~~ Cost-Be ne fit Ana li za, ob no vlji vi iz vo ri elek trič ne ener gi je, bi o ma sa od po ljo pri vred nog ot pa da, in ve sti ci o ni pro jek ti 1.	The results of this study highlight the potential benefits of biomass from agricultural waste compared to conventional energy sources through the implementation of positive evaluation received in the CBA1 Keywords: Cost-Benefit Analysis, renewable electrical energy sources, biomass from agricultural waste, investment projects 1.	0.101471
Uvod Problem koji se istražuje jeste činjenica koja poražavajuće deluje da uglja kao neobnovljivog izvora energije u RB Kolubara koji pripada opštini Lazarevac, jeste sve manje.	Introduction The problem under investigation is a sad fact that the reserves of coal which is used as a non-renewable energy source in the RB Kolubara in the Municipality of Lazarevac are smaller and smaller.	1.26772
Rezerve se iscrpljuju.	Reserves are almost exhausted.	0.2
Pored navedenog problema, čini se da su ekološki problemi i problemi nerazvijenosti privrede regiona pa samim tim i visoka stopa nezaposlenosti koji nastaju još eskalativniji.	In addition to this problem, it seems that environmental problems and the problems of underdevelopment of the economy of the region and therefore the high unemployment rate, are increased.	0.980695
Kao što je poznato, električna energija koja se proizvodi u RB Kolubara, obezbeđuje oko pedeset odsto električne energije za Republiku Srbiju.	As it is well known, electrical energy produced at Kolubara, supplies approximately fifty percent of electricity the Republic of Serbia needs.	0.835698
Ne sme se zanemariti činjenica da ugalj zagađuje životnu sredinu i izaziva negativne ekološke posledice, a samim tim utiče i na povećanje troškova.	One must not ignore the fact that coal pollutes the environment and causes negative environmental effects, and therefore has an effect upon cost increase.	0.547727
Zbog toga kontrola klimatskih promena [1] jeste jedan od najvećih istorijskih izazova sa kojima se čovečanstvo susreće u 21. veku [2].	Hence the control of climate change [1] is one of the biggest historical challenges facing humanity in the 21st century [2].	1.21455
Na osnovu Sporazuma iz Kjota [3] koji je ratifikovan od strane Republike Srbije, RS se obavezala da do kraja 2012. godine smanji emisiju štetnog CO2 u atmosferu, za 5,6% [4].	According to the Kyoto Agreement [3] which was ratified by the Republic of Serbia, Serbia is committed to reduce harmful emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere by 5.6% by the end of 2012 [4].	0.860237
Takođe smo se, kao država, obavezali da sa sadašnjih 7% upotrebe obnovljivih izvora energije koju proizvodimo (samo u vidu hidroenergije), povećamo procenat proizvodnje energije obnovljivim izvorima do 20% [5].	Also, a national consensus was reached that Serbia should increase its production of energy from renewable sources (only in the form of hydropower), from the present 7% of renewable energy production to 20% [5].	1.18659
Rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja u oblasti upotrebe biomase od poljoprivrednog otpada ukazuju na povećanje energetske efikasnosti.	The results of previous studies in the field of using the biomass from agricultural waste indicate an increase in energy efficiency.	1.40111
U vezi sa tim navode se činjenice koje govore da zemlje poput Danske, Austrije, Švedske i Nemačke, proizvode dovoljnu količinu energije za svoje potrebe, a 5% energije i izvoze drugim zemljama [6].	In connection with these allegations are the facts that suggest that countries such as Denmark, Austria, Sweden and Germany, produc enough energy for their own needs, and export 5% of the energy to other countries [6].	1.27719
Bitan podatak jeste da je Danska nakon svetske ekonomske krize sedamdesetih godina izašla iz krize donošenjem više planova u sklopu svoje energetske politike i pokazala kako je moguće iskoristiti potencijale biomase za proizvodnju električne i toplotne energije.	An important fact is that after the 1970s global economic crisis Denmark exited the crisis by adopting a number plans as part of its energy policy and proved that it was possible to exploit the potential of biomass for the production of electricity and heat.	0.907858
Trebalo bi istaći da je Danska uz Norvešku, Švedsku i Holandiju danas država koja ne samo da zadovoljava svoje potrebe za električnom energijom upotrebom biomase od poljoprivrednog otpada već i pokazuje stalni trend izvoza [7].	It should be noted that Denmark, together with Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands, is today a state that not only meets its own needs for 1 The paper reports some of the results of the project Investigation of the modern tendency of strategic management through specialized management disciplines in the competitiveness of the Serbian economy, the document number 179 081, funded by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.	0.346833
Uz ovakav 1 U ra du su sa op šte ni ne ki od re zul ta ta is tra ži va nja na pro jek tu Is tra ži va nje sa vre me nih ten den ci ja stra te škog upra vlja nja pri me nom spe ci ja li zo va nih me nadž ment di sci pli na u funk ci ji kon ku rent no sti srp ske pri vre de, evi den ci o ni broj - 179081, ko ji fi nan si ra Mi ni star stvo za na u ku i teh no lo ški raz voj Re pu bli ke Sr bi je.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 electricity using biomass from agricultural waste, but also shows a constant increasing trend in exports [7].	0.612081
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 dinamičan razvoj proizvodnje električne energije [8], upotrebom biomase iz poljoprivrednog otpada, stalno je prisutan trend povećanja zaposlenosti u sektoru obnovljivih energenata, pa se u Nemačkoj na osnovu realne prognoze očekuje da će 2020. godine biti 400 hiljada novih radnih mesta (oko 23% godišnje) [9].	With such a dynamic development of power generation [8], the use of biomass from agricultural waste there is a constantly present trend of increasing employment in the sector of renewable energy, so that on the basis of realistic forecasts, Germany is expected to create 400 thousand new jobs (about 2-3% per year) by 2020 [9].	1.14654
Velimirović i Đurić [10] ističu da industrije bazirane na obnovljivim izvorima električne energije beleže najveći privredni rast u poslednjih šest godina.	Velimirovic and Djuric [10] point out that the industries based on renewable sources of electricity recorded the highest growth over the last six years.	1.08818
U istraživanje su uključeni rezultati koji su dobijeni u Laboratoriji za termotehniku i energetiku (Instituta za nuklearne nauke Vinča), a na osnovu rada na projektima (NPEE 262004) I (PTR2022B), i koji ukazuju da je koncentracija CO2 u produktima sagorevanja oko 150 mg/m3, što predstavlja vrednost ispod zakonom dozvoljene granice od 250 mg/m3 [11].	The study included the results that were obtained in the Laboratory for Thermal Engineering and Energy (Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinča), and the results of the projects (NPEE 262 004) and (PTR-2022B), show that the concentration of CO2 in the products of combustion amounts to about 150 mg/m3, a value below the permissible limit of 250 mg/m3 [11].	1.29396
Oka [12] ističe da je upotrebna vrednost električne energije po svim energetskim potencijalima jednaka uglju, a da je emisija CO2 u produktima sagorevanja u granicama koje predlaže Institut za nuklearne nauke.	Oka [12] points out that the utility value of electricity for all energy resources is equivalent to coal, and the emissions of CO2 in the flue gases within the limits proposed by the Institute of Nuclear Sciences.	1.22907
Istraživanjem bi trebalo da se analizira trenutno stanje u kome se nalazi RB Kolubara, da se da jasna i precizna ocena investicije i ukaže na prednosti preorijentacije sa konvencionalnih na nekonvencionalne izvore električne energije u RB Kolubara.	The purpose of the study is to analyze the current situation of RB Kolubara, to give a clear and precise estimate of the investment and outline the benefits of re-orientation from the conventional to the non-conventional sources of electricity in the RB Kolubara.	0.923246
Takođe, u vezi sa činjenicom da je RB Kolubara državno preduzeće i da poseduje rezerve uglja za 2530 godina trebalo bi istraživanjem doći do informacije da li ovaj projekat po sistemu racionalnog ulaganja u portfolio novih proizvoda može biti samoodrživ.	Also, as regards the fact that the Kolubara is a state company that owns coal reserves for 25-30 years, the research is to find out whether this project based on the system of rational investment into a portfolio of new products, can be self-sustaining.	0.940053
Takođe bi rezultati ovog istraživanja trebalo da ukažu da su prednosti upotrebe biomase iz poljoprivrednog otpada, zadovoljavanje ekoloških kriterijuma sagorevanja, niski eksploatacioni i investicioni troškovi (efektivnost eksploatacije porast sa sadašnjih 13% na 21%) i mogućnost za zapošljavanje, za oblast celokupne RS, (oko 23% godišnje), [13] kao i razvoj drugih privrednih grana.	Furthermore, the results of this research should point out that the advantages of using biomass from agricultural waste are meeting the environmental criteria for combustion, low investment and exploitation costs (operating effectiveness increasing from the current 13% to 21%) and employment opportunities for the entire area of RS, (about 23% per year), [13] and development of other economic sectors.	1.2799
Cilj istraživanja jeste da se dokaže da li postoje i koliki su uticaji indirektnih efekta koje će doneti ovaj projekat, a koji se odnose na smanjenje uvoza energenata, podizanje zaštite životne sredine na viši nivo, razvoj privrede regiona, smanje nezaposlenosti, smanjenje migracija stanovništva, i dr. 2.	The aim of the research is to establish whether there are and what are the impacts of indirect effects this project will have, and which are concerned with the reduction in energy imports, with raising the environmental protection to a higher level, with the development of regional economy, reduction of unemployment, migrations, and other. ~~~ 2.	0.307997
Me tod is tra ži va nja Svi proračuni kao i izbor tehnologije i obezbeđenost tržišta rađeni su za RB Kolubara.	Research method All calculations as well as choice of technology and market coverage were made for the RB Kolubara.	0.896907
Istraživanje je rađeno tokom 2010. godine.		-0.3
Istraživanje je realizovano metodom CostBenefit analize.	The survey was conducted in 2010. using the cost-benefit analysis.	1.55741
Kod razvijenih zemalja, Cost Benefit analiza se koristi kod ocene investicija u državni (javni) sektor [14] Privatna preduzeća ocenjuju svoje projekte uzimajući u obzir samo efekte koje oni dobijaju [15].	In developed countries, the cost-benefit analysis is used in the evaluation of investments in the government (public) sector [14] Private companies evaluate their projects, taking into account only the effects that they receive [15].	1.32764
Kod mnogih zemalja u razvoju, zbog nesavršenog tržišta, CostBenefit analiza se može upotrebiti skoro kod svih investicija [16].	In many developing countries, because of imperfect markets, cost-benefit analysis can be used for almost all investments [16].	1.39163
Zerbe i Bellas [17] navode najvažnije principe CostBenefit analize: ~~~ 1.	Zerbe and Bellas [17] list the core principles of cost-benefit analysis: 1.	0.75
CostBenefit analiza smatra da postoji razlika u doprinosu projekta pojedinačnim i ukupnim društvenim ciljevima, odnosno postoji razlika u efektima od projekta sa pojedinačnog i ukupnog društvenog stanovišta. 2.	Cost-benefit analysis believes that there is a difference in the contribution of individual projects and the overall social goals, and there is a difference in the effects of the individual project and the overall social standpoint. ~~~ 2.	0.458374
Kod CostBenefit analize treba uzeti u obzir sve koristi i troškove, bez obzira ko ih uživa. 3.	Cost-benefit analysis should take into account all the benefits and costs, regardless of who actually en joys them.	1.23333
Kao troškove treba uzeti u obzir i izgubljene koristi, a kao koristi smanjenje troškova. 4.	3. ~~~ Lost benefits should also be taken into account as costs. ~~~ The benefits are costs reduction. ~~~ 4.	0.00709647
Sve koristi i troškove treba utvrditi, izmeniti i novčano izraziti. 5.	All benefits and costs should be established, modified and expressed in a monetary way.	1.24286
U primeni CosBenefit analize, kod nesavršenih tržišta (nerazvijene zemlje), trebalo bi koristiti ispravlje ne tržišne cene (obračunske cene).	5. ~~~ In the use of cost-benefit analysis in imperfect markets (developing countries), corrected market prices (accounting prices) should be used.	0.384981
6.	6.	1.8
Costbenefit analiza je pogodna kod projekata koji donose višestruke efekte koje uživa širi krug korisnika 7.	Cost-benefit analysis is suitable for projects that deliver multiple effects that enjoyed by a broad range of users. ~~~ 7.	0.524773
Costbenefit analiza doprinosi optimalnoj alokaciji ograničenih resursa S obzirom da je ovim istraživanjem trebalo utvrditi društvenu isplativost investicionog projekta uvođenja alternativnih izvora energije u RB Kolubara, korišćena procedura primene CostBenefit analize investicionih projekata predložena od strane CBA Guide [18] sastoji se iz narednih pet koraka:	Cost-benefit analysis helps optimize the allocation of limited resources. ~~~ Due to the fact that this research is conducted for the purpose of determining the cost-effectiveness of the investment project of introducing alternative energy sources in the RB Kolubara, the procedure of implementation of the cost-benefit analysis of investment projects proposed by the CBA Guide [18] consists of the following five steps: Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Conversion of market prices into accounting prices Assessment of indirect effects Including indirect effects into calculations Discounting the estimated benefits and costs Calculation of economic indicators (economic NPV, economic IRR and economic B / C ratio).	0.377545
Konverzija tržišnih u obračunske cene Procena indirektnih efekata Uključivanje indirektnih efekata u obračun Diskontovanje procenjenih koristi i troškova Kalkulacija ekonomskih indikatora (ekonomske NSV, Ekonomske ISR i B/C racija) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Ključne analize za ovo istraživanje jesu: fizibiliti i opciona analiza, finansijska analiza i ekonomska analiza investicionih projekata.	Key analyses used in this research are the following: feasibility and optional analyses, financial analysis and economic analysis of investment projects.	0.690366
S obzirom da Republika Srbija spada u red nesavršenih tržišta, bitno je istaći da su u istraživanju korišćene ispravljene tržišne cene, odnosno obračunske cene. 3.	Due to the fact that the Republic of Serbia is an imperfect markets, it is important to point out that the survey used corrected market prices, i.e., accounting prices. ~~~ 3.	0.0525199
Re zul ta ti is tra ži va nja U tabeli 1 prikazani su dobijeni parametri opcione analize za RB Kolubara, Lazarevac.	Research Results Table 1 shows the optional parameters obtained by the analysis of the RB Kolubara, Lazarevac.	1.13018
Opciona analiza rađena je na osnovu dosadašnjeg poslovanja RB Kolubare.	Optional analysis was performed on the basis of the business of the Kolubara.	1.11357
Izvor dobijenih podataka jesu sprovedena istraživanja autora o radu RB Kolubare. ~~~ Tabela 1:	The source of the data is the authors research into the business oprations of the RB Kolubara.	0.360417
Opciona analiza RB Kolubara Opciona analiza RB Kolubare Opcija 1 - Ne raditi ništa Godišnji gubitak 11 miliona evra Rezervi uglja sve manje Potreba za stalnim uvozom energije Velika zaga(cid: ~~~ Stalna otpuštanja radnika Opcija 2 Male promene u dosadašnjem poslovanju Proširenje kopova - MZ Vreoci Investicioni troškovi 2 milijarde evra Otpuštanje 5 hiljada radnika Rezerve uglja maksimum 50 godina Gubitak identi(cid: ~~~ opciji 1 Opcija 3 Uraditi nešto Proizvodnja elektri(cid:	Table 1: Optional analysis of Kolubara Optional analysis of Kolubara Option 1 - Do nothing The annual loss of 11 million euros Coal reserves decrease The need for permanent imports of electricity High level of pollution Permanent layoffs Option 2 - Small changes in current business Expansion of Mines - MZ Vreoci Investment costs - 2 billion euros Release of five thousand workers Coal reserves - maximum 50 years Loss identical to option 1 Option 3 - Do something Electricity production from agricultural waste.	0.220917
energije iz poljoprivrednog otpada Zapošljavanje 6 hiljada radnika, smanjenje uvoza energenata za 1% Rezultati pokazuju da opcija 1 prikazuje dosadašnje poslovanje RB Kolubare koja beleži stalni godišnji gubitak od 11 miliona evra, da je rezervi uglja sve manje što rezultuje stalnim povećanjem uvoza električne energije, da se povećavaju zagađenja okoline, ali i da se otpuštaju radnici.	Employing six thousand workers, reducing energy imports by 1%. The results show that the option 1 shows the current business of the RB Kolubara that records a steady annual loss of 11 million euros, that coal reserves are being exhausted, which results in a permanent increase in electricity imports, in the increase in environmental pollution, but also in an ever larger number of lay offs.	1.28537
Opcija 2 sugeriše da se proširenjem kopova na MZ Vreoci povećavaju investicioni troškovi, da će doći do otpuštanja radnika, da će rezervi uglja biti maksimalno za još 50 godina što sve ukazuje da je opcija 2 veoma slična opciji 1 s tim što se vrši kratkoročna prolongiranje trenutnog problema.	Option 2 suggests that the expansion of the mines in the Local Community of Vreoci increases investment costs, threatens with layoffs, coal reserves will be exhausted in another 50 years, which proves that option 2 is very similar to option 1 except that it means a short delay of the current problems.	1.01048
Rezultati opcije 3 ukazuju da, ukoliko se pređe na proizvodnju električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora, dolazi do zapošljavanja novih radnika, smanjenja emisije štetnih čestica kao i do smanjenja energetske zavisnosti RS.	The results obtained in option 3show that, if the production of electricity uses renewable sources, the results will be hiring new employees, reducing emissions of harmful particles, as well as reducing energy dependence of RS.	1.32352
Kako bi se rešili trenutni problemi rađena je finansijska ocena projekta proizvodnje električne energije iz biomase od poljoprivrednog otpada, odnosno finansijska analiza opcije 3.	In order to solve the current financial problems a financial assessment of electricity production from biomass from agricultural waste was made, namely the financial analysis of option 3.	1.26
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Tabela 2: ~~~ Finansijska ocena projekta uvođenja biomase od poljoprivrednog otpada Investicioni troškovi 351.208.236,00 evra Kredit Sopstvena sredstva Kamatna stopa na godišnjem nivou Prose(cid: ~~~ godišnji prilivi po godinama nakon otplate kredita Finansijska ocena isplativosti investicije Ocena isplativosti investicije Finansijska diskontna stopa FNSV FISR 73,29% 26,71% 3,5% (otplata 5 godina uz grejs period od 1 godine) Oko -9.000.000,00 evra Vrši se u drugoj godini ulaganja 3,65% -427.973.763,90 -3,35% Rezultati finansijske analize ukazuju da ova investicija nije isplativa sa aspekta finansijske ocene projekta.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Table 2: Financial evaluation of the project of introducing biomass from agricultural waste Investment costs 351,208,236.00 euro Credit Net assets The interest rate per annum The average annual inflow years after repayment Financial payback from From investment returns Financial discount rate FNPV FRR 73.29% 26.71% 3.5% (repayment of 5 years with a grace period of 1 year) Around -9,000,000.00 euro Performed in the second year of investment 3.65% -427,973,763.90 euro -3.35% The financial results of the analysis indicate that the investment is not cost-effective in terms of financial evaluation of the project.	0.185282
Parametri koji tome idu u prilog jesu velika investiciona ulaganja, negativan prosečan godišnji priliv nakon otplate kredita.	The parameters that favour it are big investments, negative average annual flow after repayment of the loan.	0.905376
Kao što je dato u tabeli, ocena isplativosti projekta radi se u drugoj godini ulaganja.	As indicated in the table, the score for profitability is performed in the second year of investment.	0.8185
Negativne vrednosti FNSV i FISR ukazuju nam da, ukoliko se RB Kolubara preorijentiše samo na alternativne izvore energije a pri tome ne uvaži indirektne efekte efektuiranja investicije, ovaj investicioni projekat nikako neće biti isplativ.	The negative values of FNPV and FRR suggest that if the Kolubara shifts to exclusively alternative energy sources, and does not take into account the indirect effects of effectuation of investment, this investment project will not be profitable at all.	0.808571
Na osnovu navedenih kriterijuma pristupilo se izradi CBA koji su prikazani tabelama 3 i 4.	Based on these criteria, the CBA was conducted and the results are shown in Tables 3 and 4.	2.917
Tabela 3: ~~~ Indirektni efekti investicije u projekat uvođenja biomase od poljoprivrednog otpada Troškovi projekta Investicioni troškovi + postoje(cid: ~~~ investicioni troškovi Prose(cid:		-0.3
operativni troškovi projekta po godini + postoje(cid:		-0.3
operativni troškovi/godina Prose(cid:		-0.3
odlivi projekta /godina 353.118.711,38 evra Oko 18 miliona evra Oko 80 miliona evra Koristi od projekta/godišnje Smanjenje uvoza elektri(cid:		-0.3
energije Smanjenje zaga(cid: ~~~ putem emisije CO2 Od poljoprivrednih farmi Smanjenje potrošnje sredstava na ime otpremnine Razvoj turizma na teritoriji opštine Lazarevac Gra(cid: ~~~ delatnost Smanjenje migracije poljopriv. stanovništva Ukupna korist po godini Ukupan prihod RS od projekta/godina 7.358.400,00 evra 3.489.034,86 evra 81.064.800,00 evra 2 miliona evra 1.935.000,00 evra 15.457.377,90 evra 1.239.000,00 Oko 144 miliona evra Oko 10 miliona evra (0,03% GDP-a) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Tabela 4: ~~~ Ekonomska ocena projekta uvođenja biomase od poljoprivrednog otpada Ekonomska ocena isplativosti investicije Ocena isplativosti investicije Vrši se u drugoj godini ulaganja Društveno-ekonomska diskontna stopa 12% SNSV SISR B/C ratio 320.727.994,24 1,28% 1,15 Rezultati dobijeni u tabelama 3 i 4 ukazuju da je ovaj projekat isplativ ukoliko se u procenu isplativosti uvrste svi indirektni efekti.	Table 3: Indirect effects of the investment in the project of introducing biomass from agricultural waste Cost of the project Investment expenditures + current investment costs 353,118,711.38 euro The average operating cost of the project per year + current operating costs / year Average outflows project / year About 18 million euro About 80 million euro Project Benefits / year Reducing electricity imports Reducing pollution caused by the emission of CO2 From agricultural farms Reducing expenses for the porpose of payouts Development of tourism in the municipality of Lazarevac Construction activity Reducing migration of rural population Total benefit per year Total revenue from the project RS / year 7,358,400.00 euro 3,489,034.86 euro 81,064,800.00 euro 2,000,000.00 euro 1,935,000.00 euro 15,457,377.90 euro 1,239,000.00 euro Approximately 144 million euro About 10 million euro (0.03% of GDP) Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Table 4: Economic evaluation of the project of introducing biomass from agricultural waste Economic evaluation of investment returns From investment returns Economic discount rate ENPV ERR B/C ratio Performed in the second year of investment 12% 320,727,994.24 euro 1.28% 1.15 The results obtained in Tables 3 and 4 indicate that the project is cost-effective if the evaluation of profitability include all indirect effects.	0.0962132
Indirektni efekti produkuju prihod od 10.000.000 evra godišnje nakon otplate duga što predstavlja 0,5 % ukupnog BDPa Republike Srbije.	Indirect effects earn an income of 10,000,000 euros annually upon payment of the debt, which represents 0.5% of the total GDP of the Republic of Serbia.	1.32731
Pozitivni parametri SISR i B/C ratio ukazuju da je ovaj investicioni projekat isplativ. 4.	Positive parameters ERR and B / C ratio indicates that the investment project is profitable.	0.896154
Di sku si ja Na osnovu rezultata dobijenih ovim istraživanjem može se uočiti da je vrednost snage električne energije dobijena alternativnim izvorima energije ekvivalentna konvencionalnim izvorima električne energije.	4. ~~~ Discussion Based on the results obtained in this study it can be seen that the value of the electricity produced power alternative sources of energy is equivalent to that obtained from conventional sources of electricity.	0.510858
Takođe da je opcija 3, fizibiliti analiza koja je prikazana u tabeli 1, jedina moguća.	It is also proved that option 3, feasibility analysis, shown in Table 1, is the only possible.	1.409
Odnosno, dosadašnje poslovanje RB Kolubara generisaće još više gubitaka i neće rešiti niti jedan od gore navedenih problema.	Namely, the current business operations at the RB Kolubara will generate further losses and will not solve any of the problems stated above.	0.760526
Uvažavajući rezultate izražene u tabeli 2, uočava se da ovaj investicioni projekat finansijski nije isplativ, odnosno da proizvodi gubitke oko 9 miliona evra.	Taking into account the results presented in Table 2, it can be seen that the investment project is not financially viable, and that it produce losses of about 9 million.	2.54787
Međutim, iz tabela 3 i 4 uočava se da, ukoliko se u obzir uzmu sve koristi i troškovi ove investicije, projekat jeste isplativ po svim kriterijumima investicionog odlučivanja, kao i da je očekivana dobit na godišnjem nivou nakon isteka perioda ulaganja oko 10 miliona evra godišnje.	However, Tables 3 and 4 show that, if we take into account all the costs and benefits of this investment, the project is cost-effective according to all the crietria of investment-based decision-making, and that the expected returns on an annual basis over a period of investment amounts to 10 million euros per year.	1.67854
Ukoliko se uporede rezultati 3. i 4. tabele može se zaključiti da je razlika na godišnjem nivou u korist opcije 3 u odnosu na opcije 1 i 2, prikazane u tabeli 1, oko 20 miliona evra dobitka na godišnjem nivou.	If we compare the results in the third and fourth tables it can be concluded that the difference in the annual benefit option 3 in comparison with options 1 and 2,as shown in Table 1, amounts to about 20 million gain on an annual basis.	1.43987
Može se zaključiti da je putem CBA uočeno da je ovaj investicioni projekat isplativ, odnosno da rešava problem trenutnog stanja u kome se nalazi RB Kolubara.	It can be concluded on the basis of the conducted CBA that this investment project is viable, and that it solves the current problem of the RB Kolubara.	0.829365
Zaključak Rezultati istraživanja upotrebom CBA ukazali su da je polazna hipoteza, koja govori da je ovaj projekat društveno isplativ, da rešava makroekonomske probleme regiona, kao i to da značajno smanjuje ekološka zagađenja, potvrđena kao ispravna.	Conclusion The survey results, the use of CBA, indicate that the starting hypothesis, according to which the project is socially profitable, solves macro-economic problems of the region, and significantly reduces environmental pollution, is proven to be correct.	0.547333
Takođe, da alternativni izvori energije znatno manje zagađuju životnu sredinu, a da su energetski potencijali alternativnih izvora električne energije ekvivalentni konvencionalnim izvorima energije.	It also proves that alternative energy sources pollute the environment in a considerably leeser degree, and that the energy potential of alternative sources of electricity is equivalent to conventional energy sources.	1.5384
Primenom ove tehnologije dokazano je da će se devastirani prostori dovesti u stanje ekološke ravnoteže kao i da će se uspostaviti ravnoteža biodiverziteta.	It is further proven that the implementation of this technology will help restore ecological balance in the devastated areas and also help establish a balance of biodiversity.	0.776259
Ono što je izuzetno bitno naglasiti jeste da ova tehnologija predstavlja bazu za sve ostale aktivnosti koje donose indirektne efekte planiranom projektu u RB Kolubara.	What is extremely important to note is that this technology is the basis of all other activities that bring indirect effects upon the planned projects in the RB Kolubara.	1.44965
Realizacijom predloženog projekta smanjuje se uvoz električne energije za 1%.	The realization of the proposed project is to reduce energy imports by 1%.	1.08009
Multipliciranjem efekata uočeno je da se na celokupnom polju RB Kolubare upotrebom ove tehnologije može proizvesti 5% električne energije koja je potrebna RS, ali da se takođe može, po ugovoru o stalnom radnom odnosu, može zaposliti oko 5% nezaposlenog stanovništva RS, kao i oko 50.000 sezonskih radnika.	A multiplication of the effects has shown that the use of this technology can produce 5% of the electricity for the needs of the RS; furthermore, under a contract of permanent employment about 5% new jobs can be created for the unemployed RS and also jobs for about 50,000 seasonal workers.	0.955135
Ovim putem pruža se mogućnost i kooperativama da zapošljavaju radnike.	This is also the opportunity for cooperatives to hire workers.	0.511616
Kako se RS obavezala da će povećati udeo obnovljivih izvora energije u celokupnom bilansu proizvodnje, ovakvi projekti veoma su interesantni za područje AP Vojvodine.	As the RS agreed to increase the share of renewable energy sources in the overall balance of production, these projects are very popular for the region of AP Vojvodina.	1.48723
Multiplikacijom je izračunato da bi se za oko 45 godina postigla proizvodnja električne energije u RS ovom tehnologijom u visini od 62% od ukupne količine električne energije koja je RS potrebna.	Using the multiplication it has been calculated, that within the period of 45 years, using this technology, the production of electrical energy in RS will be produced in the amount of 62% of the total electrical energy the RS needs.	2.0389
Nakon iznetih argumenata zašto bi trebalo realizovati ovaj investicioni projekat, predmet daljih istraživanja trebalo bi da bude izrada analize osetljivosti koja bi trebalo da odgovor na pitanje pod kojim bi uslovima, s aspekta rizika, trebalo u potpunosti pristupiti realizaciji ovog projekta.	Following the presented arguments as to why this investment project is viable, the subject of further research should be the development of a sensitivity analysis which would answer the question concerning the conditions under which, in terms of risk, this project should be fully implemented.	1.14874
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 LITERATURA [1] Petrović N., Drakulić M., Vujin V., Drakulić R., Jeremić V., Klimatske promene i zelene informacione teh nologije, Management, Vol.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 REFERENCES [1] Petrović N., Drakulić M., Vujin V., Drakulić R., Jeremić V., Climate change and green IT, Management, Vol. 16, No. 59, pp. 35-43, 2011. [2]	1.99348
16, br. 59, str. 3543, 2011. [2] Haščič I., Johnstone N., Kahrobaie N., International Technology Agreements for Climate Change:	Haščič I., Johnstone N., Kahrobaie N., International Technology Agreements for Climate Change: Analy sis Based on Co-Invention Data, OECD Environment Working Papers 42, OECD Publishing, 2012. [3]	1.94071
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The Consequences of Inaction, OECD Publishing, 2012. [4] Mihić M., Petrović D., Vučković A., Obradović V., Đurović D., Application and Importance of CostBenefit Analysis in Energy Efficiency Projects Implemented in Public Buildings: ~~~ The Case of Serbia, Thermal Science, Vol.	Mihić M., Petrović D., Vučković A., Obradović V., (cid:0)urović D., Application and Importance of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Energy Efficiency Projects Implemented in Public Buildings: The Case of Serbia, Thermal Science, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 915-929, 2012. [5]	1.07907
16, No. 3, pp. 915929, 2012. [5] Mihić M, Vučković A, Vučković M, Upravljanje koristima u projektima energetske efikasnosti u javnim zgradama u Srbiji, Management, Vol.	Mihić M, Vučković A, Vučković M, Management benefits of energy efficiency projects in public buildings in Serbia, Management, Vol. XVII, No. 62, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade, pp. 57-65, 2012. [6]	2.3346
XVII, broj 62, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, Beograd, str. 5765, 2012. [6] Brkić, M. i Janić, T, Briketiranje biomase, Poljoprivredni fakultet Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 1999. [7] Boemare, C., Quirion, P. Implementing greenhouse gas trading in Europe: lessons from economic lite rature and international experiences, Ecological Economics, Vol.	Brkić, M. i Janić, T, Biomass briquetting, Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 1999. [7] ~~~ Boemare, C., Quirion, P. Implementing greenhouse gas trading in Europe: lessons from economic lit erature and international experiences, Ecological Economics, Vol. 43, No. 2-3, pp. 213-230, 2002. [8]	0.877845
43, No. 23, pp. 213230, 2002. [8] World Commission on Environment and Development, Our common future.	World Commission on Environment and Development, Our common future.	2.865
Oxford:	Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. [9]	0.675
Oxford University Press, 1987. [9] Jordanović Vasić, M, Upotreba biomase iz poljoprivrednog otpada kao obnovljivog izvora energije, Na uka + Praksa, vol. 12, br. 1, str. 6063, 2009. [10] Velimirović, M., Đurić, A., Energetska efikasnost iskorišćavanja biogasa nastalog anaerobnom digesti jom stajskog đubriva u Srbiji, Energetske tehnologije, Br. 1, str. 2729, 2009. [11] Pravilnik o graničnim vrednostima emisije, načinu i rokovima merenja i evidentiranja podataka.	Jordanović Vasić, M, The use of biomass from agricultural waste as a renewable energy source, + Sci ence Practice, vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 60-63, 2009. [10] ~~~ Velimirović, M., (cid:0)urić, A., Energy efficiency of utilization of biogas generated from anaerobic digestion of manure in Serbia Energy Technology, No. 1, pp. 27-29, 2009. [11] ~~~ Regulation on emission limit values, the method and terms of measuring and recording.	0.152394
Službe ni glasnik RS, br. 30, 1997. [12] Oka, S, Korišćenje otpadne čvrste biomase u energetske svrhe, Institut za nuklearne nauke Vinča, Beograd, Vinča, 1997. [13] Kukobat, M, Korišćenje biomase za proizvodnju električne energije, Savezno ministarstvo za privredu, 1998. [14] French, M. i sar., BenefitCost Analysis of Addiction Treatment:	Official Gazette, No. 30, 1997. [12] ~~~ Oka, S, The use of solid waste bio-mass for energy purposes, the Institute of Nuclear Sciences Vinca, Belgrade, Vinča, 1997. [13] ~~~ Kukobat, M, The use of biomass to produce electricity, the Federal Ministry of Economics, 1998. [14]	0.165657
Methodological Guidelines and Empi rical Application Using the DATCAP and ASI, Health Serv Res, 37(2):	French, M. i sar., Benefit-Cost Analysis of Addiction Treatment: Methodological Guidelines and Empir ical Application Using the DATCAP and ASI, Health Serv Res, 37(2): 433455.	2.52514
433455. 2002 [15] Mihić M, Petrović D, Vučković A, Mogućnosti primene CostBenefit analize u projektima energetske efikasnosti u zgradarstvu, Ekonomske teme, Vol.	2002 [15] Mihić M, Petrović D, Vučković A, Possibilities of application of cost-benefit analysis of energy efficiency projects in buildings, Economic issues,Vol. 49,No.3, Faculty of Economics, University of Nis, pp. 355378, 2011. [16]	3.17466
49, br. 3, Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu, str. 355378, 2011. [16] Banfi S., et al., Willingness to Pay for EnergySaving Measures in Residential Buildings, Energy Eco nomics, Vol.	Banfi S., et al., Willingness to Pay for Energy-Saving Measures in Residential Buildings, Energy Eco nomics, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 503-516, 2008. [17]	2.25667
30, No. 2, pp. 503516, 2008. [17] Zerbe, R. and Bellas, A, A primer for Benefit Cost Analysis, Edward Elgar Publishing Inc, 2006.	Zerbe, R. and Bellas, A, A primer for Benefit Cost Analysis, Edward Elgar Publishing Inc, 2006.	2.49412
European Commission: ~~~ Guide to COSTBENEFIT ANALYSIS of investment projects, 2008. ~~~ Primljeno:	European commission: Guide to COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS of investment projects, 2008 Receieved: April 2012.	1.7153
April 2012. ~~~ Prihvaćeno:	Accepted: September 2012.	-0.00625
Septembar 2012. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 O autoru Dragan Marković Fakultet za menadžment u Sremskim Karlovcima dragan.markovic@famns.edu.rs Dragan Marković M.Sc je asistent na Fakultetu za menadžment u Sremskim Karlovcima, a prethodno predavačko i naučno iskustvo je stekao na Fakultetu za sport i turizam u Novom Sadu.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 About the Author Dragan Marković Faculty of management, Sremski Karlovci dragan.markovic@famns.edu.rs, Dragan Markovic M.Sc is assistant at the Faculty of Management at Sremski Karlovci.	0.354296
Njegov istraživački interes obuhvata menadžment, projektni menadžment, strategijski menadžment, upravljanje investicijama i preduzetništvo.	He gained teaching and scientific experience at the Faculty of Sports and Tourism in Novi Sad.	0.311786
Dejan Petrović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu petrovic.dejan@fon.rs Dr Dejan Petrović je vanredni profesor i Šef katedre za menadžment i specijalizovane menadžment discipline na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka.	His research interests include management, project management, strategic management, investment management and entrepreneurship.	0.0358974
Pored matičnog fakulteta predaje na više fakulteta u zemlji i inostranstvu.	As a consultant he works with clusters, business incubators and development agencies in Serbia.	0.483824
Njegov istraživački interes obuhvata menadžment, projektni menadžment, strategijski menadžment, upravljanje investicijama i upravljanje promenama.	Dejan Petrović University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade petrovic.dejan@fon.rs Dr. Dejan Petrović is associate professor and Head of Department of Management and Specilalized Management Disciplines at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade.	0.441007
U svom radu kao konsultant sarađuje sa velikim brojem domaćih i inostranih organizacija.	He is also a visiting professor at several universities in the country and abroad.	0.475714
Marko Mihić Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka u Beogradu mihic.marko@fon.rs Marko Mihić radi kao docent na Katedri za menadžment i specijalizovane menadžment discipline Fakulteta organizacionih nauka.	Marko Mihić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Belgrade mihic.marko@fon.rs Marko Mihić is assistant professor at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, Management Department.	1.22833
Njegov naučni interes, pored menadžmenta, obuhvata i projektni menadžment, strategijski menadžment i upravljanje promenama.	His research interest includes management, project management, strategic management and change management.	0.702163
Publikovao je 7 monografija i objavio preko 80 recenziranih radova. 2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Ana Nikodijević, Jelena Anđelković Labrović, Aleksandar Đoković Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka Sin drom sa go re va nja me đu stu den ti ma Fa kul te ta or ga ni za ci o nih na u ka UDK: ~~~ 159.944.4.072-057.875(497.11)2011/2012 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management.	He has published 7 monographs and over 80 peer-reviewed papers.	0.736364
fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.- 09. ~~~ Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija Sa go re va nje je glo bal no po znat sin drom ko ga ka rak te ri šu emo ci o nal na is cr plje nost, de per so na li za ci ja ili ci ni zam i ni sko lič no po stig nu će. ~~~ Do sa go re va nja do la zi kod za po sle nih i to kod ši ro kog spek tra za ni ma nja, kao i kod stu de na ta.	2012/64 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Ana Nikodijević, Jelena Anđelković Labrović, Aleksandar Đoković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences Academic Burnout Among Students at Faculty of Organizational Sciences UDC: 159.944.4.072-057.875(497.11)2011/2012 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0019 XIII International Symposium SymOrg 2012, 05 - 09 June 2012, Zlatibor, Serbia Burnout is a widely recognized syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization or cynicism and reduced personal accomplishment that occurs in a broad spectrum of occupations, and in students as well.	-0.161119
Cilj ovog is tra ži va nja je da se is pi ta ri zik od sa go re va nja kod stu de na ta i ana li zi ra od nos iz me đu po la i pro seč ne oce ne to kom stu di ra nja sa tri di men zi je sa go re va nja.	The objective of this research was to investigate the risk of burnout among students and to analyze the relationship between gender and grade point average with three dimensions of burnout.	0.753049
Za ovu svr hu je ko ri šćen Ma slach Bur no ut In ven tory Stu dent Sur vey, jer je naj če šće pri me nji van in stru ment za me re nje sa go re va nja. ~~~ Upit nik je kre i ran i va li di ran za po pu la ci ju stu de na ta.	Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey, the most common instrument for measuring burnout, was used for this purpose as it was created and validated for student population.	0.0717043
Is tra ži va nje je spro ve de no na uzor ku od 376 stu de na ta Fa kul te ta or ga ni za ci o nih na u ka stu dij ske gru pe me nadž men ta i in for ma ci o nih si ste ma i teh no lo gi ja, od dru ge do za vr šne go di ne stu di ja.	The research was conducted on a sample of 376 management and IT students in Serbia of the second to the final years of studies.	1.80286
Re zul ta ti po ka zu ju da je 174 (46,3%) stu den ta iz ukup nog uzor ka u ri zi ku od sa go re va nja, a 78 (20,7%) stu de na ta je u vi so kom ri zi ku od sa go re va nja.	The results show that 174 (46.3%) of the total sample of students are at risk of burnout, and 78 (20.7%) are at high risk of burnout.	1.92263
Ni je do ka za na sta ti stič ka zna čaj nost iz me đu po la i ri zi ka od sa go re va nja.	There is no significant correlation between gender and risk of burnout.	0.520968
Ve ći broj stu de na ta sa ni žom pro seč nom oce nom je u ri zi ku od sa go re va nja (54,4%) i vi so kom ri zi ku od sa go re va nja (26,6%), od bro ja stu de na ta sa vi so kom pro seč nom oce nom.	There are higher percentages of students with low grade point average than students with high grade point average in both risk of burnout (54.4%) and high risk of burnout (26.6%) categories.	0.557089
Ključ ne re či: ri zik od sa go re va nja,vi sok ri zik od sa go re va nja, stu den ti, pro seč na oce na stu di ra nja, Ma slach Bur no ut In ven tory Stu dent Sur vey (MBI SS) 1.	Keywords: risk of burnout, high risk of burnout, students, grade point average (GPA), Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI SS) 1.	1.20917
Uvod Sagorevanje je globalno poznat termin u teoriji i praksi koji je privukao pažnju istraživača pre skoro 40 godina.	Introduction Burnout is a widely recognized term in theory and practice that caught the attention of researchers almost 40 years ago.	3.12115
Prvi istraživači u oblasti, Freudenberger (1975) i Maslach (1976), zasnovali su svoj rad na pretpostavci da se sagorevanje javlja kod radnika u uslužnim delatnostima usled interakcije između pružaoca i primaoca usluge (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001).	First researchers in the field, Freudenberger (1975) and Maslach (1976), based their work on the assumption that burnout occurs due to interaction between providers and receivers in occupations providing services and care (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001).	1.6757
Kasnija istraživanja su pokazala da sagorevanje postoji i u ostalim profesijama i zanimanjima (Leiter & Schaufeli, 1996).	Later research has shown that burnout relates to other professional activities and occupations as well (Leiter & Schaufeli, 1996).	1.11651
Takođe, koncept je proširen i primenjen na studente osnovnih i poslediplomskih studija s obzirom da studiranje odlikuju određene karakteristike radnog mesta, i da su studenti pod pritiskom tokom ispunjavanja akademskih zahteva (Schaufeli, Martinez, Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002). termina prikladnije za druga zanimanja emocionalna Maslach, kroz najčešće citiranu definiciju sagorevanja, navodi da je sagorevanje psihološki sindrom emocionalne iscrpljenosti, depersonalizacije i niskog ličnog postignuća koji se javlja kao odgovor pojedinca na emocionalne i interpersonalne stresore (Maslach & Goldberg, 1998).	The concept has also been extended to undergraduate and graduate students since studying has some characteristics of a job and students experience pressures while fulfilling academic requirements (Schaufeli, Martinez, Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002). ~~~ A frequently used definition of burnout was offered by Maslach as a psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment that occurs as a response to emotional and interpersonal stressors among individuals (Maslach & Goldberg, 1998).	0.436485
Definisane na ovaj način, dimenzije sagorevanja odnose se pre svega na zanimanja koja odlikuje veliki broj interakcija među ljudima, dok su manje modifikacije iscrpljenost, cinizam (nezainteresovanost za posao) i niska profesionalna efikasnost (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001).	Burnout dimensions defined in such a manner reflect the focus on occupations with extensive interactions with people, while slight term modifications - emotional exhaustion, cynicism (a distant attitude toward the job) and reduced professional efficiency - are more appropriate to other occupations (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001).	0.95851
Emocionalna iscrpljenost je prva reakcija na stresne zahteve posla i osnovni element sindroma sagorevanja.	Emotional exhaustion is the first reaction to the stress of job demands and basic element of the syndrome.	1.08667
Iscrpljene osobe su emocionalno i fizički izmorene i nisu u mogućnosti da se oporave.	Exhausted individuals feel emotionally and physically drained up, and unable to recover.	0.518769
Depersonalizacija ili cinizam oslikavaju negativan odnos prema radu i kolegama sa posla, uz hladan i udaljen stav.	Depersonalization or cynicism reflects negative responses to work and people at work with cold and distant attitude.	0.793939
Poslednja dimenzija sagorevanja niska profesionalna efikasnost, je samoevaluaciona komponeta koja podrazumeva stanje smanjene efektivnosti i gubitka samopouzdanja u sopstvene sposobnosti (Maslach & Leiter, 1997, str. 17-18).	The final dimension, self evaluation component of burnout reduced professional efficacy, is a state of ineffectiveness and loss of confidence in own abilities (Maslach & Leiter, 1997, pp. 17-18).	1.35397
Tri dimenzije predstavljaju nivo energije (npr. osećaj istrošenosti), stav (npr. ciničan stav), i samoevaluaciju (npr. sumnja u sopstvene sposobnosti) respektivno (Schaufeli, 2003).	All three dimensions respectively correspond to the level of energy (e.g. feeling used up), attitude (e.g. being cynical), and self-evaluation (e.g. doubting personal abilities) (Schaufeli, 2003).	1.45928
Dimenzije sagorevanja se na isti način definišu i za populaciju studenata, a odnose se na osećaj iscrpljenosti zbog akademskih zahteva, ciničan i nezainteresovan stav prema studiranju i osećaj nekompetentnosti kao studenta (Schaufeli, Martinez, Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002).	Burnout dimensions are defined in the same manner for student population and they refer to feeling exhausted because of study demands, having a cynical and detached attitude toward studies, and feeling incompetent and inefficient as a student (Schaufeli, Martinez, Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002).	1.44291
Moneta je sproveo istraživanje u kom je razmatrao povezanost izme Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 đu potrebe za postignućem, sagorevanja i namere studenata osnovnih studija da napuste studije, i zaključio da je sagorevanje u obrazovnim uslovima jako slično sagorevanju na radnom mestu (Moneta, 2011).	Moneta conducted a study in which he explored the links between the need for achievement, burnout, and intention to leave ones study program in undergraduate university stu Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 dents and concluded that burnout in educational settings has similar characteristics to those it has in occupational settings (Moneta, 2011).	1.13971
Prvi uputnik za merenje sagorevanja - Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) - Human Service Survey, je konstruisan za širok spektar zaposlenih u sektoru pružanja usluga (Maslach & Jackson, 1981).	The first scale for burnout - Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) - Human Service Survey was developed for a wide range of human service professionals (Maslach & Jackson, 1981).	1.4012
Evolucija sindroma sagorevanja i njegovo širenje u druge delatnosti su doneli promene u široko korišćenom upitniku i rezultirali kreiranjem nekoliko modifikacija upitnika: ~~~ MBI Educators Survey (za zaposlene u obrazovnim delatnostima), MBI - General Survey (za zaposlene čija zanimanja nisu u potpunosti orijentisana na ljude) i MBI - Student Survey (za studente osnovnih i poslediplomskih studija).	Evolution in burnout research across different areas brought forth changes in the widely used scale and a development of several modifications: MBI Educators Survey (for workers in educational occupations), MBI - General Survey (for workers in occupations that are not entirely people-oriented) and MBI - Student Survey (for undergraduate and graduate students).	0.617107
Validnost upitnika za studente su potvrdili istraživači u ovoj oblasti (Schaufeli, Martinez, Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002; Schaufeli & Salanova, 2007; Campos, Zucoloto, Bonafe, Jordani, & Maroco, 2011) primenom konfirmatorne faktorske analize.	The construct validity of MBI-SS has been acknowledged by previous researchers (Schaufeli, Martinez, Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002; Schaufeli & Salanova, 2007; Campos, Zucoloto, Bonafe, Jordani, & Maroco, 2011) and the criteria they used to validate the construct was the confirmatory factor analysis.	2.14854
Koeficijenti za internu konzistentnost (Cronbach α) su iznad 0.70, što označava internu konzistentnost prema Schaufeliju i ostalima (2002).	Coefficients of internal consistency (Cronbachs alphas) have values above 0.70, signifying internal consistency, according to Schaufeli et al. (2002).	0.599123
MBI-SS je validiran u prethodno spomenutim istraživanjima za sledeće jezike: engleski, holandski, španski i portugalski.	In all this, previously mentioned research, MBI-SS was validated for following languages: English, Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese.	1.03909
Hu i Shaufeli su validirali kinesku verziju upitnika (Hu & Shaufeli, 2009), a Shin i ostali su potvrdili da je upitnik pogodan za korejske studente (Shin, Puig, Lee, Lee, & Lee, 2011).	Hu and Shaufeli validated the Chinese (Hu & Shaufeli, 2009) version and Shin et al. verified that MBI-SS is appropriate for application on Korean students (Shin, Puig, Lee, Lee, & Lee, 2011).	1.65
Veliki broj istraživanja sagorevanja je do sada sproveden na studentskoj populaciji.	A lot of studies of student burnout were conducted in the past.	0.669811
Pokazano je da je doživljeni stres u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa svim dimenzijama sagorevanja (Divaris, Polychronopoulou, Taoufik, Katsaros, & Eliades, 2012).	Perceived stress was positively correlated with all burnout dimensions (Divaris, Polychronopoulou, Taoufik, Katsaros, & Eliades, 2012).	2.19903
U jednoj od sprovedenih studija izvršena je analiza povezanosti pola i dimenzija sagorevanja, i zaključeno je da se rizik od sagorevanja povećava sa godinom studiranja, ali da nema statističke značajnosti između pola i bilo koje podskale sagorevanja (Galán, Sanmartín, Polo, & Giner, 2011).	One of the studies investigated the association between gender and burnout subscales where the results showed that the risk of burnout is increasing with the year of study and that there is no significant correlation between gender and any of the subscales of burnout (Galán, Sanmartín, Polo, & Giner, 2011).	1.18053
Rezultati do kojih su došli Adie & Wakefield (2011) nagoveštavaju da je simptome sagorevanja među studentima moguće umanjiti davanjem autonomije studentima u cilju povećanja njihovog angažovanja (Adie & Wakefield, 2011).	Results of Adie & Wakefield (2011) suggest that burnout symptoms among students can be reduced by introducing autonomy supportive behaviours in order to facilitate engagement (Adie & Wakefield, 2011).	1.45665
Na osnovu našeg saznanja, u Srbiji je sproveden mali broj istraživanja u ovoj oblasti.	To our knowledge, there were only few studies conducted in Serbia in the field of burnout.	0.9
U njima je analiziran rizik od sagorevanja u određenim delatnostima: u proizvodnji hrane (Aranđelović, Ilić, & Jović, 2010), kod medicinskog osoblja (Ćurčić & Ćurčić, 2009) i u vojsci (Dedić, 2005).	Most of them investigated risk of burnout in certain occupations: food industry (Aranđelović, Ilić, & Jović, 2010), medical staff (Ćurčić & Ćurčić, 2009) and military (Dedić, 2005).	2.09448
Sprovedeno je samo jedno istraživanje na populaciji studenata u cilju identifikacije faktora povezanih sa zdravljem, kvalitetom života i pojavom depresije.	There was only one study on the student population with the aim to identify factors that might be associated with health related quality of life, including relationship with depression.	0.544707
Istraživači su zaključili da depresija ima najveći uticaj na kvalitet života od svih analiziranih faktora (Pekmezovic, Popovic, Tepavcevic Kisic, Gazibara, & Paunic, 2011).	Researchers concluded that among the factors that significantly influenced quality of life, depression was the most prominent (Pekmezovic, Popovic, Tepavcevic Kisic, Gazibara, & Paunic, 2011).	1.65
Uzimajući u obzir prethodna istraživanja i nedostatak naučnih podataka za Srbiju, autori ovog rada su odlučili da istraže tri dimenzije sagorevanja na uzorku studenata studijskih grupa menadžment i informacioni sistemi i tehnologije Fakulteta organizacionih nauka. ~~~ Za tu svrhu je korišćen MBISS upitnik, a sprovedena je analiza povezanosti prosečne ocene studiranja i pola sa različitim dimenzijama sagorevanja. 2.	With respect to previous research and shortage of scientific data for Serbia, the authors of this paper decided to explore three dimensions of burnout on a sample of management and IT students at Faculty of Organizational Sciences, using the MBISS construct and analyze the relationship between grade point average and gender and different burnout scales. ~~~ 2.	0.232395
Me to de Ispitivanje je sprovedeno na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka na uzorku od 402 studenta menadžmenta i informacionih sistema i tehnologija.	Method Participants in this survey were 402 management and IT students from the Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade in Serbia.	2.34073
Učešće je bilo dobrovoljno, a studenti su popunjavali upitnik dopunjen pitanjima socio-demografske prirode i drugih karakteristika učesnika.	Participation was voluntary and students were asked to answer a questionnaire and provide socio-demographic and other characteristics of participants.	1.12403
Svakom studentu je dodeljen numerički kod radi obezbeđenja anonimnosti.	Each student was assigned numerical code in order to ensure anonymity.	0.57541
Od ukupnog uzorka, 26 studenata nije u potpunosti popunilo upitnik i njihovi podaci nisu korišćeni u daljoj analizi.	From these students, 26 did not answer the entire questionnaire and were excluded from the study.	2.34897
Prigodan uzorak od 376 studenata (stopa odgovora je iznosila 93%) činili su ravnomerno raspoređeni studenti od druge do završne godine studija.	A convenient final sample of 376 students (93% response rate) consisted of equally distributed students of second to final years of studies.	2.32795
Uzorak se sastojao od 159 studenata muškog pola i 217 studenata ženskog pola.	There were 159 male and 217 female participants.	4.44762
Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey je korišćen u istraživanju s obzirom da je najrasprostranjeniji instrument za merenje sagorevanja.	Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey was used for this purpose as it is a most widely used construct for assessing burnout.	1.35526
Upitnik se sastoji od 15 pitanja kojima su predstavljene tri dimenzije sagorevanja: iscrpljenost (5 pitanja), cinizam (4 pitanja) i profesionalna efikasnost (6 pitanja).	The construct consists of 15 items that represent three scales: exhaustion (5 items), cynicism (4 items), and professional efficacy (6 items).	2.42084
Ponuđeni odgovori su prikazani u obliku sedmostepene skale sa vrednostima od 0 (nikad) do 6 (uvek), a studenti su odgovarali na pitanja koliko često se osećaju na određeni način (npr. pitanje za iscrpljenost:	Individual items are scored on a 7-point frequency rating scale ranging from 0 (never) to 6 (always) and students were asked to indicate how often they felt in a certain way (e.g. for exhaustion: Studying or attending a class is really a strain for me; for cynicism: I doubt the significance of my academics; and for professional efficacy: I feel stimulated when I achieve my academic goals).	0.855107
Učenje i pohađanje nastave mi je veoma naporno; za cinizam: ~~~ Sumnjam u značaj mog studiranja; i za profesionalnu efikasnost:	Questionnaires were distributed to participants during the winter term of 2011/12 academic year after the lecturing period.	-0.00416667
Osećam se stimulisano kada ostvarim svoje ciljeve tokom studija).		-0.3
Upitnici su distribuirani učesnicima u zimskom semestru školske 2011/12. godine na kraju časa nastave.		-0.3
Autori rada su informisali studente o ciljevima istraživanja, ali im detalji nisu predstavljeni.	The participants were informed about the aim of the study, but were not given any particular details.	0.3
Istraživači nisu bili prisutni u učionici u vreme popunjavanja upitnika i sve upitnike su pokupili po završetku popunjavanja.	The researchers were not present in the classrooms at the time of answering the questionnaires and they collected them after completion.	0.920959
Analiza pouzdanosti MBI-SS upitnika je vršena izračunavanjem Cronbach α koeficijenata unutrašnje konzistentnosti za sve tri dimenzije sagorevanja.	The reliability of MBISS was estimated through Cronbach alpha coefficient for internal consistency for all three dimensions of burnout.	1.25678
Vrednosti koeficijenata su iznosile: α=0,814 za iscrpljenost, Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 α=0,868 za cinizam i α=0,773 za efikasnost.	The coefficients were α=0.814 for exhaustion, α=0.868 for cynicism and α=0.773 for efficacy.	0.0678571
S obzirom da se unutrašnja pouzdanost pretpostavlja za vrednosti koeficijenata veće od 0,7 (Cronbach, 1951), rezultati ukazuju na dobru internu konzistentnost.	Since internal reliability is assumed for correlation coefficients higher than 0.7 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 (Cronbach, 1951), the results point out to a good internal consistency.	0.748271
Deskriptivna statistika je korišćena za analizu podataka (aritmetička sredina - M i standardna devijacija - SD).	Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data (mean scores - M and standard deviation - SD).	0.764352
Nakon toga, hi-kvadrat test je korišćen prilikom analize razlika u polu i po prosečnoj oceni tokom studija radi utvrđivanja razlika između dve grupe.	Afterwards, chi-square test was used to identify differences in gender and GPA on the three dimensions of burnout and independence sample t-test was used to determine differences between two group means.	0.832519
Kao granica statističke značajnosti je uzeta vrednost p<0,05.	Statistically significant results were assumed for p<0.05.	0.277358
Softverski paket SPSS 20.0 je korišćen u svim analizama. 3.	SPSS version 20.0 was used for all analyses. ~~~ 3.	0.460714
Re zul ta ti di sku si ja Aritmetičke sredine i standardne devijacije tri dimenzije su imale sledeće vrednosti: ~~~ 2,50 (1,08) za iscrpljenost, 1,05 (0,97) za cinizam i 3,92 (1,06) za profesionalnu efikasnost.	Results and discusion The mean scores and standard deviation for three dimensions were calculated and they were 2.50 (1.08) for exhaustion, 1.05 (0.97) for cynicism and 3.92 (1.06) for professional efficacy.	0.021875
Rezultati svake od tri podskale su grupisani u tri kategorije: nizak, umeren i visok stepen, po ugledu na donji, srednji i gornji kvartil distribucije rezultata (Galán, Sanmartín, Polo, & Giner, 2011).	Scores for each subscale were organized in three groups: low, average and high, according to lower, medium and upper quartile of the score distribution (Galán, Sanmartín, Polo, & Giner, 2011).	1.15651
Na osnovu toga dobijeni su sledeći rezultati za donji i gornji kvartil: nizak stepen iscrpljenosti ≤ 1,83, visok stepen iscrpljenosti ≥ 3,17; nizak stepen cinizma ≤ 0,33, visok stepen cinizma ≥ 1,67; nizak stepen efikasnosti ≤ 3,21, visok stepen efikasnosti ≥ 4,67.	Therefore, lower and upper quartiles of all dimensions are: low exhaustion ≤ 1.83, high exhaustion ≥ 3.17; low cynicism ≤ 0.33, high cynicism ≥ 1.67; low efficacy ≤ 3.21, high efficacy ≥ 4.67.	1.33434
U ovom istraživanju je sagorevanje definisano kao rezultat iscrpljenosti, cinizma i efikasnosti, pri čemu visoke vrednosti za iscrpljenost i cinizam i niske vrednosti za profesionalnu efikasnost ukazuju na sagorevanje kod studenata.	Our research defines burnout as a result of exhaustion, cynicism and efficacy, where high scores on exhaustion and cynicism and low scores on professional efficacy point towards student burnout.	0.831737
Najveći broj istraživača (Galán, Sanmartín, Polo, & Giner, 2011; Willcock, Daly, Tennant, & Allard, 2004; Santen, Holt, Kemp, & Hemphill, 2010) identifikovali su postojanje rizika od sagorevanja razmatranjem jedne dimenzije kao dovoljnog indikatora postojanja sagorevanja.	Most researchers (Galán, Sanmartín, Polo, & Giner, 2011; Willcock, Daly, Tennant, & Allard, 2004; Santen, Holt, Kemp, & Hemphill, 2010) identified the existence of burnout risk through at least one subscale of burnout as a sufficient indicator.	2.16975
Schaufeli i ostali (2002) smatraju da rizik od sagorevanja postoji ukoliko je visoka vrednost na skali emocionalne iscrpljenosti, visoka vrednost na skali cinizma ili niska vrednost na skali efikasnosti, što pretpostavlja da je visoka ili niska vrednost na jednoj od skala dovoljan pokazatelj postojanja rizika od sagorevanja (Schaufeli, Martinez, Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002).	Taking into consideration Schaufeli at al. (2002), risk of burnout exists when there is a high score on emotional exhaustion or high score on cynicism or low score on efficacy, meaning that high or low score on one dimension is a sufficient indicator for risk of burnout. ~~~ (Schaufeli, Martinez, Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002).	0.4725
Dodatno, autori ovog rada su želeli da identifikuju studente sa visokim rizikom od sagorevanja, i stoga su kreirali indikator visokog rizika od sagorevanja.	Furthermore, we wanted to identify students with high risk of burnout, and we formed an indicator for high risk of burnout.	1.2986
Visok rizik od sagorevanja postoji ukoliko su vrednosti na skalama emocionalne iscrpljenosti i cinizma visoke; vrednosti na skali emocionalne iscrpljenosti visoke i vrednosti na skali efikasnosti niske; visoke vrednosti za cinizam i niske za efikasnost; visoke vrednosti za emocionalnu iscrpljenost i cinizam a niske vrednosti za efikasnost.	High risk of burnout represents high scores on emotional exhaustion and high scores on cynicism; or high scores on emotional exhaustion and low scores on efficacy; or high scores on cynicism and low scores on efficacy; or high scores on emotional exhaustion and high scores on cynicism and low scores on efficacy.	0.949857
Studenti su grupisani u kategoriju sa rizikom od sagorevanja (visoke/niske vrednosti za samo jednu dimenziju sagorevanja) i visokim rizikom od sagorevanja (visoke/niske vrednosti za dve ili tri dimenzije sagorevanja).	Therefore, students were grouped into those with risk of burnout (with high/low scores on only one burnout dimension) and those with high risk of burnout (with high/low scores in two or three burnout dimensions).	1.18333
U Tabeli 1 je pokazano da 88 studenata (23,4%) ima visok rezultat na dimenziji iscrpljenosti, 83 studenta (22,1%) ima visok rezultat cinizma i 94 studenta (25%) ima nizak rezultat na dimenziji efikasnosti.	Table 1 shows that 88 (23.4%) students had high score in exhaustion, 83 (22.1%) had high score in cynicism and 94 (25%) had low score in efficacy.	1.8804
Dodatno, u tabeli 1 je ilustrovano da je 174 studenta (46,3%) iz ukupnog uzorka u riziku od sagorevanja, a njih 78 (20,7%) je u visokom riziku od sagorevanja.	Also, table 1 illustrates that 174 (46.3%) of total sample of students are at risk of burnout, and 78 (20.7%) are at high risk of burnout.	1.25263
Ne postoje podaci o prihvatljivom stepenu rizika od sagorevanja, ali se može zaključiti da je 46,3% izuzetno visok procenat studenata, prema kom je skoro svaki drugi student u riziku od sagorevanja.	There are no data regarding acceptable levels of risk of burnout, but it can be concluded that 46.3% is an extremely high percentage, according to which almost every other student is at risk of burnout.	1.23395
Tabela 1: ~~~ Dimenzije sagorevanja i broj studenata u riziku od sagorevanja Dimenzije Iscrpljenost Nizak stepen Umeren stepen Visok stepen Cinizam Nizak stepen Umeren stepen Visok stepen Efikasnost Nizak stepen Umeren stepen Visok stepen Rizik od sagorevanjaa Visok rizik od sagorevanjab Broj Studenti % 28,2 48,4 23,4 33,2 44,7 22,1 25,0 50,3 24,7 46,3 20,7 a Sagorevanje visok stepen emocionalne iscrpljenosti, ili visok stepen cinizma, ili nizak stepen efikasnosti. b Sagorevanje vikok stepen emocionalne iscrpljenosti i visok stepen cinizma, visok stepen emocionalne iscrpljenosti i nizak stepen efikasnosti, visok stepen cinizma i nizak stepen efikasnosti, ili visok stepen emocionalne iscrpljenosti, visok stepen cinizma, i nizak stepen efikasnosti.	Table 1: Burnout dimensions and number of students at risk of burnout Subscales Exhaustion Low Moderate High Cynicism Low Moderate High Efficacy Low Moderate High Risk of burnouta High risk of burnoutb Students Number % 28.2 48.4 23.4 33.2 44.7 22.1 25.0 50.3 24.7 46.3 20.7 a Burnout - high score on emotional exhaustion or high score on cynicism or low score on efficacy b Burnout - high score on emotional exhaustion and high score on cynicism; or high score on emotional exhaustion and low score on efficacy; or high score on cynicism and low score on efficacy; or high score on emotional exhaustion and high score cynicism and low score on efficacy Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Table 2 shows that 34 (21.4%) out of 88 students who had high score in exhaustion were male and 54 (24.9%) were female.	0.408592
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 U Tabeli 2 je pokazano da je 34 (21,4%) od 88 studenata sa visokim stepenom iscrpljenosti muškog pola, a 54 (24,9%) ženskog pola. 42 (26,4%) od 83 studenta sa visokim stepenom cinizma je muškog, a 41 (18,9%) je ženskog pola.	42 (26.4%) out of 83 students who had high score in cynicism were male and 41 (18.9%) were female.	1.05
Ispitivanjem iscrpljenosti je utvrđeno da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika između pripadnika muškog i ženskog pola (p=0,487) kako u ukupnom uzorku, tako i u grupi studenata sa visokim rezultatom.	There is no significant difference on a burnout subscale of exhaustion between genders, either in total sample or in the high scored group.	1.01483
Sa druge strane, utvrđeno je da postoji statistički značajna razlika među polovima u dimenzijama cinizma i efikasnosti (p<0,05).	There are significant differences between genders on a cynicism and efficacy subscales.	0.60959
Interesantno je napomenuti da nema razlike među studentima muškog i ženskog pola u grupi visokog rizika od sagorevanja.	It is interesting that there are no differences between male and female students in a group of students with high risk of burnout.	1.39677
Rezultati prethodnih istraživanja imaju konflitne rezultate.	Previous research showed conflicting results.	0.692857
U pojedinima nije utvrđena značajna korelacija između pola i bilo koje od dimenzija sagorevanja (Galán, Sanmartín, Polo, & Giner, 2011; Bresó, Salanova, & Schaufeli, 2007).	Some of them showed that there is no significant correlation between gender and any of the subscales of burnout. ~~~ (Galán, Sanmartín, Polo, & Giner, 2011; Bresó, Salanova, & Schaufeli, 2007).	1.19286
Drugi autori su ustanovili postojanje razlika među polovima na različitim podskalama sagorevanja (Willcock, Daly, Tennant, & Allard, 2004; Yang, 2004; Weckwerth & Flynn, 2006).	Others showed that there is a difference between genders on different subscales of burnout (Willcock, Daly, Tennant, & Allard, 2004; Yang, 2004; Weckwerth & Flynn, 2006).	2.07945
Može se zaključiti da ne postoji konsenzus istraživača po ovom pitanju.	Therefore the consensus among researchers on this issue does not exist.	0.280645
Tabela 2: ~~~ Razlike u riziku od sagorevanja prema polu Dimenzije Iscrpljenost M (SD) Visok stepen, broj (%) Cinizam M (SD) Visok stepen, broj (%) Efikasnost M (SD) Nizak stepen, broj (%) Rizik od sagorevanja Visok rizik od sagorevanja Studenti Muški pol 2,46 (1,06) 34 (21,4%) 1,22 (1,02) 42 (26,4%) 3,77 (1,11) 51 (32,9%) 81 (50,9%) 37 (23,3%) Ženski pol 2,58 (1,10) 54 (24,9%) 0,93 (0,92) 41 (18,9%) 4,04 (1,01) 43 (19,8%) 93 (42,9%) 41 (18,9%) p 0,487 0,554 0,004 0,004 0,018 0,025 0,120 0,301 Za potrebe ovog istraživanja usvojeno je da se pod niskom prosečnom ocenom studiranja smatraju prosečne ocene niže od 8,00, a pod visokom one prosečne ocene čije su vrednosti 8,01 ili više (Najniža ocena za položen ispit u Srbiji koju student može da dobije je 6, a najviša 10).	Table 2: Differences in risk of burnout between male and female students Subscales Exhaustion Mean (SD) High score, no (%) Cynicism Mean (SD) High score, no (%) Efficacy Mean (SD) Low score, no (%) Risk of burnout High risk of burnout Students Male 2.46 (1.06) 34 (21.4%) Female 2.58 (1.10) 54 (24.9%) 1.22 (1.02) 42 (26.4%) 0.93 (0.92) 41 (18.9%) 3.77 (1.11) 51 (32.9%) 81 (50.9%) 37 (23.3%) 4.04 (1.01) 43 (19.8%) 93 (42.9%) 41 (18.9%) p 0.487 0.554 0.004 0.004 0.018 0.025 0.120 0.301 For the purposes of this research, we defined low GPA as a grade below 8.00 and high GPA as grades 8.01 or higher (Lowest grade a student can get for passing the exam in Serbia is 6 and highest grade is 10).	0.565411
U Tabeli 3 je pokazano da 38 (22,5%) od 88 studenata sa visokim stepenom iscrpljenosti ima nižu prosečnu ocenu studiranja, a 50 studenata (24,2%) ima višu prosečnu ocenu. 46 (27,2%) od 83 studenta sa visokim stepenom cinizma ima nižu prosečnu ocenu, a njih 37 (17,.	Table 3 shows that 38 (22.5%) out of 88 students who had high score in exhaustion had a low GPA and 50 (24.2%) had high GPA. ~~~ 46 (27.2%) out of 83 students who had high score in cynicism had a low GPA and 37 (17.9%) had a high GPA.	0.631802
ima visoku prosečnu ocenu. 61 (36,1%) od 94 studenta sa niskim stepenom efikasnosti ima nisku, dok 33 studenta (15,9%) ima visoku prosečnu ocenu.	61 (36.1%) out of 94 students who had a low score in efficacy and a low GPA and 33 (15.9%) had a high GPA.	2.525
Analizom iscrpljenosti je utvrđeno da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika između studenata sa nižom i višom prosečnom ocenom (p=0,241).	There is no significant difference on a burnout subscale of exhaustion between students with low or high GPAs.	0.977772
Sa druge strane, postoji statistički značajna razlika između ove dve grupe studenata u dimenzijama cinizma i efikasnosti (p<0,05).	There is a significant difference between students with low and high GPAs on a cynicism and efficacy subscales.	1.02
Od posebnog značaja je uticaj efikasnosti na prosečnu ocenu za ukupan uzorak.	Especially important is the influence of efficiency on a students GPA for the total sample.	0.491639
Prethodni istraživači su uočili da studenti sa visokom prosečnom ocenom i samopoštovanjem nisu u riziku od sagorevanja (Jayoung, Puig, Kim, Shin, Lee, & Lee, 2010).	In some of the previous research authors found that students who had highest GPA scores and positive self-esteem didnt experience burnout (Jayoung, Puig, Kim, Shin, Lee, & Lee, 2010).	1.54868
U drugom istraživanju, u kom je korišćen MBI upitnik, uočena je značajna korelacija između prosečne ocene i emocionalne iscrpljenosti, ali ne i sa depersonalizacijom i ličnim postignućem (Jacobs & Dodd, 2003).	In another research where MBI construct was used, GPA was significantly correlated with emotional exhaustion but not with depersonalization or personal accomplishment (Jacobs & Dodd, 2003).	1.14525
Uzimajući u obzir rizik od sagorevanja, uočljivo je da je 54,4% studenata sa nižom prosečnom ocenom u riziku od sagorevanja, a 26,6% studenata je u visokom riziku od sagorevanja.	Considering the risk of burnout, it is shown that 54.4% of students with low GPA are at risk of burnout and 26.6% are at high risk of burnout.	0.923276
Postoji značajan uticaj visine prosečne ocene na rizik od sagorevanja i visok rizik od sagorevanja.	There is a significant influence of GPA on a risk of burnout and on high risk of burnout.	1.55086
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Tabela 3: ~~~ Razlike u riziku od sagorevanja prema prosečnoj oceni studiranja Dimenzije Iscrpljenost M (SD) Visok stepen, broj (%) Cinizam M (SD) Visok stepen, broj (%) Efikasnost M (SD) Nizak stepen, broj (%) Rizik od sagorevanja Visok rizik od sagorevanja Studenti Niža prose(cid: ~~~ ocena 2,43 (1,13) 38 (22,5%) 1,17 (1,02) 46 (27,2%) 3,63 (1,04) 61 (36,1%) 92 (54,4%) 45 (26,6%) Viša prose(cid: ~~~ ocena 2,56 (1,04) 50 (24,2%) 0,96 (0,92) 37 (17,9%) 4,16 (1,01) 33 (15,9%) 82 (39,6%) 33 (15,9%) p 0,241 0,736 0,032 0,05 0,0001 0,011 0,004 0,011 Detaljnijom analizom je ustanovljeno da studenti koji su u riziku od sagorevanja imaju prosečnu ocenu studiranja 8,11, a studenti koji nisu u riziku od sagorevanja imaju prosečnu ocenu studiranja 8,35.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Table 3: Differences in risk of burnout between students with low and high GPA Subscales Exhaustion Mean (SD) High score, no (%) Cynicism Mean (SD) High score, no (%) Efficacy Mean (SD) Low score, no (%) Risk of burnout High risk of burnout Students Low GPA High GPA 2.43 (1.13) 38 (22.5%) 2.56 (1.04) 50 (24.2%) 1.17 (1.02) 46 (27.2%) 0.96 (0.92) 37 (17.9%) 3.63 (1.04) 61 (36.1%) 92 (54.4%) 45 (26.6%) 4.16 (1.01) 33 (15.9%) 82 (39.6%) 33 (15.9%) p 0.241 0.736 0.032 0.05 0.0001 0.011 0.004 0.011 Detailed examinations of student GPAs found that students in risk of burnout have GPA of 8.11 and those that are not at risk have a GPA of 8.35.	0.044891
Može se zaključiti da postoji značajna razlika između dve grupe studenata prema prosečnoj oceni studiranja (t (374) = 2, 385, p = 0,005).	Therefore, there is a significant difference in GPAs between two groups of students (t (374) = 2, 385, p = 0,005).	1.85426
Prosečna ocena studenata u visokom riziku od sagorevanja je 8,04, dok ostali studenti koji nisu u ovoj grupi imaju prosečnu ocenu od 8,29.	The GPA of students with high risk of burnout is 8.04, while those who are not in this group have a GPA of 8.29.	1.20333
Dakle, postoji značajna razlika i između ove dve grupe studenata (t (374) = 2, 426, p = 0,016).	There is a significant difference between these two groups as well (t (374) = 2, 426, p = 0.016).	1.55941
Zaključak (i dalji pravci istraživanja) Ključni rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da je rizik od sagorevanja široko rasprostranjen kod studenata menadžmenta i informacionih sistema i tehnologija u Srbiji.	Conclusions (and future research) The main results from this study show that the risk of burnout is widespread in management and IT students in Serbia.	1.31322
Skoro 50% ispitanika je u riziku od sagorevanja, a preko 20% studenata je u visokom riziku od sagorevanja.	Almost 50% of participants are at risk and over 20% of them are at high risk of burnout.	1.33026
Nisu pronađene statistički značajne razlike među polovima.	There were no differences found between genders.	0.202326
Prosečna ocena studiranja je značajan pokazatelj rizika od sagorevanja.	Grade point average was found to be an important predictor of risk of burnout.	0.9
Tokom ovog istraživanja prikupljeni su podaci o više demografskih i drugih karakteristika studenata.	Data on several other demographic and other characteristics of students were gathered in the course of this research.	1.12418
Neke od tih karakteristika nisu razmatrane u ovom radu, ali mogu da budu od značaja za rizik od sagorevanja.	Some of them were not considered in this paper, but might be significant for risk of burnout in student population.	0.883696
Autori ovog rada će uključiti ove aspekte u naredna istraživanja, i to: godinu studija, oblast studiranja (menadžment ili informacioni sistemi i tehnologije), način finansiranja studija (budžet ili samofinansiranje), radni status (nezaposlenost, honorarni rad, puno radno vreme), mesto stanovanja i vreme koje student provede u učenju i na nastavi.	Therefore, authors of this paper will include current year of studies, field of studying (management or IT), source of financing (government budget or self-financing), employment status (unemployed, part-time workers and full-time workers), hometown, and amount of time dedicated to learning activities and class attendance in their future research.	0.783855
S obzirom da su autori zaključili da postoji statistička značajnost između rizika od sagorevanja i visine prosečne ocene, analiza prosečne ocene i drugih karakteristika studenata može da bude značajna.	Since we have concluded there is a significant difference in risk of burnout between students with high and low GPAs, it might be interesting to analyze the relationship between GPA and some other characteristic of students.	1.08681
Bilo bi korisno sprovesti istraživanje na celoj populaciji studenata Srbije iz oblasti sagorevanja, a ne samo kod studenata studijskih grupa menadžment i informacioni sistemi i tehnologije Fakulteta organzacionih nauka.	Likewise it would be useful to conduct a national study on risk of burnout using the entire student population in Serbia, and not just management and IT students at Faculty of Organizational Sciences.	0.755621
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Primljen:	Receieved: April 2012.	1.47
April 2012. ~~~ Prihvaćen:	Accepted: September 2012.	0.6
Septembar 2012. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 O autoru Ana Nikodijević Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, nikodijevica@fon.bg.ac.rs Ana Nikodijević je asistent na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu, na Odseku za upravljanje ljudskim resursima.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 About the Author Ana Nikodijević University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences nikodijevica@fon.bg.ac.rs Ana Nikodijevic is a teaching assistant at Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, in department of Human Resource Management.	0.514621
Predaje na predmetima u oblasti organizacionog ponašanja, uključujući dinamiku grupe, timski rad, liderstvo i međuljudske odnose.	She teaches courses in the area of organizational behavior, including group dynamics, teamwork, leadership and interpersonal relations.	1.00336
Autor je i/ili koautor više od 20 radova koji objavljenih u stručnim časopisima i zbornicima sa konferencija.	She is the author and/orco-author of more than 20 papers published in journals and conference proceedings.	1.16605
Jelena Anđelković Labrović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka, jeca@fon.bg.ac.rs Jelena Anđelković Labrović je asistent na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu, na Odseku za upravljanje ljudskim resursima.	Jelena Anđelković Labrović University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences jeca@fon.bg.ac.rs Jelena Anđelković Labrović is a teaching assistant at Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Human Resource Management Department.	1.52651
Predaje na sledećim predmetima: ~~~ Obuka i razvoj, E-učenje, Upravljanje ljudskim resursima i Međunarodno upravljanje ljudskim resursima.	She teaches following courses: Training and Development, E-Learning, Human Resource Management and International Human Resource Management.	0.41207
Autor je i/ili koautor više od 15 radova koji objavljenih u stručnim časopisima i zbornicima sa konferencija.	She is the author and/or co-author of more than 15 papers published in journals and conference proceedings.	3.11703
Aleksandar Đoković Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet organizacionih nauka djokovic@fon.bg.ac.rs Aleksandar Đoković je asistent na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu, na Katedri za operaciona istraživanja I statistiku.	Aleksandar Đoković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences djokovic@fon.bg.ac.rs Aleksandar Djokovic is a teaching assistant at Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, in department of Computational Statistics.	1.03889
Predaje na predmetima iz oblasti teorije verovatnoće, statistike, linearnih statističkih modela, analize podataka i biostatistike.	He teaches courses in the area of Theory of probability, Statistics, Linear statistical models, Data analysis and Biostatistics.	0.84375
Autor je i/ili koautor više od 20 radova koji objavljenih u stručnim časopisima i zbornicima sa konferencija. 2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Mirjana Petković1, Snežana Lazarević2 1Ekonomski fakultet u Beogradu, 2Visoka sportska i zdravstvena škola, Beograd Upra vlja nje in ter or ga ni za ci o nim od no si ma: di zajn cen tra za jed nič kih uslu ga UDK: ~~~ 005.52:005.56 ; 005.7 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management.	He is the author and/or co-author of more than 20 papers published in journals and conference proceedings.	-0.0358974
fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) U ra du su ana li zi ra ni in ter or ga ni za ci o ni od no si i in ter or ga ni za ci o ni di zajn kao sred stvo da se upra vlja tim od no si ma.	2012/64 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Mirjana Petković1, Snežana Lazarević2 1Faculty of Economics, Belgrade, 2College of Sports and Health, Belgrade Managing Interorganizational Relations: Design of Shared Services Centre UDC: 005.52:005.56 ; 005.7 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0024 This paper analyses interorganizational relations and interorganizational design as a means to manage those relations.	-0.154097
Te ži šte ana li ze je na di zaj ni ra nju cen tra za jed nič kih uslu ga (sha red ser vi ces cen ter SSC), uz ko ri šće nje me to da me nadž men ta to ka ra da (wor kflow ma na ge ment - WFM).	The focal point of analysis is the design of Shared Services Centre-SSC, by using a method of Workflow Management, WFM.	0.303253
Uka za no je na stra te ške i or ga ni za ci o ne, po li tič ke, teh nič ke i eko nom ske mo ti ve za for mi ra nje SSCs.	The authors point out strategic and organizational, political, technical and economic motives for establishing SSCs.	0.631667
Dat je kon cep tu al ni mo del i opi san je pro ces di zaj ni ra nja SSC. ~~~ Ključ ne re či:	The paper also describes a conceptual model and process of designing SSC.	-0.0166667
In ter or ga ni za ci o ni od no si, in ter or ga ni za ci o ni di zajn, cen tar za jed nič kih ser vi sa, me nadž ment to ka ra da, mo del di zaj na SSC. 1.	Keywords: interorganizational relations, interorganizational design, shared services center, workflow management, SSC design model.	0.929814
Uvod U današnjem okruženju koje izuzetno kompleksnim čine dramatične promene uzrokovane informatizacijom i globalizacijom, organizacioni dizajn je dobio na značaju i postao je jedan od najvažnijih alata u programima menadžera, koje ovi koriste da bi unapredili poslovanje organizacija i učinili ih konkurentnijim.	1. ~~~ Introduction In the todays environment, extremely complex due to dramatic changes triggered by informatization and globalization, organizational design has gained in importance and become one of the most important tools in managers programs, which they implement to improve the organizational operations and make their organizations more competitive.	0.405793
Nastupilo je vreme u kome je znanje postalo ključni resurs, odnosno u kome organizacije postaju ranjive zbog neinformisanosti, neznanja i nestandardizovanosti inputa, procesa i autputa.	These are the times when knowledge has become a key resource, namely, when organizations are exposed due to lack of information, ignorance and non-standard inputs, processes and outputs.	0.525144
Povezivanje organizacija u grupe (partnerstva, alijanse, mreže, kairetsu, klasteri, i sl.) postaje imperativ.	Integration of organizations into groups (partnerships, alliances, networks, kairetsu, clusters, etc.) becomes imperative.	1.12078
Ova činjenica je očevidna, kompanije se otvaraju kako prema kooperantima, tako i prema konkurentima, naučile su da koevoluiraju sa drugima i da se tako uspešno prilagođavaju promenama.[1] Suština je u uštedama resursa i pristupu informacijama i novim znanjima a da se, pri tom, ne ugrozi pouzdanost autputa i sačuvaju informacije koje su deo poslovne tajne i ne podležu transparentnosti.	It is obvious that companies open to collaboration as well as to competition; they have learnt to co-evolve with others and thus adjust to change successfully[1]. ~~~ Their essential goals are to save resources and access information and new knowledge without endangering the reliability of output and to save information that is part of business secret and is not subject to transparency.	0.130952
Preduslov za to su dva strateška izbora dizajna: (1) efikasno dizajniranje interorganizacionih odnosa, i (2) redizajn unutrašnje organizacije sa ciljem da se određeni poslovi alociraju na nivo grupacije (partnerstva).	The preconditions for these are two strategic choices of design: (1) efficient design of interorganizational relations, and (2) redesign of interior organization for the purpose of allocating certain jobs onto the level of the group (partnership).	0.968912
Prvi izbor treba da obezbedi neophodnu čvrstu strukturu za ostvarivanje partnerstva, neki oblik superstrukture (centar za zajedničke usluge, krosorganiozacioni tim), koja će interorganizacione odnose formalizovati, profesionalizovati njihovo upravljanje i dati im neophodni legitimitet.	The former choice is meant to ensure a necessary firm structure for forming partnerships (shared services center, crossorganizational team) which will formalize organizational relations, professionalize their management and give them the necessary legitimity.	0.789938
Poverenje partnera u ovim odnosima jeste bitno, ali nije dovoljno da se obezbedi standardizacija procesa i pouzdanost autputa, odnosno inputa.	Trust between partners in these relations is important, however, it is not sufficient to ensure the standardization of the process and the reliability of inputs or outputs.	0.672926
Drugi izbor treba da pokaže koje procese izmestiti iz kompanije na nivo partnerstva ili ih uvesti, ako nisu postojali a partnerstvu su potrebni.	The latter choice is meant to identify the processes that should be transferred from the company level to the level of partnership, or that should be introduced if they have not existed before and are important for the partnership.	0.755645
Na taj način, interorganizacioni odnosi nastali udruživanjem resursa i kompetentnosti doprinose efikasnom upravljanju poslovnim procesima, razmeni informacija i znanja.	It is in this way that, through an integration of resources and competencies, interorganizational processes contribute to an efficient business process management, to sharing information and knowledge.	0.854902
Globalna konkurentnost postaje strateški razlog za povezivanje kompanija.	Global competition becomes a strategic reason for the companies to integrate.	0.966667
Cilj ovog rada jeste da ukaže na neminovnost upravljanja interorganizacionim odnosima, kao i na mogući dizajn organizacione jedinice za zajedničke (servisne) funkcije, preko koje se interorganizacioni odnosi operacionalizuju i kontrolišu (shared services center).[2] Polazni stav autora ovog rada jeste da za uspeh interorganizacionih odnosa treba obezbediti određene strukturne, tehnološke i socio-tehničke pretpostavke.	The goal of this paper is to point out to the inevitability that interorganizational processes be managed, as well as to the possible design of an organizational unit for shared (services) functions, through which interorganizational relations are operationalized and controlled (shared services centre)[2]. ~~~ For the interorganizational relations to be successful, certain structural, technological and socio-technical preconditions have to be ensured, and this is the starting point of the authors of this paper.	0.175478
Rad je teorijske prirode i baziran je na literaturi u kojoj, pored teorijskih radova, nalazimo i radove zasnovane na empirijakim istraživanjima, koja su sprovedena korišćenjem metode studije slučaja (case study).[3] Prvo će biti objašnjena priroda interorganizacionih odnosa, kada i zašto se uspostavljaju; zatim će se ukazati na značaj organizacionog/interorganizacionog dizajna da bi se videlo koliko je važno da se odnosi formalizuju, a zatim će težište analize biti na dizajnu servisne jedinice, u smislu šta se sve i kako može koncentrisati na nivo partnerstva, a da se pri tom ne naruši jezgro kompetentnosti (core business), da bi se pokazalo da, pored forme, interorganizacioni odnosi treba da budu popunjeni konkretnim sadržajima (aktivnostima).	The paper is theoretical in nature and is based on the literature which offers not only theoretical papers, but also papers based on empirical research conducted implementing the case study method [3]. ~~~ Primarily, the nature of interorganizational relations will be explained, when and why they are established; then the authors will highlight the importance of organizational/interorganizational design in order to find out how important it is that these relations should be formalized. ~~~ Then the focus of the analysis will be directed onto the service unit design in terms of what can be concentrated on the level of partnership and how it can be performed without endangering the core business in the process, and show that, in addition to form, interorganizational relations should involve certain concrete contents (activities).	0.16248
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 2.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 2.	1.49464
In ter or ga ni za ci o ni od no si Važna lekcija koju su naučile savremene organizacije mogla bi se sažeti u stav da treba sarađivati sa drugima, ne samo sa dobavljačima i kupcima, nego i sa konkurentima.	Interorganizational relations An important lesson learnt by modern organizations can be sublimed into an attitude that an organization has to cooperate with others, not only with suppliers and customers, but with the competition too.	0.763704
Mnoge aktivnosti iz lanca vrednosti nisu isplative za pojedine organizacije, zato je poželjno njihovo autsorsovanje drugim organizacijama, često i konkurentima, sa kojima se u cilju postizanja konkretnih ciljeva te iste organizacije povezuju u različite forme interorganizacionog dizajna (mreže, alijanse, kairetsu, klaster, i sl.).[4] Trend interorganizacionog povezivanja naročito je podstaknut potrebom stalnog inoviranja, unapređivanja i prilagođavanja autputa zahtevima tržišta i očekivanjima potrošača.	A large number of activities in the value chain are not profitable enough for certain organizations; hence it is viable to outsource them to other organizations, often even to the competition, with which they make different forms of interorganizational design (networks, alliances, kairetsu, cluster, etc.). [4] ~~~ The trend of interorganizational integration is especially stimulated by the need for continual innovation, improvement and adjustment of the output to the market requirements and the customers expectations.	0.254612
Specijalizacija i fokusiranje organizacija na određene aktivnosti u lancu vrednosti ima za rezultat veću produktivnost, visok kvalitet i niže troškove.	Organizational specialization and focusing upon certain activities in the value chain results into a higher productivity, higher quality and lower costs.	1.43614
To su osnovne poluge konkurentnosti organizacija koju one svaka pojedinačno teško mogu da postignu samostalno, naročito ne na globalizovanom tržištu. [5] U traganju za novim strategijama opstanka i uspešnog poslovanja, menadžeri su pronašli rešenje u partnerstvima organizacija, odnosno u interorganizacionom povezivanju. [6] Praksa povezivanja i saradnje organizacija, po raznim osnovama, nije nepoznata u menadžmentu i organizaciji.	These are the basic drivers of organizational competitiveness and organizations can hardly achieve them on their own, especially not in the globalized market[5]. ~~~ In search of new strategies of survival and successful business managers have found solution in organizational partnerships, that is, in interorganizational integrations[6]. ~~~ The practice of integration and cooperation among organizations on various grounds is not new to either management or organization.	0.0929241
Najčešće su to bili različiti oblici ugovornih odnosa, kupoprodajnih, franšiznih, joint venture, i sl.	Most frequently these were different types of contractual relations, sales, franchising, joint venture, etc.	0.896842
Njihova osnovna karakteristika je kratkoročnost u odnosima i visok stepen nezavisnosti ugovornih strana.[7] U savremenim uslovima, priroda interorganizacionih odnosa je bitno drugačija, uspostavljaju se sa određenim dugoročnijim ciljevima i imaju uticaja na inter i itraorganizacioni dizajn organizacija uključenih u ove odnose.	Their basic characteristic was their short-term character and a high level of independence of contracting parties[7]. ~~~ In modern conditions, the nature of interorganizational relations is substantially different; relations are established with certain long-term interests in mind and have an impact upon the inter- and intraorganizational design of the organizations involved in these relations.	0.282802
Ovi novi oblici saradnje takođe su podržani ugovorima koji su mnogo više od kupoprodajnih, franšiznih ili licencnih.[8] Oni imaju konkretizovane ciljeve, kako na strani inputa, tako i na strani autputa.	These new forms of cooperation, too, are supported by contracts that are considerably more important than sales, franchise or licencing agreements[8]. ~~~ They stipulate concrete goals, on the input, as well as on the output sides.	0.423456
Inputi koje članice partneri unose u odnose su specifični resursi, kojima svaka od njih ponaosob raspolaže, kao na primer: prostor, tehnologija, ljudi, znanje, tržište, i sl.	The inputs the member-partners introduce into the relations are specific resources each of the individual members have at disposal, such as: facilities, technology, people, knowledge, market, etc.	0.380143
Autputi su u suštini razlog zbog kojeg uspostavljaju odnose, a oni mogu biti: inovacije, produktivnost, kvalitet, učenje, nove tehnologije, nova tržišta, viši životni standard zaposlenih i građana.	The outputs are actually the reason they establish such relations, and they can be: innovation, productivity, quality, learning, new technologies, new markets, higher standard of living of both the employees and citizens.	1.24417
Drugim rečima, moglo bi se reći da su interorganizacioni odnosi efikasna strategija za koncentraciju resursa da bi se povećala konkurentnost članica i životni standard stanovništva.[9] Na taj način savremene organizacije su u interorganizacionim odnosima prepoznale novu strategiju za uspešno poslovanje na globalizovanom tržištu.	In other words, interorganizational relations can be said to be an efficient strategy of concentrating the resources in order to improve the competitiveness of the members and the living standard of the population.[9] ~~~ Thus modern organizations have recognized in interorganizational relations a new strategy for successful operations on the globalized market.	0.258184
Ova strategija je postala izazov ali i pokretač razvoja internih sposobnosti organizacija za kontinuirani rast i razvoj.	This strategy has become both a challenge and a driver of the development of internal capacities of organizations for a continual growth and development.	0.895912
Došlo je do masovnog internog redizajniranja organizacija kako bi se oslobodile aktivnosti i poslova iz lanca vrednosti za koje nisu kompetentne ili nisu imale konkurentne resurse.	This all resulted into a massive internal redesign of organizations in order that they should be relieved of the activities and jobs from the value chain for which they are not competent or lack competitive resources.	1.36143
Sa oslobađanjem od takvih aktivnosti došlo je do redukovanja broja zaposlenih i promene organizacione šeme.[10] U interorganizacionim odnosima pronađen je novi izvor rasta i razvoja organizacija, s jedne strane, i svođenje veličine organizacije na optimalan nivo, da bi bila efikasnija, s druge strane.	This process has brought forth the reductions of the number of employees and the change in the organizational pattern.[10] ~~~ Interorganizational relations are recognized as a new source of organizational growth and development, on one hand, and of reducing the organization to an optimum level in order that it should be more efficient, on the other.	0.224098
Da bi interorganizacioni odnosi postigli efekte koji se očekuju njihovim uspostavljanjem ključno pitanje je kako njima upravljati.	The key issue for interorganizational relations to produce the effects for the purpose of which they have been established is how they should be managed.	0.433333
Menadžeri su se suočili sa izborom organizacionog dizajna kao centralnim pitanjem upravljanja interorganizacionim odnosima.[11] 3.	Managers are faced with the choice of organizational design as a central issue of interorganizational relations management.[11] ~~~ 3.	0.464871
Or ga ni za ci o ni i in ter or ga ni za ci o ni di zajn Organizacioni dizajn je menadžment proces koji uključuje definisanje strategije, kao polazne odluke menadžmenta svake organizacije, zatim organizacione strukture, koja svojim brojnim dimenzijama treba da bude podrška strategiji, sistema i procesa, koji ukupnu organizacionu arhitekturu treba da pokrenu i usmere u pravcu koji je strategijom predodređen.	Organizational and interorganizational designs Organizational design is a management process that involves defining of the strategy as a starting decision of any organizations management, defining organizational structure whose numerous dimensions are meant to support the strategy, defining the systems and processes that start the entire organizational architecture and guide it in the direction defined by the strategy.	1.06396
Proističe da je organizacioni dizajn menadžerska poluga (alat), kojom se balansira između efektivnosti i efikasnosti da bi se uz date resurse radile prave stvari.	This means that organizational design is a management lever (tool) used to achieve a balance between effectiveness and efficiency in order that given resources should be used to achieve the right outputs.	0.954965
Uz dobar izbor rešenja u procesu organizacionog dizajniranja, menadžeri postižu više i bolje od svojih konkurenata.	With a good choice of solutions in the organizational designing process managers achieve more success and better performance in comparison with their competition.	1.60891
Kada se kreira kvalitetan interni organizacioni dizajn, organizacija postaje interesantna za partnerstva sa sebi sličnima, zato što ni jedan odgovoran menadžment ne želi partnerstva sa organizacijama opterećenim balastima i neracionalnostima.	When a quality internal organizational design is created, the organization becomes attractive for forming partnerships with similar organizations, since no accountable management wants partnerships with organizations burdened with problems and irrational solutions.	0.761953
Ovakav princip je bazični pristup za uspeh svih pokušaja interorganizacionog povezivanja, koje prepoznajemo u različitim pojavnim oblicima partnerstava: zajednička ulaganja, grupe preduzeća, mreže, alijanse, klasteri, i dr. Teorija organizacionog dizajna je od samog početka bavljenja problemima efikasne organizacije bila pretežno usredsređena na pitanja unutrašnje organizacije, da bi se racionisalo raspoloživim resursima: dizajn posla, sistematizacija radnih mesta, grupisanje poslova, lanac komandovanja, koordinacija i kontrola.	This is a basic principle of success of any attempt of organizational integration, recognized in varied forms of partnerships: joint ventures, company groups, networks, alliances, clusters, etc. ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Ever since it began to deal with the problems of an efficient organization, the theory of organizational design has predominantly been focused upon the issues of internal organization in order that available resources should be rationally employed: job design, job classification, job grouping, chain of command, coordination and control.	0.311821
Sa razvojem različitih oblika interorganizacionih odnosa i teorija organizacionog dizajna je manje ili više uspešno Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 pratila ove trendove i nastojala da ponudi odgovarajuća rešenja.	With the development of different forms of interorganizational relations, the theory of organizational design has more or less successfully followed these trends and tried to offer adequate solutions.	1.26207
Postalo je jasno da je organizacioni dizajn od strateškog značaja za svaku organizaciju, da je on centralno pitanje menadžmenta, da su izbori modela dizajna od strateškog značaja, zato što dizajn organizacije dodaje/ili umanjuje vrednost za akcionare, zaposlene i potrošače. [12] Ključne osobine organizacionog dizajna koje ga čine strateškom dimenzijom menadžmenta su fleksibilnost i apsortivnost.	It has become clear that organizational design is strategically important for any organization, that it is the central issue of management, that the choice of design models are strategically important, because organizational design can add or reduce value for shareholders, employees and customers.[12] ~~~ The key features of organizational design that make it a strategic dimension of management are flexibility and absorbtivity.	0.233608
	The former enables organizations to introduce change to adjust to the environment, the latter enables organizations to learn, adopt and offer knowledge.	-0.3
Prva osobina osposobljava organizacije za promene da bi se prilagođavale okruženju, odnosno za adaptivnost, a druga, osposobljava organizacije za učenje, primanje i davanje znanja.	Well designed organizations are capable of both exploitative and explorative behaviour, namely, of both stability and dynamism; their designs reveal features of an ambidextrous organization.[13]	0.281366
Organizacije koje su dobro dizajnirane osposobljene su za eksploatativno i eksplorativno ponašanje, odnosno za stabilnost i dinamičnost, njihovi dizajni imaju osobine dualne organizacije (ambidextrous organization). [13] Dualne strukture su se pokazale kao izuzetno pogodne za inovativno ponašanje organizacija, naročito u situacijama kada u svom portfoliu žele da zadrže prepoznatljiv brend koji beleži pad prinosa na angažovana sredstva, a izlaz pronalaze u osnivanju izdvojene organizacione jedinice koja postaje vlasnik novog brenda. [14] Organizacije različitih vrsta odlučuju se za ulazak u partnerstva, u situaciji kada uvide da konkretan poslovni poduhvat nisu u mogućnosti da sprovedu same, zbog tržišnih, tehnoloških ili nekih drugih razloga.	Ambidextrous structures have proven to be highly suitable for the innovative organizational behaviour, especially in situations when they wish to retain in their portfolios a recognizable brand that records the fall in the returns to engaged assets, and find solution in setting up a separate organizational unit that becomes the owner of the new brand.[14] ~~~ Any kinds of organizations may decide to enter into partnerships in a situation in which they realize that they are unable to carry out a concrete business enterprise by themselves, for market, technological or any other reasons.	0.304762
Zato je vodeći strateški cilj formiranja partnerstava privlačenje resursa kako bi se kreirala vrednost za partnere, na način i u meri u kojoj oni to individualnim naporima nikada ne bi mogli da postignu.	Hence the leading strategic goal of forming partnerships is attracting resources to create value for partners, in a manner and to the extent to which they themselves could never accomplish through their individual efforts.	0.805548
Interorganizaciona saradnja podrazumeva da se uspostave konkretne veze, preko određenih oblika interorganizacionog dizajna (IOD).	Interorganizational cooperation means establishing concrete relations via certain forms of interorganizational design (IOD).	1.14387
Po pravilu, kreiranje nekog od oblika IOD, podrazumeva da partneri izvrše redizajniranje svoje interne organizacije, jer se samo tako organizacionim dizajnom može dodati vrednost novonastaloj strukturi i njenim delovima, intra i interorganizacionim jedinicama, najčešće nekim od oblika mrežnih formi.[15] Na interorganizacionom nivou, efikasan dizajn bi trebalo da ima slične efekte kao što ih ima na intraorganizacionom nivou.	As a rule, creating an IOD form means that partners redesign their internal organizations since only in this way can value be added to a newly created structure and its components, intra- and interorganizational units, most often a form of network forms.[15] ~~~ On the interorganizational level, an efficient design should have effects similar to those it has on an intraorganizational level.	0.222499
U tom smislu, moguće je razlikovati pojedine forme IOD, tako što različito doprinose uspehu i konkurentnosti svojih članica, podržavaju učenje, transfer znanja, inovativnost i preduzetništvo.	Thus it is possible to distinguish among different forms of IOD, in that they differ in the ways in which they contribute to the success and competitiveness of their members, support learning, knowledge transfer, innovativeness and entrepreneurship.	1.61776
Kao što je za velike i kompleksne organizacije važno da efikasnim dizajnom, koji ima čvrstu i prepoznatljivu arhitekturu, obezbede fokus i leveridž, isto tako je za grupe organizacija (interorganizacione mreže- IOM) važno da uz efikasan interni dizajn kreiraju efikasan eksterni dizajn, odnosno da definišu relativno čvrsto strukturirane i institucionalizovane organizacione jedinice, koje treba da preuzmu i integrišu aktivnosti od zajedničkog interesa za članice IOM.	As well as it is important for large and complex organizations to ensure focus and leverage by an efficient design that has a firm and recognizable architecture, it is also important for groups of organizations (interorganizational networks IOM) to create an efficient external design alongside their efficient internal design, namely, to define relatively firmly structured and institutionalized organizational units that are to take over and integrate activities of mutual concern for the IOM member-organizations.	1.06596
Proističe da interorganizacioni odnosi od kojih se očekuje da proizvedu konkretne rezultate treba da budu podržani odgovarajućim organizacionim dizajnom koji će biti vidljiv u obliku konkretne pojavne forme (mreža, kairetsu, alijansa, klaster) i koja će imati profesionalnu superstrukturu u formi integrišuće jedinice ili centra (shared services center). [16] U skladu sa ovim pristupom, moguće je kreirati model interorganizacionih odnosa, koji će slikovito objasniti značaj interorganizacionog dizajna, odnosno integrišuće jedinice ili centra, koja treba da obezbedi koordinaciju i integraciju partnera u interorganizacionim odnosima (videti sliku 1).	It means that interorganizational relations that are expected to give concrete results have to be supported by an adequate organizational design that would be visible in a concrete form (network, kairetsu, alliance, cluster) and would have a professional superstructure in the form of an integrating unit or centre (shared services centre).[16] ~~~ In accordance with this approach it is possible to create a model of interorganizational relations that will depict the importance of interorganizational design, or an integrating unit or centre whose task is to ensure coordination and integration of partners in interorganizational relations (see Figure 1).	0.455389
Koordinacija i integracija su ključna pretpostavka uspešnog partnerstva i garancija ostvarivanja partnerskih ciljeva. 4.	Coordination and integration are the key preconditions of successful partnership and a guarantee that partnerships goals will be achieved.	0.47
Kon cept cen tra za za jed nič ke uslu ge (sha red ser vi ces cen ter) Istorijski posmatrano, koncentracija resursa, ljudskih i materijalnih, na najviši organizacioni nivo vezuje se za praksu velikih diversifikovanih i divizionalizovanih kompanija, tokom 60-ih i 70-ih godina XX veka.	4. ~~~ Shared services center concept Historically, the concentration of resources, both human and material, on the top organizational level is associated with the practices of large diversified and divisionalised companies during the 1960s and 1970s.	0.149495
Naime, sa porastom veličine kompanija i sa novom strategijom rasta i razvoja (diversifikacija) promenjeno je organizaciono okruženje koje je od teorije organizacionog dizajna zahtevalo da odgovori na nova pitanja organizacionog dizajniranja.	Namely, the increase in the company size and a new strategy of growth and development (diversification) brought forth the organizational environment which demanded that the theory of organizational design provide solutions to new issues of organizational designing.	1.68382
Kako integrisati kompleksnu strukturu velikih kompanija i kako kontrolisati funkcionisanje složenih organizacionih sistema?	For example, the manner in which the complex structure of large companies can be integrated and how the operations of complex organizational systems can be controlled.	1.0775
Nastali su određeni teorijski pristupi koji su ponudili rešenja za određene situacije.	Different theoretical approaches emerged that offered solutions to certain situations.	0.841608
U osnovi ovih pristupa polazni kriterijum jeste oblik međuzavisnosti biznisa kojima se bave članice kompleksne strukture, tako da imamo jednu situaciju kada su one vertikalno povezane i međuzavisne, a drugačiju situaciju kada su horizontalno povezane.	The starting criterion in the core of these approaches is a form of interdependence of business the members of the complex structure perform, so that we deal with a situation in which they are vertically integrated and interdependent, and also with another situation in which they are integrated horizontally.	1.07928
Takođe, kompanije mogu ulaziti u partnerstva i kada nema jasnih vertikalnih ili horizontalnih veza, ali su pronašle neki zajednički interes, po osnovi kapitala, znanja, tehnologije, ljudi, tržišta, i sl.	Similarly, companies may enter into partnerships even when there are no clear vertical nor horizontal connections, however, they have found a certain mutual interest, on the basis of either capital, knowledge, technology, people, market or other.	0.848619
Centar za zajedničke servisne aktivnosti je relativno noviji fenomen kojim su se autori iz oblasti organizacionog dizajna ozbiljnije počeli baviti početkom 90-ih godina prošlog veka, sa intenziviranjem trendova informatizacije, globalizacije, deregulacije i transfomacije kompleksnih organizacija.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 The shared service activities centre is a relatively new phenomenon that has become the focus of attention of the authors in the area of organizational design only in early 1990s, with the intensification of the trends in the areas of informatization, globalization, deregulation and transformation of complex organizations.	1.31169
Iako koncept organizovanja zajedničkih funkcija nije nov, koncept shared services center (SSC) jeste.	The concept of organization of shared functions is not new, however, that of shared services centre (SSC) is.	1.15055
Ova dva koncepta se razlikuju u pristupu samom pitanju pozicioniranja aktivnosti koje imaju servisni karakter u odnosu na osnovne aktivno Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 sti kompanije, kao i na oblik njihovog dizajna.	These two concepts differ in their approach to the very issue of positioning service activities in relation to the core activities of the company, as well as to the form of their design.	0.983795
Koncept zajedničkih funkcija dugo se zasnivao na teorijskoj perspektivi administrativne strukture firme i teoriji transakcionih troškova.	The concept of shared functions has long been based on a theoretical perspective of the administrative structure of a firm and the theory of transaction costs.	1.15835
Ovaj koncept zagovara centralizaciju zajedničkih poslova i bavi se odlukom «kupi ili napravi» i u osnovi je kreirao funkcionalnu strukturu.	This concept advocates the centralization of shared jobs and is engaged in making make or buy decisions; basically, it created the functional structure.	1.14021
Koncept servisnog centra se zasniva na lancu vrednosti i resursnoj perspektivi [17] prema kojoj se kompanija posmatra kao «skladište resursa i sposobnosti koje obezbeđuju kompetitivne prednosti» i u osnovi zagovara procesnu strukturu, u kojoj se diferenciraju bazični ili primarni i nebazični ili podržavajući procesi.	The concept of service centre is based on a value chain and resource perspective[17] according to which the company is viewed as a storage of resources and competences that ensure competitive advantage and basically advocates the process structure in which core or primary processes are differentiated from non-core or supportive processes.	0.959272
Bazični procesi se organizuju u nekom od bazičnih modela strukture, funkcionalnom ili divizionalnom, dok se podržavajući procesi organizuju u nekom od izvedenih oblika strukture, tzv. superstrukture, koja se zasniva na ekspertskim grupama i timovima.	Core processes are organized in a basic model of structure, functional of divisional, whereas supporting processes are organized in a derived forms of the structure, the so-called superstructure, based on expert groups and teams.	1.03336
Prema resursnoj teoriji kompetitivna prednost firmi leži u menadžerskim procesima ili rutinama, koje oblikuju specifična sredstva, čije akumuliranje zavisi od putanje kretanja unutar organizacije ili između organizacija. [18] Koncept shared services center bazira na koncentraciji resursa, a ne na centralizaciji funkcija.	According to the resource theory, a firms competitive advantage lies in managerial processes or routines that shape specific assets whose accumulation depends on the path within the organization or between/among organizations.[18] ~~~ The concept of shared services center is based on the concentration of resources, rather than on the centralization of functions.	0.54445
U konceptu organizovanja zajedničkih funkcija centralizacija ima za posledicu formiranje centrale koja se često vidi kao izdvojena i neresponzivna prema klijentima, dok se decentralizacija poistovećuje sa dupliranjem aktivnosti i troškova.	Centralization in the concept of organizing shared functions results in forming a head office that is often viewed as isolated and nonresponsive to clients, while decentralization is identified with doubling activities and costs.	0.951662
S druge strane, model SSC dozvoljava poslovnim jedinicama da zadrže kontrolu odlučivanja, dok u isto vreme koriste ekonomiju obima preko zajednickih poslovnih sistema i konzistentnih standarda.	On the other hand, the SSC model allows for business units to retain decision-making control, while at the same time using the economy of scope via shared business systems and consistent standards.	1.1817
Cilj osnivanja SSC je ušteda u troškovima i pristup resursima, s jedne strane, i oslobađanje vremena partnerima da se fokusiraju na glavne aktivnosti (core business), s druge strane.	The goal in forming SSCs is to save costs and gain access to resources, on one hand, and to allow partners the time to focus upon core business, on the other.	1.16127
Takođe, SSC treba da obezbedi koordinaciju aktivnosti, putem standardizacije tokova resursa, usluga i informacija međuzavisnih partnera.	Similarly, the role of a SSC is to coordinate activities via standardization of flows of resources, services and information provided by interdependent partners.	0.967173
Da bi se razumeo ovaj koncept i njegova ideja, potrebno je podsetiti da su u istorijskom razvoju kompanije imale različito iskustvo i da je konceptu SSC blizak koncept autsorsinga (outsource).	In order that this concept and its idea should be understood, it is necessary that we know that in their development companies had different experiences and that the concept of SSC is similar to that of outsourcing.	0.853372
Vertikalnom integracijom kompanije su prvobitno internalizovale mnoge procese prednjeg i zadnjeg dela lanca vrednosti, a diversifikacijom razvijale ili pripajale poslove komplementarne bazičnom biznisu.[19] Međutim, nisu sve velike kompanije vršile internalizaciju u istom stepenu, kao što se nisu ponašale na isti način kompanije u različitim nacionalnim kontekstima.	Through a vertical integration the companies originally internalized a large number of processes of the front-office and back-office of the value chain, while diversification made it possible for them to develop or take over the jobs complementary to their core business.[19] ~~~ Not all companies, however, internalized to the same extent, nor did companies in different national context behave in the same way.	0.256074
Tako, na primer, američke kompanije su težile da internalizuju više nego njihovi evropski konkurenti.[20] Takođe, regionalna koncentracija resursa išla je u prilog eksternalizaciji, gde su velike kompanije bile u mogućnosti da se oslone na druge manje firme u pribavljanju inputa.[21] Različite kompanije su internalizovale i eksternizovale uslužne procese ne samo u različitom stepenu, nego i različite uslužne procese.	Thus, for example, American companies tended to internalize to a larger degree in comparison to their European competition.[20] ~~~ Similarly, the regional concentration of resources was in favour of externalization, where large corporations were in a position to rely on other, smaller firms in their procurement of resources.[21] ~~~ Different companies internalized and externalized service processes, not only in different degrees, but different service processes as well.	0.0737374
Mnoge su kombinovale ove dve strategije.	Many even combined these two strategies.	0.728571
Sredinom 80-ih godina prošlog veka otpočeo je trend stvaranja mrežnih formi (net organizacija N forma) i tzv. heterarhija, da bi se sačuvala interna sposobnost kompanija za poslove u kojima su najbolje, a nebazični poslovi autsorsovali drugima koji su za te poslove više profesionalizovani.	The mid-1980s witnesses the emerging of a trend of creating network forms (net organization N form) and the so-called heterarchies in order to preserve companies internal capability of performing business in which they excell, while outsourcing non-core business to others that are highly professionalized in performing them.	0.952406
U konceptu autsorsinga jedna kompanija postaje klijent većem broju isporučilaca usluga (dobavljača), ona je jezgro mreže, oko koga se okupljaju članice mreže, brojni isporučioci komponenti, usluga i drugih inputa, koje je ona pre toga sama proizvodila.	In the outsourcing concept one company becomes a client to several service providers (suppliers); it becomes the network core around which gather network members, numerous suppliers of components, services and other inputs the company previously produced itself.	0.78382
Ovakav pristup imao je niz prednosti ali i ozbiljne nedostatke.	Such an approach had numerous advantages, however, it had a lot of disadvantages as well.	0.185455
Najviše su trpeli proizvođači u oblasti auto industrije i kućne tehnike, zbog neujednačenih standarda, nedostatka poverenja i nepoštovanja pravila.[22] Sredinom 90-ih, situacija je počela da se menja.	Those who suffered most were the manufacturers in the field of automobile industry and the industry of household appliances, due to erratic standards, lack of trust and disregard of rules and regulations.[22] ~~~ Changes began in mid-1990s.	0.157343
Mnoge velike kompanije koje su se de-diversifikovale i oslobodile tzv. nepovezanih poslova pronalaze pouzdaniji način kako da unaprede konkurentnost, da povećaju produktivnost, racionišu troškove, obezbede pouzdanost inputa i pristup tržištima za plasman svojih autputa.	Many large corporations that de-diversified and relieved themselves from the so-called unrelated jobs find more reliable methods of improving their competitiveness, raise productivity, rationalize costs, ensure the reliability of inputs and the access to markets to place their outputs.	0.808138
Menadžeri su prepoznali nove mogućnosti informacione tehnologije (IT) koja stvara uslove za uspostavljanje čvrstih interorganizacionih odnosa, preko formiranja centra zajedničkih usluga.	Managers have recognized new capabilities of information technology (IT) that makes conditions for establishing firm interorganizational relations via forming a shared services centre.	1.23982
U konceptu SSC logika je drugačija od autsorsovanja.	The logic in the concept of SSC differs from that of outsourcing.	0.58227
SSC je jezgro mreže, jedan prodavac usluga, koji servisira više klijenata, članica mreže.	The SSC is the core of the network, one service supplier that provides services to a number of clients, members of the network.	0.855052
Zahvaljujući motivaciji menadžera da pronađu novu strategiju rasta i razvoja mnoge kompanije su se restrukturisale.	Many companies are restructured due to the managers motivation to find a new growth strategy.	1.14375
Redizajnirale su svoju unutrašnju organizaciju tako što su izvršile redefinisanje svojih procesa i raščlanjavanje korporativnih funkcija, prema kriterijumima lanca vrednosti i resursne teorije (videti sliku 1).	They redesigned their internal organization in that they redefined their processes and diversified their corporate functions according to the criteria set by the value chain and the theory of resources (see Figure 1).	1.18082
Da bi se kreirao efektivan SSC koji će optimizovati koristi za učesnice IOM neophodno je da svaka od njih redizajnira svoju unutrašnju organizaciju.	To create an effective SSC that would optimize benefits for the IOM members, it is necessary that each of them should redesign their internal organizations.	0.918077
Konceptualni okvir za dizajniranje interorganizacionih odnosa prikazan je na slici 1.	The conceptual frame for designing interorganizational relations are shown in Figure 1.	1.04605
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Slika 1: ~~~ Konceptualni okvir za dizajniranje SSC (Izvor: autori) Način na koji su uređeni interorganizacioni odnosi u velikoj meri predodređuje uspeh poduhvata.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Figure 1: Conceptual frame for designing SSC (Source: Authors) The manner in which interorganizational relations are defined largely preconditions the success of the enterprise.	0.454247
Interorganizacioni dizajn podrazumeva uređivanje interorganizacionih veza koje postoje između organizacija koje su uspostavile odnose.	Interorganizational design means defining interorganizational integrations that exist between the organizations that established these relations.	1.48065
Ovi odnosi će biti čvršći ukoliko su partneri jasno definisali aktivnosti koje će se obavljati kao njihove zajedničke aktivnosti i koje će biti i formalno organizovane u okviru posebne organizacione jedinice-SSC.	These relations will be firmer if the partner clearly defined the activities that are to be performed as their mutual activities and that will also be formally organized within a separate organizational unit SSC.	1.12708
Ovo pitanje nikako ne sme biti samo formalne prirode.	This issue can by no means remain only a formal one.	0.27907
SSC mora imati svoj menadžment, njegovo poslovanje mora biti normativno uređeno i mora imati svoj budžet.	The SSC has to have its own management, its operations have to be legally defined and it has to have its own budget.	0.64975
Interorganizacioni dizajn treba da omogući partnerima fleksibilan način za ostvarivanje najrazličitijih organizacionih ciljeva, što znači da se od ovog oblika povezivanja očekuje visok stepen deljenja informacija, znanja, kontakata i drugih, uslovno rečeno, resursa.	Interorganizational design should ensure the partners a flexible manner in which they will achieve a variety of organizational goals, which means that this form of integration is expected to provide a high level of sharing information, knowledge, contacts and other resources.	1.52897
To podrazumeva da partneri definišu aktivnosti ili samo delove pojedinih poslovnih procesa koji će se alocirati na nivo novog entiteta, koji nastaje njihovim povezivanjem.	This means that partners define activities or only sections of certain business processes that will be allocated to the level of a new entity created through their integration.	1.138
Istovremeno, partneri treba strateški da profilišu i dizajniraju zajedničku jedinicu vodeći računa o koristima koje će imati njenim osnivanjem.	Simultaneously, partners have to strategically profile and design a shared unit, having in mind the benefits they will achieve by its forming.	1.02541
To znači da je potrebno učiniti mnogo više od pukog opisa posla koji će obavljati i uloga koje će imati.	This means that it is necessary to do considerably more than produce a simple description of the job it will perform and the roles it will play.	1.06484
Osnovno pitanje jeste da li će i kako jedinica zajedničkih poslova (SSC) povećati ili dodati vrednost članicama.[23] Da bi SSC bio efikasan i proizveo dugotrajne stabilne konkurentske prednosti za partnere potrebno je da svako od njih izvrši redizajn svojih procesa.	The basic question is whether and in which way the shared services unit (SSC) will increase or add value to the members.[23]	0.971363
Polazna tačka je organizaciona šema i njeno redefinisanje.	In order that the SSC should be efficient and ensure long-term steady competitive advantage for the partners, it is necessary that each of them redesign their processes.	-0.2
Ovo je strateško pitanje za kompleksne organizacije koje imaju diversifikovane programe i koje nastupaju izvan nacionalnih granica.	The starting point is the organizational pattern and its redefining; this is a strategic issue for complex organizations with diversified programs, those that operate beyond national borders.	0.674359
Globalizacija poslovanja nameće nove modele organizacione strukture.	Globalization of business imposes new models of organizational structure.	1.04062
Bazični modeli koje odlikuje organizaciona simetrija ustupaju mesto hibridnim asimetričnim modelima, koji prate diferencirane potrebe tržišta, geografskih područja, nacionalnih kultura.	The basic models characterised by an organizational symmetry yield to hybrid, asymmetric models that answer differentiated needs of markets, of geographical areas, and of national cultures.	0.572987
U dizajnu interorganizacionih odnosa, više nego u dizajniranju unutrašnje organizacije svake kompanije ponaosob, potrebno je njihovu strukturu posmatrati manje kroz organizacionu šemu kao vizuelnu formu a više kao sistem komunikacija i procesiranja informacija između zaposlenih u centru i njihovih kolega u rasutim organizacionim jedinicama po svetu, koje zajedno čine intraorganizacionu mrežu kompleksne organizacije.[24] U tom smislu, u dizajniranju SSC je neophodan dodatni napor da se istovremeno sa strukturiranjem SSC kreira i implementira određena kultura zasnovana na poverenju, uvažavanju različitosti i poštovanju standarda.	The design of interorganizational relations, considerably more than the design of internal organization of each individual company, requires that the structure of these relations be viewed not through an organizational pattern as a visual form but rather as a system of communications and processing information between those employed in the centre and their colleagues in organizational units dispersed all over the world, that together make an international network of a complex organization.[24]	1.18957
Na taj način obezbeđuje se moćan mehanizam koordinacije i integracije mreže.	It is in this sense that designing a SSC requires an additional effort to create and implement a culture based on trust, respect for differences and observing of standards, alongside SSC structuring.	0.635915
U osnovi modela dizajniranja jedinice (centra) na nivou IOM je strategija koja ovu jedinicu vidi kao način da se postignu dugoročne uštede u troškovima obavljanja određenih procesa za sve članice, sinergetski efekti kroz dodatu vrednost zajednikog rada, deljenje znanja, marketinških i drugih informacija.	The core component in the designing of the unit (centre) on the IOM level is the strategy that views this unit as a way to achieve long-term savings of the costs of conducting certain processes for the benefit of all the members, of achieving synergy effects via a value added through collaboration, sharing of knowledge and of marketing and other information.	1.42588
Svaka članica mreže je osnivač i akcionar odnosno vlasnik zajedničke jedinice i po tom osnovu ostvaruje učešće u u upravljanju njome.	Each member of the network is both the founder and the shareholder, that is, owner of the shared unit and hence participates in its management.	0.979318
Svaka članica obavlja biznis u kojem je najbolja, odnosno za koji ima bazičnu kompetentnost, tako da sve članice u IOM nebazične procese, odnosno podršku dobija od zajedničke organizacione jedinice.	Each member does the business in which they are the best, namely, for which they have core competence, so that all the members in the IOM get the non-core processes, or support, form the shared organizational unit.	0.99661
Na taj način u IOM se formira novo radno i tehnološko okruženje koje je oslobođeno svih balasta, neracionalnosti i nekompetentnosti, a uspostavlja zdrava i kvalitetna poslovna sredina.[25] Ključno konceptualno pitanje dizajniranja modela zajedničkih poslova je raspodela troškova između partnerskih organizacija.	Thus a new work and technological environment is formed in the IOM that is relieved of all burdens, irrationalities and lack of competences and a sound and quality business environment is established.[25] ~~~ Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 The crucial conceptual issue in designing the model of shared jobs is the distribution of costs among the partner organizations.	0.280026
Naime, mora se postići zajednički dogovor u vezi s raspodelom troškova za grupu zajed Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 ničkih usluga.	Namely, a mutual agreement must be achieved as regards the division of costs for the group of shares services.	0.88871
Suština rešenja je da svaka partnerska organizacija mora da podnese deo tereta, tako što će učestvovati u uštedama ali i finansirati troškove.	The essence of the solution is that each partner organization has to bear part of the load in that it will participate in saving, but also fund costs.	1.46182
U cilju pravilnog upravljanja zajedničkim procesima (uslugama), pored ugovorom definisane distribucije troškova, moraju se doneti određena organizaciono-pravna akta (statut, pravilnici, odluke), koja definišu pravila i procedure koje će regulisati način korišćenja usluga centra, nosioce autoriteta i način njegovog korišćenja (više u tački 5). ~~~ 5.	For the purpose of an effective management of shared processes (services), certain organizational and legal acts have to be adopted (statute, codes, rulings) in addition to the cost distribution defined by the contract, acts that define the rules and procedures to regulate the manner in which the services provided by the centre will be used, the authorised persons and the manner in which the authority is used (further elaborated in chapter 5).	0.448317
Pro ces di zaj ni ra nja SSC pri me nom teh ni ke me nadž men ta to ka ra da (wor kflow ma na ge ment -WFM) U literaturi nalazimo preporuku da bi za analizu interorganizacionih procesa bilo korisno primeniti metodologiju menadžmenta toka rada (workflow management - WFM).[26] U novom organizacionom okruženju, radom se ne smatra samo proizvodnja opipljivih dobara već i protok informacija kroz lanac vrednosti.	5. implementation of workflow management (WFM) in SSC designing process Literature suggests that the analysis of interorganizational processes will benefit from implementing a workflow management (WFM) methodology.[26] ~~~ In a new organizational environment, work does not only mean manufacturing of tangible goods, but also the flow of information through the value chain.	0.256712
Protok informacija je postao kritičan za poslovne procese kompanije i stoga je doveo do velikog interesovanja za metode definisanja, analize i upravljanja tokom informaciono-intenzivnog rada.	Information flow has become critical for the companys business processes and aroused a lot of interest in the methods of information-intensive workflow defining, analysis and management.	0.748575
Workflow management (WFM) se definiše kao tehnološka podrška za redizajniranje radnih, poslovnih i informacionih procesa, kao tehnika organizacionih promena i redizajniranja procesa.	Workflow management (WFM) is defined as a technological support in redesigning work, business and information processes, as a technique of organizational change and a technique of process redesigning.	1.45755
Za ovu tehniku potrebno je da organizacije imaju dobro informatizovano radno okruženje, a ovaj uslov je upravo bazična pretpostavka za formiranje IOM, što govori u prilog da bi WFM tehnika mogla biti veoma korisna u optimizaciji SSC.[27] Workflow označava proces sačinjen od niza povezanih koraka sa fokusom na neprekidan tok rada gde svaki korak sledi iz prethodnog bez pauze ili praznog hoda.[28] Tradicionalno se smatralo da je workflow menadžment metodološka tehnika orijentisana na procese unutar jedne organizacije.	To implement this technique, organizations need to have a well organized informatized work environment, and this precondition is the very basic presumption for forming an IOM, which proves that the WFM technique can be highly useful in an SSC optimization.[27] ~~~ Workflow designates a process consisting of a succession of connected steps with the focus on a continual flow of work where each step derives from the previous one, without pause or idle run.[28] ~~~ Traditionally, workflow management was viewed as a methodological technique oriented towards processes within one organization.	0.150714
Međutim, u situacijama bliske saradnje dveju ili više kompanija, kada one udružuju napore i postaju mreža međuzavisnih procesa, sistemi workflow menadžmenta u različitim organizacijama se povezuju da bi se upravljalo integrisanim interorganizacionim procesima u heterogenim workflow okruženjima.	In situations in which two or more companies collaborate closely, when they pool efforts and become a network of interdependent processes, however, the systems of workflow management in different organizations integrate to manage interorganizational processes in heterogeneous workflow environments.	1.71418
Dok se klasična organizaciona šema, sistematizacija i opis posla vezuju za pojedinca koji obavlja određenu organizacionu ulogu, tehnika WFM se koristi za dizajniranje procesa u čijoj realizaciji može učestvovati jedan ili više izvršilaca, u zavisnosti od pristupa razdvajanju i povezivanju procesnih zadataka i zaduženjima koja se definišu u okviru pojedinih instanci procesa.[29] U suštini, tehnologija workflow menadžmenta može da poveća efikasnost, fleksibilnost i prilagodljivost kako interne organizacije tako i interorganizacionih formi.	While the classic organizational pattern, job classification and description are associated with an individual that plays a certain organizational role, the WFM technique is used to design a process in whose realization one or more incumbents may participate, depending on the approach to distribution and integration of process tasks and the assignments defined within individual instances of the process.[29] ~~~ In a nutshell, workflow management technology can raise efficiency, flexibility and adaptability of both internal organization and interorganizational forms.	0.323156
Pored toga, WF sistemi imaju ugrađen mehanizam za kontrolu procesa, tako da svaki od partnera kontroliše sopstvene resurse i aktivnosti a da pri tom ne može da pristupi sistemima kontrole svojih partnera.	Besides, WF systems are by an in-built process control mechanism so that each partner can control their own resources and activities, however, none of them has access to the control systems of their partners.	0.934659
I u uslovima nepotpune transparentnosti izvan organizacionih granica WF sistem obezbeđuje kontinuiranost procesa i sprečava da dođe do dupliranja poslova, što je važan motiv za formiranje centra zajedničkih poslova.	Even in the conditions of incomplete transparency beyond organizational boundaries the WF system ensures the continuity of processes and prevents job doubling, which is an important motive for forming a shared service centre.	1.2
Dizajniranjem SSC uz primenu WFM uspostavljaju se odnosi vlasnik-korisnik poslovnog procesa.	SSC designing by implementing WFM helps establish the business process owner user relations.	0.792593
SSC postaje vlasnik poslovnih procesa koje su partneri alocirali centru a partneri umesto vlasnika postaju korisnici istih, odnosno učesnici u poslovnom procesu.	The SSC becomes the owner of business processes that partners allocated to the centre, while partners cease to be the owners and become the users, or participants in the business process.	1.04881
Postojanje zajedničkih funkcija u interorganizacionim odnosima je itekako važno zbog potrebe standardizovanja procesa, deljenja znanja i informacija.	The existence of shared functions in interorganizational relations is by all means important because of the need to standardize processes and share knowledge and information.	1.43358
Organizaciona jedinica zajedničkih funkcija je svojevrsni instrument koordinacije i integracije članica i kao takva trebalo bi da bude sastavni deo plana za uspostavljanje interorganizacionih odnosa.	Organizational unit of shared functions is a specific tool for coordination and integration of members and as such should be a component of the plan for establishing interorganizational relations.	0.860947
Uočavajući važnost ovog pitanja neki autori su pokušali da definišu i moguća organizaciona rešenja za zajedničke funkcije na nivou partnestva.[30] Zajedničko svim zalaganjima jeste da insistiraju na posebnoj organizacionoj jedinici za zajedničke funkcije, njenoj optimalnoj veličini, profesionalnom sastavu ljudi, organima upravljanja i budžetu za podršku.	Recognizing the importance of this issue, certain authors also attempted to define possible organizational solutions to the shared functions on the partnership level.[30] ~~~ Common to all efforts is that they insist on a special organizational unit meant to accomplish shared functions, on its optimum size, professional profiles of its members, management bodies and budget to support its operations.	0.158384
Njena odgovarajuća veličina treba da bude u skladu sa vrednošću koju dodaje članicama.	Its adequate size should be in accordance with the value it adds to the members.	1.31322
Ovaj zahtev, u uslovima informatizacije organizacija, nije teško ispuniti, budući da informaciona tehnologija i elektronske komunikacije omogućuju uspostavljanje virtuelnih organizacionih jedinica (virtuelne radne grupe, virtuelni timovi).	This requirement in the conditions of organizational informatization is not difficult to satisfy, as information technology and electronic communications enable forming virtual organizational units (virtual work groups, virtual teams).	1.17447
Ono što u praksi partnerstava može biti teži problem vezano je za budžetiranje i kontrolu, odnosno za izvore finansiranja i finansijsku disciplinu partnera.	What may prove to be a problem in partnership practice which is more difficult to solve is related to budgeting and control, that is, to finance sources and financial discipline of the partners.	1.1232
Ovde se uključuje i dodatno pitanje bihejvioralne prirode, a to je pitanje poverenja kao i pitanje emocionalne prirode, odnosno pitanje emocija koje su u osnovi posvećenosti članica partnerstvu.	Here belong additional issues of behavioural nature, the issue of trust, as well as an emotional issue, the issue of emotions, both the core components of the members commitment to partnership.	0.700988
Zbog toga su obuke zaposlenih, menadžera i nemenadžera, sastavni deo procesa dizajniranja interorganizacionih odnosa i SSC.	Hence the trainings of employees, managers and non-managers, make a component part of the interorganizational relations and SSC designing processes.	1.131
Programi obuke treba da pripreme zaposlene u kompanijama za prihvatanje promena u okviru dve grupe aktivnosti koje, sa strateškim opredeljenjem za šerovanje procesa, podrazumevaju njihove drugačije stavove i ponašanje.	The purpose of the training programs is to prepare the employees in companies Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 to adopt change in two groups of activities that, with a strategic orientation towards process sharing, help them adopt different attitudes and behaviours.	0.810769
Prvu grupu čine tekuće aktivnosti, a drugu aktivnosti implementacije strategije SSC.	One group involves ongoing activities, whereas the other involves the activities in the SSC strategy implementation.	1.7026
U vezi sa tekućim aktivnostima, u obuku su uključeni zaposleni koji treba da razumeju i prihvate novu realnost da neće obavljati aktivnosti koje su do sada obavljali zato što su one prenete na centar, da se pridržavaju dogovora i da budu odgovorni za performanse.	In case of ongoing activities, training includes those employees who are expected to understand and adopt the new reality that they will no longer perform activities they have performed so far because these activities are allocated to the centre, as well as that they should stick to the agreement made and be responsible for performance.	1.08835
Za potrebe implementacije obukom su obuhvaćeni Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 rukovodioci koji treba da se upoznaju sa novom strategijom, organizacijom, sistemima i procesima, posebno sa novim liderstvom i kulturom.	For the needs of implementation, training includes managers who are expected to learn about the new strategy, organization, systems and processes, especially new leadership and culture.	0.643823
Iskustvo uspešnih partnerstava pokazuje da ona funkcionišu prema modelu koji su partneri kreirali, bilo spontano radeći godinama zajedno, bilo kreativnim aktivnostima stručnjaka koji su planski osmislili rešenje u procesu dizajniranja interorganizacionih odnosa.	The experience of successful partnerships shows that they operate on the model partners created, either spontaneously, working together for years, or through the creative activities of experts that carefully planned the solution in the process of designing interorganizational relations.	1.46536
U literaturi ne nalazimo mnogo izvora koji objašnjavaju efikasan način, model ili formulu za dizajniranje zajedničkih poslova na nivou IOM.	Literature does not offer many sources that can describe an efficient method, model or formula for designing shared activities on an IOM level.	1.00937
U skladu sa opredeljenjem da administracija novog entiteta ne bi trebalo da bude glomazna i opterećujuća za članice partnerstva, čini se da je u procesu dizajniranja interorganizacionih odnosa preporučljivo koristiti metodologiju i tehniku menadžmenta toka rada (workflow management).[28] Proističe da se suština ove tehnike ogleda u preispitivanju procesa i organizacionoj analizi istih, koja treba da pokaže kakve su veze i odnosi između bazičnih procesa svake članice u partnerstvu i zajedničkih poslova koji se alociraju na nivo IOM, kao i kakva je priroda odnosa između članica, neka vrsta procesne analize ili reinženjeringa interorganizacionih odnosa.	In accordance with the orientation that a new entity administration should not be voluminous and burdening for partnership members, it seems that workflow management methodology and technique is a good solution to implement in the process of interorganizational relations designing.[28] ~~~ This means that the essence of this technique is reflected in reconsidering the processes and in the analysis of the processes. ~~~ The analysis is to reveal the connections and relations between the core processes of each of the members in the partnership and the shared activities allocated to the IOM level, as well as the nature of the relations among/between the members; it is a sort of process analysis or reengineering of interorganizational relations.	0.0805971
Workflow management dozvoljava partnerskim organizacijama da dele znanje o zajedničkim uslugama, ali istovremeno i štiti jedne od drugih, da ne bi imale uvid ili došle u posed informacija koje nisu za deljenje. 6.	Workflow management allows for partner-organizations to share knowledge on shared services, however, it simultaneously protects one from another, so that they should not have insight or come into possession of information that is not to be shared. ~~~ 6.	0.419285
Mo del di zaj ni ra nja SSC U osnovi, model dizajniranja SSC uključuje tri bloka pitanja: [26] (a) dizajn partnerstva, (b) dizajn optimizovanih zajedničkih funkcija i (c) dizajn politika i regulative.	SSC designing model Basically, the model of SSC designing involves three groups of issues:[26] (a) design of partnership, (b) design of optimized shared functions and (c) design of policies and regulations.	1.13503
Za uspešno funkcionisanje interorganizacionih odnosa važna su i druga pitanja dizajna, pre svega, podudarnost organizacionih kultura, stil liderstva, menadžmenta ljudskim resursima, i dr. U tom smislu, model dizajna interorganizacionih odnosa podrazumeva set konkretnih elemenata (slika 2) ).[26] (1) partnersko okruženje, koje podrazumeva da postoji potencijal za udruživanje funkcija prepoznat od potencijalnih partnera, kao i potreban nivo njihove informatizovanosti; (2) partnerske organizacije, koje interorganizacione odnose prepoznaju kao loukoster strategiju na dugi rok, dugoročno savezništvo i fokus na core funkcije; (3) mreža povezanih partnera, koji su umreženi interorganizacionim odnosima, a zatim intraorganizaciono preko centra za zajedničke funkcije; (4) optimalna veličina centra, prema procesima koje obavlja i broju zaposlenih; i (5) nove politike i regulativa, kojima se reguliše upravljanje, distribucija troškova, etika i pravila korišćenja usluga centra (slika 2). ~~~ Slika 2. ~~~ Konceptualni model organizacionog dizajna za zajedničke usluge (Izvor: ~~~ Wang S., Wang H.,Shared services beyond sourcing the back offices:	For interorganizational relations to be successful there are other issues that are important too, and these primarily are the issues of concord between organizational cultures, of leadership style, human resource management, etc. ~~~ In this sense, the model of interorganizational relations designing involves a set of concrete elements (Figure 2).[26] ~~~ (1) partnership environment, which means that there is a potential for integrating functions recognized by prospective partners, as well as a necessary level of their informatization; (2) partnership organizations that recognize interorganizational relations as a long-term low cost strategy, a long-term alliance and focus upon core functions; (3) integrated partners networking, partners networked through interorganizational relations, and then interorganizationally, via a shared functions centre ; (4) optimum centre size, according to the activities it performs and the number of employees; and (5) new policies and regulations that regulate management, costs distribution, ethics and rules of using the centres services (Figure 2).	-0.107827
Organizational design, Human Systems Management 26, 2007, pp 288, 2007) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Odgovornost SSC je da održi i pojača efekat usluga koje pruža partnerima, da razvije i unapređuje povezanost između partnera, tako da se oni naviknu na korišćenje zajedničkih funkcija, kako ne bi paralelno razvijali iste te funkcije na svom nivou.	It is the SSCs responsibility to maintain and improve the effect of the services it provides to the partners, to develop and improve the integration level among the partners, so that they get used to using shared functions and avoid simultaneously developing the same ones on the same levels.	0.612245
Drugim rečima, jednom osnovan SSC postaje nosilac servisnih procesa ali i koordinator i kontrolor efikasnog korišćenja resursa na nivou mreže.	In other words, once established SSC becomes the agent of service processes, however, also a coordinator and a supervisor of an efficient use of resources on the network level.	0.965067
Prema konceptu SSC, kompanije partneri centra svoje podržavajuće (servisne) aktivnosti eksternalizuju i prenose na centar koji, kao provajder (serviser), sa njima formira mrežu.	According to the SSC concept, companies partners of the centre externalize their supporting (service) activities and allocate them to the centre that in turn, as a provider of services, forms a network with them.	1.01038
Zatim njegova unutrašnja organizacija, budući da servisira više partnera, dobija izgled intraorganizacione mreže.	Then its internal organization, a service provider to several partners, takes on the form of an intraorganizational network.	1.36577
Tako se, na primer, SSC može specijalizovati da pruža usluge partnerima u oblasti ljudskih resursa, finansijskog, poreskog i pravnog savetovanja, IT, istraživanja tržišta, investicionog konsaltinga, ali i u oblasti proizvodnje, i sl.	Thus, for example, a SSC may specialise in providing services to partners in the areas of human resources, financial, tax and legal consulting, IT, market research, investment consulting, but also in the area of production etc.	1.18577
Kompanije njegovi osnivači su u interorganizacionim odnosima, u nekom obliku alijansi, mreža i sl., a zatim sa centrom uspostavljaju odnose sa jasnim i konkretnim očekivanjima i ciljevima.	Its founder-companies are integrated in interorganizational relations, in a form of alliances, networks, etc., and then they establish relations with the centre stating clear and concrete expectations and goals.	1.23176
Efikasnost rada centra zavisiće od njegovog organizacionog dizajna, koji treba da bude kreiran prema kombinovanom kriterijumu procesa i korisnika, fleksibilno postavljen tako da adaptibilnošću prati tokove informacija a ekspertizom zaposlenih potrebe partnera.	The efficiency of the centres operations will depend on its organizational design that should be created in such a manner as to conform to the combined criterion of a process and a user, namely, set up in a flexible way so that it is adaptable enough to track information flows, and capable of using the expertise of the employees to track the needs of the partners.	1.39298
U tom smislu, unutrašnja struktura SSC će imati oblik nekog od organskih modela dizajna, najčešće je to matrica, u kojoj su vodoravno predstavljene funkcije (nosioci procesa) koje su partneri preneli centru, a vertikalno partneri (A,B,C,... ~~~ N) koje centar servisira.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Figure 2: Conceptual model of organizational design for shared services (Source: Wang S., Wang H.,Shared services beyond sourcing the back offices: Organizational design, Human Systems Management 26, 2007, pp 288, 2007) Hence the interior architecture of the SSC will take the form of a organic design models, most often the matrix, in which the functions (process agents) allocated to the centre by the partners are presented horizontally while the partners (A,B,C,...N) to whom the centre provides services are presented vertically.	0.205818
Takođe, ono što razlikuje koncept SSC od svih prethodnih dizajna šerovanja zajedničkih poslova (centralizacija korporativnih funkcija, autsorsovanje, i sl.) jeste to što centar ima svoje upravljačke organe, koji donose strategiju, poslovne i razvojne politike, regulativu, pravila i standarde.	Similarly, what distinguishes the SSC concept from all the previous designs of shared jobs (centralization of corporate functions, outsourcing, etc.) is that the centre has its own management bodies that define strategy, business and development policies, regulations, rules and standards.	0.977965
U literaturi nalazimo mnoge radove čiji autori iz raznih perspektiva objašnjavaju koncept SSC, ali su malobrojni oni koji se bave samim procesom dizajniranja SSC i bazičnim komponentama organizacionog dizajna SSC.	Literature also offers numerous papers in which authors explain the SSC concept from different aspects, however, few of them tackle the very process of SSC designing and basic components of the organizational design of SSCs.	1.35973
Jedan od njih je koautorski rad u kojem autori prepoznaju četiri primarne komponente organizacionog dizajna SSC i grupu sekundarnih: (1) strategija zajedničkih usluga, (2) dizajn kolaborativne partnerske mreže, (3) optimalni dizajn uslužnog procesa i (4) dizajn politika i propisa, kao glavne komponente organizacionog dizajna centra, i kao dodatnu komponentu (5) ostale dimenzije organizacionog dizajna, kao što su liderstvo, opseg kontrole, informacioni sistemi i kultura.[26] Strategija.	Among the latter is a co-authored paper in which the authors identify four primary components of the SSC organizational design and a group of secondary ones: (1) strategy of shared services, (2) collaborative partnership network design, (3) optimum design of service process, and (4) policy and regulation design, as chief components of the centre organizational design, and the additional component (5) other dimensions of organizational design such as leadership, scope of control, information systems and culture.[26] ~~~ Strategy.	0.563321
- Odluka o formiranju SSC i prenošenju određenih procesa u njegovu nadležnost je strateška odluka.	The decision on forming a SSC and transferring certain processes to its competence is a strategic decision.	0.477388
U tom smislu, kompanije koje se odlučuju za strategiju eksternalizacije istovremeno utiču i na strategiju centra.	Hence companies that decide in favour of externalization strategy simultaneously affect the strategy of the centre.	1.53529
Moguća su dva pristupa za definisanje strategije zajedničkih usluga za organizaciju: «odozgo na dole» i «odozdo na gore».[31] U oba pristupa vrši se procena poslovnih procesa iz ugla njihovog značaja za organizaciju.	Two approaches are viable in defining the shared services strategy: top to bottom and bottom up.[31] ~~~ Both approaches involve business process assessment from the aspect of their importance for the organization.	0.167454
U pristupu odozgo na dole procenjuje se značaj korporativnih funkcija, koje su već viđene kao zajedničke za sve poslovne celine kompleksne organizacije.	In the top to bottom approach, subject to assessment is the importance of corporate functions that are already recognized as common to all business entities of a complex organization.	1.29936
Za ovu procenu koristi se tehnika analize lanca vrednosti, u smislu procene njihovog značaja i vrednosti koju dodaju organizaciji.	This assessment uses the technique of value chain analysis, in the sense of assessing their importance and the value they add to the organization.	1.17368
U sprovođenju analize lanca vrednosti, kompanija može definisati svoj strategijski pravac tako što će potencirati neke zajedničke usluge kao izuzetno važne i na čemu će ubuduće posebno insistirati, kao na primer, smanjenje transakcionih troškova, obezbeđivanje boljeg servisa kupcima, razmena znanja sa partnerima u zajedničkim uslugama, i sl.	In conducting the value chain analysis the company may define its strategic orientation in that it will stress some shared services it will insist on in the future, for example, reduction of transaction costs, provision of better service to customers, knowledge sharing with partners in shared services, etc.	1.37004
Pristup odozdo na gore koristi se u analizi sekundarnih (non-core) funkcija, kako bi se identifikovale potencijalne koristi i rizici od deljenja ovih funkcija sa drugim organizacijama.	The bottom up approach is implemented in the analysis of secondary (non-core) functions to identify potential benefits and risks from sharing these functions with other organizations.	1.187
Izbor partnera i dizajn kolaborativne partnerske mreže.	Choice of partner(s) and collaborative partnership network design.	0.247059
- Kada su se odlučile za strategiju autsorsovanja procesa iz lanca vrednosti, kompanije uspostavljaju interorganizacione odnose sa centrom, gradeći mrežu.	When they have decided in favour of outsourcing processes from the value chain, the companies establish interorganizational relations with the centre, plotting a network.	0.994861
S druge strane, dislocirajući non core procese grade mrežu sa partnerima kojima su ih ustupili.	On the other hand, by dislocating non-core processes, they network with the Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 partners they transferred these processes to.	0.594643
Tako nastala alijansa, takođe, postaje partner centra.	The alliance created in this manner also becomes a partner to the centre.	1.353
Na taj način centar postaje tačka integracije partnera i koordinacije njihovih procesa.	Thus the centre becomes a point of integration of partners and also a point of coordination of their processes.	1.39688
Partneri centra su dugoročne poslovne alijanse.	Centres partners are long-term alliances.	0.752632
Da bi partnerstvo bilo dugovečnije, neophodno je da se ispune određene pretpostavke: prvo, partnerska organizacija obavlja slične sekundarne funkcije koje se mogu udruživati; drugo, partner mora uvideti potencijalnu korist od njihovog udruživanja; treće, partner je voljan i sposoban da preuzme rizik koji postoji u razvoju zajedničkih usluga; i četvrto, partner poseduje znanje za implementaciju zajedničkih usluga.	For the partnership to last longer, it is necessary that certain preconditions be satisfied: first, the partner organization performs similar secondary functions that can be integrated; second, the partner has to be aware of a potential benefits resulting from integration; third, the partner is willing to and capable of taking the risk that is present in the shared services development; and fourth, the partner has the knowledge of how to implement shared services. ~~~ Optimization of shared services.	0.384225
Optimizacija zajedničkih usluga SSC ima smisla samo ako ne preraste u nepotreban administrativni balast za partnere.	A SSC is meaningful only on condition it does not grow into an unnecessary administrative burden for the partners.	0.281443
Da se to ne bi dogodilo u procesu dizajniranja SSC moraju se poštovati principi efikasne organizacije.	In order to prevent this to happen, the SSC designing process has to follow the principles of efficient organization.	1.32174
U procesu dizajniranja SSC ključna su dva dizajna: dizajn toka rada i dizajn ljudskih resursa.	Two designs are crucial in this process: the workflow design and the human resource design.	0.847115
Kao i u procesu dizajniranja unutrašnje organizacije u kome je potrebno postići balans izmeđiu dva fundamentalna ali oprečna zahteva, podela rada i koordinacija, tako je i u dizajniranju SSC potrebno obezbediti ovaj balans.	As well as in the process of internal organization design in which it is necessary that a balance be achieved between two fundamental but opposite requirements, division of labour and coordination, the SSC design requires that this balance should be achieved.	0.969148
Budući da se radi o superstrukturi, ovde se balans može postići optimizacijom toka rada i optimizacijom ljudskih resursa.	Since this is the problem of superstructure, balance here can be achieved by workflow optimization and human resource optimization.	0.757018
Pri Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 menom metode WFM optimizacija toka rada u SSC uključuje eliminaciju bezvrednih poslovnih procesa, pregovaranje o jedinstvenim poslovnim procesima, standardizovanje uslužnih procesa i razmenu znanja o restrukturiranju poslovnih procesa.	With the implementation of WFM, workflow optimization in a SSC includes the elimination of worthless business processes, negotiations on uniform business processes, standardization of service provision processes and knowledge sharing on business process restructuring.	0.774879
Optimizacija toka rada se postiže na tri nivoa.	Workflow optimization is achieved on three levels.	1.02857
Na nivou individualnog partnera, kriterijum optimizacije dizajna toka rada je maksimizacija dodate vrednosti.	On the level of individual partner, the workflow optimization criterion is a value added maximization.	0.91252
Na nivou mreže zajedničkih usluga (servisa), kriterijum je da se eliminiše dupliranje poslovnih procesa.	On the level of shared services, the criterion is to eliminate business process doubling.	0.82987
Na nivou SSC, svi radni tokovi su optimizovani tako da se usluge obezbeđuju uz najniže troškove.	On the level of SSC, all work flows are optimized so that services are provided at lowest possible costs.	0.995294
Za organizacije koje su uključene u zajedničke usluge, dizajn ljudskih resursa postaje važniji nego ikad.	For the organizations integrated into shared services human resource design becomes most important ever.	1.09022
SSC primenjuje rigoroznu selekciju i zapošljava ljude koji imaju znanje o zajedničkim uslugama.	SSC uses a rigorous selection method and employs people who have good knowledge of shared services.	0.939328
Proces optimizacije dizajna ljudskih resursa podrazumeva zapošljavanje novih ljudi koji će brzo usvojiti koncept SSC, koji poseduju sposobnosti i veštine komuniciranja i timskog rada, ali i brojne obuke za usavršavanje postojećih zaposlenih kako bi se prilagodili novom okruženju.	The human resource design optimization process means recruiting new people that will adopt the SSC concept promptly, that are capable and skillful in communication and team work, but also organizing numerous trainings for the purpose of improving the present employees so that they could adapt to the new environment.	1.58369
Takođe, dizajn SSC će implicirati i potencijalno redukovanje i otpuštanje zaposlenih, koji će se pojaviti kao višak.	SSC design will also imply a potential reduction in the number of employees and lay-offs of employees who turn out to be redundant.	0.788679
Dizajn sistema politike i propisa.	Policy and regulation system design.	0.780645
- Sistem upravljanja SSC se reguliše statutom, kao i pitanja prava, obaveza i odgovornosti partnera i centra.	The SSC management system is regulated by a statute, and so are the issues of rights, liabilities and responsibilities of both partners and the centre.	1.02912
Najviše upravljačko telo centra je upravni odbor koga sačinjavaju direktori koje predlažu partneri centra.	The top management body of the centre is the managing board that includes directors, candidates proposed by the centre partners.	1.26327
Upravni odbor centra imenuje generalnog direktora centra, brine se o finansijama, koordinira i kontroliše rad centra.	The managing board of the centre appoints the director general of the centre, is in charge of finance, coordinates and controls the work of the centre.	1.11601
Takođe, centar mora imati šemu distribucije troškova na partnere korisnike usluga, programske i resursne politike, jedinstvene standarde i etički kodeks.	Furthermore, the centre is obliged to keep a pattern/chart of cost distribution to partners-service users, and also program and resource policies, uniform standards and ethical code.	0.973279
Ostale dimenzije organizacionog dizajna SSC.	Other dimensions of SSC organizational design.	1.79268
-Menadžment, liderstvo i kultura su takođe veoma važna dimenzija uspešnog funkcionisanja SSC.	Management, leadership and culture also make very important dimensions of a successful performance of SSC.	1.43316
SSC je izazov za menadžere koji treba da prihvate promene i novu «mentalnu matricu» što nije mali napor.	The SSC is a challenge for managers that have to adopt change and a new mental matrix, which is by no means a little effort to make.	1.04056
Takođe, od stavova i ponašanja menadžera zavisiće i brzina kojom će ostali zaposleni prihvatiti nove stavove o poslovima koji su povereni drugoj organizacionoj jedinici, koliko će biti posvećeni poslu i spremni da sarađuju sa stručnjacima u SSC.	Also, managers attitudes and behaviour will affect the pace at which other employees will adopt new attitudes on jobs that are allocated to another organizational unit, the extent to which they will be committed to their jobs and ready to collaborate with experts in the SSC.	1.46777
Umesto rutinskog i stabilnog koncepta upravljanja koji se ranije primenjivao, potreban je fleksibilan i diferenciran pristup upravljanju, spremnost da se delegira autoritet drugima i da se upravlja kulturnim razlikama.	Instead of a routine and steady management concept implemented in the past, a flexible and differentiated approach to management is needed today, a willingness to delegate authority to others and to manage cultural differences.	0.793717
Ovo postaje imperativ, tim pre što su SSC po pravilu locirani u različitim nacionalnim okruženjima.	This becomes imperative, the more because SSCs are, as a rule, located in different national environments.	1.03989
Interorganizaciona heterogenost se mora prihvatiti kao zadati okvir za novo lidersko ponašanje menadžera. 7.	Interorganizational heterogeneity has to be adopted as a set framework for a new leadership behaviour of managers.	1.09694
SSC vs. aut sor sing Koncept SSC je nastao u kompleksnim organizacijama sa ciljem da se preko koncentracije resursa obezbedi kvalitetan servis odnosno podrška operativnim divizijama i strateškim poslovnim jedinicama.	7. ~~~ SSC vs. outsourcing The SSC concept evolved in complex organizations for the purpose of providing a quality service or support to operation divisions and strategic business units via resource concentration.	0.231823
Tokom 90ih godina XX veka, sa ekspanzijom poslovanja izvan nacionalnih granica i širenjem interorganizacionih odnosa, koncept je eksternalizovan, izlazi izvan kompanijskih granica i širi se na interorganizacione mreže.	During the 1990s, with the expansion of business beyond national borders and with the expansion of interorganizational relations, the concept was externalized, it went beyond company limits and reached interorganizational networks.	1.22027
Nije nastao ni iz čega, imao je prethodnicu u konceptu outsourcing-a.	It did not come out of the thin air, it had its predecessor in the form of outsourcing.	0.50082
Međutim, kompanije su već imale iskustvo sa autsorsovanjem tako da se koncept SSC pokazao kao bolje rešenje za dugoročnije partnerske odnose, kao što se u literaturi navodi (tabela 1) Tabela 1: ~~~ Zajednički servisi vs.		-0.3
Autsorsovanje Organizacioni aspekti Opšta organizaciona struktura Strategija Podela rizika me(cid: ~~~ partnerima Koordinacija reinženjeringa procesa i standardizacija procesa Smanjenje dupliranja procesa Deljenje znanja izme(cid: ~~~ partnera Centralizovana kontrola (jedinstvene politike) Promene u ljudskim resursima Zajedni(cid: ~~~ servisi Autsorsovanje Umrežavanje sa centrom zajedni(cid: ~~~ servisa Dugoro(cid: ~~~ stabilna ušteda troškova i deljenje znanja Da Da Da Da Da Bilateralni odnosi Kratkoro(cid: ~~~ ušteda troškova Ne Ne Ne Ne Ne Ponovni razvoj i obuka Smanjenje broja zaposlenih (Izvor:	Companies, however, had already had certain experiences with outsourcing, so the SSC concept appeared to be a better solution to implement for longer-term partnerships, as stated in literature (Table 1) Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Table 1: Shared services vs. Outsourcing Organizational aspects General organizational structure Strategy Shared services Networking with share services centre Long-term cost savings and knowledge sharing Outsourcing Bilateral relations Short-term cost savings Risk sharing between partners Process reengineering coordination and process standardization Reducing process doubling Knowledge sharing between partners Centralised control (uniform policies) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Changes in human resources Re-development and re-training Reducing number of employees (Source: Wang S,.	-0.172819
Wang S,. ~~~ Wang H., Shared services beyond sourcing the back offices:	Wang H., Shared services beyond sourcing the back offices: Organizational design, Human Systems Management 26, 281-290, IOS Press, pp. 282, 2007.)	1.12647
Organizational design, Human Systems Management 26, 281-290, IOS Press, pp. 282, 2007.) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Strategiski i organizacioni motivi Visok kvalitet usluga i veština, Koncentracija inovacija i novih tehnologija, Podela rizika, Standardizacija procesa, Širenje i usvajanje dobre prakse, Smanjenje organizacione kompleksnosti. ~~~ Tabela 2:	Strategic and organizational motives High quality of services and skills, Concentration of innovation and new technologies, Risk sharing, Process standardization, Expanding and adopting good practices, Reducing organizational complexity.	0.224326
Motivi osnivanja SSC Politi(cid: ~~~ motivi Tehni(cid: ~~~ motivi Ekonomski motive Pove(cid: ~~~ kredibilitet, Rešava interne konflikte, Pove(cid:	Table 2: Motives for forming SSC Policy motives Technical motives Economic motives Raises credibility, Solves internal conflicts, Increases control and supervision.	-0.146939
kontrolu i nadzor. ~~~ Koncentracija tehnoloških znanja i pristup projektima, Niske individualne performanse u organizacijama, Viši nivo usluga, Koncentracija iskustva, Standardizacija platformi i aplikacija, Bolja zaštita i centralna autorizacija informacija.	Concentration of technological knowledge and access to projects, Low individual performances in organizations, Higher level of services, Concentration of experience, Standardization of platforms and applications, Better protection and central authorisation of information.	0.593056
Niska kontrola i upravljanje troškovima, Sposobnosti finansijske kontrole, Kontrola procene troškova, Ekonomija obima i širine, Smanjenje kapaciteta i konsolidacija sistema. (Prilagođeno prema:	Poor control and management of costs, Financial control skills, Cost assessment control, Economy of scope and scale, Reducing capacities and system consolidation.	1.00867
Janssen M., Wagenaar R., Analysis of a Shared Services Centre in E-government, Proceedings of the 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 5-6, 2004) Istraživanja pokazuju da su servisni centri u stalnom usponu i da se za ovaj vid organizacije servisnih procesa opredeljuju ne samo velike multinacionalne kompanije, kako je do skora bilo, nego sve više srednja preduzeća.	(Adapted after: Janssen M., Wagenaar R., Analysis of a Shared Services Centre in E-government, Proceedings of the 37th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 5-6, 2004). ~~~ Research has shown that service centres are constantly growing and that this type of organization of service processes becomes a choice of not only large multinational corporations, as has been the case fo far, but also of a growing number of medium-size enterprises.	1.12174
Takođe, koncept se proširio i na neprofitni sektor, tako da u literaturi nalazimo primere SSC u vojsci, državnoj upravi, nevladinom sektoru.	The concept also expanded to the non-profit sector, so that literature often offers examples of SSCs in the military, the state administration, and in the nongovernmental sectors.	1.0456
Nesumnjivo, SSC su se potvrdili kao dobra platforma za poboljšanje procesa i smanjenje troškova. [32] Njihova lokacija u regionima sa kompetentnom radnom snagom koja pored struke dobro zna i govori strane jezike pokazala se više nego dobrom strategijom.	SSCs have distinguished themselves as a sound platform for process improving and cost reduction.[32] ~~~ Their locating in the areas with competent labour force that, in addition to their expertise, know and speak foreign languages well has proven to be an excellent strategy.	0.197351
SSC su značajno unapredili poslovne procese, tako da su postali generator rasta i kritičan faktor performansi mnogih organizacija.	SSC have considerably improved business processes and thus became growth generators and a critical factor of performance of many an organization.	0.905717
Rezultati istraživanja za period 1999 - 2009. godine pokazali su da su SSC u životnom ciklusu dostigli fazu zrelosti i da proširuju aktivnost sa tradicionalnih servisnih procesa (HRM, finansije, IT logistika) na potpuno nove, kao što su lanac snabdevanja, marketing, nekretnine, pravni poslovi i proizvodnja.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 The results of the research in the 1999 2009 period have shown that SSC have reached a maturity phase in their life cycle and that they now expand their activities from traditional service processes (HRM, finance, IT logistics) to entirely new ones, such as supply chain, marketing, real property, legal affairs and manufacture.	1.01346
Sa jednofunkcionalnih prerasli su u multifunkcionalne centre.[33] Trend fokusiranja organizacija na core biznis i sve većeg udaljavanja od birokratske organizacione forme doprinosi da SSC dobijaju na značaju.	From single-functional centres they have grown to be multifunctional centres.[33] ~~~ The trend of organizational focusing upon core business and an increasing alienation from bureaucratic organizational form helps SSCs gain in importance.	0.147456
Motiv nisu samo niži troškovi.	The motive is not only lower costs.	0.789655
Sve više se SSC vide kao nosioci inovativnosti, preduzetništva i razvoja.	SSCs are increasingly perceived as drivers of innovation, entrepreneurship and development.	1.22727
SSC su i centri znanja, u njima rade najkompetentniji stručnjaci, lideri u svojim oblastima, tako da su centri postali mesta sa velikom koncentracijom kredibilnih resursa (videti tabelu 2).	SSCs are also the centres of knowledge, they employ the most competent experts, leaders in their respective areas, so that these centres have become the points with a high concentration of credible resources (see Table 2).	1.08368
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Zaključak (i implikacije za menadžment) Poslednjih decenija došlo je do intenziviranja interorganizacionih odnosa u kojima su menadžeri videli novi potencijal za rast i razvoj.	Conclusion (and implications for management) The last decades have witnessed an intensification of interorganizational relations in which managers recognize a new potential for growth and development.	1.35145
Ova poslovna strategija morala je biti podržana odgovarajućim organizacionim dizajnom.	This business strategy had to be supported by a respective organizational design.	0.534699
Organizacioni dizajn je mehanizam upravljanja odnosima.	Organizational design is a mechanism of relations management.	1.13361
Pojavile su se određene forme interorganizacionog dizajna, kao što su mreže, grupe, klasteri i dr. Zajedničko ovim oblicima jeste partnerstvo sa određenim ciljevima i interesom.	Certain new forms of interorganizational design have emerged, such as networks, groups, clusters, etc. ~~~ Common to these forms is partnership with certain goals and interests.	0.368092
Stabilnost i dugovečnost ovih odnosa zavisila je umnogome od načina na koji su partneri upravljali interorganizacionim odnosima.	The steadiness and long duration of these relations has largely depended on the manner in which partners managed interorganizational relations.	0.607246
Od sredine 90-ih godina XX veka kao jedinice koordinacije i integracije IOM afirmisali su se centri za zajedničke usluge (SSC).	Since the mid-1990s, it has been the shared service centres (SSC) that distinguished themselves as units of IOM coordination and integration.	0.981558
Iskustva sa ovim dizajnom interorganizacionih odnosa su, prema istraživanjima konsultantskih kompanija (Deloitte Consulting LLP i Hitachi Consulting Corporation), veoma pozitivna.	According to the research companies (Deloitte Consulting LLP and Hitachi Consulting Corporation), experiences as regards this design of interorganizational relations have proven to be highly positive.	1.41693
SSC su se proširili i u druge sektore poslovanja, državnu upravu, vojsku, zdravstvo, nevladin sektor.	SSCs expanded to other business sectors, state administrations, state military forces, health care, non-governmental sectors.	0.601667
I pored dobrih iskustava i insistiranja na prednostima, u litaraturi nalazimo i upozorenja na realne probleme koji se javljaju u relacijama između SSC i organizacija partnera.	Despite favourable experiences and insistence on advantages, literature also warns about real problems emerging in the relations between SSCs and partner-organizations.	0.839414
Da bi se SSC implementirao u nekim slučajevima je potrebno mnogo vremena, upornosti, učenja, razumevanja i poverenja.	In some cases it takes a lot of time, insistence, learning, understanding and trust for SSC to be implemented.	0.597849
Za partnerske odnose između organizacija u srpskoj ekonomiji koncept SSC bi najviše koristio klasterima.	In the Serbian economy, clusters seem be the most beneficial SSC concept in partnership relations among organizations.	0.671277
Iskustva sa ovim oblikom interorganizacionih odnosa su takva da preovlađuje površnost, improvizacija i entuzijazam pojedinaca, umesto profesionalizam.	Experiences with this form of interorganizational relations show that superficiality, improvisation and enthusiasm of an individual present to a high extent rather than professionalism.	0.576399
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The Case of Automotive Cluster of Serbia, From Global Crisis to Economic Growth.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 [11] Petković M., Aleksić Mirić A., Petrović M., Interorganisational Relations, Organisational Performance and Cluster Success: The Case of Automotive Cluster of Serbia, From Global Crisis to Economic Growth.	2.34224
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Addison Wesley, 20 04 . [13] O Reilly, C., Tushman, M.L..	O Reilly, C., Tushman, M.L..	2.024
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Organizational design, Hum an Systems Management 26, 281-290, 2007 . [27] Videti više u Toni Hupp, Designing Work Groups, Jobs and Work Flow, Pfeiffer & Company, ISBN 0-7879 0063-X, i WMC, Workflow management Coalition, 2007, , Oktobar 1, 20 07. [28] Basu, A., Kumar, A., Research Commentary:	Wang, S., Wang, H., Shared services beyond sourcing the back offices: Organizational design, Human Systems Management 26, 281-290, 2007. [27] ~~~ See in detail in Toni Hupp, Designing Work Groups, Jobs and Work Flow, Pfeiffer & Company, ISBN 0 7879-0063-X, i WMC, Workflow management Coalition, 2007, , October 1, 2007. [28]	0.966516
	Basu, A., Kumar, A., Research Commentary: Work(cid:0)ow Management Issues in e-Business, 2002, [29] For example, the employee has no authority to approve himself the travelling expenses, but the emplyee who executed the sales of certain products will be in charge of resolving potential claims regarding that product. [30]	-0.3
Work(cid:	Rison, R., How the reduce the cost of HR and continue to provide value, Human Resource Planning 28 (1), 14-17, 2005. [31]	-0.6
Management Issues in e-Business, 2002, [2 9] Na primer, zaposleni ne može sam sebi da odobri putne troškove, ali će zaposleni koji je realizovao prodaju proizvoda imati dužnost da rešava eventualne žalbe u vezi sa tim proizvodom. [ 30] Rison, R., How the reduce the cost of HR and continue to provide value, Human Resource Planning 28 (1 ), 14-17, 20 05. [31 ] Porter, M., Millar, V., How information gives you competitive advantage, Harvard Businsss Review 63 (4), 1985; Toni Hupp, Designing Work Groups, Jobs and Work Flow, Pfeiffer&Company, ISBN 0-78790063X), i WMC, Workflow management Coalition, 2007, Oktobar 1,2007). [32] Deloitte Consulting LLP, Global Shared Services Survey Results, Executive Summary, March 2011. [33] Strikwerda, H., Seesing, A., Shared service centers: conditions and critical success factors, Annual, 2004.	Porter, M., Millar, V., How information gives you competitive advantage, Harvard Businsss Review 63 (4), 1985; Toni Hupp, Designing Work Groups, Jobs and Work Flow, Pfeiffer&Company, ISBN 0-7879-0063X), i WMC, Workflow management Coalition, 2007, October1,2007). [32] ~~~ Deloitte Consulting LLP, Global Shared Services Survey Results, Executive Summary, March 2011. [33]	1.10217
Primljen: ~~~ Jun 2012 .	Strikwerda, H., Seesing, A., Shared service centers: conditions and critical success factors, Annual, 2004, Receieved: June 2012.	-0.33
Prihvaćen:	Accepted: September 2012.	1.5
Septembar 2012. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 O autoru Mirjana Petković Ekonomski fakultet u Beogradu mirjana.ekof@beotel.net Dr Mirjana Petković radi kao profesor na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu (na predmetima Organizacija preduzeća i Upravljanje ljudskim resursima).	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 About the Author Mirjana Petković 1Faculty of Economics, Belgrade, mirjana.ekof@beotel.net Mirjana Petković, Ph.D., is professor at the Faculty of Economics at the Belgrade University (the courses of Enterprise Organization and Human Resource Management).	0.472077
Autor je knjige Organizaciono ponašanje i upravljanje ljudskim resursima.	She is the author of Organizational Behaviour with Human Resource Management.	1.19552
Takođe je autor i ko-autor nekoliko monografija i velikog broja članaka u oblasti teorije organizacije, organizacione strukture, organizacionog ponašanja, organizacionog dizajna, kulture i promena, a učestvovala je i u brojnim projektima kao konsultant ili projektni menadžer.	She is also the author and co-author of several monographs and numerous articles in the fields of organizational theory, organizational structure, organizational behavior, organizational design, culture and changes; and took part in many projects as a consultant or project manager.	1.51253
Snežana Lazarević Visoka sportska i zdravstvena škola, Beograd snezanalazarevic@vss.edu. ~~~ Mr Snežana Lazarević je predavač na predmetu Upravljanje ljudskim resursima u sportu i pomoćnik direktora na Visokoj sportskoj i zdravstvenoj školi u Beogradu.	Snežana Lazarević College of Sports and Health, Belgrade snezanalazarevic@vss.edu. Mr.Snežana Lazarević, master of ecc. is a lecturer in the course Human Resource Management in Sport and assistant director at the College of Sports and Health in Belgrade.	0.371637
Autor je nekoliko članaka iz oblasti upravljanja u sportu.	She is the author of a number of articles in the field of management in sports.	1.725
Do kraja ove godine treba da odbrani doktorsku disertaciju pod naslovom Uloga radnih timova u razvoju organizacije koja uči na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka u Beogradu.	Her doctoral dissertation The role of work teams in the development of a learning organization is due to be defended by the end of this year at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade.	0.959655
2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Petar Jovanović, Vladeta Čolić, Vojislav Đorđević, Ana Mitić Visoka škola strukovnih studija za projektni menadžment, Beograd Pri me na pro jekt nog me nadž men ta u upra vlja nju or ga ni za ci o nim pro jek ti ma UDK: ~~~ 005.8 ; 005.7 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) U ovom ra du pri ka za ne su mo guć no sti pri me ne pro jekt nog me nadž men ta u upra vlja nju or ga ni za ci o nim pro jek ti ma.	2012/64 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Petar Jovanović, Vladeta Čolić, Vojislav Đorđević, Ana Mitić Project Management College, Belgrade Implementation of Project Management in Managing Organizational Projects UDC: 005.8 ; 005.7 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0017 This paper presents the possibilities of project management application in managing organizational projects.	0.00538131
Ko ri šće na je spe ci fič na me to do lo gi ja za upra vlja nje bi znis pro jek ti ma ko ja se mo že ko ri sti ti i za dru ge vr ste pro je ka ta, kao što su in for ma tič ki, kon sul tant ski, mar ke tin ški i sl.	The specific methodology for managing business projects which can be used for other types of projects such as IT, consulting, marketing projects etc. is used.	0.701538
Na pri me ru pro jek ta re or ga ni za ci je in du strij ske fir me pri ka za ne su mo guć no sti pri me ne me to do lo gi je za upra vlja nje bi znis pro jek ti ma u prak tič nim si tu a ci ja ma.	The possibilities of application of methodology for managing business projects in practical situations are shown on the case of the project of a manufacturing firm restructuring.	0.499145
Ključ ne re či: pro je kat, me nadž ment, or ga ni za ci ja, pri me na 1.	Keywords: project, management, organization, implementation 1.	1.15714
Uvod Razvoj projektnog menadžmenta i stvaranje novih upravljačkih disciplina i koncepata, baziran je pre svega na dobrim mogućnostima primene ove discipline u svim oblastima ljudskog života i rada.	Introduction The development of project management and emergence of new management disciplines and concepts are primarily based on the fact that this discipline can be effectively implemented in every area of human life and work.	1.19503
Projektni menadžment se primenjuje veoma dobro, kako u realizaciji krupnih investicionih i vojnih projekata, tako i na organizacione, informatičke, proizvodne, konsultantske i druge projekte.	Project management is effectively used in the execution of large scale investment and military projects as well as in organizational, information, manufacturing, consultant and other projects.	0.774643
Radi utvrđivanja specifičnih karakteristika pojedinih vrsta projekata, u cilju bolje primene projektnog menadžmenta, obavljena su detaljna istraživanja i analize i na osnovu toga definisane određene klasifikacije projekata koje se mogu naći u odgovarajućoj literaturi [4, 5, 7].	Detailed research and analyses conducted for the purpose of defining specific characteristics of certain types of projects and a better implementation of project management which in turn produced different classifications of projects that can now be found in respective literature [4, 5, 7].	1.48421
Jedna od jednostavnijih klasifikacija poznaje tri osnovne grupe projekata: ~~~ Investicione projekte Biznis projekte Društvene projekte [1].	One simple classification distinguishes among three basic groups of projects: Investment projects; Business projects; Social projects [1].	0.324627
Svaka od navedenih grupa projekata ima određene specifične karakteristike koje opredeljuju formiranje odgovarajuće metodologije za upravljanje realizacijom ove grupe projekata.	Each of the listed groups of projects has its specific characteristics that require adequate methodologies for managing the execution of this particular group of projects.	1.41651
Analize su pokazale glavne karakteristike navedenih grupa projekata koje su relevantne za formiranje odgovarajuće procedure ili metodologije.	Analyses have shown the major characteristics of the above listed groups of projects relevant for forming an adequate procedure or methodology.	1.12608
Glavne karakteristike npr. investicionih projekata su: projekti su dugotrajni, složeni, učestvuje veliki broj organizacija i pojedinaca, troše se velike količine različitih resursa, veliki su troškovi realizacije i priprema za realizaciju je znatno kraća od realizacije.	For example, the major characteristics of investment projects are the following: these projects are long-term and complex projects, they involve a large number of organizations and individuals, they use large quantities of various resources, the execution costs are high and the preparation for the execution is significantly shorter than the execution itself.	0.968852
Na osnovu izloženih karakteristika formirana je YUPMA metodologija za upravljanje investicionim projektima koja se već dugo godina koristi u našoj zemlji za upravljanje krupnim investicionim projektima.	On the basis of the characteristics defined, the YUPMA methodology for investment project management is devised and has been extensively implemented in managing large investment projects in this country.	1.29148
U svetu i kod nas postoji više različitih metodologija za primenu projektnog menadžmenta koje se koriste za različite vrste projekata sa različitim karakteristikama.	There are a number of different project management methodologies in this country and worldwide, used in different types of projects with different characteristics.	1.53521
Među njima su najpoznatije: ~~~ PMI metodologija, IPMA Competence Baseline, APM metodologija, Project Cycle Management Evropske komisije, PRINCE 2, i td. [2, 5].	The best known among them are: PMI methodology, IPMA Competence Baseline, APM methodology, the European Commission Project Cycle Management, PRINCE 2, etc.	0.681323
U našoj zemlji se, pored navedenih inostranih metodologija, za upravljanje investicionim projektima koristi navedena YUPMA metodologija, a takođe su razrađene i koriste se posebne metodologije za upravljanje biznis i društvenim projektima [1, 2].	[2, 5]. ~~~ In addition to these foreign methodologies, the above mentioned YUPMA methodology is used in this country for managing investment projects, and also specific management methodologies for business and social projects are developed and used [1, 2].	0.612694
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 2.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 2.	1.49464
Me to do lo gi ja upra vlja nja in ve sti ci o nim pro jek ti ma Analiza investicionih projekata pokazuje da su to složeni i dugotrajni projekti koji zahtevaju da se njihovom realizacijom upravljanja da bi se efikasno odvijali.	Investment project management methodology The analysis of investment projects reveals that these are complex and long-term projects whose execution requires management in order that their realization should be effective.	1.09202
Zato se koncept projektnog menadžmenta veoma dobro primenjuje kod upravljanja realizacijom investicionih projekata gde su efekti primene ovog koncepta veoma jasno izraženi i značajno veliki.	Hence the project management concept is well implemented in the management of investment projects where the effects of the implementation of such a concept are clearly defined and significantly powerful.	1.56041
U tom smislu koristi se YUPMA metodologija upravljanja investicionim projektima koja se bazira na osnovnim principima menadžmenta i projektnog menadžmenta, a takođe uzima u obzir i glavne karakteristike investicionih projekata vezane za dugotrajnost, složenost, korišćenje resursa, itd.	It is in this sense that the YUPMA methodology for investment project management is used, based on the fundamental principles of management and project management and taking into acount the major characteristics of investment projects as regards duration, complexity, recource consumption, etc.	1.24383
YUPMA metodologija se, uz postavljanje odgovarajuće organizacije za upravljanje projektom i neophodnu računarsku podršku, definiše i prikazuje kroz razmatranje osnovnih faza opšteg procesa upravljanja, a to su: planiranje realizacije, praćenje realizacije i kontrola realizacije [1].	YUPMA methodology is, together with setting the respective project management organization and the necessary computer support, defined and shown via the analysis of the basic phases of the general management process, and these are as follows: execution planning, execution monitoring and execution control [1].	1.4526
Nakon toga se posebno izdvajaju osnovni elementi realizacije svakog investicionog projekta, koje treba planirati, pratiti i kontrolisati, a to su: vreme, resursi i troškovi, i razmatraju i definišu detaljno mogućnosti i načini planiranja, praćenja i kontrole vremena realizacije projekta, utrošenih resursa na projektu i troškova realizacije projekta.	Then follows the analysis of the elements of the execution of every investment project that is to be planned, monitored and controlled and a detailed definition of the potentials and methods of planning, monitoring and control of the project execution timeline, the resources consumed by the project and the project execution costs.	1.01702
Na taj način ovaj koncept upravljanja investicionim projektom sadrži tri osnovna modula - upravljanje vremenom, upravljanje resursima i upravljanje troškovima realizacije projekta.	Hence this concept of investment project management includes three basic modules time management, resource management and project execution cost management.	1.1028
Planiranjem, praćenjem i kontrolom vremena, resursa i troškova realizacije projekta ostvaruju se osnovni ciljevi upravljanja realizacijom investicionog projekta, a to je dostizanje planiranih rokova završetka projekta sa planiranim troškovima [1].	By planning, monitoring and the control of time, resources and costs of project execution the fundamental goals of investment project execution management are achieved completion of the project in the planned time and within planned costs [1].	1.53643
YUPMA metodologija je razvijena na osnovu opštih principa projektnog menadžmenta i praktične primene nekih softverskih paketa za upravljanje projekima u upravljanju realizacijom složenih investicionih projekata.	YUPMA methodology is developed on the basis of the general principles of project management and the practical implementation of project management software packages in the management of the complex investment project execution.	1.6768
Najčešće korišćeni softverski paketi, Primavera i Microsoft Project, omogućavaju posebno tretiranje vremena, resursa i troškova projekta, odnosno omogućavaju striktno i direktno planiranje i praćenje vremena realizacije projekta, zatim planiranje, nivelisanje i praćenje utrošenih resursa, a takođe planiranje, praćenje i aktualizaciju troškova realizacije investicionog projekta.	The most frequently used software packages, Primavera and Microsoft Project, allow for a separate treatment of time, resources and costs of a project, namely, a strict and direct planning and monitoring of the time of the project execution, and then planning, levelling and tracking the resources consumed, and also planning, monitoring and actualization of the investment project execution costs.	1.35608
Ova tri navedena elementa: vreme, resursi i troškovi su ključni za efikasno upravljanje realizacijom investicionih projekata.	These three elements time, resources and costs are essential in an efficient management of investment project execution.	1.68891
YUPMA metodologija za upravljanje investicionim projektima može se prikazati kroz razradu globalnih faza projektnog ciklusa koji su dati u narednom tekstu 2. 1.	YUPMA methodology for investment project management can be described via the elaboration of the global phases of the project cycle presented below [2]. ~~~ 1.	0.305784
Definisanje projekta 1.1.	Project definition 1.1.	1.02273
Predlog i obuhvat projekta, 1.2.	Proposal and scope of project 1.2.	0.789655
Određivanje ciljeva, 1.3.	Goal definition 1.3.	0.955263
Definisanje organizacije za upravljanje projektom, 1.4.	Defining the project management organization 1.4.	1.97429
Struktuiranje projekta 2.	Project structuring 2.	1.00714
Planiranje projekta 2.1.	Project planning 2.1.	1.005
Definisanje sistema planiranja i kontrole projekta 2.2.	Defining the project planning and control systems 2.2.	2.1625
Planiranje vremena realizacije projekta 2.3.	Planning project execution time 2.3.	2.22727
Planiranje i nivelisanje resursa 2.4.	Resource planning and levelling 2.4.	0.790909
Planiranje troškova realizacije projekta 2.5.	Planning project execution costs 2.5.	2.22059
Definisanje sistema operativnog planiranja i praćenja realizacije projekta 3.	Defining operations planning and project execution monitoring systems 3.	2.07231
Praćenje i kontrola realizacije projekta 3.1.	Project execution tracking and control 3.1.	1.56264
Praćenje i kontrola vremena realizacije projekta 3.2.	Tracking and control of project execution time 3.2.	2.14833
Praćenje i kontrola utrošenih resursa 3.3.	Tracking and control of resources consumed 3.3.	1.14214
Praćenje i kontrola troškova realizacije projekta 3.4.	Tracking and control of project execution costs 3.4.	2.14239
Izveštavanje o toku realizacije projekta 3.5.	Reporting on project execution progress 3.5.	1.99929
Izveštavanje o zastojima i definisanje korektivnih akcija 3.6.	Reporting on delays and defining corrective actions 3.6.	1.258
Aktualizacija planova 4.	Actualization of plans 4.	1.8
Zatvaranje projekta 4.1.	Project closing 4.1.	0.986842
Sumiranje rezultata projekta 4.2.	Summing project results 4.2.	2.04231
Zatvaranje projekta 4.3.	Project closing 4.3.	0.986842
Naučene lekcije 2.	Lessons learnt [2].	0.3
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Prikazanu metodologiju je potrebno u praksi prilagoditi svakom pojedinačnom projektu uzimajući u obzir i korišćeni softverski paket.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 In practice, the above methodology needs to be adjusted to each individual project, also taking into account the software package applied.	0.875189
Ovo se posebno odnosi na sistem operativnog planiranja i praćenja realizacije projekata i sistem izveštavanja o realizaciji projekata. 3.	This especially goes for the operations planning and project execution monitoring systems, as well as for the system of reporting on project execution.	1.33033
Me to do lo gi ja upra vlja nja bi znis pro jek ti ma Na osnovu detaljne analize osnovnih karakteristika investicionih i biznis projekata mogu se uočiti značajne razlike između ove dve vrste projekata.	3. ~~~ Business project management methodology A detailed analysis of the basic characteristics of investment and business projects reveals significant differences between these two types of projects.	0.691425
Ove razlike zahtevaju da se formira posebna metodologija primene projektnog menadžmenta za biznis projekte, koja će se razlikovati od metodologije za upravljanje realizacijom investicionih projekata.	These differences require that a specific methodology be devised to be implemented in business project management, different from that implemented in managing the investment project execution.	1.08984
Jasno je da postoje i različite vrste biznis projekata, kako su prethodno definisani, sa različitim karakteristikama, tako da je moguće definisati samo osnovnu proceduru upravljanja biznis projektima, koja bi se dalje razrađivala u zavisnosti od specifičnih karakteristika posmatranog projekta.	Clearly, business projects, as defined above, vary in types and characteristics, therefore it is possible to define only the basic procedure of business project management which would be further elaborated depending on the specific characteristics of the project under consideration.	1.10418
Da bismo što lakše definisali metodologiju primene projektnog menadžmenta za upravljanje biznis projektima, krenimo od opšteg pristupa upravljanja projektom koji se koristi za upravljanje realizacijom investicionih projekata.	In order to define the methodology of project management implementation in managing business projects as easily as possible, it is necessary to start from a general approach to project management applied in investment project execution management.	1.25105
Metodologija primene osnovnog koncepta projektnog menadžmenta u upravljanju investicionim projektima bazira se na primeni osnovnih postulata projektnog menadžmenta i odgovarajućeg standardnog softverskog paketa za upravljanje projektom.	The methodology of implementation of the basic concept of project management applied in investment project execution management is based on the implementation of the fundamental postulates of project management and a respective standard software package for project management.	1.37483
Ova metodologija je složena, što je potpuno logično s obzirom na složenost i dugotrajnost investicionih projekata.	This methodology is complex, which is absolutely logical given the complexity and duration of investment projects.	1.17035
Kako su biznis projekti znatno manje složeni i kraći i metodologija upravljanja ovim projektima može da bude znatno jednostavnija, uz primenu odgovarajućeg softverskog paketa 1, 2.	Since business projects are considerably less complex and shorter-termed, the methodology for managing such projects can be considerably simpler applying a respective software package [1, 2].	1.06465
U okviru ovog razmatranja metodologija za upravljanje biznis projektima biće prikazana dva pristupa, odnosno dve metodologije za upravljanje biznis projektima.	The following discussion will present two approaches in the business project management methodology, namely, two business project management methodologies.	1.0413
Prva metodologija se bazira na korišćenju na odgovarajući način definisanog životnog ciklusa biznis projekta, i kroz faze životnog ciklusa projekta prati i vodi projekat do njegovog završetka 1, 8, 9.	One is based on the use of an adequately defined life cycle of the business project and tracks and guides the project through the life cycle phases up to its completion [1, 8, 9].	0.912113
Metodologija za upravljanje biznis projektom može se posmatrati kroz odvijanje osnovnih faza životnog ciklusa projekta, a to su 9,10: ~~~ Izrada predloga projekta, Planiranje projekata, Primena projekata, Zatvaranje projekata.	Business project management methodology can be viewed through the basic phases of the project life cycle, and these are the following [9, 10]: Devising project proposal; Project planning; Project implementation; Project closing.	0.423305
Metodologija upravljanja biznis projektom se definiše kroz razradu navedenih faza životnog ciklusa projekta, gde se koriste na odgovarajući način definisani obrasci ili liste koje omogućavaju efikasnije delovanje u procesu upravljanja projektom.	The business project management methodology is defined via the elaboration of the listed phases of the project life cycle, using adequately defined formulae or lists that allow for taking more efficient steps in the project management process.	1.21875
U okviru svake faze određuju se, uz pomoć WBS tehnike, aktivnosti koje je potrebno, u okviru posmatrane faze, obaviti da bi se realizovao određeni projekat.	Using the WBS technique, the activities in a given phase required to be accomplished in order that the project should be realized are defined, and this is done for each project phase.	1.07019
Zatim se određuju potrebni resursi oprema, materijal i kadrovi, neophodni za realizaciju pojedinih faza, odnosno projekta u celini.	This is followed by allocating the required resources equipment, materials and personnel employed in the execution of individual phases and of the project as a whole.	0.706443
Takođe se određuju i potrebna finansijska sredstva, odnosno budžet potreban za realizaciju projekta.	Also allocated are the required financial resources, that is, the budget for the project execution.	0.493355
Na taj način se dobija jedan strateški plan realizacije projekta, koji se kasnije detaljno razrađuje, pre svega sa stanovišta određivanja odgovornosti za izvršavanje pojedinih aktivnosti, odnosno određivanja lica zaduženih za realizaciju pojedinih aktivnositi, određivanja vremenskog trajanja realizacije aktivnosti i planiranog vremena završetka pojedinih aktivnosti 9,10.	Thus a strategic plan of the project execution is obtained, later to be developed in detail, primarily from the aspect of delegating responsibilities for accomplishing individual activities, of appointing the persons in charge of execution of individual activities, of defining the time span for the accomplishment of the activities and the planned deadline by which these activities are to be completed [9, 10].	1.00769
Drugi pristup upravljanju biznis projektima bazira se na metodologiji za upravljanje investicionim projektima koji je za ovu namenu razrađen i posebno prilagođen.	The other approach to business project management is based on investment project management methodology especially developed and adjusted for this purpose.	0.691444
Uzimajući u obzir karakteristike biznis projekata i razlike u odnosu na investicione, mogu se npr. iz metodologije za upravljanje investicionim projektima izbaciti sve one faze koje su karakteristične za investicione projekte i tako doći do odgovarajuće metodologije za upravljanje biznis projektima.	Given the characteristics of business projects and the differences of these projects in comparison with the investment ones, the investment project management methodology can be relieved of all the phases characteristic of investment projects and an adequate business project management methodology can be thus designed.	1.07213
Takva metodologija može imati sledeće uopštene faze (prema 1, modifikovano): ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 1.	Such a methodology can include the following generalised phases (after 1, modified): Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 1.	0.543111
Cilj i opis projekta, 2.	Project goal and description; 2.	0.685714
Određivanje projektnog menadžera, 3.	Appointment of project manager; 3.	1.45161
Formiranje projektnog tima, 4.	Project team assembling; 4.	0.864
Planiranje vremena realizacije projekta, 5.	Planning project execution time; 5.	1.225
Planiranje potrebnih resursa i finansijskih sredstava, 6.	Planning necessary resources and funds; 6.	0.618045
Utvrđivanje odgovornosti za realizaciju projektnih aktivnosti, 7.	Defining responsibilities for execution of project activities; 7.	0.664831
Praćenje realizacije i potrebne intervencije 8.	Monitoring the execution and necessary interventions; 8.	1.10942
Izveštavanje o realizaciji projekta 9.	Reporting on project execution; 9.	1.75161
Zatvaranje projekta i izvučene pouke.	Project closing and lessons learnt.	0.271875
Navedena metodologija predstavlja jedan globalni pristup koji može da se koristi za veći broj biznis projekata, kao što su: uvođenje informacionog sistema, otvaranje novog tržišta, projekat reorganizacije, organizovanje nekog skupa, projekat reklamne kampanje, i dr. Kada je u pitanju konkretan projekat onda se faze projekta mogu preciznije definisati uzimajući u obzir, kao što je to prethodno naznačeno, najznačajnije poslove koje je u toku realizacije posmatranog projekta potrebno obaviti.	The above described methodology represents one global approach that can be used for a number of business projects, among them: introducing information system, opening new markets, restructuring project, organization of a meeting, advertising campaign project, etc. ~~~ In case of a concrete project, the project phases can be defined more accurately, taking into account, as mentioned above, the most important tasks to be accomplished in the course of project execution.	0.339508
To je jedan nešto drugačiji pristup od pristupa preko životnog ciklusa projekta, koji u osnovi ima strukturu samog projekta i odvijanje realizacije projekta prema toj strukturi 1. 4.	This is a somewhat different approach in comparison to that of a project life cycle, which basically has a structure of the project itself and the project execution according to that structure [1].	1.42472
Me to do lo gi ja upra vlja nja dru štve nim pro jek ti ma Uzimajući u obzir analizu različitih klasifikacija projekata javlja se potreba da se definiše posebna metodologija za upravljanje društvenim projektima.	4. ~~~ Social project management methodology The analysis of various project classifications revealed a need to define a specific methodology for managing social projects.	0.350679
Ne ulazeći detaljnije u analizu karakteristika društvenih projekata, i uzimajući u obzir, kao podlogu, prethodno šire prikazanu metodologiju upravljanja biznis projektima, u daljem tekstu daje se kraći prikaz jedne moguće metodologije za upravljanje društvenim projektima.	Without any further analysis of the characteristics of social projects and having in mind the business project management methodology described above, below is given a short description of a possible methodology for managing social projects.	0.911859
Ova metodologija sadrži sledeće faze (prema 1, modifikovano): ~~~ 1.	The methodology involves the following phases (after 1, modified): 1.	0.5
Definisanje projekta i cilja projekta, 2.	Project and project goal definition; 2.	1.14
Određivanje projektnog menadžera i projektnog tima, 3.	Appointment of project manager; 3.	1.10645
Definisanje faza i aktivnosti projekta, 4.	Definition of project phases and activities; 4.	0.696992
Raspodela aktivnosti matrica odgovornosti, 5.	Delegation of activities responsibility matrix; 5.	1.27143
Definisanje vremena aktivnosti i ukupnog vremena projekta, 6.	Defining the time of activities and the overall project timeline; 6.	1.61152
Određivanje potrebnih resursa i troškova, 7.	Allocation of required resources and costs; 7.	0.721254
Realizacija aktivnosti, 8.	Accomplishment of activities; 8.	0.99
Praćenje realizacije i korektivne akcije, 9.	Monitoring the execution and corrective actions; 9.	1.12056
Zatvaranje projekta sumiranje rezultata.	Project closing summing results.	0.82
Prikazana metodologija za upravljanje društvenim projektima ne razlikuje se mnogo od metodologije za upravljanje biznis projektima, jer i razlike u karakteristikama nisu prevelike.	The presented social project management methodology does not differ significantly from the business project management methodology since the differences in characteristics are not too big.	1.04062
Sa druge strane, opšti pristup primeni projektnog menadžmenta obavezuje da se u svakom konceptu ili metodologiji primene projektnog menadžmenta uključe određene faze ili aktivnosti koje važe za sve vrste projekata i bez kojih nema efikasnog upravljanja projektom.	On the other hand, the general approach to project management implementation makes it necessary that certain phases or activities important for all types of projects and indispensable in an efficient project management should be included into every concept or methodology of project management implementation.	1.67874
Takođe se koriste uglavnom isti softverski paketi (Primavera i Microsoft Project) koji pružaju odgovarajuću podršku za realizaciju projekta bez obzira na vrstu projekta. 5.	Generally, the same software packages are also used (Primavera and Microsoft Project) that provide adequate support in the project execution regardless of the project type. ~~~ 5.	0.59902
Pri mer upra vlja nja pro jek tom re or ga ni za ci je fir me Kao ilustraciju mogućnosti primene prethodno prikazane metodologije prikazaćemo jedan jednostavan primer projekta reorganizacije preduzeća ili uvođenja organizacionih promena u jednju manju industrijsku firmu.	An example of project management in firm restructuring To illustrate the possibility of implementation of the above described methodology, a simple case of a firm restructuring project or introduction of organizational change into a small manufacturing firm will be presented.	0.737759
Ovaj projekat, odnosno njegovu strukturu, dobijenu korišćenjem WBS tehnike, čine sledeće globalne faze: ~~~ 1.	This project, i.e., its structure obtained using the WBS technique, is composed of the following global phases: 1.	0.318367
Planiranje organizacionih promena (reorganizacije) 2.	Planning organizational change (restructuring); 2.	0.780851
Analiza i dijagnoza postojećeg stanja, 3.	Analysis and diagnosing of the current state of affairs; 3.	1.05451
Projektovanje nove organizacije, 4.	Designing new organization; 4.	1.44643
Uvođenje nove organizacije, 5.	Introducing new organization; 5.	1.48966
Održavanje nove organizacije 1.	Sustaining new organization [1].	1.5
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Pod pretpostavkom da smo izabrali projektnog menadžera i formirali projektni tim koji odgovara jednom ovakvom organizacionom projektu, dalji postupak primene metodologije zahteva da se ove globalne faze dalje raščlane na pojedinačne aktivnosti koje treba obaviti da bi se projekat realizovao: ~~~ 1.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Assuming that the project manager is appointed and the project team appropriate to such an organizational project is assembled, the procedure in methodology implementation requires that these global phases be further divided into individual activities to be accomplished in order that the project should be realized: 1.	0.483605
Planiranje organizacionih promena 1.1 Analiza okoline i promena u okolini 1.2 Identifikacija promena u okolini 1.3 Analiza potreba za promenama u preduzeću 2.	Planning organizational change 1.1 Analysis of environment and of environmental changes; 1.2 Identification of environmental changes; 1.3 Analysis of needs for change in the firm; 2.	1.00652
Analiza i dijagnoza postojećeg stanja 2.1 Snimak postojećeg stanja organizacije preduzeća 2.2 Analiza postojećeg stanja organizacije preduzeća 2.3 Ocena postojećeg stanja organizacije preduzeća 2.4 Identifikacija potrebnih promena organizacije preduzeća 3.	Analysis and diagnosing of the current state of affairs; 2.1 Insight into the current state of affairs in the organization of the firm; 2.2 Analysis of the current state of affairs in the organization of the firm; 2.3 Assessment of the current state of affairs in the organization of the firm; 2.4 Identification of necessary changes in the organization of the firm; 3.	1.75686
Projektovanje nove organizacije 3.1 Istraživanje raspoloživih znanja 3.2 Razmatranje postojećih rešenja iz prakse 3.3 Definisanje alternativnih organizacionih rešenja 3.4 Izbor najboljeg organizacionog rešenja 4.	Designing new organization 3.1 Examining the available knowledge; 3.2 Analysis of the solutions existing in practice; 3.3 Defining alternative organizational solutions; 3.4 Selecting the best organizational solution; 4.	1.85534
Uvođenje nove organizacije 4.1 Prezentiranje i objašnjavanje nove organizacije preduzeća 4.2 Usvajanje nove organizacije preduzeća 4.3 Izrada potrebnih organizacionih dokumenata 4.4 Kadrovska popuna nove organizacije 5.	Introducing new organization 4.1 Presentation and explanation of the new firm organization; 4.2 Adopting the new firm organization; 4.3 Provision of necessary organization documentation; 4.4 Recruiting personnel for the new organization; 5.	1.61675
Održavanje nove organizacije 1, 2.	Sustaining new organization [1, 2].	1.3
Kao što je napred naznačeno, primena metodologije za efikasnu realizaciju ovog projekta zahteva da se odredi projektni menadžer i projektni tim koji će raditi na realizaciji i upravljanju realizacijom ovog projekta.	As pointed out above, the implementation of the methodology for an efficient realization of this project requires that a project manager and a project team be appointed that will work on the execution and the management of the execution of the project.	1.29651
Pored projektnog menadžera, koji treba da bude stručnjak u oblasti organizacije i projektnog menadžmenta, projektni tim za ovakve projekte najčešće čini 3-5 stručnjaka iz različitih oblasti (organizator, ekonomista, informatičar, i dr).	In addition to the project manager who has to be an expert in the area of organization and project management, the project team for such projects may include 3-5 experts from different fields of expertise (organizer, economist, information technology expert, etc.).	1.50631
Postupak planiranja realizacije projekta zahteva određivanje vremena potrebnog za izvršavanje svake faze i pojedinačne aktivnosti i izradu jednog globalnog i detaljnog vremenskog plana, najčešće putem gantograma.	The procedure in planning the project realization requires that the time necessary for the completion of each of the phases and individual activities and the creation of a global and a detailed time plans be defined, most frequently using the gantogram.	1.15796
Na slici 1 dat je jedan primer globalnog gantograma za prethodno navedeni projekat reorganizacije preduzeća.	Figure 1 presents an example of a global gantogram for the above mentioned firm restructuring project.	0.460227
Potrebna vremena za realizaciju svake faze data su na osnovu iskustvenih podataka za slične projekte koji su realizovani u praksi 1. ~~~ Slika 1.	The time periods necessary for the completion of each phase are given on the basis of experience from similar projects realised in practice [1].	0.398565
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Nakon izrade globalnog plana vrši se detaljna razrada projekta i izrađuje se detaljan plan realizacije po aktivnostima, zatim sleduje raspodela aktivnosti na pojedine članove projektnog tima, odnosno određivanje za koje aktivnosti su zaduženi pojedini članovi tima, putem odgovarajuće karte odgovornosti.	Upon the completion of the global plan a detailed elaboration of the project is made and a detailed execution plan is devised, by activities. ~~~ Then follows the delegation of activities among individual team members, i.e., defining which team member is responsible for which activities, using a respective responsibility chart.	0.0330495
Ako za ovaj projekat reorganizacije preduzeća definišemo projektni tim koji čine projektni menadžer i četiri eksperta iz odgovarajućih oblasti (ekonomista, organizator 1 i 2, informatičar), karta odgovornosti bi mogla da izgleda kao na slici 2.	Figure 1 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 In case the project team consisting of a project manager and four experts from respective fields (ecconomist, organizers 1 and 2, information expert) is formed, the responsibility chart can look like the one presented in Figure 2.	0.914373
Nakon toga treba uraditi analizu rizika koja obuhvata utvrđivanje mogućih rizičnih događaja za svaku fazu (aktivnost) projekta i definisanje strategija za postupanje (reakciju) u slučaju ostvarenja rizičnih događaja.	This is followed by an analysis that involves the definition of possible risk events for each project phase (activity) as well as defining the strategy for acting (response) in case these risk events occur.	1.19138
Sledi određivanje potrebnih materijalnih resursa i finansijskih sredstava u skladu sa definisanim vremenskim planom što se takođe daje u odgovarajućim dokumentima.	Then the necessary material resources and financial assests are allocated in accordance with the defined time plan, which is also written in the respective documents.	1.10769
Naziv projekta Broj projekta KARTA ODGOVORNOSTI RB Naziv faze (aktivnosti) Realizator aktivnosti 1.1.	Project title Project number RESPONSIBILITY CHART No. Phase (activity) title Performer of activity 1.1.	0.725238
Analiza okoline 1.2. 1.3.	Environment analysis 1.2.	1.03696
Analiza potreba za promenama u preduze(cid:	Identification of change in environment 1.3.	0.720879
Identifikacija promena u okolini 2.1.	Analysis of needs for change in the firm 2.1.	1.76471
Snimak postoje(cid:		-0.3
stanja organizacije preduze(cid:		-0.3
2.2.	2.2.	1.8
Analiza postoje(cid:		-0.3
stanja organizacije preduze(cid:		-0.3
2.3.	2.3.	1.8
Ocena postoje(cid:	2.4.	-0.48
stanja organizacije preduze(cid: ~~~ Identifikacija potrebnih promena organizacije preduze(cid:	Insight into the current state of affairs in the firm organization Analysis of the current state of affairs in the firm organization Assessment of the current state of affairs in the firm organization Identification of necessary changes in the organization of the firm 3.1.	0.27
Istraživanje raspoloživih znanja 2.4. 3.1. 3.2.	Examining available knowledge 3.2.	1.97812
Razmatranje postoje(cid: ~~~ rešenja iz prakse 3.3.	Analysis of the existing solutions from practice 3.3.	0.714286
Definisanje alternativnih organizacionih rešenja 3.4. 4.1.	Defining alternative organizational solutions 3.4.	1.74894
	Selection of the best organizational solution Economist Economist Organizer1 Organizer 2 Information expert Organizer 1 Information expert Organizers1and 2 Information expert All All Organizers 1and 2 All All 4.1.	-0.3
Prezentiranje i objašnjavanje nove organizacije preduze(cid: ~~~ 4.2.	Presentation and explaining the new organization of the firm All 4.2.	0.421071
Usvajanje nove organizacije preduze(cid:	Adopting new organization of the firm 4.3.	1.49189
Izbor najboljeg organizacionog rešenja 4.3.		-0.3
Izrada potrebnih organizacionih dokumenata 4.4.	Provision of necessary organizational documentation 4.4.	0.745455
Kadrovska popuna nove organizacije 5.	Recruiting personnel for the new organization 5.	1.72059
Održavanje nove organizacije Slika 2.		-0.3
Karta odgovornosti Ekonomista Ekonomista Organizator 1 Organizator 2 Informati(cid:		-0.3
Organizator 1 Informati(cid: ~~~ Organizator 1 i 2 Informati(cid: ~~~ Svi Svi Organizator 1 i 2 Svi Svi Svi Organi preduze(cid: ~~~ Organizator 1 i 2 Organi preduze(cid:	Sustaining new organization Organizational bodies Organizers1 and 2 Organizational bodies Organizational bodies All Figure 2.	1.01034
Organi preduze(cid: ~~~ Svi Analiza rizika se radi za svaku fazu ili svaku aktivnost posebno.	Responsibility chart The risk analysis is conducted for each phase or each activity separately.	0.400522
Ovde su kao primer prikazane dve karakteristične aktivnosti i za njih je urađena jednostavna analiza rizika koja je prikazana putem karte analize rizika (slika 3). ~~~ R.b. ~~~ Mogu(cid: ~~~ rizi(cid: ~~~ doga(cid:	The example presented below shows two characteristic activities and a simple analysis conducted for them is shown as a risk analysis chart (Figure 3).	0.0774375
Uticaj (V, S, M) Verov. nastupanja (V, S, M) Strategija reagovanja na rizi(cid: ~~~ doga(cid:		-0.3
Nisu identifikovane zna(cid:		-0.3
promene u okolini Loša dijagnoza postoje(cid:		-0.3
stanja V V S S Izvršiti novu analizu okoline Uklju(cid: ~~~ eksperte sa strane Slika 3.	No. Possible risk events No significant change in environment is identified Poor diagnosis of the current state Impact (H, M, S) Likelihood of occurence (H, M, S) H H M M Figure 3.	-0.03125
Analiza rizika Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Ovim se završava proces planiranja projekta i pripreme za realizaciju i prelazi se na izvršenje projekta, odnosno aktivnosti koje su date u detaljnom planu realizacije projekta.	Risk analysis 1 Risk event response strategy Conduct new analysis of environment Include external experts Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 This completes the process of project planning and preparation for execution and the project execution, namely, of activities given in the detailed project execution plan.	1.09415
Projektni tim zajedno sa projektnim menadžerom radi na realizaciji pojedinih aktivnosti prema vremenskom planu i karti odgovornosti.	The project team together with the project manager are engaged in the execution of certain activities according to the time plan and the responsibility chart.	1.09011
Projektni menadžer je zadužen za izvršenje svih naznačenih aktivnosti i on je uključen, zajedno sa odgovornim pojedincima u realizaciju svake pojedinačne aktivnosti.	The project manager is responsible for the completion of all the listed activities and he is involved, together with the individuals in charge, in the execution of each individual activity.	1.32361
Sistemom unapred utvrđenih sastanaka oni prate i kontrolišu izvršenje svake pojedine aktivnosti i smanjuju eventualna odstupanja od plana.	Through a system of previously scheduled meetings they monitor and control the execution of each individual activity and reduce possible deviations from the plan.	0.895579
Operativno praćenje i kontrola realizacije projekta se vrši permanentno u skladu sa vremenskim planom i kartom odgovornosti.	The operational monitoring and control of the project execution is conducted on a permanent basis in accordance with the time plan and the responsibility chart.	1.3964
Za praćenje realizacije je zadužen, pre svega, projektni menadžer i sa njim zajedno ceo projektni tim.	Monitoring is primarily the responsibility of the project manager and then of the entire project team.	0.466243
Praćenje se vrši permanentno i članovi projektnog tima, na sastancima koji se održavaju svakog dana, izveštavaju projektnog menadžera o stanju na projektu, učinjenom progresu i eventualnim problemima i zastojima.	Monitoring is performed on a permanent basis and at the meetings held daily the project team members report to the project manager about the state of the project, about the progress made and about possible problems and delays.	0.996842
Oni zajednički definišu mere i akcije koje treba odmah preduzeti da bi se rešili problemi i eliminisali zastoji.	Together they define measures and activities to be undertaken immediately to solve problems and eliminate delays.	0.829412
Ovaj proces traje do završetka projekta kada se preduzimaju aktivnosti na zatvaranju projekta.	This process lasts until the completion of the project when activities are taken to close the project.	2.00357
Zaključak U ovom radu je prikazana metodologija za upravljanje biznis projektima koja je pogodna za upravljanje realizacijom organizacionih, informatičkih, marketinških, konsultantskih i drugih sličnih projekata.	Conclusion The paper describes the business project management methodology adequate for managing the execution of organizational, information, marketing, consultant and other similar projects.	1.0114
Metodologija je formirana uz uvažavanje osnovnih principa projektnog menadžmenta i uvažavajući metodologiju za upravljanje investicionim projektima koja je u radu takođe prikazana.	The methodology is devised with respect to both the basic principles of project management and the investment project management methodology that is also described in the paper.	1.57869
Pri formiranju metodologije za upravljanje biznis projektima obuhvaćeni su osnovni stavovi vezani za upravljačke procese planiranja, praćenja i kontrole vremena, resursa i troškova realizacije biznis projekata, a takođe su uvažene najznačajnije karakteristike biznis projekata u pogledu veličine, složenosti, dužine trajanja, itd.	In forming the business project management methodology the basic principles related to management processes of planning, monitoring and control of time, resources and costs of realization are observed, as well as the most important characteristics of busines projects in terms of size, complexity, duration, etc.	1.12146
Metodologija se pokazala uspešnom u praktičnoj primeni i to je prikazano kroz jedan konkretan primer projekta reorganizacije industrijskog preduzeća.	The methodology has proven to be effective in practice and this is documented by a concrete case of a manufacturing firm restructuring project.	0.868033
U primeru su prikazane osnovne faze metodologije i način njihove primene u konkretnim situacijama.	The example presents the basic phases of the methodology and the method of their implementation in concrete situations.	1.44483
Posebno se ističe, što je takođe vidljivo u primeru, da je primena metodologije za upravljanje organizacionim projektima veoma lagana i uspešna, i zbog toga pogodna za širi krug korisnika.	Special attention is paid, and this is also stressed in the above case, to the fact that the implementation of organizational project management methodology is rather easy and effective and hence is the best choice for a large number of users.	0.631325
Kada se analiziraju efekti primene projektnog menadžmenta u upravljanju realizacijom različitih vrsta projekata, može se zaključiti da projektni menadžment donosi uštede u skraćenju vremena realizacije projekta, smanjenju utroška resursa i smanjenju troškova realizacije projekta.	Analysing the effects of the implementation of project management in managing the execution of various types of projects allows for a conclusion to be drawn that project management helps save the time required for project execution, as well as resources and costs in the project execution.	1.05673
Kod organizacionih projekata, na osnovu iskustava u realizaciji sličnih projekata, može se reći da primena metodologije projektnog menadžmenta može doneti skraćenje vremena realizacije posmatranog projekta za oko 15% i smanjenje troškova realizacije projekta od 10% do 15%.	In case of organizational projects, it can be maintained on the basis of the experience in the execution of similar projects that the implementation of project management methodology may shorten the time consumed in the execution of the project under consideration by around 15% and also reduce the costs of the project execution by 10% to 15%.	1.66718
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Feng Li).	(ed. Feng Li).	2.16667
Information Science Reference, Hershey, USA, ISBN 978-759904105-6, 2007. [12] Grundy T., Brown L.:	Information Science Reference, Hershey, USA, ISBN 978-759904105-6, 2007. [12]	2.62714
StrategicProject Management, Second Edition, The Jossey-Bass, 2002. [13] Calamel L.,Defelix C., Picq T., Retour D., Inter-organisational projects in French innovation clusters:	Grundy T., Brown L.: StrategicProject Management, Second Edition, The Jossey-Bass, 2002. [13]	1.87868
The construction of collaboration, International Journal of Project Management, Volume 30, Issue 1, 2012.	Calamel L.,Defelix C., Picq T., Retour D., Inter-organisational projects in French innovation clusters: The construction of collaboration, International Journal of Project Management, Volume 30, Issue 1, 2012.	2.40645
Primljen:	Receieved: March 2012.	1.47
Mart 2012. ~~~ Prihvaćen:	Accepted: September 2012.	0.6
Septembar 2102. O autoru Petar Jovanović Visoka škola strukovnih studija za projektni menadžment, Beograd petarj@fon.bg.ac.rs Prof. dr Jovanović Petar je diplomirao i magistrirao na Mašinskom fakultetu, a doktorirao na Fakultetu organizacionih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu.	About the Author Petar Jovanović Project Management College, Belgrade petarj@fon.bg.ac.rs Prof. dr Jovanović Petar has a masters degree in Mechanical Engineering and a PhD at the Faculty of Organizational Sciences in Belgrade.	1.5
Bio je šef katedre za Menadžment FON i rukovodilac Centra za upravljanje investicijama FON.	He is Chair of the Department of Management and Head of the investment management Centre FON.	0.692405
Bio je osnivač i glavni i odgovorni urednik međunarodnog časopisa Menadžment.	He is the founder and editor in chief of the international journal Management for.	0.791429
Autor je preko 40 knjiga i monografija i preko 180 naučnih radova objavljenih u uglednim svetskim i domaćim časopisima i konferencijama.	The author of over 40 books and monographs and over 180 scientific papers published in reputable international and national journals and conferences.	3.00477
Ana Mitić Visoka škola strukovnih studija za projektni menadžment, Beograd anamitic@live.com Mr Ana Mitić je diplomirala i magistrirala na Filozofskom fakultetu u Beogradu u oblasti Sociologije.	Ana Mitić Project Management College, Belgrade anamitic@live.com Mr Ana Mitić graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy in Sociology.	1.73657
Za predavača Visoke škole za projektni menadžment izabrana je 2012. godine za oblast Menadžment i Projektni menadžment.	She was elected for a lecturer in Pm College in management and project management in 2012.	0.699149
Radila je kao saradnik u nastavi na Poljoprivrednom fakultetu u Beogradu.	She worked as a teaching assistant at the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade.	1.29062
Učestvovala je na više naučnih konferencija i objavila jednu knjigu i nekoliko radova iz oblasti Menadžmenta i Projektnog menadžmenta.	She has participated in many scientific conferences and published a book and several papers in the field of management and project management.	1.05
Vladeta Čolić Visoka škola strukovnih studija za projektni menadžment, Beograd vcolic@eunet.rs Prof. dr Vladeta Čolić je diplomirao i magistrirao na Saobraćajnom fakultetu u Beogradu, a doktorirao na Mašinskom fakultetu u Beogradu.	Vladeta Čolić Project Management College, Belgrade vcolic@eunet.rs Prof. dr Vladeta Čolić graduated from the Faculty of Transport in Belgrade, and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering in Belgrade.	1.73372
Redovni je profesor Beogradskog univerziteta.	He is full professor at Belgrade University since 1990. year.	0.221429
Bio je dekan Saobraćajnog fakulteta u Beogradu i prorektor Beogradskog univerziteta.	He was Dean of the Faculty of Transportation and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Belgrade.	0.526316
Napisao je veliki broj knjiga i monografija iz rečnog brodarstva i vodnog saobraćaja, organizacije lučkih organizacija i projektnog menadžmenta.	He has written a number of books and monographs in the river shipping and water transport, organization of port organization and management of organizations and project management.	1.14504
Objavio je veći broj naučnih i stručnih radova u domaćim i stranim časopisima i naučnim konferencijama.	He has published many scientific papers in national and international journals and scientific conferences.	0.896809
Vojislav Đorđević Visoka škola strukovnih studija za projektni menadžment, Beograd djordje.voja@gmail.com Prof. dr Vojislav (cid:	Vojislav Đorđević Project Management College, Belgrade djordje.voja@gmail.com Prof. dr Vojislav (cid:0)orđević graduated and received his doctorate at the Military Academy in the field of military science, methodology and decision-making.	1.56446
je diplomirao, magistrirao i doktorirao na Vojnoj akademiji u oblasti Vojnih nauka, Metodologije i Odlučivanja.	He was elected for an associate professor at the Military Academy in Belgrade in 2005. in the field of management and decision-making.	0.817045
Izabran je za vanrednog profesora na Vojnoj akademiji u Beogradu 2005. godine u oblasti Menadžmenta i Odlučivanja.	He has published several books and research papers in the areas of management, decision making and project management.	0.463696
Objavio je nekoliko knjiga i naučnih i stručnih radova iz oblasti Menadžmenta, Odlučivanja i Projektnog menadžmenta.	He participated in many scientific conferences of national and international importance.	0.943671
Učestvovao na više naučnih konferencija nacionalnog i internacionalnog značaja. 2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Laura Juznik Rotar1, Mitja Kozar 2 1Visoka škola za poslovne studije I menadžment Novo mesto 2Gorenje d.d Is tra ži va nje me ha ni za ma za pri me nu pro ce sa upra vlja nja ri zi kom: op šti pri stup i prak tič ni pri mer UDK: ~~~ 005.52:005.334]: ~~~ ; 005.521 DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.- 09. ~~~ Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija Cilj ovog ra da je da is tra ži me ha ni zme za pri me nu pro ce sa upra vlja nja ri zi kom u or ga ni za ci ji.	2012/64 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Laura Juznik Rotar, Mitja Kozar 1Higher School of Business and Management Novo mesto 2Gorenje d.d. Exploring the Mechanisms for Implementing a Risk Management Process: Overall Approach and Practical Example UDC: 005.52:005.334]:004.032.26 ; 005.521 DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0023 XIII International Symposium SymOrg 2012, 05 - 09 June 2012, Zlatibor, Serbia The aim of this paper is to explore the mechanisms for implementing a risk management process into an organisation.	-0.162043
Je dan od na či na da se is pi ta ju me ha ni zmi za pri me nu pro ce sa upra vlja nja ri zi kom je ste da se pro ces raz lo ži na sa stav ne de lo ve i da se utvr di ka ko sva ki deo tre ba da do pri ne se ukup nom pro ce su upra vlja nja ri zi kom.	A way of exploring the mechanisms for implementing a risk management process is to break it down into its component parts and examine what each part should contribute to the overall risk management process.	0.45936
Glav ni cilj em pi rij skog de la ra da je, s dru ge stra ne, da pred sta vi em pi rij sko is tra ži va nje upra vlja nja ri zi kom sa po seb nom pa žnjom usme re nom na pred vi đa nje pro da je pri me nom me to da ne u ron skih mre ža.	The main aim of the empirical part of the paper is on the other hand to present empirical research of risk management focusing on forecasting sales using a neural network method.	0.618624
Ne u ron ska mre ža pred sta vlja moć nu alat ku za mo de lo va nje po da ta ka, spo sob nu da ob u hva ti i pred sta vi slo že ne od no se in pu ta/aut pu ta.	A neural network is a powerful data modeling tool that is able to capture and represent complex input/output relationships.	0.266038
In te gri sa nje ukup nog pro ce sa upra vlja nja ri zi kom u or ga ni za ci ju mo že u zna čaj noj me ri da po bolj ša re ak ci ju or ga ni za ci je na ne pla ni ra ne do ga đa je (bi lo da su po volj ni ili ne po volj ni) i da po ve ća nje nu kon ku rent nu spo sob nost, da ne po mi nje mo či nje ni cu da se na taj na čin ci lje vi or ga ni za ci je mo gu lak še po sti ći i da se re sur si ras po de lju ju na efek tiv ni ji na čin.	Integrating an overall risk management process into an organisation can significantly improve the response of the organisation to unplanned events (good or bad) and enhances its ability to compete, not to mention that the objectives of an organisation are easier to achieve and that resources areeffectively allocated.	0.563049
Pri me nom me to da ne u ron skih mre ža do bi ja ju se do sled na i pre ci zna pred vi đa nja pro da je.	Applying neural network method produces consistently accurate sales forecast.	0.265714
Ipak, tre ba tru da da se skup po da ta ka pri pre mi ka ko tre ba.	However, effort should be put in proper preparation of dataset.	0.815455
Ovaj rad pred sta vlja ogrom nu do da tu vred nost za sve one ko ji upra vlja ju ri zi kom, za fi nan sij ske di rek to re i sve dru ge ko ji uče stvu ju u pro ce su upra vlja nja ri zi kom.	This paper has a tremendous added value for all risk management officers, CFOs and all others involved in risk management process.	0.761671
Ova do da ta vred nost pri ka za na je u opi su te o rij skog mo de la upra vlja nja ri zi kom ko ji je on da usa vr šen kroz pri mer prak tič nog pri stu pa.	The added value is shown in the description of theoretical risk management model which is upgraded with a practical approach example.	0.425837
Ključ ne re či: ~~~ Upra vlja nje ri zi kom pred u ze ća, upra vlja nje stra te škim ri zi kom, upra vlja nje ope ra ci o nim ri zi kom, pro ces upra vlja nja ri zi kom, or ga ni za ci ja, ne u ron ska mre ža, pred vi đa nje 1.	Keywords: enterprise risk management, strategical risk management, operational risk management, risk management process, organisation, neural network, forecasting 1.	0.227782
Uvod U poslovnim aktivnostima rizik se ne može izbeći.	Introduction Risk is inescapable in business activity.	1.05
Po definiciji, privredna aktivnost koristi sadašnje resurse čija je budućnost neizvesna.	Economic activity by definition commits present resources to an uncertain future.	0.758333
Jedino što je sigurno u vezi sa budućnošću jeste da je ona neizvesna, da sadrži rizike.	The one thing that is certain about the future is its uncertainty, its risks.	0.44
Stoga preuzimanje rizika predstavlja suštinu privredne aktivnosti.	Hence, to take the risks is the essence of economic activity.	0.242308
Skoro svi operativni zadaci i procesi sada se posmatraju kroz prizmu rizika (Chapman, 2011).	Nearly all operational tasks and processes are now viewed through the prism of risk (Chapman, 2011).	1.8775
Rizik je postao drugo ime za svaku korporativnu aktivnost.	Risk has become shorthand for any corporate activity.	0.274468
Smatra se da nije moguće napraviti firmu koja neće poslovati uz rizik.	It is believed that it not possible to create a business that does not take risks.	0.501737
Krajnji rezultat uspešnog postavljanja strategije mora da bude sposobnost preuzimanja većeg rizika, pošto je to jedini način da se poboljšaju rezultati preduzetničkog poslovanja.	The end result of successful strategic direction setting must be capacity to take a greater risk, because this is the only way to improve entrepreneurial performance.	1.38063
Organizacije koje su svesnije rizika već dugo znaju da im aktivno upravljanje rizikom i prilikama obezbeđuje odlučujuću konkurentnu prednost.	Organisations that are more risk conscious have for a long time known that actively managing risk and opportunity provides them with a decisive competitive advantage.	0.864844
Preuzimanje rizika i upravljanje rizikom predstavlja bit poslovnog opstanka i rasta.	Taking and managing risk is the essence of business survival and growth.	0.737097
Upravljanje rizikom u preduzeću predstavlja odgovor na osećanje da pristup po metodu silosa nije uspešan u upravljanju rizicima koji su sve više međusobno uslovljeni.	Enterprise risk management is a response to the sense of inadequacy in using a silo-based approach to manage increasingly interdependent risks.	0.648607
Upravljanje rizikom u preduzeću podrazumeva dobar uvid u međuzavisnosti između rizika, u to da materijalizacija rizika u jednoj poslovnoj oblasti može da poveća uticaj rizika u nekoj drugoj oblasti (videti, na primer, Duckert, 2011; Moeller, 2011; Monahan, 2008).	Enterprise risk management is about understanding the interdependencies between the risks, how the materialisation of a risk in one business area may increase the impact of risks in another business area (see for example Duckert, 2011; Moeller, 2011; Monahan, 2008).	1.29474
U okviru upravljanja rizikom u preduzeću sve oblasti rizika treba da funkcionišu kao delovi jednog integrisanog, strateškog sistema koji prožima čitavo preduzeće.	Under enterprise risk management all risk areas should function as parts of an integrated, strategic and enterprisewide system.	1.46316
Upravljanje rizikom organizovano je tako što su za nadzor odgovorni viši nivoi uprave, ali se zaposleni na svim nivoima organizacije koja primenjuje upravljanje rizikom u preduzeću podstiču da upravljanje rizikom doživljavaju kao integralni i tekući deo svog posla (Frazer i Simkins, 2010).	While risk management is coordinated with senior-level oversight, employees at all levels of the organisation using enterprise risk management are encouraged to view risk management as an integral and ongoing part of their jobs (Fraser and Simkins, 2010).	1.24932
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Prvi empirijski radovi u oblasti upravljanja rizikom u preduzeću nastojali su da odgovore na pitanje zašto kompanije prihvataju upravljanje rizikom u preduzeću i većina studija je koristila podatke iz sprovedenih istraživanja.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Early empirical work on enterprise risk management investigated why companies adopted enterprise risk management and most studies utilized survey data.	1.43229
U svojoj prvoj studiji Colquit, Hoyt i Lee (1999) istraživali su karakteristike i stepen integrisanog upravljanja rizikom.	The first study by Colquitt, Hoyt and Lee (1999) investigated the characteristics and extent of integrated risk management.	1.13053
Zaključili su da politički rizik, rizik promene valutnog kursa i rizik kamatnih stopa predstavljaju najčešće neoperativne rizike kojima se odeljenje za upravljanje rizikom bavi.	They found that political risk, exchange rate risk and interest rate risk were the three most common nonoperational risks handled by the risk management department.	0.979574
Drugi rani radovi u oblasti upravljanja rizikom u preduzeću fokusirali su se na determinante upravljanja rizikom u preduzeću.	Other early work on enterprise risk management included a focus on the determinants of enterprise risk management.	0.930303
Liebenberg i Hoyt (2003) su poredili firme koje su imenovale direktora za rizik sa dobijenim uzorkom.	Liebenberg and Hoyt (2003) compared firms that appointed a chief risk officer to a matched sample.	1.34811
Zaključili su da za firme koje imenuju direktora za rizik postoji veća verovatnoća da imaju finansijski leveridž.	They found that firms that appoint a chief risk officer are more likely to be financially leveraged.	0.906667
Slične studije sprovodili su i Pagach i Warr (2008).	Similar study can be found in Pagach and Warr (2008).	1.49333
Novija istraživanja u oblasti upravljanja rizikom u preduzeću bavila su se dodatnim determinantama usvajanja upravljanja rizikom u preduzeću (videti, na primer, Desender, 2007; Beasley, Pagach i Warr, 2008).	More recent work on enterprise risk management has examined additional determinants of enterprise risk management adoption (see for example Desender, 2007; Beasley, Pagach and Warr, 2008).	1.59675
Ranije studije išle su i dalje od pitanja prihvatanja upravljanja rizikom u preduzeću i ispitivale da li upravljanje rizikom u preduzeću dodaje vrednost.	The earlier studies moved beyond the enterprise risk management adoption question and examined the aspects of whether enterprise risk management adds value.	1.21082
Gates, Nicolas i Walker (2009) proširuju ta početna istraživanja i ispituju vrednost koja postoji unutar kompanije kroz prizmu boljeg odlučivanja i povećane profitabilnosti.	Gates, Nicolas and Walker (2009) extend the early work by examining the value seen inside the company as measured by better decision making and increased profitability.	1.02292
Bez ikakve sumnje, firme danas posluju u potpuno drugačijem okruženju u odnosu na samo nekoliko godina ranije.	Without a shadow of doubt, businesses nowadays operate in an entirely different environment compared with just a few years ago.	0.929553
Prihvatanje strategija širenja, kao što je investiranje u nova tržišta, razvijanje značajno novih proizvoda, akvizicije, organizaciono restruktuiranje svakako da povećavaju izloženost organizacije riziku.	The adoption of expansion strategies, such as investment in emerging markets, developing significant new products, acquisition, organisational restructuring can all increase an organisations risk exposure.	1.03681
Glavni cilj procesa upravljanja rizikom, posmatranog kao deo strukture upravljanja rizikom u preduzeću, jeste da osposobi organizaciju da odgovori na neplanirane događaje (bilo da su povoljni ili nepovoljni) i da poveća njenu konkurentnost.	The main aim of risk management process, as seen as one part of the structure of enterprise risk management, is to ensure that organisation is able to respond to unplanned events (good or bad) and rises its ability to compete.	0.967584
Ovaj proces je uspešan kada se pripremi dovoljan broj scenarija kojima će se obuhvatiti što veći broj različitih rizika i načina na koje će se njima baviti.	The process is successful when enough scenarios are prepared to capture as many different risks as possible and the way how to handle it.	0.72
U prvoj fazi, cilj procesa upravljanja rizikom i ljudi koji učestvuju u ovom procesu jeste da uključe rizik i različite scenarije u poslovanje i u strateško planiranje u organizaciji i da istovremeno obezbede najvišem nivou menadžmenta informacije o trenutnom stanju u poslovnom okruženju.	In the first stage, the goal of risk management process and people included in such a process is to incorporate risks and different scenarios in business and strategic planning of organisation and at the same time to provide the top management with information on current business environment.	1.31426
Cilj ovog rada jeste da istraži mehanizme za primenu procesa upravljanja rizikom u organizaciji.	The aim of this paper is to explore the mechanisms for implementing a risk management process into an organisation.	1.25412
Jedan od načina da se ispitaju mehanizmi za primenu procesa upravljanja rizikom jeste da se proces razloži na sastavne delove i utvrdi kako svaki deo treba da doprinese ukupnom procesu upravljanja rizikom.	A way of exploring the mechanisms for implementing a risk management process is to break it down into its component parts and examine what each part should contribute to the overall risk management process.	1.29483
Glavni cilj empirijskog dela rada je, s druge strane, da predstavi empirijsko istraživanje upravljanja rizikom sa posebnom pažnjom usmerenom na predviđanje prodaje primenom metoda neuronskih mreža.	The main aim of the empirical part of the paper is on the other hand to present empirical research of risk management focusing on forecasting sales using a neural network method.	0.910291
Rad je organizovan na sledeći način.	The paper is structured as follows.	0.270968
Posle uvoda sledi pregled procesa upravljanja rizikom u kome su detaljno opisane predložene faze procesa.	The introduction is followed by an overview of the risk management process where the proposed stages of the process are described in detail.	1.15363
Onda navodimo jedan empirijski primer upravljanja rizikom primenom metoda neuronskih mreža.	It is followed by an empirical example of risk management applying neural network method.	1.52662
Rad se završava kratkim rezimeom o glavnim zaključcima. 2.	The paper concludes with a short summary of the main findings.	0.3
Pro ces upra vlja nja ri zi kom Jedan način da se ispitaju mehanizmi za primenu procesa upravljanja rizikom jeste da se proces razloži na sastavne delove i utvrdi kako svaki deo treba da doprinese ukupnom procesu upravljanja rizikom.	2. the risk management process A way of exploring the mechanisms for implementing a risk management process is to break it down into its component parts and examine what each part should contribute to the overall risk management process.	1.19697
Ovde se predlaže da se proces upravljanja rizikom razloži na sledeće faze: organizacija, metodologija, utvrđivanje izvora rizika, ažuriranje procesa.	It is proposed here that the risk management process is broken down into the following stages: organisation, methodology, setting the sources of risk, keeping the process up to date.	1.46058
Aktivnosti obično teku uobičajenim redosledom, ali ovaj proces može da se ponavlja više puta tokom vremena.	While activities follow a largely sequential pattern, it may be an iterative process over time.	0.807622
Na primer, kad se identifikuje novi rizik, vraćamo se ranijim procesima identifikacije i analize i onda se ponavljaju naredni procesi sve dok se ne dođe do primene aktivnosti odgovora na rizik.	For example, as new risks are identified the earlier processes of identification and analysis are revisited and the subsequent processes are repeated through to the implementation of risk response action.	1.05612
Predložene faze detaljno su opisane u daljem tekstu. 2.	The proposed stages are described in detail below.	0.932576
Organizacija Proces upravljanja rizikom predstavlja strateški značajan proces koji u određenim situacijama može da posluži kao okvir za promene u poslovnom odlučivanju.	2.1 Organisation The risk management process represents strategically important process which can in certain situations act as a framework for changes in business decisions.	1.85926
Upravo stoga je funkcionisanje ovog procesa neposredno povezano sa top menadžmentom (obično je to odgovornost finansijskog direktora) i, šta više, tok informacija doseže do najviših nivoa organizacije.	That is why the process functioning is connected with the top management directly (usually it operates under the chief financial officer) and what is more, the flow of information is provided to the highest levels of organisation.	1.13571
S druge strane, značajno je da se identifikovanjem operativnih rizika upravlja na odgovarajući način i da se uspostave i budu dostupne adekvatne kontrolne mere za regulisanje procesa upravljanja rizikom.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 On the other hand it is important that identification of operational risks is suitably managed and that adequate controls are available to regulate the risk management process.	0.956425
Na ovaj način bi se novo-otkrivenim ili izmenjenim rizicima upravljalo u što kraćem roku.	In such a manner a completely newly identified or changed risks should be managed as soon as possible.	0.8775
Da bi se ovo postiglo, mo Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 raju se jasno definisati uloge i odgovornosti u procesu upravljanja rizikom.	To be able to ensure that, the roles and responsibilities in the risk management process have to be clearly defined.	0.6
Odbor direktora (top menadžment) koji je na vrhu ovlašćen je da potvrdi i neposredno kontroliše proces upravljanja rizikom, dok podređeno telo u čiji sastav ulaze glavni učesnici procesa ima ovlašćenje da obezbedi efektivnost i efikasnost funkcionisanja procesa.	The board of directors (top management) at the top level is empowered with the authority to confirm and directly track the risk management process, whereas the subordinate body consisting of key process representatives is given the authority to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of the process functioning.	0.97112
Na operativnom nivou neprekidno teče proces upravljanja rizikom kao sastavni deo tekućih procesa i predstavlja stav svakog zaposlenog posebno.	At the operational level there is an ongoing risk management process as a composite part of current processes and represents a mindset of each and every employee.	1.62638
Operaciona identifikacija, procena i upravljanje primenjuju se sistemski, što je od suštinskog značaja za trend analizu konstantnog usavršavanja procesa upravljanja rizikom tokom vremena. 2.	Operational identification, assessment and management is implemented by system trail, which is fundamental for trend analysis of constant risk management process improvements over the time period.	1.26
Metodologija Najčešće primenjivana metodologija u proceni rizika zasniva se na interakciji između verovatnoće da će rizik nastupiti i posledica koje rizik može da prouzrokuje za poslovni proces ili za organizaciju kao celinu.	2.2 Methodology The methodology which is usually implemented in risk evaluation is based on interaction between the likelihood of risk and consequences that might the risk impose to the business process or to organisation as a whole.	1.29394
Kada pokušavamo da definišemo verovatnoću, važno je da uzmemo u obzir i istoriju određenih događaja kao i učestalost takvog događaja (na primer, takav događaj se javlja u svakom n-tom ponovljenom procesu).	When we try to define the probability, it is important to take into consideration the history of a certain event as well as the estimated frequency of such an event (for example the event occurs on each xs repeated process).	1.04838
Imajući u vidu zajednički uticaj oba parametra rizika, rizik se predstavlja kao proizvod numerički procenjenih nivoa.	According to the mutual influence of both risk parameters, it is presented as a product of numerically estimated levels.	0.997144
Strategija upravljanja rizikom se definiše u skladu sa dobijenim rezultatima i predstavlja okvir za utvrđivanje određenih aktivnosti i rok do kog te aktivnosti treba preduzeti.	Risk management strategy is defined according to the obtained results and represents a framework for setting certain actions and the deadline by which the actions have to be taken.	0.871041
Skup aktivnosti se primenjuje periodično (određuju se aktivnosti, rokovi i donosioci odluka) i on se zove plan postupanja s rizikom.	A set of actions is implemented periodically (determining the activities, deadlines and decision makers) and is known as risk treatment plan.	0.42734
Na nivou poslovne grupe, objedinjeno upravljanje rizikom predstavlja posebno veliki izazov u oblasti obezbeđivanja kompatibilnosti metodologija.	On the level of a business group unified risk management is especially a great challenge in the area of providing the compatibility of methodologies.	1.52585
U nekim oblastima moraju da se koriste sofisticiranije metodologije, a rezultati tih metodologija moraju da se prilagode na odgovarajući način da bi bili komplementarni u ukupnoj proceni rizika. 2.	For certain areas, more sophisticated methodologies are used, whereas the results of such methodologies have to be adjusted in accordance, logically complementary of an overall risk assessment.	0.507143
Utvrđivanje izvora rizika Jadan način utvrđivanja izvora rizika jeste da se smatra da rizik proističe iz dve primarne oblasti (videti sliku 1): iz same organizacije (i definiše se kao interni rizik) i iz okruženja ili konteksta u kom organizacija posluje i nad kojima nema kontrolu (i definiše se kao eksterni rizik).	2.3 Setting the sources of risk A way of setting the sources of risk is to consider that risk emanates from two primary areas (see figure 1): from within the organisation itself (labelled as internal risk) and from the environment or context within which the organisation operates and over which it has no control (labelled as external risk).	1.44185
Ovakva klasifikacija pokazuje odnos sa međunarodnim standardom rizika ISO 31000, za svaki rizik posebno.	Such classification shows the relationship with the international risk standard ISO 31000 respectively.	1.79674
Pored toga, utvrđivanje izvora rizika u ukupnom procesu je isto toliko važno kao i pravilna primena i dobro odabran metod optimizacije za procenu rizika.	What is more, setting the sources of risk in the overall process is as much important as the proper use and suitably chosen optimisation method for risk evaluation.	1.24872
Vrednost procesa upravljanja rizikom je manja ukoliko se jasno ne shvate izvori rizika i kako na njih treba odgovoriti.	The value of a risk management process is reduced without a clear understanding of the sources of risk and how they should be responded to.	1.30882
Izvore rizika treba pažljivo istražiti da se ne previdi ni jedan i uvrstiti ih u katalog rizika.	It is expected that the sources of risk should be carefully examined not to forget any and included into a catalog of risk.	0.897992
Katalog rizika sadrži skup unapred definisanih rizika gde je svaki opisan uz dodatne parametre potrebne da bi se rizik pravilno procenio.	The catalog of risk consists of a set of predetermined risks where each is described with additional parameters needed to properly estimate the risk.	1.23438
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Interni rizik Interna finansijska kontrola / Interna revizija Izloženost prevari Obaveze iz prošlosti Investiranje Odluke o kapitalnim troškovima Likvidnost i gotovinski tok Finansijski rizik Eksterni rizik Rizik ra(cid: ~~~ standarda Rizik kamatnih stopa Valutni rizik Kreditni rizik Infrastrukturni rizik Interni rizik Kadrovski rizik (novi zaposleni) Rizik odgovaraju(cid: ~~~ kvalifikacija i kompetentnosti Rizik po zdravlje i bezbednost na radu Rizik radnog okruženja Rizik zbog kompjutera / IT sistema Eksterni rizik Rizik komunikacije Rizik distribucije Rizik vezan za dobavlja(cid: ~~~ i ugovara(cid: ~~~ Terorizam Prirodne katastrofe Epidemije Rizik po ugled i dobru volju Interni rizik Širenje robne marke i imena Struktura upravnog odbora Kontrola nad okruženjem Eksterni rizik Rizik od povla(cid: ~~~ proizvoda Rizik društvene odgovornosti Rizik po utisak stvoren u javnosti Pravni rizik Rizik konkurencije (nepoštena) Tržišni rizik Interni rizik Rizik u vezi s merdžerima i akvizicijama Rizik u oblasti istraživanja i razvoja Rizik intelektualne svojine Rizik vezan za ugovore Eksterni rizik Ekonomski rizik Rizik u tehnološkom razvoju Rizik konkurencije na tržištu Rizik potražnje i rizik potreba korisnika na tržištu Rizik zakonskih i tržišnih zahteva Slika 1: ~~~ Utvrđivanje izvora rizika Skup rizika čine rizici koji se prate tokom procesa upravljanja rizikom.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Internal risk Internal financial control / Internal audit Fraud exposure Historical liabilities Investment Capex decisions Liquidity and cashflow Financial risk External risk Risk of accounting standards Interest rate risk Currency risk Credit risk Infrastructure risk Internal risk Personnel risk (new employees) Risk of proper qualifications and competencies Health risk and safety at work Working environment risk Computer /IT systems risk External risk Communication risk Distribution risk Suppliers/contractors risk Terrorism Natural catastrophe Epidemics Internal risk Brand and name expansion Structure of a board Control of environment Internal risk Mergers and acquisitions risk Research and development risk Intellectual property risk Contractual risk Reputation and goodwill risk External risk Product recalls risk Social responsibility risk Public image risk Legal risk Competition risk (unfair) Market risk External risk Economic risk Technological development risk Competition risk on the market Demand risk and users needs risk on the market Legal and market needs risk Figure 1: Setting the sources of risk Risks that are monitored during the risk management process represent the set of risk.	-0.158094
Ovaj skup se upisuje i vrednuje u katalogu rizika koji treba stalno da ažurira ceo tim posvećen procesu upravljanja rizikom u organizaciji.	It is written and evaluated in the catalog of risk which has to be kept up to date by the whole team which is devoted to risk management process in the organisation.	1.4392
Ne treba zaboraviti da skup rizika treba da bude u skladu sa poslovnim potrebama kao i sa operativnim funkcionisanjem poslovnih procesa. 2.	It should not be forgotten to harmonize the set of risk with business needs as well as with operational functioning of business processes.	1.07748
Ažuriranje procesa Ažuriranje procesa upravljanja rizikom predstavlja najvažniji faktor, posebno u oblasti upravljanja rizikom i on utiče na efikasnost, efektivnost i kvalitet ukupnog procesa upravljanja rizikom.	2.4 Keeping the process up to date Keeping the risk management process up to date is the most important factor especially in the area of risk management, which has the impact on efficiency, effectiveness and quality of the overall risk management process.	1.5974
Na najvišem nivou to se ogleda u primerenosti procesa upravljanja rizikom poslovnim ciljevima.	At the highest level it is reflected in the appropriateness of the risk management process to the business objectives.	1.95357
Periodi u kojima se proverava ažuriranost procesa u ovom procesu zavise od toga koji se ciljevi uzimaju u obzir.	Within such process the period of checking the up to date process depends on the objectives considered.	0.606061
Poslovni ciljevi povezani su sa strategijom i vizijom organizacije (organizacioni rizik) i oni se menjaju u zavisnosti od grane delatnosti i dugoročnih ciljeva organizacije.	Business objectives are connected with the strategy and vision of an organisation (organisations risk) and they do change regarding the branch of industry and long-term objectives of an organisation.	0.740526
U slučaju skupa rizika i metoda procene rizika možemo da prihvatimo pretpostavku da su se oni stvarno promenili, dok se u slučaju velikih promena na nivou organizacionog učinka oni menjaju.	For the set of risk and method to evaluate risk we can take an assumption that they are rarely changed, whereas in the case of major changes on the level of organisations performance they change.	1.06864
S tim promenama se firma uglavnom sreće kad se širi na nove grane delatnosti ili preduzima nove poslovne aktivnosti, što može da bude povezano sa akvizicijom novih kompanija, širenjem poslovanja na različite političko-ekonomske zone ili promenu poslovnih partnera od kritičnog značaja.	These changes are mostly faced when expanding to new business activities or branches of industry, which can be related with acquisitions of new companies, business expansion onto different political-economic zones or when changing critical business partners.	1.31254
Ažuriranje procesa upravljanja rizikom je s jedne strane dinamično, a s druge strane je pojednostavljeno kad se uzme u obzir upravljanje projektima ili projektno orijentisan posao gde se ciljevi i rizik definišu kad se projekat definiše ili u fazi pripreme projektnog elaborata.	Keeping the risk management process up to date is on one hand dynamic, on the other hand simplified taking into consideration project management or project oriented work where goals and risk are defined by establishing the project or in the stage of preparing project elaborate.	1.47711
Ovde je rizik kratkoročan ili se računa na srednji rok pošto se u većini slučajeva rizik određuje trajanjem projekta (kada se objektivni ciljev postignu), ili se prenosi na subjekat projekta to je obično proces (kada želimo da postignemo definisane ciljeve projekta).	Risk here is short to medium-term as in most cases risk is terminated by the project duration (when objective goals of a project are accomplished), partly it is transferred to the subject of a project - usually this is a process (when we want to accomplish earmarked goals of a project).	1.08317
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Rizici procesa predstavljaju rizike koji su u najvećoj meri povezani sa poslovanjem, pošto su u vezi kako sa ciljevima procesa tako i sa resursima potrebnim za funkcionisanje procesa.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Process risks are the most operational connected risks as they are connected with the process goals as well as with the resources needed for process functioning.	1.03844
Skup rizika se može mapirati na osnovu određenih ciljeva projekta u slučaju procesa koji predstavlja posledicu prethodno primenjenog projekta; s druge strane, skup rizika procesa delimično pokazuje transfer rizika koji su povezani sa strategijom i vizijom, pošto se zahtevi vizije i strategije prenose na nivo procesa.	The set of risks can be mapped from earmarked project goals in the case of process that is a consequence of previously implemented project, on the other hand the process set of risk partly indicates the transfer of risks that are connected with the strategy and vision, as requests of vision as well as of strategy are delegated to the process level.	1.43711
Ažuriranje procesa upravljanja rizikom neizbežno je neposredno povezano sa postavljanjem ciljeva, bez obzira na nivo na kome se oni određuju i prate.	Keeping the risk management process up to date is inevitably directly connected with setting the goals no matter the level where they are determined and tracked.	0.94081
Kada se ciljevi promene, uvek je potrebno sprovesti reviziju procesa upravljanja rizikom, a iznad svega, potrebno je proveriti katalog rizika i skup kontrolnih instrumenata i mera uspostavljenih za upravljanje rizikom.	When goals change, it is always necessary to conduct an audit of risk management process, above all it is necessary to check the catalog of risk and set of controls and measures which are established to manage the risk.	1.25456
Pored toga što se obezbeđuje da proces upravljanja rizikom bude primeren, u sprovođenju upravljanja potrebno je uzeti u obzir i uticaje spoljnog sveta.	Besides ensuring the suitability of risk management process it is also necessary to take into consideration the influences of external world when conducting risk management.	0.886654
Uglavnom imamo posla sa instrumentima kontrole procesa koje sprovode revizori spolja i sa konzistentnošću procesa sa validnim standardima i preporukama koje važe za datu granu delatnosti i uopšteno u oblasti upravljanja rizikom.	Mostly we deal with process controls performed by external auditors and process consistency with valid standards and recommendations which are valid for the branch of industry and in general in the area of risk management.	1.09755
Ako proces upravljanja rizikom treba da bude uvek ažuriran, potrebno je redovno nadgledati kontrolne instrumente i mere koje imaju zadatak da upravljaju rizikom.	If the risk management process is to be up to date we need to regularly supervise the controls and measures whose role is to manage the risk.	1.23534
To se radi proverom da li su planirane aktivnosti odgovora na rizik primenjene ili da li su ispitane potencijalne prilike i dobijeni rezultati, kao i u kojoj meri su kontrolni instrumenti iskorišćeni. 3.	This is done by checking whether the planned risk response actions have been implemented or whether the potential opportunities have been examined and results obtained and to what extent the intensity of controls is used.	0.628803
Em pi rij ski pri mer upra vlja nja ri zi kom Naš empirijski primer upravljanja rizikom fokusira se na predviđanje prodaje primenom opsežne baze podataka kompanije koja je vodeći proizvođač kućnih aparata.	3. ~~~ Empirical example of risk management Our empirical example of risk management focuses on forecasting sales using a rich database provided by a company which is a leading manufacturer of home appliances.	0.227439
Motivaciju za izbor oblasti predviđanja prodaje našli smo u tome što ova oblast postaje sve važnija u svakodnevnom poslovanju, da ne pominjeno rizike koji u njoj postoje (na primer, privredni padovi, promena trendova i mode, povećana konkurencija, opoziv proizvođača).	The motivation for choosing the sales forecasting area is that this area is becoming more important in everyday business, not to mention risks involved here (for example economic downturns, changing trends and fashions, increased competition, manufacturer recalls).	0.842197
Predviđanje prodaje predstavlja ključni deo finansijskog planiranja u firmi.	Sales forecasting is a crucial part of the financial planning of a business.	1.17231
Dobri modeli predviđanja mogu da povećaju efikasnost firmi, oni štede novac koji bi se utrošio za prekomerne količine robe, povećavaju profit i omogućavaju bolju uslugu korisnicima.	Good forecasting models can increase efficiency of businesses, they are saving money on excess inventory, increase profit and serve its customers better.	0.882249
Postoji nekoliko metoda kojima se mogu dobiti dosledna i precizna predviđanja prodaje.	There are several methods that can produce consistently accurate sales forecasts.	1.27917
Jedan od njih je neuronska mreža koju mi primenjujemo u empirijskom istraživanju.	One of them is neural network which we apply in empirical research.	0.677328
Neuronska mreža predstavlja moćnu alatku za modelovanje podataka koja može da obuhvati i predstavi složene odnose inputa/autputa.	A neural network is a powerful data modeling tool that is able to capture and represent complex input/output relationships.	0.932704
Motivacija za razvijanje tehnolohije neuronskih mreža proizašla je iz želje da se razvije jedan veštački sistem koji bi mogao da izvrši inteligentne zadatke slične onima koje vrši ljudski mozak.	The motivation for the development of neural network technology stemmed from the desire to develop an artificial system that could perform intelligent tasks similar to those performed by the human brain.	0.998276
Neuronske mreže slične su ljudskom mozgu na dva načina: ~~~ 1.	Neural networks resemble the human brain in the following two ways: 1.	0.286364
Neuronska mreža stiče znanje učenjem. 2.	A neural network acquires knowledge through learning.	1.08791
Znanje koje stekne neuronska mreža skladišti se unutar među-neuronskih veza koje se nazivaju sinapse pondera.	2. ~~~ A neural networks knowledge is stored within inter-neuron connection strengths known as synaptic weights.	0.0903226
Stvarna moć i prednost neuronskih mreža leži u njihovoj sposobnosti da predstave kako linearne, tako i nelinearne odnose, kao i da shvate ove odnose neposredno iz podataka koji se modeluju.	The true power and advantage of neural networks lies in their ability to represent both linear and non-linear relationships and in their ability to learn these relationships directly from the data being modeled.	1.33525
Tradicionalni linearni modeli su jednostavno neadekvatni u slučajevima kada treba modelovati podatke koji sadrže nelinearne karakteristike.	Traditional linear models are simply inadequate when it comes to modeling data that contains non-linear characteristics.	0.769978
Najčešći oblik neuronske mreže je višeslojna percepcija (MLP).	The most common neural network model is the multilayer perceptron (MLP).	0.956831
Ovaj tip neuronske mreže poznat je pod nazivom nadgledana mreža, pošto joj je za učenje potreban željeni rezultat.	This type of neural network is known as a supervised network because it requires a desired output in order to learn.	1.07092
Cilj ovakve mreže jeste da stvori model koji pravilno mapira input prema autputu koristeći istorijske (ranije) podatke tako da se onda model može koristiti da proizvede autput kada je željeni autput nepoznat (citirano iz NeuroSolutions.com).	The goal of this type of network is to create a model that correctly maps the input to the output using historical data so that the model can then be used to produce the output when the desired output is unknown (cited from NeuroSolutions.com).	1.28515
3.1 Podaci i varijable Najvažnije je da se pravilno pripremi skup podataka i to je bez sumnje korak za koji je potrebno najviše vremena u radu s neuronskim mrežama.	3.1 Data and variables Proper preparation of dataset is the most important and with no doubt the most time-consuming step in working with neural networks.	0.625543
Vrlo je važno imati pravu količinu podataka.	It is very important to have the right amount of data.	2.14573
Preveliki broj podataka može da produži vreme obuke mreže i da čak pokvari njen učinak.	Too much data may increase training time of a neural network and even deteriorate network performance.	1.01582
Ako imamo skup podataka sa malim bro Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 jem slučajeva, mreža neće imati na raspolaganju dovoljno informacija o problemu da bi mogla pravilno da uči.	If we have a dataset with Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 a small number of cases, then the neural network will not have enough information about the problem to train correctly.	1.29143
Naš skup podataka, zasnovan na podacima o prošlim prodajama, sadrži 1995 slučajeva.	Our dataset, which is based on historical data on sales, contains 1995 cases.	3.48077
Iz primarnog skupa podataka uklonili smo podatke za koje ne postoje poznate vrednosti i kod kojih smo otkrili samo pojedinačne vrednosti.	From our primary dataset we also removed data with missing values and detected outliers.	1.13026
Takođe smo pažljivo izabrali varijable koje će najbolje predstaviti problem koji želimo da analiziramo.	We have also carefully chosen the variables that should best represent the problem that we want to analyze.	1.68681
Da bismo uključili ovakve varijable, prvo smo sproveli višestruku regresivnu analizu da bismo videli koje varijable statistički značajno utiču na našu zavisnu varijablu (što znači prodaju).	In order to include such variables we firstly performed multiple regression analysis to see which variables statistically significantly influence our dependent variable (that is sales).	0.395014
Na tabeli 1 vidimo da su te varijable ime robne marke i vrsta proizvoda.	From table 1 we can see that such variables are brand name and type of product.	0.875
Druge varijable (kao što je mesec prodaje) nisu imale statistički značajan uticaj na našu zavisnu varijablu i stoga su isključene iz analize.	Other variables (such as month of sales) did not perform statistical significant influence on our dependent variable and were therefore excluded from analysis.	0.793168
Pošto su obe zavisne varijable kategoričke, takođe smo se potrudili da kategorije za obe varijable budu dobro predstavljene u različitim kombinacijam da bismo bili sigurni da će naša neuronska mreža umeti da nađe razlike i da će rezultati biti validni i pouzdani.	Since both independent variables are categorical, we also pay attention that categories for both variables are well presented in different combination to ensure that neural network will be able to find the differences and that the results will be valid and reliable.	1.05948
Tabela 1: ~~~ Statistički značajni koeficijenti Model Nestandardizovani koeficijenti Standardizovani koeficijenti t (konstanta) robna marka tip B 32,202 2,480 -,048 Std. greška 1,281 ,099 ,014 Beta ,221 -,029 25,142 25,169 -3,348 Sig. ,000 ,000 ,001 3.2 Empirijska primena 3.2.1 Analiza U ovom koraku podaci se razvrstavaju na skup za učenje, testiranje i validaciju.	Table 1: Statistically significant coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients (Constant) brand type B 32.202 2.480 -.048 Std. ~~~ Error 1.281 .099 .014 Beta .221 -.029 t 25.142 25.169 -3.348 Sig. .000 .000 .001 3.2 Empirical application 3.2.1 Analysis In this step the data is partitioned onto training, test and validation set.	0.113729
Skup za obuku je deo skupa podataka u inputu koji se koristi za obuku meuronske mreže, t.j., za prilagođavanje pondera u mreži.	The training set is a part of input dataset used for neural network training, i.e. for adjustment of network weights.	0.980952
Skup za validaciju predstavlja deo skupa podataka koji se koristi da se usklade topologija mreže ili parametri mreže koji nisu ponderi.	The validation set is a part of dataset used to tune network topology or network parameters other than weights.	1.2734
Sam statistički program zadržava najbolju mrežu (mrežu koja ima najmanje grešaka u skupu za validaciju).	The statistical program itself retain the best network (the network with the lowest error on validation set).	0.481117
Skup za testiranje je deo skupa podataka u inputu koji služi samo da se proveri koliko će mreža dobro da funkcioniše kad dobije nove podatke.	Whereas the test set is a part of input dataset used only to test how well the neural network will perform on new data.	1.18268
Skup za testiranje koristi se kad mreža bude spremna (obučena), da bi se proverilo kakve greške će se pojaviti tokom buduće primene mreže.	The test set is used after the network is ready (trained), to test what errors will occur during future network application.	0.794026
Ovaj skup se ne koristi tokom obuke i stoga se može smatrati skupom novih podataka koje korisnik unosi kad koristi mrežu.	This set is not used during training and thus can be considered as consisting of new data entered by the user for the neural network application.	1.20551
Razdvajanje podataka može da se vrši ručno ili automatski, primenom statističkog programa.	The partition of data can be done manually or automatically by statistical program.	0.942308
Naš skup podataka razvrstan je na sledeći način: ~~~ 68% skup za obuku, 16% skup za validaciju i 16% skup za testiranje. 3.	Our dataset is partitioned as follows: 68% for training set; 16% for validation set and 16% for test set.	0.322414
Prethodna obrada Prethodnom obradom podaci se transformišu tako da odgovaraju neuronskoj mreži.	3.2.2 Preprocessing Preprocessing transforms the data to make it suitable for neural network.	0.281707
Na primer, pretvaranje numeričkih vrednosti u skalarne i pretvaranje tekstualnih vrednosti u numeričke.	For example, scaling numeric values and transforming text values into numeric ones.	0.444468
Treba napomenuti da neuronske mreže operišu samo sa numeričkim podacima.	It has to be mentioned that neural networks work only with numeric data.	0.270492
Tokom prethodne obrade podataka kolone brojeva se automatski pretvaraju u skalarne vrednosti.	Numeric columns are automatically scaled during data preprocessing.	0.525137
Opseg skale za input kolone (u našem slučaju ime robne marke i tip proizvoda) je [-1...	For input columns (in our case brand name and type of product) scaling range is [-1...1].	1.18235
Za ciljnu kolonu (u našem slučaju prodaja) opseg skaliranja zavisi od funkcije aktivacije sloja autputa: linearna funkcija aktivacije sloja autputa (opseg skale -1... ~~~ logistička (sigmoidna) funkcija aktivacije sloja autputa (opseg skale 0... ~~~ hiperbolična tangentna funkcija aktivacije (opseg skale -1... ~~~ softmax funkcija aktivacije sloja autputa (opseg skale 0...	For the target column (in our case sales) scaling range depends on activation function of the output layer: linear output layer activation function (scaling range -1...1); logistic (sigmoid) output layer activation function (scaling range 0...1); hyperbolic tangent output layer activation function (scaling range -1...1); softmax output layer activation function (scaling range 0...1).	0.108333
Na tabeli 2 prikazane su neke pojedinosti faze prethodne obrade.	In table 2 there are some details of the preprocessing stage.	3.27692
Tabela 2: ~~~ Pojedinost o varijablama u fazi prethodne obrade Varijabla Tip kolone Tip proizvoda Ime robne marke Prodaja Input Input Autput Format Numeri(cid: ~~~ Numeri(cid: ~~~ Numeri(cid: ~~~ Opseg skale Faktor skaliranja [-1.. ~~~ [-1..		-0.3
[0.. ~~~ 0,068966 0,083333 0,003226 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 3.2. ~~~ Dizajn Ovaj korak nam pomaže da projektujemo najefikasniju strukturu neuronske mreže.	Variable Type of product Brand name Sales Table 2: Variable details of the preprocessing stage Column type Input Input Output Format Numerical Numerical Numerical Scaling range Scaling factor [-1..1] [-1..1] [0..1] 0.068966 0.083333 0.003226 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 3.2.3 Design This step helps us to design the most efficient neural network architecture.	0.0202102
Ako želimo da projektujemo mrežu, moramo precizno da definišemo njenu arhitekturu (broj skrivenih slojeva i celina u svakom sloju) i svojstva mreže (funkciju aktivacije i greške).	If we want to design a network. we have to specify the network architecture (number of hidden layers and units in each layer) and network properties (error and activation function).	1.06405
Mreža sa premalo skrivenih celina samo uopšteno otkriva skrivene zavisnosti u podacima, a time i značajan broj grešaka.	A network with too few hidden units only roughly discovers hidden dependencies in the data whereby the network produces a significant number of errors.	1.18569
Mreža sa prevelikim brojem skrivenih celina pokušaće da zapamti sve podatke umesto da nađe odnose i to će takođe dovesti do većih grešaka u mreži.	A network with too many hidden units will tend to memorize all the data instead of finding relations that also lead to bigger network errors.	1.0721
Mi smo odabrali topologiju sa jednim skrivenim slojem i jednom skrivenom celinom.	We have chosen a topology with one hidden layer and with one hidden unit.	0.712358
Najefikasnija neuronska mreža u našem slučaju bila je 2-2-1.	The neural network architecture most efficient for our case was 2-2-1.	1.17321
Funkcije aktivacije za skrivene slojeve su sledeće (videti, na primer, Haykin, 1998; McNeil, Frey i Embrechts, 2011):	Whereas activation functions for hidden layers are (see for example Haykin. ~~~ 1998; McNeil. ~~~ Frey and Embrechts.	0.0379167
Linearna: ova funkcija daje svoj input kao svoj autput; drugim rečima, samo prenosti nivo aktivacije direkt no kao autput.	2011): Linear: this function produces its input as its output or in other words. just passes the activation level di rectly as the output.	1.1717
Njen opseg autputa je [-bezgranično ... bezgranično].	Its output range is [-inf..inf].	1.08276
Logistička: ova funkcija ima oblik sigmoidne krive i izračunava se primenom sledeće formule: ~~~ F(x) = 1/ (1+e-x).	Logistic: this function has a sigmoid curve and is calculated using the following formula: F(x) = 1/ (1+e x).	0.307143
Njen opseg autputa iznosi [0 ...	Its output range is [0..1].	1.25
1]. ~~~ Ova funkcija se najčešće koristi i nju smo i izabrali za naš slučaj.	This function is used most often and was selected also in our case.	0.305357
Hiperbolička tangentna: ova funkcija takođe ima oblik sigmoidne krive i izračunava se primenom sledeće formule: ~~~ F(x) = (ex - e-x)/ (ex + e-x).	Hyperbolic tangent: this function also has a sigmoid curve and is calculated using the following formula: F(x) = (ex - e-x)/ (ex + e-x).	0.4375
Opseg njenog autputa je [-1 ...	Its output range is [-1..1].	0.776
1]. ~~~ Empirijski posmatrano, ova funkcija često funkcioniše bolje nego logistička funkcija. 3.	Empirically. it is often found that this function performs better than the logistic function.	0.498148
Obuka Za obučavanje mreže odabrali smo algoritam povratnog grananja, najpopularniji algoritam za učenje višeslojne percepcije.	3.2.4 Training To train the network we selected back propagation training algorithm which is the most popular algorithm for training of multilayer perceptron.	0.811218
Ipak, postoje neki nedostaci kao što su spora konvergencija, pa je potrebno da uskladimo parametre ritma učenja i momenta. skup za obuku skup za validaciju najbolja mreža a k š e r g a n u o s p a t l Slika 2:	However there are some drawbacks such as slow convergence. we need to tune up the learning rate and momentum parameters.	0.52563
Grafikon grešaka u skupu podataka Na slici 2, grafikon grešaka u skupu podataka pokazuje prosečnu apsolutnu grešku skupa podataka u odnosu na ponavljanje u skupu za obuku i/ili skupu za validaciju.	Figure 2: The dataset errors graph In figure 2 the dataset errors graph plots the average absolute dataset error vs. iteration on training and/or validation sets.	1.11498
Pošto je reč o problemu regresije, iz grafikona se može videti kako se apsolutna greška smanjuje od jednog ponavljanja do drugog. 3.	Because we deal with regression problem. we can see from the graph how the absolute error is reduced from iteration to iteration.	0.932908
Testiranje Testiranje mreže sprovodi se nakon završetka obuke.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 3.2.5 Testing Network testing is performed after training completion.	0
Testiranje pomaže da se analizira učinak obučene mreže.	Testing can help us to analyze performance of the trained network.	0.610692
U skladu sa situacijom regresije u našem slučaju imamo dve indikacije za kvalitet obučene mreže: ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 apsolutnu grešku (AE) i apsolutnu relativnu grešku (ARE), razliku između stvarne vrednosti ciljne kolone i odgovarajućeg autputa mreže.	In accordance with the regression situation in our case we have two indications of quality of trained network: absolute error (AE) and absolute relative error (ARE). the difference between the actual value of the target column and the corresponding network output.	0.629583
Razlika je prikazana u apsolutnim vrednostima i u obliku procenta.	The difference is displayed in absolute values and in percentage terms.	1.09749
U našem slučaju AE iznosi 32,052541, dok vrednost ARE iznosi 6,135216. 3.	In our case the AE is 32.052541. whereas the ARE is 6.135216.	1.14072
Upit U ovom koraku postavljamo pitanja obučenoj mreži, unošenjem pitanja ručno, unošenjem fajla ili odabirom zapisa sa već unetog skupa podataka.	3.2.6 Query In this step we can query the trained network either by enterinf the query manually. loading the file or by selecting records from the loaded dataset.	0.7
Na slici 3 vidimo da naša mreža dobro radi pošto autput nije daleko od granica pouzdanosti (koje se izračunavaju primenom prosečne apsolutne greške na skupu za testiranje). grafikon rezultata autput pouzdanost max pouzdanost min Slika 3:	From the figure 3 we can see that our trained network performs well as the output lies not far away from the confidence limits (which are calculated using the average absolute error on the test set).	0.868649
Granice pouzdanosti za autput Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Zaključak Proces upravljanja rizikom predstavlja strateški značajan proces koji u određenim situacijama može da posluži kao okvir za promene u poslovnim odlukama.	Figure 3: Confidence limits for the output Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Conclusion The risk management process represents strategically important process which can in certain situations act as a framework for changes in business decisions.	1.74525
Zato je funkcionisanje procesa u neposrednoj vezi sa najvišim nivoom upravljanja (obično njime upravlja finansijski direktor); šta više, tok informacija se dostavlja najvišim nivoima u organizaciji.	That is why the process functioning is connected with the top management directly (usually it operates under the chief financial officer) and what is more. the flow of information is provided to the highest levels of organisation.	1.16207
Glavni cilj ovog rada jeste da istraži mehanizme za primenu procesa upravljanja rizikom u organizaciji.	The main aim of this paper is to explore the mechanisms for implementing a risk management process into an organisation.	1.20124
Predlaže se da se proces upravljanja rizikom razloži na sledeće faze: organizaciju, metodologiju, utvrđivanje izvora rizika, ažuriranje procesa.	It is proposed that the risk management process is broken down into the following stages: organisation. methodology. setting the sources of risk. keeping the process up to date.	1.20677
U empirijskom delu rada predloženi teorijski model unapređen je primerom praktičnog pristupa koji se bavi predviđanjem prodaje primenom metoda neuronskih mreža.	Whereas in the empirical part of the paper the proposed theoretical model is upgraded with a practical approach example focusing on forecasting sales using a neural network method.	1.37447
Ovaj rad doprinosi boljem razumevanju procesa upravljanja rizikom kao i primeni različitih kvantitativnih metoda u različitim fazama procesa upravljanja rizikom.	The paper contributes to the better understanding of the risk management process as well as to the implementing different quantitative methods at different stages of risk management process.	1.68926
Takođe predstavlja doprinos relativno siromašnoj literaturi u oblasti procesa upravljanja rizikom i empirijske primene različitih kvantitativnih metoda u ovom procesu.	It also contributes to the relatively thin literature in the field of risk management process and empirical application of different quantitative methods into the process. ~~~ REFERENCES [1] Beasley. ~~~ M..	0.27825
LITERATURA [1] Beasley, M., Pagach, D. & R. Warr (2008).	Pagach. ~~~ D. & R. Warr (2008).	0.976471
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A Comprehensive Foundation (2nd ed.).	Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation (2nd ed.).	2.16765
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The Determinants of Enterprise Risk Management :	The Determinants of Enterprise Risk Management : Evidence from the Appointment of Chief Risk Officers.	2.22907
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Establishing Effective Governance, Risk, and Compliance Processes.	Establishing Effective Governance. ~~~ Risk. and Compliance Processes. ~~~ Hoboken.	0.396721
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Primljen:	Receieved: April 2012.	1.47
April 2012. ~~~ Prihvaćen:	Accepted: September 2012.	0.6
Septembar 2012. ~~~ Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 O autoru Laura Južnik Rotar Visoka škola za poslovne studije I menadžment Novo mesto laura_juznik@yahoo.com Dr. Laura Južnik Rotar doktorirala je 2009. godine na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Ljubljani.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 About the Author Laura Južnik Rotar Higher School of Business and Management Novo mesto laura_juznik@yahoo.com Dr. Laura Južnik Rotar received her PhD degree from the Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana in 2009.	0.626537
Trenutno radi kao viši predavač na Visokoj školi za poslovne studije i menadžment u Novom Mestu gde predaje predmete iz oblasti ekonomije i poslovanja.	Currently she is a senior lecturer at the Higher School of Business and Management Novo mesto where she teaches economics and business subjects.	0.52561
Učesnik je u nekoliko istraživačkih projekata.	She has been involved in several research projects.	1.58571
Mitja Kozar Gorenje d.d. mitja.kozar@gorenje.com Mitja Kozar je diplomirao na Fakultetu za komercijalne i poslovne studije u Celju.	Mitja Kozar 2Gorenje d.d. mitja.kozar@gorenje.com Mitja Kozar graduated from the Faculty of Commercial and Business Sciences in Celje.	1.71323
Ima 15 godina radnog iskustva u privatnom i javnom sektoru.	He has 15 years of work experience, which he gained in the private and public sectors.	3.99465
Njegova oblast istraživanja obuhvata informacionu tehnologiju, upravljanje projektima, upravljanje učinkom, upravljanje znanjem, odlučivanje u upravljanju.	His areas of research interest are information technology, project management, performance management, knowledge management, decision making in management.	0.66205
Trenutno je vodeći IKT menadžer u Gorenju, d. ~~~ d. 2012/64 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Elena Veselinova, Marija Gogova Samonikov Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta Goce Delčev u Štipu, Makedonija Ino vi ra nje i rast MSP u EU UDK: ~~~ 005.591.61 ; 005.52:330.322(4-672EU) DOI: ~~~ 10.7595/management. ~~~ fon.2012. ~~~ (english version) XIII Internacionalni Simpozijum SymOrg 2012, 05.- 09. ~~~ Jun 2012, Zlatibor, Srbija Te ma ovog ra da je ana li za naj zna čaj ni jih fak to ra ko ji uti ču na re zul ta te, op sta nak i rast MSP u EU.	Currently he is a leading ICT manager at Gorenje, d.d. 2012/64 Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Elena Veselinova, Marija Gogova Samonikov Faculty of Economics, Goce Delcev University, Stip, Macedonia SMEs Inovation and Growth in EU UDC: 005.591.61 ; 005.52:330.322(4-672EU) DOI: 10.7595/management.fon.2012.0022 XIII International Symposium SymOrg 2012, 05 - 09 June 2012, Zlatibor, Serbia The focus of this paper is the analysis of the most important factors for SMEs performance, survival and growth in EU.	-0.0459321
Glav ni cilj je ste da se stek ne uvid u to šta pred o dre đu je po ten ci jal ni ne u speh mla dih kom pa ni ja da uvo de ino va ci je i da ra stu. ~~~ Po sto ji op šta sa gla snost o to me da je za no ve, mla de i sto ga če sto još uvek ma le fir me zna čaj no da uvo de ino va ci je i da se raz vi ja ju.	The main objective is to consider what determines the potential failure of young companies to innovate and grow.The importance for new, young and thus often still small firms to introduce innovations and grow is commonly claimed.	0.0587734
Sto ga fak to ri ko ji ome ta ju ove ma le, mla de kom pa ni je mo gu da ima ju ogro man uti caj u jav no sti. ~~~ Re zul ta ti is tra ži va nja po ka zu ju da je sta rost fir me (što od ra ža va i njen ugled) zna čaj na do onog ste pe na do ko jeg se fir ma ose ća fi nan sij ski ogra ni če nom.	Therefore, factors that would inhibit these small, young companies to achieve their goals can have a huge public impact.The research results show that the age of the firm (which reflects its reputation) is important to the degree to which the firm feels financially constrained.	0.0216895
Fi nan sij ska ogra ni če nja ta ko đe mo gu da bu du u ve zi sa ne u spe hom na tr ži štu.	Also, finance barriers can be associated with the market failure.	0.236842
Ri zik i in for ma ci o na asi me tri ja iza zi va ju od re đe ne ne pra vil no sti na tr ži štu ka pi ta la i ne do sta tak ugle da i ga ran ci ja fir me mo gu da po sta nu ključ ni ele men ti ne u spe ha.	Risk and informational asymmetries create capital market imperfections and a firms lack of reputation and collateral become crucial elements.	0.239516
U za ključ ci ma se po ka zu je da spo sob nost MSP da ra stu u ve li koj me ri za vi si od nji ho vih mo guć no sti da in ve sti ra ju u re struk tu i ra nje, ino va ci je i kva li fi ka ci je.	Conclusions reveal that the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification.	0.536437
Za sve ove in ve sti ci je po tre ban je ka pi tal i shod no to me pri stup fi nan si ja ma.	All of these investments require capital and therefore access to finance.	0.535938
Naj no vi je me re ima ju za cilj da po pra ve fi nan sij sko okru že nje za evrop sko pred u zet ni štvo i, još pre ci zni je, da pru že po dr šku no vo-for mi ra nim ino va tiv nim fir ma ma ka ko bi one po ve ća le svo ju glo bal nu kon ku rent nost i pod sta kle ino va ci je.	Recent policy initiatives aim at improving the financial environment for European entrepreneurial activity and, more specifically, at supporting newly-founded innovative firms in order to increase their global competitiveness and spur innovation.	0.8525
Ključ ne re či:	Keywords: SMEs, financing, innovation, growth.	0.34
MSP, fi nan si ra nje, ino va ci je, rast. 1.	1.	-0.6
Uvod Živimo u periodu finansijske i ekonomske krize.	Introduction We are living a period of financial and economic crisis.	1.21702
Prate je sveprisutni pesimizam i nedostatak pouzdanja i poverenja.	It is accompanied by widespread pessimism and lack of confidence and trust.	0.569492
U ovakvim okolnostima fokusiranje na dugoročni rast i inovacije mogu da se učine neumesnim.	Under these circumstances the focus on long-run growth and innovation may appear out of place.	0.9
U ovom radu pokušavamo da pobijemo ovakvu perspektivu.	This paper is an argument against such a perspective.	0.280435
Upravo u vremenima krize i nemira važno je imati dugoročnu perspektivu. ~~~ Od najranijih dana do osamnaestog veka životni standard se nije mnogo menjao.	It is important to take a long run perspective precisely in moments of crisis and turmoil.From the earliest period on record up to the eighteenth century, the standards of living have been quite stable over a long run.	0.223438
Nagle varijacije u životnom standardu bile su povezane sa bolestima, glađu i ratom.	Sharp variations in standards of living were associated with disease, famine and war.	0.514286
Ipak, ni to nije dugo trajalo.	Nevertheless, they would not persist over a very long run.	0.451648
Primenom Malthus / Ricardo modela dugoročni stabilni životni standard mogao je da se poveže sa tehnološkim napretkom tokom vremena (Lucas, 2002).	The Malthus / Ricardo model was able to reconcile long-run stable standards of living with technological progress over time (Lucas, 2002).	1.36318
Zamajac razvoja postalo je kapitalističko društvo zasnovano na konkurenciji i promeni.	The engine of growth is a capitalist society based on competition and change.	0.240909
Joseph Schumpeter opisuje ekonomski razvoj rečima: ~~~ Spontana i neravnomerna promena [...] koja neprestano narušava prethodno postignuto stanje ravnoteže.	Joseph Schumpeter characterizes economic development as: The spontaneous and discontinuous change […] which forever disturbs the equilibrium state that previously existed.	0.301368
Nobelovac Robert Solow pokazuje da je tehnološki napredak značajniji za održivi ekonomski rast nego faktorska akumulacija.	The Nobel Prize winner Robert Solow showed that for a sustained economic growth technological progress is more important than factor accumulation.	1.13911
Za Schumpetera, u osnovi inovacije (t.j., primene tehnoloških poboljšanja u ekonomiji) stoji preduzetništvo.	For Schumpeter, behind innovation (i.e. the economic application of technological improvements) lies entrepreneurship.	0.921857
Inovacije podrazumevaju industrijsku ili komercijalnu primenu nečeg novog: nove robe ili usluga, novog načina proizvodnje, novog tržišta ili izvora snabdevanja, novi oblik organizacije ili novi način finansijskog organizovanja.	Innovation involves the industrial or commercial use of something new: new goods or service, a new production method, a new market or source of supply, a new form of organization or a new method of financial organization.	1.81947
Schumpeter smatra da su inovacije krcate teškoćama.	For Schumpeter, innovation is fraught with difficulties.	0.65625
Jedna od njih proizilazi iz potrebe za finansiranjem spolja (Levine, 2005).	One of them stems from the need for external financing (Levine, 2005).	1.27
2.	2.	1.8
Schum pe te rov stav u ve zi sa re zul ta ti ma ra sta EU Nakon dugog perioda tehnološkog približavanja posle Drugog svetskog rata, jaz u produktivnosti između Evrope i SAD ponovo je počeo da se širi 1995. godine.	A schumpeterian look at the growth performance of the EU After a long period of technological catch-up since the WWII, the productivity gap between Europe and the US began widening again in 1995.	1.15491
Strukturalni uslovi potrebni da Evropa sustigne lidera u produktivnosti, SAD, postojali su od kraja rata do prve naftne krize i kasnije.	Structural conditions necessary for Europe to catch-up with the productivity leader, the US, were present from the end of the war to the first oil shock and afterwards.	0.644988
Ipak, uslovi neophodni za kreiranje, inovacije i liderstvo u ekonomiji znanja nisu bili povoljni za Evropu (u odnosu na SAD).	However, conditions needed for creation, innovation and leadership in a knowledge economy worked against Europe (relative to the US).	1.02477
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Ponovni rast produktivnosti SAD u periodu posle 1995. godine i odgovarajući pad u EU odražava uticaj ključnih tehnoloških i političkih faktora.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 The recovery of the US productivity growth in the post-1995 period, and the corresponding decline in the EU reflects the influence of key technology and policy factors.	1.17527
U nastavku teksta raspravljaćemo o tri međusobno povezana odlučujuća faktora: ~~~ IKT (informacionoj i komunikacionoj tehnologiji), inovacijama i dinamičnosti firme. 2.	Below are discussed three interrelated determinants: ICT (information and communication technology), innovation and firm dynamics.	0.0459527
Uloga IKT kao opšteg cilja u rastu produktivnosti u EU Podaci po sektorima ukazuju da se razlike između EU i SAD u rastu produktivnosti u periodu posle 1995. godine prvenstveno mogu objasniti razlikama u sistemu proizvodnje i primene IKT.  Rast produktivnosti radne snage u granama vezanim za proizvodnju IKT bio je posebno visok i u SAD i u EU.	2.1 The role of ICT as a general purposein EU productivity growth Sectoral data suggest that the divergence in productivity growth between the US and the EU in the post-1995 period is primarily explained by differences in the pattern of production and use of ICT.  Labour productivity growth in ICT producing manufacturing industries has been particularly high in both the US and the EU.	1.39494
SAD su ipak imale veće koristi od početne vodeće pozicije i sve većeg rasta u periodu nakon 1995. godine u visoko-tehnološkim industrijama kao što su kancelarijske mašine, proizvodnja elektronskih osigurača i cevi, telekom opreme, televizora i naučnih instrumenata.  Usluge koje koriste IKT bile su za SAD centralno mesto najvećeg tehnološkog jaza, posebno u sektorima maloprodaje i veleprodaje i u bankarstvu i finansijama.	However, the US benefited from a leading initial position and an increasing growth in the post-1995 period in high-tech industries such as office machinery, electronic valves & tubes, telecom equipment, TVs, and scientific instruments.  ICT using services have been the focus of the most profound technological gap with the US, particularly in the retail and wholesale sectors and in banking and finance.	0.835465
S druge strane, širenje IKT u evropskim zemljama bilo je ometeno restriktivnijim regulatornim preprekama.	On the other hand, more restrictive regulatory barriers in European countries have been detrimental to the diffusion of ICT.	1.25851
Noviji podaci na nivou firme (Bloom, 2007) potvrđuju da bolja pozicija SAD u oblasti produktivnosti nije samo vezana za veća ulaganja američkih firmi u IKT (u sektorima koji primenjuju IKT), već da američke firme i njihove ekspoziture koje posluju van specifičnih uslova unutar SAD postižu veće prinose na svoje investicije u IKT.	More recent firm level evidence (Bloom, 2007) confirms that the US productivity advantage is not only related to a higher ICT spending by US firms (in ICT using sectors), but US firms as well as their subsidiaries operating outside the US-specific conditions reap a higher return from their ICT investments.	0.972292
To ukazuje da su značajne i druge prednosti specifične za firmu, kao što je kvalitet menadžerske prakse. 2.	This suggests that other firm-specific advantages are important, such as the quality of management practices.	0.859342
Značaj proizvodnje i širenja znanja U današnjem kontekstu, potrebno je definisati stepen do koga jedan primer IKT može da predstavlja izolovan slučaj ili se može ponoviti u drugim visoko-tehnološkim industrijama koje se brzo razvijaju.	2.2 The importance of knowledge production and diffusion In the present context, we need to define the extent to which the example of ICT is an isolated case or is likely to be replicated in other high-growth, high-tech industries.	1.1324
Ovo je prikladno pitanje ako se uzme da vodeće mesto SAD u IKT nije izolovan slučaj.	This is a pertinent question if one accepts that the USs lead in ICT is not an isolated case.	0.636275
Ako se pretpostavi da neuspeh preduzeća u EU da postignu puni potencijal i koristi u vezi sa IKT predstavlja stvarni rizik, postavljaju se sledeća ključna pitanja:	Assuming that a failure of EU enterprises to recapture the full potential and benefits related to ICT is a credible risk, the following key questions arise: 1.	0.615423
1. ~~~ Da li EU ima posebne probleme u svojoj infrastrukturi IKT? ~~~ 2.	Does the EU have specific problems regarding its innovation infrastructure?; 2.	-0.0387205
Da li u EU postoje posebne karakteristike ili okviri na osnovu kojih je verovatnoća da će se ovde dogoditi budući prodori u tehnologiji veća? ~~~ 3.	Does the US have specific features/framework conditions which make it more likely to be the locus for the next future breakthroughs in technology?; 3.	0.118819
Zašto je EU manje privržena stvaranju i primeni novih tehnologija u opštem smislu?	Why is the EU less apt to creating and exploiting new technologies in general?	0.906494
Da bi se bolje shvatio taj manjak u inovacijama između EU i SAD, potrebno je vršiti analize i izvan značaja IKT.	In order to better understand the EUUS innovation deficit, discussion beyond ICT importance is needed.	0.651404
Slika 1: ~~~ Ukupni učinak EU u inovacijama u odnosu na SAD Izvor:	Figure 1: EUs overall innovation performance relative to the US Source: EIS 2006.	0.0954545
EIS 2006 Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Uprkos nekim znacima približavanja, slika 1 dokazuje da danas u EU postoji stalni deficit u inovacijama.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Despite some signs of catching-up, Figure 1 confirms the presence of persistent innovation deficit in the EU.	0.986227
Pošto ovaj pokazatelj inovacija sadrži nekoliko mera inputa i autputa inovacija, jaz u inovacijama u EU prevazilazi deficit u ulaganju u R&D (istraživanja i razvoj).	As this innovation indicator comprises several innovation input and output measures, the EU innovation gap goes beyond the deficit in R&D spending.	1.43139
Deficit u R&D predstavlja pre simptom nego uzrok slabosti EU da uvodi inovacije: uzrok je duboko ukorenjen u strukturu i dinamičnost industrijske grane i preduzeća (OSullivan, 2007).	The R&D deficit is a symptom rather than a cause of a weakness in the EUs capacity to innovate; the cause is rooted in the structure and dynamics of industry and enterprise (OSullivan, 2007).	1.26429
Poređenje inputa inovacija pokazuje da MSP u EU više ulažu u R&D nego SAD i Japan.	A comparison of innovation inputs shows that SMEs represent a larger share of R&D expenditures in the EU than in the US and Japan.	1.7319
S druge strane, MSP u EU su manje R&D-intenzivne nego ona u SAD iako je jaz u MSP sličan ukupnom jazu u troškovima koji se izdvajaju za R&D. Prosečna intenzivnost R&D u MSP u Evropi iznosi 0,34% u odnosu na 0,53% u SAD.	On the other hand, EU SMEs are less R&D intensive than in the US, although the SME gap is similar to the overall gap in R&D spending. ~~~ The average R&D intensity of SMEs in Europe is 0.34% versus 0.53% in the US.	0.487897
Ovo se može uporediti sa ukupnim prosečnim R&D intenzitetom od 1,17% u Evropi u odnosu na 1,57% u SAD (rezultati su bazirani na DG RTD, 2007).	This compares to an overall average R&D intensity in Europe of 1.17% versus 1.57% in the US (Results are based on DG RTD, 2007).	1.10038
Poseban doprinos MSP inovacijama ipak prevazilazi udeo MSP u troškovima za R&D ili u rezultatima inovacija.	However, specific contribution of SMEs to innovation goes beyond the share of SMEs in R&D expenditures or in innovation output.	1.84036
MSP vrše veoma značajan posredni uticaj.	SMEs have a very important indirect effect.	1.15714
Obično mlade i male inovativne firme stvaraju radikalno nove tehnologije i tržišta u čiji dalji razvoj se uključuju i završavaju ga veliki igrači.	Usually young small innovating firms create radically new technologies and markets, whose further developments are completed by large players.	1.1832
Baumol (2002) uočava komplementarnost između malih i velikih firmi, ali istovremeno zapaža značaj malih firmi u velikim inovacijama. ~~~ Godine 1994.	Baumol (2002) recognizes the complementarity between small and large firms, but at the same time notes the importance of small firms in large innovations.	0.853421
Kancelarija za administriranje malog biznisa pripremila je spisak revolucionarnih inovacija koje su napravile male firme tokom 20. veka.	In 1994 the Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy prepared a list of breakthrough innovations made by small firms during the 20th century.	0.753684
Ovaj spisak je zaista impresivan, počevši bukvalno od A (avion) do Z (patent zatvarač) i sadrži veliki broj inovacija koje su bile od ključnog značaja za privredu.	It is impressive, going literally from A (airplane) to Z (zipper) with many innovations that have been crucial to the economy.	0.468989
Druge studije o širenju inovacija za koje su industrijski eksperti potvrdili da su značajne potvrdile su da male (kao i velike) firme postižu bolje rezultate od firmi srednje veličine u SAD (da se dobije pregled, videti OECD (2006)).	Other studies on the distribution of innovations certified as significant by industry experts, confirmed that small (as well as large) firms outperform medium-sized firms for the US (see OECD (2006) for an overview).	1.06817
Prema Baumol, inovacije u privatnom sektoru u SAD dolaze iz dva jasno određena izvora, prvo od aktivnosti velikih firmi, a drugo od rada nezavisnih pronalazača i njihovih partnera, preduzimača.	According to Baumol, the private sector innovations in the US come from two distinct sources, firstly, from the activities of large firms and secondly, from the efforts of independent inventors and their entrepreneurial partners.	1.3503
Baumol tvrdi da aktivno prisustvo obe ove grupe pospešuje ukupni proces kreiranja inovacija, pošto su aktivnosti ove dve grupe komplementarne.	Baumol asserts that the active presence of both groups enhances the overall innovation process since their activities are complementary.	1.03235
Nezavisni pronalazači/preduzimači specijalizuju se u kreiranju najprobitačnijih inovacija dok odeljenja za R&D velikih firmi pospešuju ove prodore i dodatno doprinose njihovoj ukupnoj korisnosti. 2.	Independent inventors/entrepreneurs specialise in breakthrough innovations while R&D departments of the larger firms enhance these breakthroughs and add to their overall usefulness.	0.786335
Demografija firme i proces kreativne destrukcije u Evropi Razlike u rastu produktivnosti između EU i SAD mogu se dodatno objasniti demografijom firme (promenama u demografiji firme).	2.3 Firm demography and the creative destruction process in Europe EU-US productivity growth differences can be additionally explained by (a change in) the firms demography.	1.43585
Proces previranja ima značajan uticaj na rast produktivnosti rada zato što njegov veliki deo potiče od realokacija iz manje produktivnih u produktivnije firme.	The churning process has substantial effects on labour productivity growth because a large part of it results from reallocations from less productive to more productive firms.	1.27872
Industrije i / ili zemlje u kojima je ovaj proces ometen ispoljavaju manje stope produktivnosti i zaposlenosti.	Industries and/or countries where the churning process is inhibited, exhibit lower productivity and employment rates.	0.65
Za sve industrijske delatnosti u Evropi karakteristično je da imaju veći broj malih firmi i veći udeo u ukupnom zapošljavanju nego u SAD.	All European industries exhibit a greater number of small firms and also a higher share in total employment than in the US.	1.4244
Američke proizvodne firme su veće i disperzija u njima ima veći obim, posebno u visoko-tehnološkim sektorima i u trgovini na veliko i malo.	American manufacturing firms are larger and they display wider size dispersion, particularly in high-tech sectors and in wholesale and retail.	0.866511
Slika 2 koja prikazuje agregatne stope ulaza (na tržište), izlaza i neto ulaza u istraživanjima koja su sproveli Cincera i Galgau (2005) pokazuje da iako su i stope ulaza i stope izlaza u Evropi niže nego u SAD, razlike u stopama izlaza su značajno veće.	Figure 2 on aggregate entry, exit and net entry rates from the research work of Cincera and Galgau (2005) shows that although both entry and exit rates are lower in the EU than in the US, the differences in exit rates are substantially larger.	2.00945
Prosečni broj firmi koje ulaze na tržište manji je u SAD.	The average size of entrants is much smaller in the US.	0.767391
Niži troškovi ulaza i izlaza (otkaza) u SAD omogućavaju da se stekne korist od procesa eksperimentisanja koji donosi tržište.	Lower entry as well as lower exit (firing) costs in the US allow benefitting from the experimentation process supplied by the market.	0.9
U SAD postoji visok nivo pozitivne korelacije između ulaza i izlaza, ali u EU ova korelazija nema značaja, a u Francuskoj, Italiji i Portugaliji je čak negativna.	While there is a high positive correlation between the entry and exit in the US, the correlation is insignificant in the EU and even negative in France, Italy and Portugal.	1.36286
Pozitivna korelacija ukazuje na previranje firmi u okviru jednog sektora kao deo procesa kreativne destrukcije.	A positive correlation reflects churning of firms within sectors as part of the creative destruction process.	1.41553
Negativna korelacija ukazuje na tradicionalnije udare u sektorima (pozitivne za ulaz i negativne za izlaz).	A negative correlation reflects more traditional sectoral shocks (positive for entry, negative for exit).	0.696774
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Slika 2: ~~~ Agregatne stope ulaza, izlaza i neto ulaza (u %) po zemljama (1997-2003) Izvor:	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Figure 2: Aggregate entry, exit and net entry rates (in %) by country (19972003) Source: M. Cincera andO.	0.480179
M. Cincera i O. Galgau (2005), Uticaj tržišnog ulaza i izlaza na rast produktivnosti u EU, EC Economic papers, str. 222 Razlika između Evrope i SAD postoji i u učinku posle ulaza, kako se vidi na slici 3: neto dobit u zaposlenosti među firmama koje su opstale, na različitim nivoima, a na osnovu empirijskog istraživanja Bartelsman i dr. (2004).	Galgau (2005), Impact of Market Entry and Exit on EU Productivity Growth Performance, EC Economic Papers p. 222 Post entry performance also differs between Europe and the US as shown in Figure 3: net employment gains amongst surviving firms at different limits, from the empirical research of Bartelsman et al. (2004).	1.71331
Stopa opstanka na kratak rok (2 godine) za američke firme je veoma niska, ali posle ovog perioda tržišnog eksperimentisanja, uslovna stopa opstanka uspešnih firmi postaje visoka.	The shortterm survival rate (2 years) for American entrants is very low, but after this market experimentation period, the conditional survival rate of successful firms becomes high.	1.18698
Pored toga, rast u firmama koje opstanu 7 godina veći je u SAD nego u Evropi.	In addition, the growth for firms that survive for 7 years is higher in the US than in Europe.	3.592
Ovi rezultati predstavljaju jasan pokazatelj da takođe postoje veće prepreke rastu MSP u Evropi.	These results are a clear indicator that there are also higher barriers to growth for SMEs in Europe.	2.29647
Slika 3: ~~~ Neto dobit u zapošljavanju među opstalim firmama u različito doba starosti (neto dobit kao racio početne zaposlenosti) Izvor:	Figure 3: Net employment gains among surviving firms at different lifetimes (net gains as a ratio of initial employment) Source: Excerpt from Bartelsman et al. (2004).	0.28997
Izvod iz Bartelsman i dr. (2004) 2.4 Uticaj kreativnog procesa na rast produktivnosti Ukupni rast produktivnosti rada uglavnom potiče od rasta velikih i moćnih firmi, kako u američkom, tako i u evropskom proizvodnom sektoru.	2.4 The impact of the creative process on productivity growth The overall labour productivity growth originates mainly from the growth of incumbent firms, both in the US and the European manufacturing sector.	1.36226
Ipak, razlika u rezultatima rasta između EU i SAD može se objasniti efektom realokacije između firmi i komponente neto ulaza.	However, the EU-US differential growth performance can be explained by the reallocation effect between firms and the net entry component.	1.1326
Ovo predstavlja jasan pokazatelj da je proces kreativne destrukcije manje efektivan u evropskim zemljama nego u SAD kako u nisko-tehnološkim, tako i u visoko-tehnološkim delatnostima.  Efekat izlaza je uvek pozitivan i u EU i u SAD, što znači da su postojeće firme firme sa najmanjom produk tivnošću.  Dugoročni efekat ulaza na agregatni rast produktivnosti u proiuzvodnji odlikuje se manjom magnitudom u EU u odnosu na SAD.	This seems to be a clear indicator that creative destruction process is less effective in European countries than in the US in both low and high tech industries.  The exit effectis always positive, both in the US and the EU, which means that exiting firms are the least productive firms.	1.23423
Šta više, efekat ulaza zavisi od udaljenosti date delatnosti od tehnološke granice.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64  The long-run effect of entry on aggregate manufacturing productivity growth has a smaller magnitude in the EU than in the US.	0.656781
Pozitivan efekat ulaska na rast produktivnosti je značajniji što je zemlja ili sektor bliži tehnološkoj granici.	Furthermore, the effect of entry depends on the industrys distance to the technology frontier.	0.626829
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64  U visoko-tehnološkim sektorima efekat ulaza je pozitivan u svim zemljama i ovo ukazuje na značajnu ulogu novih firmi u većem broju tehnološki intenzivnih delatnosti.	The positive effect of entry on productivity growth is more significant the closer a country or sector is to the technological frontier.  In high-tech sectors, the entry effect is positive in all countries and this suggests an important role for new firms in more technology intensive industries.	1.37243
U ovim delatnostima efekat ulaza je mnogo snažniji u SAD nego u evropskim zemljama.	In these industries, the entry effect is much stronger in the US than in the European countries.	1.8625
Slična zapažanja postoje u vezi sa preprekama za izlaz.  Nove i male firme doprinose agregatnom rastu produktivnosti neposredno, putem sopstvenog rasta produktivnosti, i posredno, tako što utiču na rast moćnih velikih firmi.	Similar observations apply to exit barriers.  New and small firms contribute to aggregate productivity growth directly through their own growth performance, and indirectly by affecting the growth of large incumbents.	1.1262
Tako su rast i produktivnost američkih firmi nakon ulaza veći.	Thus, the US firms post-entry growth and productivity performance is higher.	1.33198
Šta više, korisne interakcije između malih i velikih firmi, posebno u sektorima u kojima su tehničke ideje i inovacije značajan element rasta, mogu biti u centru različitih uticaja koje ulaz ima na agregatni rast produktivnosti.	Moreover, beneficial interactions between small and large firms, especially in sectors where technical ideas and innovations are an important ingredient of growth, could be at the heart of different effects that entry has on aggregate productivity growth.	1.27164
Da zaključimo, jaz u rastu u Evropi rezultat je delom neodgovarajuće industrijske strukture u kojoj male i nove firme koje najviše učestvuju u ukupnoj zaposlenosti ne uspevaju da preuzmu značajnu ulogu u dinamici date delatnosti, posebno u tehnološki visoko intenzivnim sektorima.	In summary, Europes growth gap results partly from an inappropriate industrial structure in which small and new firms, occupying the main part of total employment, fail to play a significant role in the dynamics of the industry, especially in the high-tech intensive sectors.	1.2119
To se vidi iz njihove nesposobnosti da uđu, a što je najvažnije, i kod onih najefikasnijih koje uđu, da ostvare rast.	This is illustrated by their inability to enter, but most importantly, for the most efficient innovative entrants, to grow.	0.288235
Previranja koja karakterišu proces kreativne destrukcije u ekonomiji zasnovanoj na znanju nailaze na značajne prepreke u EU, što ukazuje na prepreke za rast malih inovativnih firmi, što na kraju umanjuje potencijal Evrope da ostvari rast.	The churning that characterizes the creative destruction process in a knowledge based economy encounters significant obstacles in the EU, suggesting barriers to growth for small innovating firms which ultimately weakens Europes growth potential.	1.17518
Ekonomska analiza ukazuje na sledeće pokretače problema u slučaju nedovoljnog i niskog rasta na izlazu i nakon ulaza:  slabija konkurencija na tržištu proizvoda (na primer, prepreke za međunarodnu trgovinu uslugama, naci onalni propisi, itd.);  zaštita neefikasnih firmi putem subvencija, jemstva, itd;  tržište rada i drugi propisi koji se aktiviraju kada firma ostvari rast iznad određenog nivoa;  događanja na finansijskom tržištu 3.	Economic analysis suggests the following problem drivers for the insufficient exit and low post-entry growth:  weaker product market competition (e.g. barriers to cross-border trade in services, national regulations, etc);  protection of inefficient firms through subsidies, bail-outs, etc.;  labour market and other regulations that kick in when a firm grows beyond a certain size threshold;  financial market developments. ~~~ 3.	0.452841
Fi nan si ra nje ma lih i mla dih ino va tiv nih kom pa ni ja U literaturi se uopšteno daje podrška značaju novih, mladih i stoga često još uvek malih firmi za inovacije i rast, čak i ako su one malobrojne.	Financing of small and young innovative companies The literature generally supports the importance of new, young and therefore often still small firms for innovations and growth, even if they are small in number.	1.25118
Stoga faktori koji ometaju ove male, mlade kompanije da uvode inovacije i da rastu mogu da imaju ogroman javni uticaj.	Therefore, factors that would inhibit these small, young companies to innovate and grow can have a huge public impact.	1.647
U analizi (neuspelog) doprinosa malih i mladih firmi u smislu inovacija i rasta pitanje prioriteta postaje pristup finansijama.	In the analysis of the (failing) contribution of small and young firms to innovation and growth, access to finance is a priority issue.	1.39716
Podaci istraživanja za EU potvrđuju važnost pristupa finansijama.	Survey data for the EU confirm the importance of access to finance.	0.273684
Izuzetno visoki ekonomski rizici postaju glavni faktori kočenja svih tipova firmi kad se radi o inovacijama, mada nešto više u slučaju malih firmi u odnosu na velike.	Excessively high economic risks are the major hampering factors for innovation for all types of firms, but somewhat more for small than for large firms.	1.07048
Druga grupa prepreka nalazi se u pristupu veštinama, što takođe ometa i male i velike firme.	A second tier of barriers is formed by the access to skills, which again impedes both small as well as large firms.	1.1305
Opterećenje propisima takođe pripada ovoj drugoj grupi prepreka.	Regulatory burden is also included in the second tier of barriers.	0.617544
Empirijski podaci ukazuju na to da je ovo opterećenje nešto veće u slučaju malih firmi.	The empirical evidence suggests that this burden is somewhat stronger for small firms.	0.716571
Tabela 1: ~~~ Odnos firmi koje smatraju da su sledeći odabrani faktori kočenja veoma značajni (% svih preduzeća); klasifikacija po veličini Izvor:	Table 1: Proportion of enterprises that regard selected hampering factors as highly important (% of all enterprises); by size class Source: Eurostat (2004).	0.444231
Eurostat (2004) Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Analiza podataka iz istraživanja o tome kako firme ocenjuju finansijska ograničenja pokazuje da se, kada se određuje stepen do kog se firma oseća finansijski ograničenom, starost firme, koja pokazuje i firmin ugled, smatra značajnijom nego njena veličina.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 The analysis of survey data on firms financial constraints perceptions show that the age of the firm, which reflects its reputation, is more important than its size in determining the degree to which the firm feels financially constrained.	0.831277
Moguće tumačenje ovog rezultata jeste da starost može da odražava ugled firme što sa svoje strane u velikoj meri utiče na njen pristup finansijama.	A possible interpretation of this result is that age might reflect reputation of the firm which, in turn, significantly affects access to finance.	1.0356
Prepreke u pristupu finansijama mogu se povezati sa neuspehom na tržištu.	The access to finance barrier can be associated with the market failure.	0.780645
Rizik i asimetrija informacija dovode do određenih nepravilnosti tržišta kapitala, a nedostatak ugleda firme i garancije mogu da postanu elementi od ključnog značaja.	Risk and informational asymmetries create capital market imperfections, and a firms lack of reputation and collateral become crucial elements.	0.99
Postojeća literatura navodi da u ovom smislu postoje značajne razlike između malih i velikih firmi.	Existing literature demonstrates substantial differences between small and large firms in this respect.	1.14703
Hall (2005) ukazuje da nepravilnosti na tržištima kapitala obično više utiču na male firme nego na velike koje se mogu osloniti na unutrašnje finansiranje.	Hall (2005) shows that imperfections in capital markets usually affect small firms more than large ones which can rely on internal financing.	2.08146
Mlade firme su čak više izložene ograničenjima nego druge male firme, pošto su ugled i propratne garancije značajne za ublažavanje nepravilnosti na tržištima kapitala.	Young firms are even more likely to be constrained than other small firms as reputation and collateral are important to mitigate capital market imperfections.	1.10029
Radikalniji investicioni projekti dodatno pogoršavaju problem nepotpunih, netačnih asimetričnih informacija.	More radical investment projects further exacerbate the imperfect, incomplete and asymmetric information problem.	0.842513
Stoga kod mladih inovativnih kompanija u kojima se nedostaci kao što su mala veličina, kratak vek postojanja, manja količina zadržanih prihoda i rizičniji inovacioni projekti prepliću, postoji još veća verovatnoća da budu finansijski ograničene nego kod drugih malih, mladih i/ili inovativnih firmi.	Thus, young innovative companies, which combine the disadvantages of a small scale, a short history, less retained earnings and more risky innovative projects, are even more likely to be financially constrained than other small, young and/or innovating firms.	1.08427
Uporedo sa ovim neuspehom finansijskog tržišta, posebno u slučaju EU, prisutna je i veoma fragmentisana priroda tržišta akcionarskog (rizičnog) kapitala u 27 različitih operacionih okruženja koja negativno utiču kako na prikupljanje kapitala tako i na investiranje.	Along with this financial market failure, particular for the EU, stands the highly fragmented nature of its venture capital market with 27 different operating environments adversely affecting both fund raising and investing.	1.77432
Složenost prekograničnog poslovanja znači da za neka sredstva nije nimalo lako da se šire, rastu i dostignu kritičnu masu.	Complexity in operating across borders means that some funds have difficulties in expanding, growing and reaching a critical mass.	0.891818
To dodatno otežava i poskupljuje pristup finansijama u EU. 3.	This makes access to financing even more difficult and more expensive in the EU.	0.767677
Određenje MIK Mlade inovativne kompanije (MIK; engl. Young Innovative Companies YICs) se u Pravilima za državnu pomoć EU definišu kao mala preduzeća, koja postoje manje od 6 godina, sertifikovana od strane stručnjaka spolja na osnovu poslovnog plana, koja su sposobna da razvijaju proizvode ili procese koji su tehnološki novi ili značajno unapređeni i koja nose rizik tehnološkog ili tržišnog neuspeha ili pokazuju intenzitet razvoja i istraživanja od najmanje 15% u poslednje tri godine ili u ovom trenutku (za upravo osnovana preduzeća).	3.1 Characterizing YICs Young Innovative Companies (YICs) are defined in the EU State Aid Rules as small enterprises, less than 6 years old, being certified by external experts on the basis of a business plan as capable of developing products or processes which are technologically new or substantially improved and which carry a risk of technological or commercial failure, or have R&D intensity of at least 15% in the last three years or currently (for start-ups).The YIC dummy takes a value of 1 if an innovation active company is less than 6 years old, has fewer than 250 employees and spends at least 15% of its revenues on R&D.	1.21901
Model MIK ima vrednost 1 ukoliko je jedna inovaciono aktivna kompanija mlađa od 6 godina, ima manje od 250 zaposlenih i troši najmanje 15% svojih prihoda na istraživanje i razvoj (R&D). ~~~ U uzorku od 1342 inovaciono-aktivne kompanije u Nemačkoj (istraživanje je vršio Katolički univerzitet Leuven, 2006) samo 51 kompanija ispunjava uslove za MIK status po EU definiciji Državne pomoći.	Out of the sample of 1342 German innovation-active companies (A research done by the Catholic University of Leuven, 2006), only 51 companies qualify for YIC status, using the EU State Aid definition.This confirms the rareness of YICs, representing only 3.8% of all innovation-active companies in West-Germany in 2006.	0.903098
Ovo potvrđuje da su MIK retke, da čine samo 3,8% svoh inovaciono-aktivnih kompanija u Zapadnoj Nemačkoj 2006. godine.		-0.3
MIK su retke čak i u grupi malih inovatora ili mladih inovatora (4,3%, odnosno 24%).	Even within the group of small innovators or young innovators, YICs are rare (4.3% and 24%,respectively).	1.15833
Tipična MIK je mikro-kompanija sa oko 20 zaposlenih.	A typical YIC has a micro size, with about 20 employees.	0.966667
Smatra se da je značajno manja nego ostala inovativna MSP i mlade inovativne kompanije.	This is considerably smaller than other innovating SMEs, as well as young innovators.	0.934749
Kad je reč o intenzitetu R&D i osnovama svog R&D profila, tipična MIK postiže daleko bolje rezultate nego bilo koja od kategorija sa kojima se poredi.	Also on R&D intensity and basicness of its R&D profile, a typical YIC scores much higher than any of these reference categories.	0.893841
Ovom statistikom se potvrđuje da posebnost MIK upravo čine njen uzrast, veličina i profil R&D. MIK se ne mogu izjednačavati sa inovativnim MSP ili mladim inovatorima.	This statistics confirms that it is a combination of age, size and R&D profile that composes the particularity of YICs. ~~~ YICs are not the same as innovative SMEs or young innovators.	0.206067
Konačno, MIK su maksimalno zastupljene u znanjem bogatim, tehnološkim sektorima, posebno sektoru usluga (IKT i R&D inženjering) dok ih nema u tradicionalnijim proizvodnim delatnostima. 3.	Finally, YICs are overrepresented in knowledge-intensive, technological sectors, specifically services (ICT and R&D engineering) while they are absent in more traditional manufacturing industries.	0.910629
MIK i prepreke za inovacije Na tabeli 2 predstavljeni su rezultati o tome da li MIK različito ocenjuju prepreke za inovacije.	3.2 YICs and barriers to innovation Table 2 presents the results on whether YICs perceive differently obstacles to innovation.	2.99439
Ispitanici je trebalo da ocene svaki (potencijalni) faktor kočenja na skali od nula (nije značajan) do tri (veoma značajan). ~~~ Prva kolona pokazuje udeo firmi koje smatraju da je ovaj faktor značajan (t.j., firme koje su dale ocenu jedan ili više), dok je u drugoj koloni navedena srednja ocena.	Respondents were asked to give a score to each (potential) hampering factor on a scale going from zero (not relevant) to three (high).The first column indicates the share of firms that considered this factor to be relevant (i.e. firms that scored one or more), while the second column reports the mean score.	0.229371
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 Tabela 2: ~~~ Prepreke za inovacije Izvor: ~~~ Schneider i Veugelers (2008) Kako se i očekivalo, MIK u proseku nailaze na veće prepreke za inovacije nego druge inovacione firme.	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 Table 2: Obstacles to innovation Source: Schneider and Veugelers (2008) As expected, YICs face, on average, higher obstacles to innovation than other innovating firms.	0.176404
Prilikom poređenja različitih prepreka, rezultati potvrđuju pretpostavku da finansijska ograničenja (kao interna tako i eksterna) predstavljaju najvažnije prepreke za inovacije u slučaju MIK.	When comparing across barriers, results confirm the presumption that financial constraints (both internal and external) are the most important barriers to innovation for YICs.	0.629902
Iako ovakva ocena važi i za druge inovacione firme, razlika kod MIK je najveća i statistički veoma značajna za oba finansijska ograničenja. ~~~ Podaci koje su prikazali Schneider and Veugelers (2008) pokazuju da su mlade inovativne kompanije u kojima se sažima njihova novina, mladost i R&D intenzivnost retke u uzorku inovativnih firmi.	Although this ranking also holds for other innovating firms, the YIC-differential is the largest and highly statistically significant on both financial constraints.The evidence presented by Schneider and Veugelers (2008) shows that young innovative companies, combining newness, smallness and high R&D intensity are rare in the sample of innovative firms.	0.473353
Finansijska ograničenja, kao interna tako i eksterna, one ocenjuju kao značajan faktor koji ometa njihove aktivnosti na polju inovacija, i to značajno više nego kod drugih inovaciono-aktivnih firmi.	They view financial constraints, both internal and external, as an important factor hampering their innovation activities, significantly more so than other innovation-active firms.	1.14292
Zaključak Tvrdili smo da su inovacije značajna odrednica konkurentnosti, važna kada treba odgovoriti na globalne izazove kao što je održivi razvoj. ~~~ Značaj inovacija pojačan je brzim razvojem novih tehnologija (posebno IKT) koje su omogućile nastanak novih oblika konkurencije i otvorile nova tržišta za proizvodnju inovativnih proizvoda.	Conclusion We have argued that innovation is an important determinant of competitiveness and important to address global challenges, such as sustainable development.The importance of innovation has been reinforced by a fast development of new technologies (ICTs in particular), which enabled new forms of competition and opened new markets for creation of innovative products.	0.399255
Ipak, uprkos značaju inovacija i novim mogućnostima koje nude globalizacija i nove tehnologije, kao i poboljšanja u produktivnosti u EU, izgleda da u ovoj oblasti EU zaostaje za SAD.	Nevertheless, despite the importance of innovation, as well as new opportunities offered by globalisation and new technologies, improvement in productivity in the EU, the EU seems to be lagging behind the US in this area.	1.44304
Pokušali smo da dokažemo značaj MSP i mladih inovativnih kompanija (MIK) za proces inovacija.	We try to document the importance of SMEs and young innovative companies (YICs) for the innovation process.	1.07143
I jedan i drugi tip kompanija izvor su dinamičnosti, a MIK su posebno vezane za istraživački rad i predstavljaju ključni element inovacionog sistema pošto olakšavaju nastanak novih proizvoda i tržišta.	Both of them are source of dynamism and, in particular, YICs are directly related with research activities and are a key component of the innovation system, facilitating the emergence of new products and markets.	0.68543
Ipak, postoje dokazi da male i nove firme u Evropi nemaju značajnu ulogu u dinamičnosti industrije iako zapošljavaju najveći broj ljudi.	However, evidence shows that in Europe small and new firms fail to play a significant role in the dynamics of the industry, although they account for a majority of employment.	1.46281
Ne samo da nailaze na velike prepreke prilikom ulaza, već i one koje su uspešno ušle imaju teškoće da ostvare rast.	Not only do they face significant entry barriers, but also successful entrants face difficulties to grow.	0.619974
Sposobnost MSP da rastu ipak u velikoj meri zavisi od njihovih mogućnosti da investiraju u restruktuiranje, inovacije i kvalifikacije.	However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification.	1.03108
Sve ove investicije zahtevaju kapital i stoga pristup finansijama.	All of these investments require capital and therefore access to finance.	1.47458
Novije političke inicijative, kao što su kreiranje statusa MIK na evropskom nivou, imaju za cilj da pospeše finansijsko okruženje za preduzetništvo u Evropi i, još preciznije, da pruže podršku novoosnovanim inovativnim firmama kako bi povećale svoju konkurentnost na globalnom planu i podstakle inovacije.	Recent policy initiatives, such as the creation of the YICs status at the European level, aim at improving the financial environment for European entrepreneurial activity and, more specifically, at supporting newly-founded innovative firms in order to increase their global competitiveness and spur innovation.	0.977357
Empirijska istraživanja u vezi sa pristupom MSP i mladih inovativnih kompanija finansijama su ograničena, ali nedavna analiza potvrđuje pretpostavku da mlade, male, inovaciono-intenzivne firme predstavljaju mali ali jasno određen segment u grupi inovacionih kompanija.	Empirical research on access to finance for SMEs and young innovative companies has been limited, however, a recent analysis confirms the presumption that young, small, innovation-intensive firms are a very small but distinct segment in the group of innovative companies.	1.31956
Pored toga, pristup finansijama predstavlja najznačajniji faktor koji koči inovacione aktivnosti MIK, u mnogo većoj meri nego u slučaju drugih inovacionih firmi.	Furthermore, access to finance is the most important factor that hampers YICs innovation activities, significantly more than other innovating firms.	1.26538
Management Časopis za teoriju i praksu menadžmenta 2012/64 LITERATURA [1] Aghion, P., and P.H(2005), Appropriate Growth Policy:	Management Journal for Theory and Practice Management 2012/64 REFERENCES [1] Aghion, P., and P.H(2005), Appropriate Growth Policy: A Unifying Framework, Harvard University. [2]	2.19211
A Unifying Framework, Harvard University. [2] Baumol, W. (2002), The Free-Market Innovation Machine: ~~~ Analyzing the Growth.	Baumol, W. (2002), The Free-Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth.	0.908222
Miracle of Capita lism, Princeton, Princeton University Press. [3] Bloom, N. and (cid:	Miracle of Capitalism, Princeton, Princeton University Press. [3]	2.55198
R. (2007), Measuring and Explaining Management Practices Across Firms and Countries, Centre for Economic Performance Discussion, Paper N° 716, forthcoming in Quarterly Journal of Economics. [4] Cincera, M. andO.	Bloom, N. and (cid:0).R. (2007), Measuring and Explaining Management Practices Across Firms and Countries, Centre for Economic Performance Discussion, Paper N° 716, forthcoming in Quarterly Journal of Economics. [4]	2.69351
G. (2005), Impact of Market Entry and Exit on EU Productivity and Growth Performan ce, European Economy, Economic Papers N° 222. [5] European Commission, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs. [6] European Commission, BEPA (2008), Innovation and Growth in the EU:	Cincera, M. andO.G. (2005), Impact of Market Entry and Exit on EU Productivity and Growth Performance, European Economy, Economic Papers N° 222. [5] ~~~ European Commission, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs. [6]	1.03265
The Role of SME Policy, Euro pean Commission. [7] Eurostat, Innovation in Europe, CIS3 results, 2004. [8] Gordon, R. (2004), Two centuries of Economic Growth:	European Commission, BEPA (2008), Innovation and Growth in the EU: The Role of SME Policy, European Commission. [7] ~~~ Eurostat, Innovation in Europe, CIS3 results, 2004. [8]	0.736735
Europe Chasing the American Frontier?, CE PR Discussion Paper N° 4415. [9] Hall, B.H. (2005), The Financing of Innovation, in Shane, S.Blackwell Handbook of Technology and Innovation Management, Oxford:	Gordon, R. (2004), Two centuries of Economic Growth: Europe Chasing the American Frontier?, CEPR Discussion Paper N° 4415. [9] ~~~ Hall, B.H. (2005), The Financing of Innovation, in Shane, S.Blackwell Handbook of Technology and Innovation Management, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 2005. [10]	1.07663
Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 2005. [10] Lucas, R. (2002), Lectures on Economic Growth, Harvard University Press. [11] OSullivan, M. (2007), The EUs R&D Deficit & Innovation Policy, European Commission. [12] Schumpeter, J. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development:	Lucas, R. (2002), Lectures on Economic Growth, Harvard University Press. [11] ~~~ OSullivan, M. (2007), The EUs R&D Deficit & Innovation Policy, European Commission. [12]	1.29075
An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle, Transaction Publishers (14th printing 2008).	Schumpeter, J. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle, Transaction Publishers (14th printing 2008).	2.80134
Primljen:	Receieved: April 2012.	1.47
April 2012. ~~~ Prihvaćen:	Accepted: September 2012.	0.6
Septembar 2012. O autoru Elena Veselinova Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta Goce Delcev u Štipu, Makedonija elena.veselinova@ugd.edu.mk Mr Elena Veselinova diplomirala je na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta Ćirilo i Metodije u Skoplju u Makedoniji, u oblasti menadžmenta.	About the Author Elena Veselinova Faculty of Economics, Goce Delcev University, Stip, Macedonia elena.veselinova@ugd.edu.mk Elena Veselinova, MSc., graduated from the Faculty of Economics, University of St Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia in the field of management.	1.4105
Završila je poslediplomske studije na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta Ćirilo i Metodije u Skoplju na studijskom programu MBA menadžment.	She completed the postgraduate studies at the Faculty of Economics, University of St Cyril and Methodius - Skopje at the study program of MBA - management.	1.07507
Elena Veselinova je trenutno doktorant na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta Ćirilo i Metodije u Skoplju a zaposlena je na Ekonomskom fakultetu Goce Delčev u Štipu u Makedoniji kao asistent na Odseku za menadžment.	Elena Veselinova is now a PhD candidate at the Faculty of Economics, University of St Cyril and Methodius Skopje and works at the Faculty of Economics, University Goce Delchev- Stip, Macedonia as assistant at the Department of management.	1.27594
Marija Gogova Samonikov Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta Goce Delcev u Štipu, Makedonija marija.gogova@ugd.edu.mk Mr Marija Gogova Samonikov diplomirala je na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta Ćirilo i Metodije u Skoplju u Makedoniji, u oblasti marketinga.	Marija Gogova Samonikov Faculty of Economics, Goce Delcev University, Stip, Macedonia marija.gogova@ugd.edu.mk Marija Gogova Samonikov, MSc., graduated from the Faculty of Economics, University of St Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia in the field of marketing.	1.56612
Završila je poslediplomske studije na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta Ćirilo i Metodije u Skoplju na studijskom programu monetarna ekonomija.	She completed her postgraduate studies at the Faculty of Economics, University of St Cyril and Methodius - Skopje at the study program of monetary economics.	0.919951
Elena Veselinova je trenutno doktorant na Ekonomskom fakultetu Univerziteta Ćirilo i Metodije u Skoplju a zaposlena je na Ekonomskom fakultetu Goce Delčev u Štipu u Makedoniji kao asistent na Odseku za finansije.	Marija Gogova Samonikov is now a PhD candidate at the Faculty of Economics, University of St Cyril and Methodius Skopje and works at the Faculty of Economics, University Goce Delchev- Stip, Macedonia as assistant at the Department of finance.	1.08575
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